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CILIP ISG, Cambridge, UK,
2016-05-11
Automatic Extraction of Knowledg
from the Literature
Peter Murray-Rust1,2
[1]University of Cambridge
[2]TheContentMine
pm286 AT cam DOT ac DOT uk
Simple, Universal,
Knowledge creation and re-use
Our tools and minds are Open.
How can we help CILIP?
Overview
• Most knowledge is not searchable
• over 200 Billion USD of funded research is wasted
• Copyright, Europe, Sci-hub, etc.
• We CAN build a better, cheaper solution…
• Examples and demos – semantic full-text
• Introducing HARVEST alliance to help solve it
• Citizens taking back control
• http://contentmine.org
• http://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr
• http://slideshare.net/petermurrayrust
HARVEST alliance
Cottage Labs
AperiComm
OAButton
An alliance of well-known, nimble, independent organizations creating, modifying,
discovering and re-using open semantic scholarly knowledge
The Right to Read is the Right to Mine**PeterMurray-Rust, 2011
http://contentmine.org
Not-for-private Profit
My European Heroes
Young People(ContentMine)
NEELIE KROES
Output of scholarly publishing
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc#/media/File:Mont_Blanc_depuis_Valmorel.jpg
586,364 Crossref DOIs 201507 [1] per month
>3 million (papers + supplemental data) /year [citation needed]*
each 3 mm thick
 9000 m high per year [2]
* Most is not Publicly readable
[1] http://www.crossref.org/01company/crossref_indicators.html
Scientific and Medical publication (STM)[+]
• World Citizens pay $450,000,000,000…
• … for research in 1,500,000 articles …
• … cost $300,000 each to create …
• … $7000 each to “publish” [*]…
• … $10,000,000,000 from academic libraries …
• … to “publishers” who forbid access to 99.9% of citizens of
the world …
• 85% of medical research is wasted (not published, badly
conceived, duplicated, …) [Lancet 2009]
[+] Figures probably +- 50 %
[*] arXiV preprint server costs $7 USD per paper
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/opinion/yes-we-were-warned-about-
ebola.html
We were stunned recently when we stumbled across an article by European
researchers in Annals of Virology [1982]: “The results seem to indicate that
Liberia has to be included in the Ebola virus endemic zone.” In the future,
the authors asserted, “medical personnel in Liberian health centers should be
aware of the possibility that they may come across active cases and thus be
prepared to avoid nosocomial epidemics,” referring to hospital-acquired
infection.
Adage in public health: “The road to inaction is paved with research
papers.”
Bernice Dahn (chief medical officer of Liberia’s Ministry of Health)
Vera Mussah (director of county health services)
Cameron Nutt (Ebola response adviser to Partners in Health)
A System Failure of Scholarly Publishing
Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature
CLOSED ACCESS
MEANS PEOPLE DIE
WE pay for scholarly
publications that WE
can’t read
[1] The Military-Industrial-Academic complex (1961)
(Dwight D Eisenhower, US President)
Publishers Academia
Glory+?
$$, MS
review
Taxpayer
Student
Researcher
$$ $$
in-kind
The Publisher-Academic complex[1]
Elsevier wants to control Open Data
[asked by Michelle Brook]
Prof. Ian Hargreaves (2011): "David Cameron's
exam question”: "Could it be true that laws
designed more than three centuries ago with the
express purpose of creating economic incentives
for innovation by protecting creators' rights are
today obstructing innovation and economic
growth?”
“yes. We have found that the UK's intellectual
property framework, especially with regard to
copyright, is falling behind what is needed.” "Digital
Opportunity" by Prof Ian Hargreaves - http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htm. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikipedia -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_Opportunity.jpg#/media/File:Digital_Opportunity.jpg
Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature
Sci-hub
PMR’s thoughts
https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2016/05/06/sci-
hub-and-my-personal-position-on-legality-6n/
And see earlier posts
50 million “pirated” papers freely but
“illegally” accessible
Resources
• Europe PubMedCentral http://europepmc.org/
• ContentMine toolkit https://github.com/ContentMine/
• Wikidata:
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page
• Hypothes.is https://hypothes.is/ [1]
• Etherpad: http://pads.cottagelabs.com/p/cochrane2016
• Note: early adopters can obtain our (Open) software and
run it at home…
Cambridge: Mining the Daily scientific
literature
Jenny Molloy Tom Arrow Yvonne Nobis
Danny Kingsley
10,000 articles per day
Europe PubMedCentral
Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature
catalogue
getpapers
query
Daily
Crawl
EPMC, arXiv
CORE , HAL,
(UNIV repos)
ToC
services
PDF HTML
DOC ePUB
TeX XML
PNG
EPS CSV
XLSURLs
DOIs
crawl
quickscrape
norma
Normalizer
Structurer
Semantic
Tagger
Text
Data
Figures
ami
UNIV
Repos
search
Lookup
CONTENT
MINING
Chem
Phylo
Trials
Crystal
Plants
COMMUNITY
plugins
Visualization
and Analysis
PloSONE, BMC,
peerJ… Nature, IEEE,
Elsevier…
Publisher Sites
scrapers
queries
taggers
abstract
methods
references
Captioned
Figures
Fig. 1
HTML tables
30, 000 pages/day
Semantic ScholarlyHTML
Facts
CONTENTMINE Complete OPEN Platform for Mining Scientific Literature
dictionaries
Dictionaries!
