ancient civil.pptx

Lebanon is an Aramaic Syrian name. means
the heart of the lord.

human evolution began ABOUT 7 MILL YEARS
AGO when human lineage broke away
from that of chimp

HOMININS
• WE KNOW FOR NOW THAT THERE ARE 20 EARLY HUMAN SPECIES OR
HOMININS
• Most of them went extinct while others might have been ancestors to
today’s humans
• About 2 to 1
Million years
Ago.

CHARACTERISTICS
• Each species exhibited some degrees of human like physical and
behavioral traits.
1. large brains.
2. Small teeth
3. bipedality
4. tools

HOMININS
(3 GRPS)
1. Early hominnins
2. Australopithecines
3. Homo genus

Early hominins
• Lived between 7-4.4 millions years ago.
• Shared a common ancestor with chimps.
• They had ape like traits(small (cranial capacity).however fossils show
that early hominins began showing human like characteristics like
small canines

AUSTRALOPTHECINES
• LIVED BETWEEN 5.5 – 1.4 MILLION YEARS AGO.
• They hade ape like traits but changes in the spine and legs and skull
• Indicated a notable shift toward a very human-like trait.
• CONSISTENT BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION.

Homo genus 2mill years ago
• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus.
• Homo heidelbergenesis
• Homo neanderthalenesis
•
•
• Homo sapiens

homo genus
• Homo genus became for human their cranial capacity growing lager
than any other hominins.
• They developed sophisticated stone tools
• First to control fire

Our ancestors had general
intelligence to understand things and
social intelligence to understand each
other and language to express
abstract ideas

When we settle we take ownership
• Homo sapiens approximatly 200k years ago

Homo Neanderthal genesis(about 200k years)
• Parallel to homo sapiens
• Plant eaters and nomads(hunter gatherers)

Homo Habilis (2.3 mill to 1.6 mill years)
• First known hominid to make use of stone tools
• Habilis means the handy man.

Homo Heidelbergensis about 200k years ago
• They looked almost like us.
• Build they own shelters.
• Buried the dead
• Possibly controlled fire.

Homo erectus about 2 millioyears
• They had average height.
• Developed sharp weapons.
• Homo erectus:”upright man”
• First to walk straight and control fire.
First to make sophisticated tools.

BEOFRE PROCEDING READ
EMERGENCE OF EARLY
CUTURE.doc
Paleolithic Period (40,000 -10,000 B.C.)
Neolithic Era began around 10,000 BC

What is a C I V I L I Z A T I O N
a complex society
• D O M I S T I C A T I O N P L A N T/A N I M A L S

Characteristics of a C I V I L I Z A T I O N
• Cities
• Central governments and law codes
• Writing and record keeping
• Specialized jobs
• Social classes
• Complex technologies
• Highly organized religions

Time-line of M E S O P O T A M I A

M E S O P O T A M I A
(area between rivers)
• The first civilization emerges where rivers emerged.

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• First emerged between 7-6 k BC
• They invented the first wheel.
• Famous for there architectural structure ziggurat.
Polytheistic religion
First clay tablet in the ruins of the city of uruk
They were used to keep track of food surpluses. Later they recorded
royal proclamations and laws, epics.
One of the first written languages developed.(cuneiform tablet)

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• Responsible for the creation of the first school jobs- the first library
catalogue-first aquarium.
• Sumer was a region made up of walled city states. (each with its own
king). known as the Ubaid people
• They refer to themselves as the black-headed people. Sumer(means
the land of the black-headed people or civilized kings(by akkadians))

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• In uruk they found golden objects, precious stones, cosmetics and
musical instruments.
• it is believed that Sumerians believed in the after life.
• Their writing was knowns as the CUNEIFORM(was used in different
cultures in mesopotamia)
• For open ended: servant's remains were found and they were
musicians, farmers and soldiers meaning they had social classes.
• Mesopotamian Science and Technology developed during the Uruk Period and
Early Dynastic of the Sumerian culture

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• They developed the first cosmology(how the cosmos and the universe
might be explained).
• They developed the first cosmogony (origins of the universe).
• They developed the concept of time: by dividing day and night into 12
hour periods – each hour into 60 minutes and each minute into 60
seconds.
• In the city of UR some old vehicles (chariots were found) which gives
them the credit of the first wheel.

