A Very Brief History Of Beeswax Candles

A Very Brief History Of Beeswax Candles
Many candles have been used for hundreds and thousands of years and ever since the 1900's it has
been the only source of light. Present, not many people use candles for their main light source. Some
reasons why some people use candles is for decorations, religious ceremonies, and to celebrate other
people's birthdays. In past years most candles were made from tallow. Tallow came from cows and
sheep, in the earlier times of the Egyptians and the Roman's. These early candles didn't burn well
and normally smelled worse. The Roman Empire was the first to provide evidence of a candle that
resembles the candle today. They melted the tallow until it was a liquid and poured it over fibers of
flax, hemp, and cotton, which were used as a wick. These candles were used in religious ceremonies
as well as lighting for their travels and houses.
In the earlier ages beeswax was used to make candles. These beeswax candles were made much like
the Romans made the candles out of tallow. Beeswax was a drastic improvement from the tallow,
but limited quantities were available. This made it expensive, limiting beeswax candles to clergy
and the upper class. Today, candles are mostly made from materials such as wax, paraffin wax,
beeswax or soy among other products. Some candles are also made from plant waxes or tallow
while others are made from a mixture of paraffin and plastic. Most people would say that the size,
shape or color would be the most important part of a candle, but most
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Annotated Bibliography: Coloring Can Change Lives
Crystal Hsu
Ms. Dinh
English 9H, Period 2
17 November 2015
Annotated Bibliography
"Coloring Can Change Lives: Crayon Collection Founder Sheila Michail Morovati." Interview by
Kristin Cruz. Motivation. BlogTalkRadio. New York, New York, 6 Oct. 2015. Radio.
In the radio interview, "Coloring Can Change Lives" with Crayon Collection Founder Sheila
Michail Morovati, Kristin Cruz discusses the inspiration for the founding of the Crayon Collection.
The interviewer, as well as the interviewee, explain an upcoming crayon event, the vision for
Crayon Collection, and how to support the cause. This account is helpful to my research since my
group is donating our recycled crayons to this company. Furthermore, it presents information about
the amount of crayons produced, how many are thrown away each year, and how this affects the
environment. For example, Morovati says, "They [crayons] take 10 years to decompose and so it's
really horrible for the environment..." (Cruz). We will use this information to show the benefit and
the harm of the petroleum–based art supplies in landfills.
"Paraffin Wax." Britannica ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author explains the benefits of the art supplies, the environmental problems resulting from a
large amount of crayon wax in landfills, and how donating the crayons will benefit the environment.
This information provides general facts about crayon waste, which is helpful for my research
because the problem our project is based on the negative effects of discarding crayons. The reason
companies recycle crayons is because, "The wax from crayons is not biodegradable and will never
break down, leaving a waxy sludge in our landfills for centuries to come" ("What We Do",
Paragraph 2). We will use this information to explain to others why it is a smart choice to give
unused crayons to companies like Crayon

Can Babies Learn With The Womb? Essay
Question
Thanks to the increase in technological innovations, the life in the womb is not as mysterious as it
used to be. Scientists are able to gain a glimpse of the formation of life and the struggles it entails.
Despite this view one question has not yet been answered is "Can babies learn while in the womb?"
Some scientists have been able to derive that newborns process vocal information in the real world
through their prenatal exposure to their mother's voice or other speech patterns. However, this is not
indicative of the more general mechanisms of learning. That is why scientists Schaal and Marlier
decided to test another aspect of learning by asking the specific question "Are babies able to acquire
and store information from olfactory cues obtained in the womb?"
Design and Method
Schaal and Marlier took advantage of the widespread use of the anise flavor in their Alsatian
community, and of the fact that it is so strong babies are able to smell it immediately after birth by
making it the most important variable in their experiment. They separated 24 babies into two groups
of 12 by their mothers' habitual intake of anise flavored food. The infants were selected based on the
presence of no medical complications during pregnancy and birth.
15 days before their delivery one group of mothers were given commercially available anise
flavored food like; cookies, and syrup without changing or controlling how much of it they ingested.
They kept a record of what they took and