abstract
methods
references
Captioned
Figures
Fig. 1
HTML tables
abstract
methods
references
Captioned
Figures
Fig. 1
HTML tables
Dict A
Dict B
Image
Caption
Table
Caption
MINING
with sections
and dictionaries
[W3C Annotation / https://hypothes.is/ ]
How does Rat find knowledge
Demo
PMR runs getpapers and ami
Chris runs Python visualization of drug co-occurrence
I want to see a DEMO
Let’s try
ChemicalTagger!
http://chemicaltagger.ch.cam.ac.uk/
• Typical
Typical chemical synthesis
Open Content Mining of FACTs
Machines can interpret chemical reactions
We have done 500,000 patents. There are >
3,000,000 reactions/year. Added value > 1B Eur.
Dictionaries
• Simplest approach to knowledge extraction
and management.
We’d love to help integrate your dictionaries and
Open authorities
Disease Dictionary (ICD-10)
<dictionary title="disease">
<entry term="1p36 deletion syndrome"/>
<entry term="1q21.1 deletion syndrome"/>
<entry term="1q21.1 duplication syndrome"/>
<entry term="3-methylglutaconic aciduria"/>
<entry term="3mc syndrome”
<entry term="corpus luteum cyst”/>
<entry term="cortical blindness" />
SELECT DISTINCT ?thingLabel WHERE {
?thing wdt:P494 ?wd .
?thing wdt:P279 wd:Q12136 .
SERVICE wikibase:label {
bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" }
}
wdt:P494 = ICD-10 (P494) identifier
wd:Q12136 = disease (Q12136) abnormal condition that
affects the body of an organism
Wikidata ontology for disease
• ChEBI (chemicals at EBI)
ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/chebi/Flat_file_tab_delimited/names_3star.tsv.gz)
• combined with WIKIDATA: World Health Organisation International Nonproprietary Name
(P2275)
* => 4947 items in the dictionary (inn.xml)
DRUGS
<dictionary title="inn">
<entry term="(r)-fenfluramine"/>
<entry term="abacavir"/>
<entry term="abafungin"/>
<entry term="abafungina"/>
<entry term="abafungine"/>
<entry term="abafunginum"/>
<entry term="abamectin"/>
<entry term="abarelix"/>
<entry term="abatacept"/>
<dictionary title="funders">
<!— from http://help.crossref.org/funder-registry with
thanks -->
<entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001436"
term="1675 Foundation"/>
<entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004343"
term="3M"/>
<entry id=“http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005957”
term="8020 Promotion Foundation"/>
<entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007139"
term="A Richer Life Foundation"/>
<entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006543"
term="A World Celiac Community Foundation"/>
<entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001962"
term="A-T Children's Project"/>
<entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008456"
term="A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute"/>
11566 entries
Funders Dictionary
Dengue Mosquito
<dictionary name="genus">
<entry term="Aa"/>
<entry term="Aaaba"/>
<entry term="Aacanthocnema"/>
<entry term="Aaosphaeria"/>
<entry term="Aaptos"/>
<entry term="Aaptosyax"/>
<entry term="Aaroniella"/>
<entry term="Aaronsohnia"/>
<entry term="Abablemma"/>
Genera from NCBI TaxDump
<dictionary title="hgnc">
<entry term="A1BG" name="alpha-1-B glycoprotein"/>
<entry term="A1BG-AS1" name="A1BG antisense RNA 1"/>
<entry term="A1CF"
name="APOBEC1 complementation factor"/>
<entry term="A2M" name="alpha-2-macroglobulin"/>
<entry term="A2M-AS1"
name="A2M antisense RNA 1 (head to head)"/>
<entry term="A2ML1" name="alpha-2-macroglobulin-like 1"/>
<entry term="A2ML1-AS1" name="A2ML1 antisense RNA 1"/>
Human Genes (HGNC)
<entry term="Aaas"
name="achalasia, adrenocortical insufficiency, alacrimia"/>
<entry term="Aacs" name="acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase"/>
<entry term="Aadac"
name="arylacetamide deacetylase (esterase)"/>
<entry term="Aadacl2"
name="arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2"/>
<entry term="Aadacl3"
name="arylacetamide deacetylase-like 3"/>
<entry term="Aadat" name="aminoadipate aminotransferase"/>
<entry term="Aaed1"
name="AhpC/TSA antioxidant enzyme domain containing 1"/>
<entry term="Aagab"
name="alpha- and gamma-adaptin binding protein"/>
<entry term="Aak1" name="AP2 associated kinase 1"/>
<entry term="Aamdc"
name="adipogenesis associated Mth938 domain containing"/>
<entry term="Aamp"
name="angio-associated migratory protein"/>
Mouse genes (JAXson)
Ebola!
