Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret information from environment through five senses. It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Process of Perception  Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It includes, information, objects, events and people etc.  Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:  Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience, background etc.  Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.  Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized information.  Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs. Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior. Perceptual Error in Organizations:  Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they belong is called stereotyping.  Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the basis of first meeting itself.  Projection  Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone else.  looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest, he will consider other people as honest.  Attribution  How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.  Selective perception  People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.  Inference  Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.  Perceptual set  Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.  Halo effect  one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis of single trait/ characteristics/ quality. Factors influencing perception  Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of perceiver.  Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.  Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.  Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past experiences.  Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective of what really is,  Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior from a person which also affects the perceptions.  Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the selection of stimulus.  External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).  Size: Big size catches attestation  Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.  Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention more.  Repetition: it catches attention more.

1. Perception
(By. Raghav kr.)
BY.........RAGHAV KR.
Lecture . 1&2

2. Definition
 Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
 Five senses are eyesight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
 It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
BY.........RAGHAV KR.

3. Process of Perception
BY.........RAGHAV KR.
Objects
Events
People
Attitudes
Opinions
Feelings
Behavior
Values
Inputs/
Stimuli
Throughputs/
Mechanism
Outputs
Selection
Organization
Interpretation

4. Process of Perception
 Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
 Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
 Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
 Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
 Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
 Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
BY.........RAGHAV KR.

5. Factors influencing perception
 Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
 Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
 Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
 Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
 Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
 Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
 Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
 External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
 Size: Big size catches attestation
 Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
 Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
 Repetition: Repetitive stimuli catches attention more.
 Movement: Moving objects draw more attention than rest.
BY.........RAGHAV KR.

6. Perceptual Error in Organizations:
 Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
 Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
 Projection
 Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
 looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
 Attribution
 How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
 Selective perception
 People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
 Inference
 Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
 Perceptual set
 Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
 Halo effect
 one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.

7. Application of perception in
OB
 Employment interview
 Performance Appraisal
 Employee Efforts
 Employee Loyalty.

8. Improving Perceptions
 Empathy
 Self-awareness
 Having positive attitude
 Open communication
 Avoid perceptual errors