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• The hold the honor of the first city: it is believed that Uruk is the
oldest city.
• At the heart of each city there was Temple complex marked by the
great zigurrat.
• The Sumerians belied that Eridu is the first city resided by Enki (god
water and wisdom).
• Eridu was seen the home of the gods and the birth of rules governing
civilization

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• Religion was incorporated into every aspect of life. informed the
government and social structures.
• They believed that the individual’s goal in life is to work with the
gods(who formed the world of chaos to make sure the chaos did not
return).
• Humans were considered co-workers to the gods and they were
rewarded depending on their performed duties.
• Sumerian city state were governed by a Lugal(big man),understood as
a king

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• Lugal was in charge of overseeing the cultivation of land-waging wars-
maintaining order.
• The Sumerian civilization began to decline with the reign of
Babylonian king HAMMURABI
• Everyone is Engaged in the production of food (Ubaid period-6500-
3800 bc).
• The surplus of food created a social hierarchy(specialized workers).
• Society was not ruled by a king but by high priests of the temples
• Two temple complexes in Uruk: Enna District – Anu District.
• Examples of city-states: Nippur-Lagash-UR-Eridu-Umma

SUMERIANS
7-6 k BC
• Ur: home of Nanna: god of moon and wisdom.
• Uruk Housed: Inanna: goddess of war and fertility.
• Nippur: its patron god is Enlil(supreme of Sumerian pantheon)
• Eridu: enki
• Lugalzageshi unified all Sumerian cities after several battles.
• Houses were made of mud caused by lack of timber.
• Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon separate myths.
• Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form.

SUMERIAN(mythology)
7-6 k BC
• An: most significant god in the Sumerian mythology. considered to be the Lord of the Heavens.
• Enlil: God of wind and storms, succeeded his father An as the head of the gods and was another important figure
in the Sumerian pantheon.
• Enki: one of the three most powerful gods in the Sumerian pantheon alongside An and Enlil, was attributed by the
Sumerians to magic, knowledge, and incantations. . Sumerians credited Enki to the creation of mankind and was
also considered as its guardian.
• Inanna: the goddess of passion, love and war
• Utu: SUN GOD AND GOD OF JUSTICE. In an early period of Sumerian history, Utu was regarded to
be the twin brother of Inanna.
• Ninhursag: who was regarded as a Mother Goddess. Her identity was thus connected to nature, fertility, and life on
earth. Ninhursag was also the guardian of women and children, particularly pregnant women and young children.
• Nanna: The god of the moon and wisdom. This god is sometimes considered to be the father of Inanna.

SUMERIAN(mythology)
7-6 k BC
• These deities formed the main pantheon, and in addition to this, there were hundreds of other minor gods.
the Sumerians worshipped over 3,000 gods. The Sumerians believed their gods were a lot like people. They
thought they ate, drank, slept, and got married. But immortal with great power.
• Sumerian gods were often associated with different cities. Enlil the god of air and wind was the patron
deity of the city of Nippur. Enki His most important cult center was the E-abzu temple in the city
of Eridu.
• The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them.
• L I F E A F T E R D E AT H
• Sumerians believed in life after death and that the souls of the dead travelled to the Underworld
• This place was known as Kur
• where the dead were believed to drink from muddy puddles and eat dust
• The ruler of the Mesopotamian Underworld was Ereshkigal, whose name means ‘Lady of the Great Place’.
• Slide 11: The myth of the Great Flood drives the story of Gilgamesh. After the god, Enlil decides

SUMERIAN(mythology)
7-6 k BC
• S I M I L A R I T Y W I T H G R E E K M Y T H O L O G Y
• The myth of the Great Flood drives the story of Gilgamesh. After the god, Enlil decides to destroy humanity
for their rowdiness
• In Ancient Greek mythology, Zeus sends the great deluge to exterminate humanity for their impiety and
violence reasoning which sounds familiar to the above.
•
• The relationship between Achilles and Patroclus parallels that of Enkidu and Gilgamesh.
• Gilgamesh sleeps with Enkidu’s corpse for seven days. Achilles keeps Patroclus with him in bed