<dictionary title="tropicalVirus">
<entry term="ZIKV" name="Zika virus"/>
<entry term="Zika" name="Zika virus"/>
<entry term="DENV" name="Dengue virus"/>
<entry term="Dengue" name="Dengue virus"/>
<entry term="CHIKV" name="Chikungunya virus"/>
<entry term="Chikungunya" name="Chikungunya virus"/>
<entry term="WNV" name="West Nile virus"/>
<entry term="West Nile" name="West Nile virus"/>
<entry term="YFV" name="Yellow fever virus"/>
<entry term="Yellow fever" name="Yellow fever virus"/>
<entry term="HPV" name="Human papilloma virus"/>
<entry term="Human papilloma virus"
name="Human papilloma virus"/>
</dictionary>
Terms co-ocurring with “Zika”
<dictionary title="cochrane">
<entry term="Cochrane Library"/>
<entry term="Cochrane Reviews"/>
<entry
term="Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials"/>
<entry term="Cochrane"/>
<entry term="randomize"/>
<entry term="meta-analysis"/>
<entry term="Embase"/>
<entry term="MEDLINE"/>
<entry term="eligibility"/>
<entry term="exclusion"/>
<entry term="outcome"/>
<entry term="Review Manager"/>
<entry term="STATA"/>
<entry term="RCT"/>
</dictionary>
Terms lexically related to “meta-analysis”
Mining strategy
• Discover. negotiate permissions . => bibliography
• Crawl / Scrape (download), documents AND
supplemental
• Normalize. PDF => XML
• Index: facets => Facts and snippets (“entities”)
• Interpret/analyze entities => relationships,
aggregations (“Transformative”)
• Publish
catalogue
getpapers
query
Daily
Crawl
EuPMC, arXiv
CORE , HAL,
(UNIV repos)
ToC
services
PDF HTML
DOC ePUB
TeX XML
PNG
EPS CSV
XLSURLs
DOIs
crawl
quickscrape
norma
Normalizer
Structurer
Semantic
Tagger
Text
Data
Figures
ami
UNIV
Repos
search
Lookup
CONTENT
MINING
Chem
Phylo
Trials
Crystal
Plants
COMMUNITY
plugins
Visualization
and Analysis
PloSONE, BMC,
peerJ… Nature, IEEE,
Elsevier…
Publisher Sites
scrapers
queries
taggers
abstract
methods
references
Captioned
Figures
Fig. 1
HTML tables
30, 000 pages/day
Semantic ScholarlyHTML
Facts
CONTENTMINE Complete OPEN Platform for Mining Scientific Literature
Precision / Recall
Systematic Reviews
Can we:
• eliminate true negatives automatically?
• extract data from formulaic language?
• mine diagrams?
• Annotate existing sources?
• forward-reference clinical trials?
Polly has 20 seconds to read this paper…
…and 10,000 more
ContentMine software can do this in a few minutes
Polly: “there were 10,000 abstracts and due
to time pressures, we split this between 6
researchers. It took about 2-3 days of work
(working only on this) to get through
~1,600 papers each. So, at a minimum this
equates to 12 days of full-time work (and
would normally be done over several weeks
under normal time pressures).”
400,000 Clinical Trials
In 10 government registries
Mapping trials => papers
http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/16/1/80
2009 => 2015. What’s
happened in last 6 years??
Search the whole scientific literature
For “2009-0100068-41”
What is “Content”?
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.01113
03&representation=PDF CC-BY
SECTIONS
MAPS
TABLES
CHEMISTRY
TEXT
MATH
contentmine.org tackles these
Diagram Mining
TL;DR we can do amazing things with diagrams
Examples of plots
Multisegment diagram
But we can now
turn PDFs into
Science
We can’t turn a hamburger into a cow
Pixel => Path => Shape => Char => Word => Para => Document => SCIENCE
UNITS
TICKS
QUANTITY
SCALE
TITLES
DATA!!