Neuropathological Function
"The loftier the building, the deeper the foundation must be laid." Thomas a Kempis In preparing
large human brain sections for neuropathological study to have the best final result there needs to be
the best initial preparation. Consequently the preservation of the specimen in the appropriate fixative
promptly upon removal and changing the fixative when it becomes bloody greatly enhance
specimen quality. Allow sufficient ratio of tissue to fluid of 1:20 and keep at room temperature.
After the brain is sliced at brain cutting and the slabs are submitted for the large sections allow a day
or two more in fixative for the center of the slice to be fixed. Patience will be rewarded. When
processing the final blocks for paraffin, whether they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given that these paraffin blocks are upwards of 10 x 15 cm (4 x 6 in) some creativity needs to be in
play to work with these since the histological supply industry is not geared toward these paving
blocks! The now defunct company Lipshaw produced pans sized for use in large block embedding,
but now sadly these are unavailable. A trip through the kitchenware department can yield some
small pans that serve perfectly well and cardboard boxes make nice disposable forms. Sliding
microtomes are still being produced that can cut these large blocks, but it is becoming harder to find
motorized ones. Search the internet for the few companies that are still in the business of
manufacturing new machines and consider a refurbished older model that is motorized if many
slides are to be produced. Slides used in the production can range from 38 x 75 mm (1.5 x 3 in) to
125 x 175 mm (5 x 7 in)! Of course the usual histological supply sources will not have the necessary
slides, cover glass, staining racks and staining pans to use for these size ranges so unless there is a
custom fabricator available, Brain Research Laboratories at https://brainresearchlab.com/ will have
many of the items needed. If the lab is just starting with large sections, buy the slides, cover glass
and a rack, then go again to the kitchenware department and find plastic ware that the rack will fit
for staining dishes. Now that the blocks have been well fixed and processed there will be a good
foundation

Soy Candles Research
Soy Candles: Eco–Friendly and Better for Your Health
If you love candles the way that I do, then you probably have plenty of them around at all times. I
generally have at least one scented candle burning in my home (as long as I'm home, that is!).
Unscented candles are also a welcome accessory in my living environment. They can immediately
brighten any room, and they come in a broad range of shapes and sizes to match the mood and
moment. In fact, I usually burn unscented candles when I have guests with allergies or with
particular sensitivity to scent.
Unfortunately, many people are also sensitive to any kind of traditional candle. Such candles may
emit pollutants into the environment, and they may also trigger allergies in some people. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By blending two or more hues, you might concoct some amazing shades, including dark orange,
midnight blue, turquoise, pale maple, olive green, and salmon pink. Let your inner creativity go wild
with this step – you could discover a hue unlike any other you've seen!
Step Three: Add the Fragrance Oil (Optional)
If you plan to use fragrance oil in these candles, this is the time to add that. I usually add about .02
to .04 kg of fragrance oil to .45 kg of soy wax. Stir the fragrance oil as thoroughly as the dye. I'm
going to use blueberry because I have been craving blueberry pie recently, and I'd rather satisfy that
urge with pretty candles and keep my waistline as it is!
Combining Fragrance Oils
Combining fragrance oils is as much fun as blending hues. You might try any of hundreds of
concoctions. A few that seem to be particularly popular at this time of year are: candy cane and
chocolate, gingerbread and vanilla cream, and holly berry and pine.
Step Four: Pour the Wax Into the Votive

Container Candle Essay
after reading this guide.
Container Candles. This is a candle in which you pour the hot wax into a container that has a wick
affixed to it. The container you pour the wax into can be anything and the candle forms the shape of
the candle. The candle is burned in the con– tainer as well. Glass jars are often used because you can
see the whole candle and the process offers you the chance to put in layers of candle wax.
Votive Candles. These commonly used candles are a split between a pillar candle and a container
candle. They are usually free standing candles in a cylindrical shape and are placed into a small
glass container. As the candle burns down, it forms the shape of the glass container that it is placed
in.
Pillar Candles. These

