Somatotyping is a method of classifying body types based on measurements of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. These categories refer to body fat (endomorphy), muscle/bone development (mesomorphy), and linearity/frailty (ectomorphy). Body composition can be measured using various anthropometric methods outlined by Heath and Carter, as well as newer techniques like DEXA scans, bioelectrical impedance, and densitometry. Factors like age, gender, race, and physical activity influence body composition. Different sports select for certain somatotypes based on physical requirements - for example, swimmers tend toward an ectomorphic body type while weightlifters are often mesomorphic.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Sports nutrition is important aspect of training for an athlete. Adequate amount of nutrients ensure effective performance. We have end number of types of games and sports, the diet and nutritional requirements vary as per the activity demand and other details. Read this presentation to Know more.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
Your energy expenditure is simply the number of calories your body uses. Energy requirements are the amount of food energy that should be eaten to compensate for caloric expenditure. It’s important to learn these energy requirementes to have a good energy balance.
Sports nutrition is important aspect of training for an athlete. Adequate amount of nutrients ensure effective performance. We have end number of types of games and sports, the diet and nutritional requirements vary as per the activity demand and other details. Read this presentation to Know more.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
Your energy expenditure is simply the number of calories your body uses. Energy requirements are the amount of food energy that should be eaten to compensate for caloric expenditure. It’s important to learn these energy requirementes to have a good energy balance.
Sustaining & innovating amidst changes is the hallmark of exemplary leadership. Pelmar Group has been displaying this leadership for the last 50 years! In this special edition, we showcase for you Pelmar Eng Ltd and two other knowledge enhancing articles
Adapting the Lean Enterprise Self-Assessment Tool for Software Development Do...Teemu Karvonen
Presentation held at Euromicro 2012 SEAA (Izmir/Cesme Turkey) )conference for paper titled: Adapting the Lean Enterprise Self-assessment tool for software domain.
ABSTRACT:
Lean principles have attracted the attention of software development companies due to their potential to improve competitiveness. However, the application of such principles in the software domain is still in its infancy. This paper presents a proposal for adapting the Lean Enterprise Self-Assessment Tool (LESAT) to guide the transformation of software development companies toward Lean. LESAT, developed by the Lean Advancement Initiative (LAI) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has been widely used in other domains. In this study, concepts and expressions of LESAT were analyzed and mapped to software development following the ISO/IEC 12207 standard. Seven assessment items concerning life-cycle processes were modified from the original LESAT. The modified LESAT for software was compared with a lean assessment approach called "Lean amplifier, " which has been developed and successfully used in practice by Ericsson R&D in Finland. The results indicated that LESAT may complement lean assessment in the software domain at enterprise level, involving the entire value stream. Moreover, they clearly emphasized the role of leadership in the transformation.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6328160
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. WHAT IS SOMATOTYPING?
The Technique Of Somatotyping Is Used To Appraise Body Shape
And Composition
Somatotyping Is A System Of Classifying Body Types In Terms Of
Three Categories: Endomorphy, Mesomorphy And Ectomorphy
Three Somatotypes, Named After The
Three Germ Layers Of Embryonic
Development:
The Endoderm(develops Into The Digestive
Tract ),
The Mesoderm ,
(Becomes Muscle, Heart And Blood Vessels),
And The Ectoderm (Forms The Skin
And Nervous System).
3. "SOMATOTYPES" AND THEIR SUPPOSED
ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL TRAITS
• Long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage
ECTOMORPHIC
MESOMORPHIC
ENDOMORPHIC
• medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels,
wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred
to as “muscular”
• increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone
structure, usually referred to as “fat”
4.
5. MEASURING SOMATOTYPE
MOST COMMONLY MEASURED USING THE HEATHCARTER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
THREE WAYS OF OBTAINING THE SOMATOTYPE
THE
ANTHROPOMETRIC
METHOD
THE
PHOTOSCOPIC
METHOD
THE
ANTHROPOMETRIC
PLUS
PHOTOSCOPIC
METHOD
6.
7.
8.
9. BODY COMPOSITION
• Body composition refers to the relative proportion of
lean body mass (LBM) and body fat mass (BFM) within
the body.
• LBM can further be subdivided into:
muscle mass, body water, and bone mass.
• These two approaches are commonly referred to as a
two-compartment model (LBM and BFM) or a fourcompartment model (BFM, muscle mass, body water
and bone mass) for assessing body composition.
10. BODY COMPOSITION
The composition of a human body may be considered
from different perspectives.
ANATOMY
MODEL
CHEMICAL
MODEL
The human anatomy model divides the body into
the following systems:
• muscular
• skeletal
• adipose tissue (body fat)
• the others (inner organs, etc.)
11.
12. •
•
•
•
•
The chemical model consists of:
Water
glycogen
fat storage
proteins
minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Cl, Fe, Cu, etc.)