2000+ points
Dumb PDF
CSV
Semantic
Spectrum
2nd Derivative
Smoothing
Gaussian Filter
Automatic
extraction
Multisegment diagram
Whitespace
“corridors”
Superpixel
Bounding box
Semantic
labels
Ln Bacterial load per fly
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
6.5
6.0
Days post—infection
0 1 2 3 4 5
Bitmap Image and Tesseract OCR
Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature
Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature
“Root”
OCR (Tesseract)
Norma (imageanalysis)
(((((Pyramidobacter_piscolens:195,Jonquetella_anthropi:135):86,Synergistes_jonesii:301):131,Thermotoga
_maritime:357):12,(Mycobacterium_tuberculosis:223,Bifidobacterium_longum:333):158):10,((Optiutus_te
rrae:441,(((Borrelia_burgdorferi:…202):91):22):32,(Proprinogenum_modestus:124,Fusobacterium_nucleat
um:167):217):11):9);
Semantic re-usable/computable output (ca 4 secs/image)
Politics
@Senficon (Julia Reda) :Text & Data mining in times of
#copyright maximalism:
"Elsevier stopped me doing my research"
http://onsnetwork.org/chartgerink/2015/11/16/elsevi
er-stopped-me-doing-my-research/ … #opencon #TDM
Elsevier stopped me doing my research
Chris Hartgerink
I am a statistician interested in detecting potentially problematic research such as data fabrication,
which results in unreliable findings and can harm policy-making, confound funding decisions, and
hampers research progress.
To this end, I am content mining results reported in the psychology literature. Content mining the
literature is a valuable avenue of investigating research questions with innovative methods. For
example, our research group has written an automated program to mine research papers for errors in
the reported results and found that 1/8 papers (of 30,000) contains at least one result that could
directly influence the substantive conclusion [1].
In new research, I am trying to extract test results, figures, tables, and other information reported in
papers throughout the majority of the psychology literature. As such, I need the research papers
published in psychology that I can mine for these data. To this end, I started ‘bulk’ downloading research
papers from, for instance, Sciencedirect. I was doing this for scholarly purposes and took into account
potential server load by limiting the amount of papers I downloaded per minute to 9. I had no intention
to redistribute the downloaded materials, had legal access to them because my university pays a
subscription, and I only wanted to extract facts from these papers.
Full disclosure, I downloaded approximately 30GB of data from Sciencedirect in approximately 10 days.
This boils down to a server load of 0.0021GB/[min], 0.125GB/h, 3GB/day.
Approximately two weeks after I started downloading psychology research papers, Elsevier notified my
university that this was a violation of the access contract, that this could be considered stealing of
content, and that they wanted it to stop. My librarian explicitly instructed me to stop downloading
(which I did immediately), otherwise Elsevier would cut all access to Sciencedirect for my university.
I am now not able to mine a substantial part of the literature, and because of this Elsevier is directly
hampering me in my research.
[1] Nuijten, M. B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Epskamp, S., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015). The
prevalence of statistical reporting errors in psychology (1985–2013). Behavior Research Methods, 1–22.
doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0664-2
Chris Hartgerink’s blog post
WILEY … “new security feature… to prevent systematic download of content
“[limit of] 100 papers per day”
“essential security feature … to protect both parties (sic)”
CAPTCHA
User has to type words
http://onsnetwork.org/chartgerink/2016/02/23/wiley-also-stopped-my-doing-my-research/
Wiley also stopped me (Chris Hartgerink) doing my research
In November, I wrote about how Elsevier wanted me to stop downloading scientific articles for my research. Today, Wiley
also ordered me to stop downloading.
As a quick recapitulation: I am a statistician doing research into detecting
potentially problematic research such as data fabrication and
estimating how often it occurs. For this, I need to download many scientific articles, because my research
applies content mining methods that extract facts from them (e.g., test statistics). These facts serve as my data to answer my research
questions. If I cannot download these research articles, I cannot collect the data I need to do my research.
I was downloading psychology research articles from the Wiley library, with a maximum of 5 per minute. I did this using the tool quickscrape,
developed by the ContentMine organization. With this, I have downloaded approximately 18,680 research articles from the Wiley library,
which I was downloading solely for research purposes.
Wiley noticed my downloading and notified my university library that they detected a compromised proxy, which they
had immediately restricted. They called it “illegally downloading copyrighted content
licensed by your institution”. However, at no point was there any investigation into whether my user credentials were
actually compromised (they were not). Whether I had legitimate reasons to download these articles was never discussed.
The original email from Wiley is available here.
