work in a globalized world
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We show how rather than manually, we created an algorithm to derive labour relations automatically from IPUMS-USA data in a more efficient and detailed way, allowing for explanatory questions rather than descriptive questions
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work in a globalized world
- 1. Work in a globalized world Rombert Stapel, IISH / Weatherhead Initiative on Global History Richard Zijdeman, IISH / Stirling University An algorithm allocating labour relations to digitized census data DH 2016 Kraków, July 15, 2016
- 3. labour relations Extensive definition of ‘work’ • market • non-market • family • coerced labour 3 serf tributary labourer slave indentured labourer self-employed wage-earner
- 4. TLR: taxonomy of labour relations 4 total population non-working reciprocal labour tributary labour commidified labour households polity market non-market institutions non-working
- 5. Taxonomy of Labour Relations © 2015 Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations, 1500-2000 http://www.historyoflabourrelations.org Total population Non-working 1: Cannot work or cannot be expected to work 2: Affluent 3: Unemployed Reciprocal labour Household(s) 4a: Leading producers 4b: Kin producers 5: Kin non-producers 6: Servants 7: Redistributive labourers Tributary labour Polity 8: Obligatory labourers 9: Indentured tributary labourers 10: Tributary serfs 11: Tributary slaves Commodified labour Market 12a: Self-employed leading producers 12b: Self-employed kin producers 13: Employers 13.1: Of free wage earners 13.2: Of identured labourers 13.3: Of serfs 13.4: Of slaves 14: Wage earners 14.1: Sharecropping 14.2: Piece rate 14.3: Time rate 14.4: Cooperative subcontracting 15: Indentured labourers 16: Serfs 17: Slaves 17.1: Working for proprietor 17.2: For hire Non-market institutions 18: Wage earners 18.1: Sharecropping 18.2: Piece rate 18.3: Time rate Point of departure Labour relations (individuals) SubcategoryType of exchange Goal of production
- 6. ‘the collab’ a.k.a. The Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations 6 all continents ca. 1500-2000 for / with whom one works
- 7. Current approach Is there regional and temporal change? • regional experts • period 1500-2000, in ca. 100 year intervals • mainly macro data (e.g. occupational census tables) • methodological papers & uniform data entry 7
- 9. the collab’s future aims • gather missing data for the past two centuries • move from descriptive to explanatory questions 9
- 10. our (DH) aim To make the derivation of labour relations: • more efficient • more detailed • suitable for explanatory questions 10
- 11. approach (use case) • source: IPUMS (Univ. of Minnesota) • digitized US census data (1850 – 2015) • derive labour relations from key variables 11
- 12. key variables • class of worker • employment status • labour force status • occupation • age 12
- 13. Old School Advanced flow chart Baltimore, 11/12/2015 13 Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach
- 14. 14
- 15. So, does it work? 15
- 16. Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated US, male 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a013 12a013 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14018 14018 14018 14018 14018 14018 14018 14018 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Unknown 1 2 3 105 5 8 12a 12a013 12a013014 12a014 12a014018 13 14 14018 17 18
- 17. Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated US, female 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 5 5 5 5 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a Estimate 12a // 18 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14018 14018 14018 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Unknown 1 2 3 105 5 8 12a 12b 12a013 12a013014 12a014 12a014018 13 14 14018 17 18
- 18. Is it more efficient? Replication for Turkey • manually: several months • algorithm: 3 hours • near-perfect replication 18
- 19. So, is it temporally more detailed? 19
- 20. Shift in Labour Relations over time: meat cutters Baltimore, 11/12/2015 20 Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Meat cutters, except slaughter and packing house Meat cutters (combined; 1850-1910) Meat cutters, wage-earners Meat cutters, self-employed
- 21. Shift in Labour Relation over time: midwives Baltimore, 11/12/2015 21 Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Midwives Midwives (combined; 1850-1910) Midwives, wage-earners Midwives, self-employed
- 22. So, is it spatially more detailed? 22
- 23. Regional variation in labour relations (GIS): Percentage self-employed 23
- 24. and it’s on the individual level … 24
- 25. The importance of life course and household structure variables (1920) 25 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Age Household of: Meat cutters, except slaughter and packing house (1920; age distribution) Non-working Self-employed Wage-earner
- 26. … and allows for the study of shifts in labour relations 26
- 27. -2.0% -1.5% -1.0% -0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 No change: Unpaid family worker Unpaid family worker to NIU Unpaid family worker to Self-employed Unpaid family worker to Wage/salary, private Unpaid family worker to Wage/salary, government NIU to Unpaid family worker Self-employed to Unpaid family worker Wage/salary, private to Unpaid family worker Wage/salary, government to Unpaid family worker unpaid family worker to non-working Shifts in unpaid family work of total surveyed population (CPS/IPUMS 1964-2015) 27 remain: unpaid family worker
- 28. Current caveats • Lack of multiple labour relations (e.g. part time self- employed, part time wage earner) • Census registration issues: child/female labour 28