15. THE ANTHROPOMETRIC SOMATOTYPE
METHOD
Equipment for anthropometry:
• stadiometer or height scale and headboard
• weighing scale
• small sliding caliper
• a flexible steel or fiberglass tape measure
• a skinfold caliper
16. TEN ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS NEEDED TO
CALCULATE THE ANTHROPOMETRIC SOMATOTYPE
• Stretch stature
• Body mass
• Four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular,
supraspinale, medial calf)
• Two bone breadths (biepicondylar humerus
and femur)
• Two limb girths (arm flexed and tensed, calf).
17. FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE BODY
COMPOSITION
AGE
GENDER
RACE AND ETHNIC
GROUP
PHYSICAL
PERFORMANCE
18. AGE
• Many studies have documented an increase in
body weight and percent body fat with
increasing age.
• For the majority of people, LBM decreases
with age and body fat increases with age, even
if body weight does not change.
19. GENDER
• Women have a higher percentage of body fat than do
men.
• “Frisancho”
NHANES
• For individuals 25 to 54 years
triceps skinfold
thicknesses ranged from 11 to 15 mm for men and
19 to 30 mm for women depending on height and
weight.
• ranges for subscapular skinfold thicknesses were 13
to 18 mm for men and 12 to 29 mm for women.
20. RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP
• Differences in body composition based on the
socioeconomic status.
21. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
• Studies conducted by Vogel and Friedl, and
separately by Harman and Frykman suggested that
excess weight diminishes running performance and
that, conversely, lower body weight is associated
with relatively better running performance.
• Harman and Frykman
smaller, lighter-weight
individuals do well with tasks of muscular strength
and endurance.
22. TRADITIONAL VS. NEW METHODS
Traditional methods
•
•
•
•
•
Total body water
Total body potassium
Urinary creatinine excretion
Densitometry
Anthropometry: Bone measures , Skinfolds, Arm
circumference
23. New methods
Neutron activation analysis
• Total body calcium
• Total body nitrogen
Muscle Metabolites
• Total plasma creatinine
• Endogenous urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion
Absorptiometry
Single-photon absorptiometry
Dual-photon absorptiometry
24. • Electrical conductance:
Bioelectrical impedance
Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC).
• Computerized tomography
• Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness
• Ultrasound
• Infrared interactance
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• DEXA
25. Simple measurements or indices:
• skinfold thickness
• Body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight/
height2)
• Waist circumference (WC)
27. BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS
• The principle on which BIA is based is that lean tissue
conducts electricity better than does fat tissue.
• Electrodes are placed on the arms and legs, and a
low-level current is run through the individual.
• Impedance resistance to the flow of electricity is
measured, and the percent body fat is calculated by
a formula.
28. TWO-COMPONENT TECHNIQUES AND
MODELS
DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY:
• measure bone mineral mass
• calculated from the differential absorption of
x rays of two different energies
• quick and acceptable for children down to about 4
years, and can also be used in small infants.
• Typically used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis
• Could be used to measure regional (limb) lean mass
• Disadvantage: radiation exposure
29.
30. DENSITOMETRY(BOD-POD)
• The density of the body is measured by weighing the
body in air and under water, with correction made
for residual air in the lungs.
• acceptable two-component technique.
• Could provide longitudinal data on both lean and fat
mass since its accuracy is less likely to be affected by
changes in fatness.
• Does not provide regional data.
31.
32. SOMATOTYPE AND SPORTS
TRIATHLETE
• Triathletes are more muscular than runners but with less leg
development than cyclists and less upper body development
than swimmers.
• Low body weight improves the power-to-weight ratio.
HOCKEY
• Short legs boost balance and stability, allowing players to
pivot.
• They also can prevent back injuries.
• Speed and aerobic endurance are musts.
33. SWIMMERS
• Long arms and legs act as levers, allowing swimmers to
produce greater force in the water.
• Big hands and feet propel the swimmer faster.
DISTANCE RUNNER
• Low body fat levels conserve energy because the runner
carries less weight.
• Muscles will ideally be slow twitch (or fatigue resistant),
aiding endurance.
SPRINTER
• All over muscle and lower body fat levels give sprinters their
explosive powers
• Muscles must be fast twitch(they contract quickly).
• Height does not matter, so long as stride length is efficient.
34. NETBALLER
• For mid court players, powerful legs enable leaps to intercept
high passes and sprint speed to chase the ball.
• End court players are usually with long arms for shooting and
defending.
WEIGHT LIFTER
• Short legs lower the weight lifters centre of gravity (CoG),
improving stability.
• Short arms reduce the arc through which the weight must be
lifted.
35. GYMNAST
• Long limbs in relation to the body boost the gymnasts powerto-ratio.
• Low body fat results in better muscle definition.
• Broad shoulders and narrow hips promote maximum upper
body strength.
36. REFERENCES
•
Body Composition and Physical Performance, Marriott, Bernadette
M.
• The Heath-carter Anthropometric Somatotype, J.E.L. Carter
• Measuring body composition, C K Wells, M S Fewtrell, Arch Dis
Child 2006;91:612–617.
• Methods for the assessment of human body composition:
traditional and new, Henry C Lukaski, Am J Clin Nutrition
1987;46:537-56
• Body organization and composition.