Elizabeth's Journey To California
Elizabeth ventures West to California, from living her entire life in Illinois. Her cousins live in
California, so she is going to be visiting them on her trip. On her plane, she dreams of all the
wonderful things that she will see, and all the souvenirs that she will find. The first thing she notices
upon landing is someone foraging through the garbage cans to find something to eat. When she
asked for directions to the rental car company, all she got was a terse nod from a couple of people.
Although she tried not to show any form of dissent about her feelings, she was very disgruntled, and
finally decided to look up the directions herself. Elizabeth decided to go for a walk to a little park
near where she was staying. On her way she met a

Five Grams Of Table Salt To 100ml Of Water
Physical properties are observable without changing the identity of the substance. Examples of
physical properties would be; size, shape, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, density, etc.
Chemical properties aren't observable without changing the identity of the substance. Examples of
chemical properties would be; flammability, creating gas bubbles, creating new chemical product,
rusting, etc. In a physical change the identity of the substance doesn't change. But in a chemical
change the identity of the substance does change. In this experiment we observed and created the
five scenarios. In scenario one we mixed in five grams of table salt to 100mL of water. In scenario
two we heated up a 2cm magnesium strip in a crucible. Then scenario ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Group number seven's claim is the same as ours. Groups number one, two, four, five, and eight have
claims that differs from ours. In scenario 1, the substance was clear after a while, and had some salt
at the bottom of the beaker. According from the table above the pH level changed a bit after adding
salt. There was a small green dot on the pH paper. Which indicates a change in the chemical, but it
this was a chemical change, then the rest of the paper would've also changed color. Which shows
that this was physical change. In scenario two the magnesium turned into ash, which indicates a
chemical change. Because this shows that magnesium is flammable. Then in scenario three the
solution fizzed after sodium hydroxide and copper nitrate mixed. Which indicates a chemical change
because bubbles were created from these two chemicals mixing. Then in scenario four the substance
foamed and became pasty, after five drops of hydrochloric acid was added into two grams of sodium
bicarbonate. According to the table above the pH level has also changed, which this indicates a
chemical change, because bubbles were also formed. Then for scenario five, the paraffin wax
melted, and turned into a liquid state. Which would show that this is a physical change because this
was only a change in the state of matter. There was also no chemical that was add into this

Determination of the Calorific Value of Ethanol and Paraffin
Determination of the Calorific Value of Fuels
Aim:
To quantify the amount of energy produced by different fuels and to determine which fuel is more
efficient (has a higher calorific value).
Introduction:
The easiest way to achieve our aim is by heating a substance with a known specific heat capacity
and using the energy released from burning our fuels. This will give us the value of the heat energy
released by the combustion of our two fuels.
The chemical reaction for combustion:
FUEL + O2 Heat energy released CO2 + H2O
It is the heat energy released that we are concerned with, the amount released in this reaction will
provide us with the calorific value for each fuel.
Materials ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Testing potential new fuels – Oil companies looking for new fuel sources are interested only in
efficient fuels now for three reasons 1. The more efficient the fuel the less we will use and the longer
it will last. 2. The more energy we can get from only a small amount the higher the value of the fuel.
3. If you use less fuel less combustion occurs and so less toxins and carnbon dioxide being released
into the atmosphere.
Diet/Energy Intake * Calories in food – the food industry is a huge worldwide industry and is part of
everybody's life. For all those people wanting to lose weight they are looking for a large amount
with a low calorific value, however athletes will be looking for small amounts of food with a high
calorific value. It is a vital piece of information on the dieting and exercise industries.
From the theoretical results and my experimental results I have concluded that the candle (paraffin
wax) is the more efficient fuel source because it required a smaller amount of mass to provide the
same amount of energy as the