As a result of Wiley denying me to download these research articles, I cannot collect data from
another one of the big publishers, alongside Elsevier. Wiley is more strict than Elsevier by immediately condemning the
downloading as illegal, whereas Elsevier offers an (inadequate) API with additional terms of use (while legitimate access
has already been obtained). I am really confused about what the publisher’s stance on content mining is, because Sage
and Springer seemingly allow it; I have downloaded 150,210 research articles from Springer
and 12,971 from Sage and they never complained about it.
Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature
HARVEST alliance
Cottage Labs
AperiComm
OAButton
An alliance of well-known, nimble, independent organizations creating, modifying,
discovering and re-using open semantic scholarly knowledge
Harvest offerings are evolving. As their part
ContentMine provides
• Collaboration
• In depth analysis and review. Advocacy. Narrative.
• Prototyping. YOU help design the rules and system
• Nimble knowledge tools accessible to everyone.
• Access to daily scholarly knowledge
• A large knowledge toolkit (discovery, cleaning, analysis, filtering,
ContentMine welcomes
• Joint projects with narratives
• Contributions to the commons
Exemplar: OA Literature Survey on NTD in South America 2015

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Automatic Extraction of Knowledge from the Literature

  • 1. CILIP ISG, Cambridge, UK, 2016-05-11 Automatic Extraction of Knowledg from the Literature Peter Murray-Rust1,2 [1]University of Cambridge [2]TheContentMine pm286 AT cam DOT ac DOT uk Simple, Universal, Knowledge creation and re-use Our tools and minds are Open. How can we help CILIP?
  • 2. Overview • Most knowledge is not searchable • over 200 Billion USD of funded research is wasted • Copyright, Europe, Sci-hub, etc. • We CAN build a better, cheaper solution… • Examples and demos – semantic full-text • Introducing HARVEST alliance to help solve it • Citizens taking back control • http://contentmine.org • http://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr • http://slideshare.net/petermurrayrust
  • 3. HARVEST alliance Cottage Labs AperiComm OAButton An alliance of well-known, nimble, independent organizations creating, modifying, discovering and re-using open semantic scholarly knowledge
  • 4. The Right to Read is the Right to Mine**PeterMurray-Rust, 2011 http://contentmine.org Not-for-private Profit
  • 5. My European Heroes Young People(ContentMine) NEELIE KROES
  • 6. Output of scholarly publishing [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc#/media/File:Mont_Blanc_depuis_Valmorel.jpg 586,364 Crossref DOIs 201507 [1] per month >3 million (papers + supplemental data) /year [citation needed]* each 3 mm thick  9000 m high per year [2] * Most is not Publicly readable [1] http://www.crossref.org/01company/crossref_indicators.html
  • 7. Scientific and Medical publication (STM)[+] • World Citizens pay $450,000,000,000… • … for research in 1,500,000 articles … • … cost $300,000 each to create … • … $7000 each to “publish” [*]… • … $10,000,000,000 from academic libraries … • … to “publishers” who forbid access to 99.9% of citizens of the world … • 85% of medical research is wasted (not published, badly conceived, duplicated, …) [Lancet 2009] [+] Figures probably +- 50 % [*] arXiV preprint server costs $7 USD per paper
  • 8. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/opinion/yes-we-were-warned-about- ebola.html We were stunned recently when we stumbled across an article by European researchers in Annals of Virology [1982]: “The results seem to indicate that Liberia has to be included in the Ebola virus endemic zone.” In the future, the authors asserted, “medical personnel in Liberian health centers should be aware of the possibility that they may come across active cases and thus be prepared to avoid nosocomial epidemics,” referring to hospital-acquired infection. Adage in public health: “The road to inaction is paved with research papers.” Bernice Dahn (chief medical officer of Liberia’s Ministry of Health) Vera Mussah (director of county health services) Cameron Nutt (Ebola response adviser to Partners in Health) A System Failure of Scholarly Publishing
  • 11. WE pay for scholarly publications that WE can’t read [1] The Military-Industrial-Academic complex (1961) (Dwight D Eisenhower, US President) Publishers Academia Glory+? $$, MS review Taxpayer Student Researcher $$ $$ in-kind The Publisher-Academic complex[1]