SUMERIANs
7-6 k BC
• Sumerian hymn, "Hurrian Hymn No. 6," is considered the world's oldest musically notated song.
After the fall of Akkad dynasty in 2100 bc Gudea ruler od the city of Lagash united the Sumerinas.(popular king
or expert in public relations)

THE EPIC OF
GILGAMESH
• A Tale based of the historical king Gilgamesh who rules the Sumerian
city of uruk.
• The earliest work of literature.
• h ttps://lms.pu.edu.lb/mod/resource/view.php?id=3095

A K K A D I A N S
2550–2154 BC
• Fist Empire and language
• emerged 2334–2154 BC
• Semitic language : related to modern semitic languages Arabic
and Hebrew considered semitic because they are spoken by
the descendants of Shem who is noah’s son in the Hebrew
bible
• Other language: Sumerian.(higher classes were bilingual)
• It is believed that it Is the first empire in the world emerged from
Akkadia(Akkadian empire)

A K K A D I A N S
2550–2154 BC
• Sargon emerged from the city of KISH. King of Akkad
• When Sargon took control of Uruk and defeated Lugalzageshi(he placed a
chain around his neck as a sign of shame) he kept conquering other
Sumerian cities creating the first Mesopotamian Empire.
• He spread his empire from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf
• His daughter was made the high priestess of the goddess Innana and the
moon god Nanna she was ordered to mix the Sumerian and Akkadian gods
as a way to merge the two cultures into a united people.
• Akkadians worshipped lions and they were captured to be used in battles

A K K A D I A N S
2550–2154 BC
• The empire’s continued survival was due to trade. Sargon instructed
his governors to tear down all walls in the citiesit prevented
rebellions and enhanced the empire’s trade by making commerce
easier between regions of his empire
• The empire received valuable goods: Timber – grain- tin
• Their empire was overtun by people known as the GUTIANS.
• The akkdians are polytheistic(their gods mixed with
Sumerian dieties).
• Their kings are regarded as high priests

A K K A D I A N S
2550–2154 BC
• The legend state that as a baby sargon was found floating in a basket.
Was found by gardener and adopted him as a son.(his mother is
probably a priestess or temple prostitute).
• Sargon was a gardener but was appointed as a cup bearer for
unknown reasons according to the legend.
• The Akkadian empire suffered a long drought which the cause of its
demise. And volcanic eruption.

BABBYLONIAN
1894- 539 bc
• Established 1894 BC. Ended 539 BC.
• It became a significant empire under the rule HAMMURABI. He
spread the empire north and south.
• He was a warrior and a scholar
• HAMMURABI: famous for his CODE OF HAMMURABI.(it is belived that
it is preceded by the code of emammu of sumer)
• The cod covered: pricing of agricultural goods, consumer protection
and brutal capital punishment
• HAMMURABI: great patron of mathematics,astronomy,astrology and
sceinces
• They influenced BIBLICAL LAWS.

BA BBYLON IA N
1894- 539 bc
• During Hammurabi reign the numbering system based on sixty that we use today
was developed.
• Hammurabi elevated Marduk as the supreme god over the Sumerian pantheon
• Code of Hammurabi consisted of 282 laws:
• False testimony no evidence  kill
• Man streals kill
• Buildcollapse killskill
• An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

BA BBYLON IA N
1894- 539 bc
• Inheritance law-financial transactions-treatment of slaves.
• hammurabi’s code contains a lengthy introduction/epilogue explaining how much
of a righteous king he was. Died:1750 bc.

HIT TIES
1650 bc – 1190 bc
• Assyrians and babbylonians were both overrun by invaders from ANATOLIA
• THE HITTITES.
• They are Indo-European people.
• Their initial stronghold I the city of HATTUSAS
• Expanded an empire that dominated Anatolia and eastern Mediterranean.
• Efficient and lethal fighters.
• It believed that they first used horse drawn chariot.
• They developed client kingdoms like vassals

A S S Y R I A N
2025-609 bc
• 2 0 2 5 - 6 0 9 b c
• Both Assyrian and Babylonians are Akkadian speaking.
• Aramaic language semitic language
• Controlled much of the modern-day middle east.
• taken over by the neo-Babylonian empire.
• They built the exquisite cityNineveh, the capital city Assur
• Beautiful palaces and libraries. Nineveh

