IELTS FOCUS SUMMARY COMPLETION SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS MATCHING HEADINGS GI I TH CH CHI TI T T NG NGH A

1. IELTS FOCUS
SUMMARY COMPLETION
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
MATCHING HEADINGS
GIẢI THÍCH CHI TIẾT
TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA

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Contents
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................................3
SUMMARY COMPLETION.....................................................................................................................................5
MATCHING HEADINGS..........................................................................................................................................7

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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Exercise 1.
The fattest animals
As the largest animal in the world, the blue whale also has the most fat. In a 1968 study involving 49
different species of mammal from across the US and Brazil, researchers deduced that the blue whale had
the highest percentage of body fat – more than 35%. With the whales weighing in at up to 180 tonnes,
that’s easily a record-breaking amount of fat for one animal.
But if we look at things proportionally, you might be surprised by some of the world’s full-fat species.
We’ll begin with blubber, the fat rich tissue belonging to marine mammals that has myriad benefits for
streamlining, buoyancy, defence, insulation and energy storage.
In waters further north live bowhead whales. To survive in these frosty, remote waters they have a layer of
blubber almost half a metre thick. In his studies, Dr Craig George found blubber mass ranged from 43% to
50% of the body mass of yearling whales.
Answer the questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
1. Which animal has the most fat?
2. How is called tissue of marine mammals that is rich with fat?
3. Which marine animals need a thick layer of fat to survive in cold waters?
Exercise 2.
Freya Stark, explorer and writer
Freya Stark travelled to many areas of the Middle East, often alone.
Frey Stark was an explorer who lived during a time when explorers were regarded as heroes. She travelled
to distant areas of the Middle East, where few Europeans – especially women – had travelled before. She
also travelled extensively in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Nepal and Afghanistan.
Stark was born in Paris in 1893. Although she had no formal education as a child, she moved about with
her artist parents and learned French, German and Italian. She entered London University in 1912, but at
the start of World War I, she joined the nurse corps and was sent to Italy. After the war, she returned to
London and attended the School of Oriental Studies. Her studies there led to extensive travel in the Middle
Studies, enabling her to eventually become fluent in Persian, Russian and Turkish.
Stark became well known as a traveller and explorer in the Middle East. She travelled to the Lebanon in
1927 at the age of 33 when she had saved enough money, and while there, she studied Arabic. In 1928, she
travelled by donkey to the Jebel Druze, a mountainous area in Syria. During another trip, she went to a
distant region of the Elburnz, a mountain range in Iran, where she made a map. She was searching for
information about an ancient Muslim sect known as the Assassions, which she wrote about in Valley of the
Assassins (1934), a classic for which she was awarded a Gold Medal by Royal Geogrpahic Society. For the
next 12 years, she continued her career as a traveller and writer, establishing a style which combined an
account of her journey with personal commentary on the people, places, customs, history and politics of
the Midle East.

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Answer the questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
1. What word did people use to describe explorers when Stark was alive?
2. What historical event interrupted Stark’s university education?
3. What did Stark produce while travelling in Iran, in addtion to a book?
4. What group of people did Stark research in Iran?
Exercise 3.
The Dover Bronze-Age Boat
At the base of a deep shaft six metres below the modern streets a wooden structure was revealed. Cleaning
away the waterlogged site overlying the timbers, archaeologists realized its true nature. They had found a
prehistoric boat, preserved by the type of sediment in which it was buried. It was then named the Dover
Bronze-Age Boat. About nine metres of the boat’s length was recovered; one end lay beyond the
excavation and had to be left. What survived consisted essentially of four intricately carved and stitched to
the others. The seams had been made watertight by pads of moss, fixed by wedges and yew stitches.
A small team began to make the boat at the start of 2012 on the Roman Lawn outside Dover museum. A
full-scale reconstruction of a mid-section had been made in 1996, primarily to see how Bronze-Age replica
tools performed. In 2012, however, the hull shape was at the centre of the work; so modern power tools
were used to carve the oak planks, before turning to prehistoric tools for finishing. It was decided to make
the replica half-scale for reasons of cost and time, and synthetic materials were used for the stitching,
owing to doubts about the scaling and tight timetable.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.
1. How far under the ground was the boat found?
2. What natural material had been secured to the boat to prevent water entering?
3. What aspect of the boat was the focus of the 2012 reconstruction?
4. Which two factors influenced the decision not to make a full-scale reconstruction of the boat?