  • 12. Elsevier wants to control Open Data [asked by Michelle Brook]
  • 13. Prof. Ian Hargreaves (2011): "David Cameron's exam question”: "Could it be true that laws designed more than three centuries ago with the express purpose of creating economic incentives for innovation by protecting creators' rights are today obstructing innovation and economic growth?” “yes. We have found that the UK's intellectual property framework, especially with regard to copyright, is falling behind what is needed.” "Digital Opportunity" by Prof Ian Hargreaves - http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htm. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_Opportunity.jpg#/media/File:Digital_Opportunity.jpg
  • 15. Sci-hub PMR’s thoughts https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2016/05/06/sci- hub-and-my-personal-position-on-legality-6n/ And see earlier posts 50 million “pirated” papers freely but “illegally” accessible
  • 16. Resources • Europe PubMedCentral http://europepmc.org/ • ContentMine toolkit https://github.com/ContentMine/ • Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page • Hypothes.is https://hypothes.is/ [1] • Etherpad: http://pads.cottagelabs.com/p/cochrane2016 • Note: early adopters can obtain our (Open) software and run it at home…
  • 17. Cambridge: Mining the Daily scientific literature Jenny Molloy Tom Arrow Yvonne Nobis Danny Kingsley 10,000 articles per day
  • 20. catalogue getpapers query Daily Crawl EPMC, arXiv CORE , HAL, (UNIV repos) ToC services PDF HTML DOC ePUB TeX XML PNG EPS CSV XLSURLs DOIs crawl quickscrape norma Normalizer Structurer Semantic Tagger Text Data Figures ami UNIV Repos search Lookup CONTENT MINING Chem Phylo Trials Crystal Plants COMMUNITY plugins Visualization and Analysis PloSONE, BMC, peerJ… Nature, IEEE, Elsevier… Publisher Sites scrapers queries taggers abstract methods references Captioned Figures Fig. 1 HTML tables 30, 000 pages/day Semantic ScholarlyHTML Facts CONTENTMINE Complete OPEN Platform for Mining Scientific Literature dictionaries
  • 22. abstract methods references Captioned Figures Fig. 1 HTML tables abstract methods references Captioned Figures Fig. 1 HTML tables Dict A Dict B Image Caption Table Caption MINING with sections and dictionaries [W3C Annotation / https://hypothes.is/ ]
  • 23. How does Rat find knowledge
  • 24. Demo PMR runs getpapers and ami Chris runs Python visualization of drug co-occurrence
  • 25. I want to see a DEMO Let’s try ChemicalTagger!
  • 27. Open Content Mining of FACTs Machines can interpret chemical reactions We have done 500,000 patents. There are > 3,000,000 reactions/year. Added value > 1B Eur.
  • 28. Dictionaries • Simplest approach to knowledge extraction and management. We’d love to help integrate your dictionaries and Open authorities
  • 29. Disease Dictionary (ICD-10) <dictionary title="disease"> <entry term="1p36 deletion syndrome"/> <entry term="1q21.1 deletion syndrome"/> <entry term="1q21.1 duplication syndrome"/> <entry term="3-methylglutaconic aciduria"/> <entry term="3mc syndrome” <entry term="corpus luteum cyst”/> <entry term="cortical blindness" /> SELECT DISTINCT ?thingLabel WHERE { ?thing wdt:P494 ?wd . ?thing wdt:P279 wd:Q12136 . SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" } } wdt:P494 = ICD-10 (P494) identifier wd:Q12136 = disease (Q12136) abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism Wikidata ontology for disease
  • 30. • ChEBI (chemicals at EBI) ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/chebi/Flat_file_tab_delimited/names_3star.tsv.gz) • combined with WIKIDATA: World Health Organisation International Nonproprietary Name (P2275) * => 4947 items in the dictionary (inn.xml) DRUGS <dictionary title="inn"> <entry term="(r)-fenfluramine"/> <entry term="abacavir"/> <entry term="abafungin"/> <entry term="abafungina"/> <entry term="abafungine"/> <entry term="abafunginum"/> <entry term="abamectin"/> <entry term="abarelix"/> <entry term="abatacept"/>
  • 31. <dictionary title="funders"> <!— from http://help.crossref.org/funder-registry with thanks --> <entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001436" term="1675 Foundation"/> <entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004343" term="3M"/> <entry id=“http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005957” term="8020 Promotion Foundation"/> <entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007139" term="A Richer Life Foundation"/> <entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006543" term="A World Celiac Community Foundation"/> <entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001962" term="A-T Children's Project"/> <entry id="http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008456" term="A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute"/> 11566 entries Funders Dictionary