A S S Y R I A N
2 0 2 5 - 6 0 9 b c
• Much what we know about the Akkadians and early people of Mesopotamia
comes from the text discovered in the ruins of NINEVEH’S LIBRARY
• They established several trading posts.they rebelled against the Akkadians when
weakness was shown.
• The Assyrians were too far north far from other civilizations.
• They came into contact with iron, they are used to make weapons that are
better than bronze.
• They conquered the four corners of the earth.
• Sargon the 2nd is remembered as a great Assyrian military king.
• They conquered Egypt.

A S S Y R I A N
2 0 2 5 - 6 0 9 b c
• Archtectural achievements:
• Grand palaces- fortified cities-ziggurats and temples – colossal lamassu figures
• potter's wheel to create better ceramics, they utilized water system to get water to
their crops, they utilized bronze metal (and later iron metal) to form solid apparatuses
and weapons, and utilized looms to weave cloth from wool.

A S S Y R I A N
2 0 2 5 - 6 0 9 b c
• Historins believe the fall of the Assyrians is caused by its size and their neglect of
their agreement with the Babylonians
• Esarhaddon names his son Ashurbanipal as the son of the Assyrian empire
• And named his other son Shama shum Ukin the heir of the Babylonian throne
• The brothers fought each other: the great rebellion.

Neo Babylonian
600 bc – 539 bc
• 600 bc – 539 bc
• Ruled much of modern midle east.
• Most famous ruler: NEBUCHADNEZZAR II. FROM THE Hebrew bible
taking early Jewish people captive.
• Builder of the hanging garden of babylon
• They would be overthrown by the Persians and cyrus the great

SEE LECTURE 4 I
CONTAINS SUMMARY OF EACH
MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRE and other
documents

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian Art History _ Overview and Characteristics -
View-only

Ancient Egypt
• Sure, here’s a summary of the information you provided:
1. Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Lasted for over 3,000 years and became one of the most powerful and iconic
civilizations in history. At its height, the empire stretched from modern-day Syria to Sudan.
2. City-States: Ancient Egypt was initially a series of small independent city-states along the Nile River, divided
into Upper Egypt (south/upstream) and Lower Egypt (north/downstream). These united around 3100 BC to
form one Egyptian state.
3. Kingdoms and Intermediate Periods: The civilization’s reign can be divided into the Old, Middle, and New
Kingdoms (periods of prosperity), and the First and Second Intermediate Periods (periods of instability).
4. Pharaohs: About 300 rulers, often referred to as Pharaohs, guided the Egyptian people. These rulers were
considered protectors of the people and served as divine liaisons between humanity and the gods.
5. Tombs: Rulers constructed elaborate tombs for their journey into the afterlife, including the Great Pyramids
at Giza and underground mausoleums in the Valley of the Kings.
6. Mathematics: Innovations in mathematics helped Egyptians understand and harness their world. They
developed a new form of measurement called the qubit, measured time by combining mathematics with
astronomy, and created a solar calendar. the egyptians also measured time by combining mathematics
with astronomy they established a 24-hour division to the day
7. Civil Engineering: Egyptians developed methods to measure and survey land around the Nile River, leading
to the construction of dams, canals, and irrigation systems that helped farming and agriculture to flourish.
8. Written Languages: The ancient Egyptians created written languages, including hieroglyphic writing (used to
inscribe monuments and pottery) and hieratic (a form of cursive written in ink on papyrus).

1.Papyrus: This medium gave the ancient Egyptians a new avenue of
communication and record-keeping, allowing their civilization’s
administrative skill to grow and their culture to spread for thousands
of years.
2.End of Ancient Egypt: The civilization eventually came to an end after
a series of invasions, including those by the Persian Empire in the 4th
century BC and the Roman Empire around 30 BC.
3.Legacy of Ancient Egypt: Not many civilizations can claim a lifespan
of over 3000 years, let alone one that made vast cultural
contributions that still resonate in modern times. Ancient Egypt, with
its linguistic and mathematical innovations, spirituality and religion,
and extensive political and military might, set a high standard for all
civilizations that followed.
Ancient Egypt