The Candle Affect The Duration Of Ignition Essay
Grade level: FOUR
Experiment:
Does the length of the candle affect the duration of ignition under the cups of the small size.
OBJECTIVE OF ACTIVITY:
To demonstrate that the length of the candle affect the duration of ignition under the cups in small
size.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITY:
The activity will be conducted on candles and cups will be used as models to investigate the process
of ignition.
Experiment will make the students learn three skills categories i.e. observation, questioning and
prediction', 'planning and conducting investigations' and 'data presentation and developing scientific
thinking' in the following way:
The images will graphically illustrate ignition of the candles under the cups and the role of the
length of the candle. From this observation, students make predictions about the duration of the
ignition of the candle depending upon its length. In this experiment, students will ask questions,
conduct an investigation, gather data, and communicate their results. Practice with scientific inquiry
will help students understand the process of ignition of candles and variation in the duration of this
ignition with the variation in size of cups and the length of the candles.
DETAILED INSTRUCTION:
Material Required:
6 cups of small sizes
6 candles (all with different length)
1 matchbox (for igniting the candles)
1 device with timer (to note down the duration)
1 scale (For measuring the length)
Instructions:
1.

Paraffin Vs Ethanol Essay
Everything humans need come from our planet whether it is food, water, metals or fuels. It has been
determined that if we use up any one of these resources then we will be without forever. In this
report I will lo
.
Biofuels. A fuel can be defined any such chemical that reacts with oxygen to release energy, in
particular heat. Most of the fuels that are in used today are fossil fuels; coal, gas, and oil. They were
produced by plants which photosynthesized millions of years ago, mostly in the Carboniferous
period. ( ). These chemicals are also important raw material for chemicals such as dyestuffs and
detergents. They are finite, which one day they will run out and not be replaced. An alternative is
ethanol. By using ethanol, we become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this experiment, I will calculate and compare the heat of combustion. I will compare the
difference in diesel, ethanol, and paraffin.
Materials:
Temperature probe
Water
Clamp
Graduated cylinder
Heat proof mat
Bunsen burner
Stop watch
Paraffin, diesel, ethanol
Goggles
Procedure:
Take the 250ml beaker and weigh it.
Measure out 100ml of water
Pour the water into the beaker
Weigh the beaker of water to obtain mass of the water
Take an empty alcohol burner and weigh it without the wick.
Measure out 10ml of ethanol
Place the ethanol into the alcohol burner
Weigh the alcohol burner with the ethanol to obtain the mass of the ethanol
Place the wick in the burner
Record the temperature of the water in the beaker
Light the wick and start the stopwatch

Note observation of the flame produced
When the ethanol is completely burned record the final temperature of the water.
Calculate the heat of combustion for ethanol using the following formula: energy evolved = (mass
of water) x (heat capacity of water) x (temperature rise) heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g–1
The energy evolved will be calculate per mole of fuel.
Number of moles = mass of

Why Are Candles Important In The Middle Ages
Middle Ages most early cultures relied primarily on candle rendered from animal and During the
Middle Ages candles became more prevalent in worship It was at this time that beeswax was used to
make candles.
These beeswax candles were made much like the Romans made their candles with tallow Beeswax
was a drastic improvement from the tallow, but limited quantities were available, which made it
expensive limiting it to clergy and the upper class.Middle Ages. Most early Western cultures relied
primarily on candles rendered from animal fat.
Historians have found evidence that many other early civilizations developed wicked candles using
waxes made from available plants and insects. Early Chinese candles are said to have been molded
in paper tubes, using rolled rice paper for the wick, and wax from an indigenous insect ... Show
There are several Biblical references to candles, and the Emperor Constantine is reported to have
called for the use of candles during an Easter service in the 4th century. Candles also served a
religious purpose as well, with traditions going back into Hebrew tradition and adapted by
Christians. A candle was always kept lighted in a church to symbolize the presence of God as well
as to light other candles when needed. Alter candles were also used as symbols as well as helping
the priest saying mass to read the scriptures and prayers.
Votive candles were and still are often to be found in churches, which for a small donation, would be
lighted and placed in holders when one said a prayer for another person. Processional candles were
also used by to light the way when the priest, deacons, and alter boys proceeded up the aisle with the
cross to the altar to begin mass. Finally, larger candles were used in the Bell, Book, and Candle
ceremony of