  • 33. <dictionary name="genus"> <entry term="Aa"/> <entry term="Aaaba"/> <entry term="Aacanthocnema"/> <entry term="Aaosphaeria"/> <entry term="Aaptos"/> <entry term="Aaptosyax"/> <entry term="Aaroniella"/> <entry term="Aaronsohnia"/> <entry term="Abablemma"/> Genera from NCBI TaxDump
  • 34. <dictionary title="hgnc"> <entry term="A1BG" name="alpha-1-B glycoprotein"/> <entry term="A1BG-AS1" name="A1BG antisense RNA 1"/> <entry term="A1CF" name="APOBEC1 complementation factor"/> <entry term="A2M" name="alpha-2-macroglobulin"/> <entry term="A2M-AS1" name="A2M antisense RNA 1 (head to head)"/> <entry term="A2ML1" name="alpha-2-macroglobulin-like 1"/> <entry term="A2ML1-AS1" name="A2ML1 antisense RNA 1"/> Human Genes (HGNC)
  • 35. <entry term="Aaas" name="achalasia, adrenocortical insufficiency, alacrimia"/> <entry term="Aacs" name="acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase"/> <entry term="Aadac" name="arylacetamide deacetylase (esterase)"/> <entry term="Aadacl2" name="arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2"/> <entry term="Aadacl3" name="arylacetamide deacetylase-like 3"/> <entry term="Aadat" name="aminoadipate aminotransferase"/> <entry term="Aaed1" name="AhpC/TSA antioxidant enzyme domain containing 1"/> <entry term="Aagab" name="alpha- and gamma-adaptin binding protein"/> <entry term="Aak1" name="AP2 associated kinase 1"/> <entry term="Aamdc" name="adipogenesis associated Mth938 domain containing"/> <entry term="Aamp" name="angio-associated migratory protein"/> Mouse genes (JAXson)
  • 37. <dictionary title="tropicalVirus"> <entry term="ZIKV" name="Zika virus"/> <entry term="Zika" name="Zika virus"/> <entry term="DENV" name="Dengue virus"/> <entry term="Dengue" name="Dengue virus"/> <entry term="CHIKV" name="Chikungunya virus"/> <entry term="Chikungunya" name="Chikungunya virus"/> <entry term="WNV" name="West Nile virus"/> <entry term="West Nile" name="West Nile virus"/> <entry term="YFV" name="Yellow fever virus"/> <entry term="Yellow fever" name="Yellow fever virus"/> <entry term="HPV" name="Human papilloma virus"/> <entry term="Human papilloma virus" name="Human papilloma virus"/> </dictionary> Terms co-ocurring with “Zika”
  • 38. <dictionary title="cochrane"> <entry term="Cochrane Library"/> <entry term="Cochrane Reviews"/> <entry term="Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials"/> <entry term="Cochrane"/> <entry term="randomize"/> <entry term="meta-analysis"/> <entry term="Embase"/> <entry term="MEDLINE"/> <entry term="eligibility"/> <entry term="exclusion"/> <entry term="outcome"/> <entry term="Review Manager"/> <entry term="STATA"/> <entry term="RCT"/> </dictionary> Terms lexically related to “meta-analysis”
  • 39. Mining strategy • Discover. negotiate permissions . => bibliography • Crawl / Scrape (download), documents AND supplemental • Normalize. PDF => XML • Index: facets => Facts and snippets (“entities”) • Interpret/analyze entities => relationships, aggregations (“Transformative”) • Publish
  • 40. catalogue getpapers query Daily Crawl EuPMC, arXiv CORE , HAL, (UNIV repos) ToC services PDF HTML DOC ePUB TeX XML PNG EPS CSV XLSURLs DOIs crawl quickscrape norma Normalizer Structurer Semantic Tagger Text Data Figures ami UNIV Repos search Lookup CONTENT MINING Chem Phylo Trials Crystal Plants COMMUNITY plugins Visualization and Analysis PloSONE, BMC, peerJ… Nature, IEEE, Elsevier… Publisher Sites scrapers queries taggers abstract methods references Captioned Figures Fig. 1 HTML tables 30, 000 pages/day Semantic ScholarlyHTML Facts CONTENTMINE Complete OPEN Platform for Mining Scientific Literature
  • 42. Systematic Reviews Can we: • eliminate true negatives automatically? • extract data from formulaic language? • mine diagrams? • Annotate existing sources? • forward-reference clinical trials?
  • 43. Polly has 20 seconds to read this paper… …and 10,000 more
  • 44. ContentMine software can do this in a few minutes Polly: “there were 10,000 abstracts and due to time pressures, we split this between 6 researchers. It took about 2-3 days of work (working only on this) to get through ~1,600 papers each. So, at a minimum this equates to 12 days of full-time work (and would normally be done over several weeks under normal time pressures).”