Book of the Dead
1.Ani: Ani was a scribe from Thebes who lived in the 13th century BCE. He had a Book of
the Dead, a funerary text designed to help him attain immortality.
2.Mummification: Upon his death, Ani’s body was mummified. His organs were removed
except for the heart, and his body was preserved with natron and resin-soaked linen.
3.Journey through the Underworld: Ani’s spirit had to pass through the underworld, a
realm filled with obstacles and fearsome beasts. He was equipped with magic from his
Book of the Dead to help him traverse these challenges.
4.Judgement: In the Hall of Ma’at, Ani was judged by 42 assessor gods. He had to
convince them that he lived a righteous life by declaring sins he had not committed.
5.Weighing of the Heart: Ani’s heart was weighed against a feather. If his heart was
heavier, it would be devoured by Ammit, and Ani would cease to exist. However, Ani’s
heart was judged pure.
6.Afterlife: After being approved by Osiris, the god of the underworld, Ani entered the
afterlife. Here, he met his deceased parents and cultivated a plot of land with the help of a
Shabti doll.
7.Papyrus of Ani: Today, the Papyrus of Ani, which contains his Book of the Dead, resides
in the British Museum. It allows us to imagine Ani’s journey after death.

Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs.
1.Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Thrived in the Nile River Valley, leading to booming agriculture and population
growth. Leaders emerged and took control of the civilization.
2.Pharaohs: During the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, Pharaohs held supreme power. They were the kings,
military generals, and religious leaders of the land.
3.Old Kingdom: Pharaohs set up a central government and built great tombs for themselves.
4.Middle Kingdom: Great achievements in literature, art, and architecture were made.
5.New Kingdom (Egypt’s Golden Age): A time of stability and peace.
6.Pharaoh Khufu (2551-2528 BCE): Known for building the Great Pyramid of Giza. He declared himself a god.
7.Pharaoh Senusret I (1971-1926 BCE): Art, literature, and architecture flourished during his reign. He controlled
gold, copper, and gem mines, leading to a thriving craft industry.
8.Pharaoh Hatshepsut (1473-1458 BCE): Egypt’s first female ruler. She promoted trade with other countries and
built a monument graced by 200 Sphinx statues.
9.Pharaoh Ramses II (1292-1224 BCE): Nicknamed Ramses the Great. He ruled for more than 60 years, had
more than a hundred wives and children, and erected hundreds of statues of himself. His temple complex at Abu
Simbel is a notable architectural achievement.

Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs.
1.Menes: Considered the first Pharaoh because he united Upper and
Lower Egypt and founded the first dynasty.
2.Cleopatra VII: Considered the last Pharaoh. Shortly after her reign,
Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.
3.King Tutankhamun: The youngest Pharaoh. He is possibly the best-
known Pharaoh today because his tomb was nearly intact when
discovered.
4.Akhenaten: Known for turning ancient Egypt into a monotheistic
religion. However, it returned to polytheism soon after his death.

Ancient Egyptian Art History
1.Time Span: Ancient Egyptian Art spans close to 2800 years, from the
unification of Egypt in 3100 BCE to Alexander the Great’s conquest in 332
BCE.
2.Main Periods: The art history is divided into five main periods: Early Dynastic,
Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Late Period.
3.Characteristics & Themes: Ancient Egyptians believed that images held
deeper meanings and should be depicted in a correct order. This belief was
tied to their mythology and divine order. Three themes, all starting with the
letter ‘T’, are prevalent throughout Ancient Egyptian art:
1. Tombs: Most of the discovered art is found in tombs, reflecting the Egyptians’ obsession
with the afterlife.
2. Temples: Temples were important places of worship, learning, and offerings to their
gods. A lot of the art comes from temples.
3. Timelessness: This theme represents the enduring nature of their culture, style, and the
belief in life after death.
4.Religion: Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic, with beliefs in a creation myth,
an afterlife, and resurrection. Their art is heavily tied to their mythology and
religion.
5.Consistency: The static nature of their art is due to their firm belief in
consistency. They believed that changes in style could lead to changes in
religion and decorum, which was unacceptable. They believed that these