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SUMMARY COMPLETION
Exercise 1.
The discovery of penicillin.
The discovery of penicillin is attributed to Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. Fleming recounted that
the date of his breakthrough was on the morning of September 28, 1928. It was a lucky accident: in his
laboratory in the basement of St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming noticed a petri dish containing
Staphylococcus culture that he had mistakenly left open. The culture had become contaminated by blue-
green mould, and there was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould. Fleming concluded that
the mould was releasing a substance that was repressing the growth of the bacteria. He grew a pure culture
and discovered that it was a Penicillium mould, now known to be Penicillium notatum. Fleming coined the
term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by on September 28, 1928. He found that the growth of
bacteria on a petri dish was by a blue-green mould that had contaminated the culture.
He realised that the mould was producing a substance that was responsible for bacterial
growth.
Exercise 2.
Here today, gone tomorrow
The Arctic and Antarctica are now within reach of the modern tourist, with many going to see these icy
wildernesses before it's too late. Christian Amodeo reports on the growth of polar tourism.
Travel at the North and South Poles has become an expensive leisure activity, suitable for tourist of all ages.
The poles may be inhospitable places but they are seeing increasing numbers of visitors.
Annual figures for the Arctic, where tourism has existed since the 19th century, have increased from about a
million in the early 1990s to more than 1.5 million today. This is partly because of the lengthening summer
season brought about by climate change.
Most visitors arrive by ship. In 2007, 370.000 cruise passengers visited Norway, twice the number that
arrived in 2000. Iceland, a country where tourism is the second-largest industry, has enjoyed an annual
growth rate of nine percent since 1990. Meanwhile, Alaska received some 1,029,800 passengers, a rise of 7.3
percent from 2006. Greenland has seen the most rapid growth in marine tourism, with a sharp increase in
cruise-ship arrivals of 250 percent since 2004.
The global economic downturn may have affected the annual 20.6 percent rate of increase in visitors to the
Antarctic - last season saw a drop of 17 percent to 38,200 - but there has been a 760 percent rise in land-
based tourism there since 1997. More people than ever are landing at fragile sites, with light aircraft,
helicopters and all-terrain vehicles increasingly used for greater access, while in the past two seasons, 'fly-
sail' operations have begun. These deliver tourists by air to ships, so far more groups can enjoy a cruise in a
season; large cruise ships capable of carrying up to 800 passengers are not uncommon

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Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Polar tourism – the figures
Tourism in the Artic began in the (1)………………………….and visitor numbers have risen since that time.
These days, over (2) …………………………. people travel there, mostly by ship. The country with the
greatest increase in visitors is (3) …………………………. . Tourism has expanded in the Artic because the
(4) ………………………….lasts longer than it used to.
Travel to Antarctic has fallen by (5) ………………………….over the past year. However, many more
people are using small planes and (6) ………………………….to land on the ice. Aircraft are also taking
visitors to huge ships that hold as many as (7) ………………………….tourists.

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MATCHING HEADINGS
Exercise 1.
Choose the correct heading for each paragaph from the list of headings below:
i. How wildlife benefits from big trees
ii. Factors that enable trees to grow to significant heights
iii. How other plants can cause harm
iv. Which big trees support the most diverse species
v. Impact of big tree loss on the wider environment
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
A. Big trees are incredibly important ecologically. For a start, they sustain countless other species.
They provide shelter for many animals, and their trunks and branches can become gardens, hung
with green ferns, orchids and bromeliads, coated with mosses and draped with vines. With their tall
canopies basking in the sun, they capture vast amounts of energy. This allows them to sustain much
of the animal life in the forest.
B. Only a small number of tree species have the genetic capacity to grow really big. The mightiest are
native to Norther America, but big trees grow all over the globe, from the tropics to the boreal
forests of the high latitudes. To achieve giant stature, a tree needs three things: the right place to
establish its seedling, good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult mortality. Disrupt
any of these, and you can lost your biggest trees.
Exercise 2.
Choose the correct heading for each paragaph from the list of headings below:
i. A solution which is no solution
ii. Changing work practices
iii. Closing city centre to traffic
iv. Making cars more environmentally friendly
v. Not doing enough
vi. Paying to get in
vii. A global problem
Traffic Jams — No End in Sight
There are no easy answers to the problems of traffic congestion.
A. Traffic congestion affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities
across both the developed and developing world. In the U.S., commuters spend an average of a full
work week each year sitting in traffic, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While
alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they
are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.
B. The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities
charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high

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enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work:
Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centers thanks to
congestion pricing.
C. Another way to reduce rush hour traffic is for employers to implement flexitime, which lets
employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour.Those who
have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more
staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.
D. Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads,
especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do
not really keep cars off the road; they only accommodate more of them.
E. Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the
roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public
transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American
government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public
transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists
complain that such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.
Exercise 3.
Choose the correct heading for each paragaph from the list of headings below:
i. A rural and urban problem
i. A possible success
ii. Some relevant statistics
iii. A regular trip for some people
iv. Treating people for disease
v. How water can change people’s lives
The Burden of Thirst
If the millions of women who haul water long distances had a faucet by their door, whole societies
could be transformed.
A. Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to
the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of
water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has
every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo
dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother
fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the
ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water
Foro has ever had.
B. In developed parts of the world, people turn on a tap and out pours abundant, clean water. Yet
nearly 900 million people in the world have no access to clean water. Furthermore,
2.5 billion people have no safe way to get rid of human waste. Polluted water and lack of proper
hygiene cause disease and kill 3.3 million people around the world annually, most of them children.

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In southern Ethiopia and in northern Kenya, a lack of rain over the past few years has made even
dirty water hard to find. But soon, for the first time, things are going to change.
C. Bringing clean water close to villagers' homes is the key to the problem. Communities where clean
water becomes accessible and plentiful are transformed. All the hours previously spent hauling
water can be used to cultivate more crops, raise more animals or even start a business. Families
spend less time sick or caring for family members who are unwell. Most important, not having to
collect water means girls can go to school and get jobs. The need to fetch water for the family, or to
take care of younger siblings while their mother goes, usually prevents them ever having this
experience.