  • 45. 400,000 Clinical Trials In 10 government registries Mapping trials => papers http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/16/1/80 2009 => 2015. What’s happened in last 6 years?? Search the whole scientific literature For “2009-0100068-41”
  • 47. Diagram Mining TL;DR we can do amazing things with diagrams
  • 50. But we can now turn PDFs into Science We can’t turn a hamburger into a cow Pixel => Path => Shape => Char => Word => Para => Document => SCIENCE
  • 54. Ln Bacterial load per fly 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 6.5 6.0 Days post—infection 0 1 2 3 4 5 Bitmap Image and Tesseract OCR
  • 60. @Senficon (Julia Reda) :Text & Data mining in times of #copyright maximalism: "Elsevier stopped me doing my research" http://onsnetwork.org/chartgerink/2015/11/16/elsevi er-stopped-me-doing-my-research/ … #opencon #TDM Elsevier stopped me doing my research Chris Hartgerink
  • 61. I am a statistician interested in detecting potentially problematic research such as data fabrication, which results in unreliable findings and can harm policy-making, confound funding decisions, and hampers research progress. To this end, I am content mining results reported in the psychology literature. Content mining the literature is a valuable avenue of investigating research questions with innovative methods. For example, our research group has written an automated program to mine research papers for errors in the reported results and found that 1/8 papers (of 30,000) contains at least one result that could directly influence the substantive conclusion [1]. In new research, I am trying to extract test results, figures, tables, and other information reported in papers throughout the majority of the psychology literature. As such, I need the research papers published in psychology that I can mine for these data. To this end, I started ‘bulk’ downloading research papers from, for instance, Sciencedirect. I was doing this for scholarly purposes and took into account potential server load by limiting the amount of papers I downloaded per minute to 9. I had no intention to redistribute the downloaded materials, had legal access to them because my university pays a subscription, and I only wanted to extract facts from these papers. Full disclosure, I downloaded approximately 30GB of data from Sciencedirect in approximately 10 days. This boils down to a server load of 0.0021GB/[min], 0.125GB/h, 3GB/day. Approximately two weeks after I started downloading psychology research papers, Elsevier notified my university that this was a violation of the access contract, that this could be considered stealing of content, and that they wanted it to stop. My librarian explicitly instructed me to stop downloading (which I did immediately), otherwise Elsevier would cut all access to Sciencedirect for my university. I am now not able to mine a substantial part of the literature, and because of this Elsevier is directly hampering me in my research. [1] Nuijten, M. B., Hartgerink, C. H. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Epskamp, S., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015). The prevalence of statistical reporting errors in psychology (1985–2013). Behavior Research Methods, 1–22. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0664-2 Chris Hartgerink’s blog post
  • 62. WILEY … “new security feature… to prevent systematic download of content “[limit of] 100 papers per day” “essential security feature … to protect both parties (sic)” CAPTCHA User has to type words
  • 63. http://onsnetwork.org/chartgerink/2016/02/23/wiley-also-stopped-my-doing-my-research/ Wiley also stopped me (Chris Hartgerink) doing my research In November, I wrote about how Elsevier wanted me to stop downloading scientific articles for my research. Today, Wiley also ordered me to stop downloading. As a quick recapitulation: I am a statistician doing research into detecting potentially problematic research such as data fabrication and estimating how often it occurs. For this, I need to download many scientific articles, because my research applies content mining methods that extract facts from them (e.g., test statistics). These facts serve as my data to answer my research questions. If I cannot download these research articles, I cannot collect the data I need to do my research. I was downloading psychology research articles from the Wiley library, with a maximum of 5 per minute. I did this using the tool quickscrape, developed by the ContentMine organization. With this, I have downloaded approximately 18,680 research articles from the Wiley library, which I was downloading solely for research purposes. Wiley noticed my downloading and notified my university library that they detected a compromised proxy, which they had immediately restricted. They called it “illegally downloading copyrighted content licensed by your institution”. However, at no point was there any investigation into whether my user credentials were actually compromised (they were not). Whether I had legitimate reasons to download these articles was never discussed. The original email from Wiley is available here. As a result of Wiley denying me to download these research articles, I cannot collect data from another one of the big publishers, alongside Elsevier. Wiley is more strict than Elsevier by immediately condemning the downloading as illegal, whereas Elsevier offers an (inadequate) API with additional terms of use (while legitimate access has already been obtained). I am really confused about what the publisher’s stance on content mining is, because Sage and Springer seemingly allow it; I have downloaded 150,210 research articles from Springer and 12,971 from Sage and they never complained about it.
  • 65. HARVEST alliance Cottage Labs AperiComm OAButton An alliance of well-known, nimble, independent organizations creating, modifying, discovering and re-using open semantic scholarly knowledge
  • 66. Harvest offerings are evolving. As their part ContentMine provides • Collaboration • In depth analysis and review. Advocacy. Narrative. • Prototyping. YOU help design the rules and system • Nimble knowledge tools accessible to everyone. • Access to daily scholarly knowledge • A large knowledge toolkit (discovery, cleaning, analysis, filtering, ContentMine welcomes • Joint projects with narratives • Contributions to the commons Exemplar: OA Literature Survey on NTD in South America 2015