• Here’s a summary of the Early Dynastic Period and the development of the canon in
Ancient Egyptian Art:
1.Early Dynastic Period: This period marks the unification of Egypt, with the upper and
lower parts brought under one rulership. The ideas of kingship, cosmic order, and
mythology were established. Gods and kings were seen as synonymous, with a king
being a god in human form on earth.
2.Canon Development: The canon, or the standard for what Egyptian art should look
like, was established during this period. Both artists and patrons accepted the canon.
3.Characteristics of the Canon:
1. Proportion: Figures were depicted using mathematical proportions, with lengthened legs and
shortened torsos.
2. Composite Views: Side views of a person were combined with frontal views, evident in the
depiction of faces and bodies.
3. Geometric Shapes: The body was depicted with geometric shapes, such as a triangular torso.
4. Idealism: Figures were depicted as perfect versions of themselves, appearing athletic, muscular,
youthful, strong, and brave, regardless of their actual age.
5. Symbols of Power: Symbols were used in clothing, regalia, and staffs to identify gods and kings.
• The canon was established to set apart and identify the important figures - the gods
and the kings.

• Here’s a summary of your analysis on the Palette of Narmer:
1.Purpose: The Palette of Narmer, larger than an actual makeup palette, is a commemorative piece
showing the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.
2.Design: The palette is broken into registers. The top register possibly depicts the goddess Hathor and
some hieroglyphs. The center register shows the spoils of war, with a king or pharaoh on the left and
a scene of destruction on the right. The bottom register features mythological creatures and
servants.
3.Hierarchy of Scale: The most important person is depicted as the largest. The king or pharaoh is
shown larger than the other figures, indicating his importance.
4.Canon: The tall figure of the king or pharaoh demonstrates the canon, with a composite view
combining profile and frontal views. The geometric design includes broad shoulders narrowing to a
skinny waist, forming a triangle. Symbols of power are evident in the hat, staff, and hierarchy of scale.
5.Symbols of Power: The hat, which looks like a bowling pin, represents Upper Egypt, while the chair-
like hat represents Lower Egypt. When combined, they symbolize the unification of Egypt.
6.Depiction: The figures are depicted in an idealized, almost immortal form, showing them as athletic,
muscular, youthful, strong, and brave.
7.Themes: The themes of tombs, temples, and timelessness are evident in the palette, reflecting the
culture’s focus on the afterlife, places of worship, and enduring nature of their culture. The art
remains static due to their belief in consistency and the idea that these images would accompany
them to the next life.

• Here’s a summary of your analysis on the Palette of Narmer and the Old Kingdom Period:
1.Palette of Narmer: The figure on the palette is depicted in a moment of power, holding a
weapon and clutching the hair of a victim. The figure is idealized, with perfect, muscular,
and youthful form. The surrounding figures are connected to mythology, gods, religion,
and history. The palette is a commemorative piece showing the beginnings of pharaoh, a
unified Egypt, cosmic order, and the establishment of the canon.
2.Old Kingdom Period: This period was marked by social and political stability, leading to
an abundance of wealth. This wealth was used for enormous and elaborate tomb
buildings, including the pyramids. The pyramids, built by three generations of pharaohs
as their final resting place, reflect their beliefs in the afterlife and the continuation of life.
3.Kafre Enthroned: This carved stone statue of Kafre, owner of one of the pyramids, was
found in a mortuary temple outside his pyramid. The statue is made of diorite, a durable
stone that turns deep midnight blue in sunlight. The statue is symmetrical with no empty
spaces, giving a feeling of eternal stillness. This reflects the theme of timelessness, as the
statue is meant to last a long time.

• Here’s a summary of your analysis on the purpose of a ca statue and the image of Kafre:
1.Ca Statue: In Ancient Egyptian culture, a ca statue was created as a place for the spirit or soul to
reside after death. Egyptians believed in the afterlife and resurrection, and they took precautions to
ensure the spirit had a place to reside. If the mummy was destroyed, the spirit could reside in these
statues.
2.Image of Kafre: The image of Kafre, found in a mortuary temple, is an idealized form, showing him as
youthful, muscular, and brave. The image shows more naturalism compared to the Palette of King
Narmer, with muscles starting to look like actual muscles.
3.Canon: The sculpture adheres to the canon, with a composite view that combines frontal and side
views. The symbolic elements of the headdress, beard, and clothing are also part of the canon.
4.Symbolic Elements: Kafre’s hands are in interesting shapes, possibly indicating that the statue
originally held a staff or other pharaonic symbol. A small hawk at the back of Kafre’s head represents
Horus, a god, supporting the neck and head of the pharaoh. The intertwining papyrus and lotus
leaves at the bottom symbolize unification, peace, and unity. The lion throne represents his power.
5.Timelessness: The piece embodies timelessness in its use of the canon, its depiction of gods, and its
intention to last forever.