- 29. Methodological conclusions • Validation of construction of labour relations • Assessment of 100-year intervals • Describe and explain shifts over space and time • Introducing the individual and household level as unit of analysis 29
- 30. Substantive conclusions In addition to hypothesized shifts: • Evidence for ‘structural’ shifts: occupations that change in nature • Life cycle shifts in labour relations 30
- 31. Contact Selected recent literature rombert.stapel@iisg.nl richard.zijdeman@iisg.nl www.historyoflabourrelations.org • Karin Hofmeester, Jan Lucassen, Leo Lucassen, Rombert Stapel and Richard Zijdeman, ‘The Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations, 1500-2000: Background, Set-Up, Taxonomy, and Applications’ (2015; www.historyoflabourrelations.org) • Leo Lucassen, ‘Working Together: New Directions In Global Labour History’, Journal of Global History 11.1 (2016; forthcoming) • Marcelo Badaró Mattos et al (eds), Relações Laborais em Portugal e no Mundo Lusófono. Historia e Demografia. Lisbon: Edições Colibri 2014 • Special Issue ‘Labor Relations in Africa’: History of Africa 41 (2014) 31
- 32. Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated Portugal, male Baltimore, 11/12/2015 32 Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 4a012a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 12a 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 1414018 14018 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1864 1878 1890 1900 1911 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1981 1991 2001 2011 Labour relations Portugal (Males) Unknown 1 2 3 105 5 8 4a012a 4b012b 12a 12b 13 14 14018 17 18
- 33. Labour relations 1850-2010: Aggregated Portugal, female Baltimore, 11/12/2015 33 Shifts in Labour Relations Using a Micro-Macro Approach 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 105 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4b012b 4b012b 4b012b 4b012b 4b012b 4b012b 4b012b 12b 12b 12b 12b 12b 12b 12b 12b 12b 12b 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14018 14018 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1864 1878 1890 1900 1911 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1981 1991 2001 2011 Labour relations Portugal (Females) Unknown 1 2 3 105 5 8 4a012a 4b012b 12a 12b 13 14 14018 17 18
Editor's Notes
- 1873, World Exhibition Vienna
- Tilly & Tilly: “Work includes any human effort adding use value to goods and services. […] Prior to the twentieth century, a vast majority of the world’s workers performed the bulk of their work in other settings than salaried jobs as we know them today. Even today, over the world as a whole, most work takes place outside of regular jobs. Only a prejudice bred by Western capitalism and its industrial labor markets fixes on strenuous effort expended for money payment outside the home as “real work”, relegating other efforts to amusement, crime, and mere housekeeping.”
- Basis is total population. Mooie aan schema: gedwongen om hele bevolking op te nemen: expliciet over wie je meeneemt, niet simpel alleen ‘werkende’ bevolking, maar plaats voor allerlei typen van werk en niet-werk. Nalopen: 5 Kin-non producers; Non-market institutions (e.g. Church, government)
- “So how have we tried to answer these questions thus far?” Voorbeelden uit eigen onderzoek: gebruik van census, maar ook muntvondsten, belastingrecords, etc.
- Hoe heeft het project zich ontwikkeld: beginnen met niet-Europa en niet-modern (want meest onbekend). Nu blijkt 2000 en Europa/VS juist blinde vlek.
- In the process of setting up a symposium on the history of self-employment (including recent developments) Labrels + social inequality -> meest voordehand liggende verband zichtbaar bij slavery bijv.
- Depending on the year, auxiliary variables can be used to further specify the labour relations
- while similar variables are available for all years, it’s not similar enough to just copy it
- Design of labour relation extraction
- To do: betere blik op child-labour (for comparison reasons now everyone in LR 1 (non-working) below 16yr. Still minor growth of non-working (1+105). Huge decline of self-employment. Slaves > Wage-earners after abolition. Slow decline of commodified labour Decline of male wage labour after 1990.
- Decline of female commodified labour 1850 > 1870 (abolition of slavery), then slow growth, rapid after WW II. RISE AND DEMISE OF MALE BREADWINNER SOCIETY. Growth stops after 1990 however!. To do: test validity of ability of census officers to detect female labour (is everyone in 5 or 105 non-working/soing household tasks only): evaluate likelihood per case using other variables in census records. Also: child-labour
- Decline of self-employment
- Institutionele veranderingen: wetgeving vrije midwivery
- Explain household: entire household (incl. children, husbands, wives, etc.) where at least one person is a meat cutter.
- Shifts in the year preceding to the survey
- Vooral dat laatste punt levert een enorme mogelijkheid aan verschillende analyses op.
- Structural shifts: e.g. because of institutional changes (law for instance), or ideological changes, changes in type of labour, changes in available work Uitnodigen om goede case-studies te geven
- For comparison. See clear growth of non-working population (to school instead of child-labour) In comparison with US: much more wage-labour early on
- WIJZEN OP ESTADO NOVO (1933-1974), MINDER FEMALE-WORKERS: ideological. Real or just different methods by census officers? Lots of productive work by women before Estado Novo. Similar pattern in last twenty years as in United States (stop of growth of commodified female labour).