• Sure, let’s summarize the points you’ve made:
• The Seated Scribe
• The Seated Scribe is a famous work of ancient Egyptian art, representing a figure of a seated scribe at work.
• The sculpture is made out of painted limestone and is much smaller than the statues of pharaohs.
• The man depicted is not a pharaoh but probably worked in the high court.
• The elements of the canon, which are usually reserved for royalty and gods, are not present in this sculpture.
• Middle Kingdom Period
• The Middle Kingdom of Egypt lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BC.
• This period was marked by political turmoil and the division of Egypt into Upper and Lower Egypt.
• Pharaoh Mentuhotep united the country once again under a single ruler.
• The canon remained the same throughout this time period, but artists started to bring a feel of realism into their work.
• Senusret III
• Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt who ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC.
• His reign was characterized by stability, economic growth, and cultural development.
• His portraits show some humanistic aspects and emotions, reflecting the political climate of the time.
• New Kingdom Period
• The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, was the ancient Egyptian nation between the 16th century BC and the 11th century
BC.
• This period is known for pharaohs like Hatshepsut, King Tut, Akhenaten, and Ramses.
• Akhenaten broke the tradition of Egyptian art and drastically changed the social, political, and religious climate of Egypt…

• Akhenaten’s Changes
• Akhenaten moved the capital further north and named it after himself1.
• He changed the cultural life and artistic style, introducing more stylized and distorted figures1.
• He shifted the religion from polytheistic to monotheistic, focusing on the worship of one god, Aten1.
• Akhenaten means 'one who is in the service of Aten’1.
• These changes were radical and sudden, possibly as a sign of power1.
• His reign and these changes lasted for 17 years1.
• Amarna Style
• This period of change is known as the Amarna style23.
• After Akhenaten’s death, his son Tutankhamun reversed these changes1.
• Statue of Akhenaten
• The statue of Akhenaten is massive, standing 13-16 feet tall4.
• It depicts the Amarna style, showing both male and female characteristics4.
• The figure has broad but thin shoulders, a thin face with a pointed chin, heavily lidded eyes, slender nose, and full lips4.
• The stomach area and chest area are softer and more fleshy, deviating from the typical canon4.
• The statue still maintains symbols of pharaoh’s power, such as the headdress, clothing, and the shepherd’s crook and flail in his crossed
arms4

• Akhenaten’s Artistic Changes
• Akhenaten made significant changes to the artistic style of his time, introducing more stylized and distorted figures1.
• This new style was seen not only in statues but also in pictorial reliefs, such as those depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their
daughters12.
• The art became more lifelike and realistic, deviating from the idealized depictions of the past1.
• However, this style did not last long and quickly reverted back to the previous style with King Tut1.
• Late Period and Beyond
• The Late Period of Ancient Egypt was a time when the country was under the control of foreign powers, including the Nubians,
Persians, Macedonians, Greeks, and Romans3.
• Despite these changes, the timeless characteristics of Egyptian art persisted3.
• Influence of Christianity
• With the arrival of the Romans and the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity, Christian art began to spread
throughout the Roman Empire, including Egypt4.
• This led to a synthesis of Christian and Egyptian cultures, particularly in their shared beliefs in the afterlife and resurrection4.
• This synthesis is evident in the creation of mummy portraits, which combined Roman painting style, Byzantine style, and
Christian style to depict portraits of the person who had been mummified14.
• Catacombs, similar to the rock-cut tombs in Ancient Egypt, were also created to house bodies4.
• Despite the cultural changes brought about by foreign rule, Egyptian art continued to influence and shape the art of these new
cultures4.

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