Bowfishing Research Paper
Basic Bowfishing Accessories Nearly every task is made easier by the presence of a few well–
chosen accessories, in addition to the main tools you are going to use. For example, if you are
making candles, you need nothing beyond wax, wicks, a melter, a thermometer, and a mold.
However, accessories such as gloves to protect you from splashes, a bottle of olive oil to help the
candles come loose, and so forth will make your job easier and more pleasant. Similarly, you can
paint a ceiling without a shower cap to protect your hair and drop cloths to shield the floor, but the
results are better if these accessories are present. Bowfishing is no exception to this rule. Although
the only absolutely necessary items are a bow, a set of arrow, and a reel, there are perhaps half a
dozen or a dozen items that will make the experience much easier and far more enjoyable. These
accessories give you a boost in many different ways, from allowing you to carry out simple field
repairs on your equipment, to just making you more comfortable – and, after all, bowfishing is
supposed to be enjoyable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the day, the sun can glare off the surface of the water in a blinding, silvery dance – so you
will need polarized–lens sunglasses to suppress this brilliance and allow you to see into the water.
This will let you shoot effectively at your quarry and will spare you a ghastly headache. At night,
you will need a light to see fish – and hopefully to draw them to your

Investigating The Energy Content Of Paraffin Essay
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to determine the energy content of paraffin. This is done
by measuring heat combustion in kJ/g of fuel. It was also to compare experimental and theoretical
energy values as well as determine the specific heat of an unknown metal to identify it.
Results: When conducting part one of the experiment, Paraffin combustion, the candle melted
quickly and the flame atop the candle was very small. The wax pooled on top of the paraffin rather
than following the canal dug into the side. For the second part of the experiment, the specific heat of
an unknown metal, the thermometer spiked quickly and then slowly rose until it reached the peak
temperature of 24.6 degrees.
Paraffin Data
Data set ∆ candle (g) H20 mass (g) ∆T (°C)
Our data .4 96.76 20.7
Class Avg 0.335 95.31 18.33
Average ∆H = –6161.63 □(kJ/mol)
Avg energy content:
–7.304kJ Std Deviation of energy content: 1431□(kJ/mol)
Table 1: Data of Paraffin Combustion
The heat of combustion in kJ was –8.372, (Index 1). The heat of combustion in □(kJ/g) is found by
(n∆H°rxn)/(mass of fuel burned) , is –20.93□(kJ/g) (Index 1). The heat of combustion in □(kJ/mol)
which is found by (n∆H°rxn)/(number of moles), is –5912.4 □(kJ/mol) (Index 1).
Specific heat of metal
System Surroundings
Mass 50.32g 50.189g
∆Temperature 53.32°C 4.2°C
Specific Heat .325 J⁄g 4.18 J⁄g
Average SH: .3 J⁄g Standard Deviation:
.0206
Table 2: Specific Heat data for unknown metal
Specific heat for the unknown metal was

Candle Making Through the Centuries Essays
The Evolution of Candles
For thousands of years, before modern electrical lighting systems were developed, candles existed
not for decoration but for the sole purpose of providing artificial light in millions of homes.
Here's a brief history of how the candle making industry flourished, declined and regained its
prominence through the years.
The Ancient Times
During the ancient civilisation, candles were made from tallow, or animal fat, extracted from cattle
and sheep. The first candles were developed by the ancient Egyptians. These candles, known as
rushlights or torches, had no wicks and burned slowly. The Romans were credited for the first
creation of candles with wicks, the ones that resembled the candles that are used today. ... Show
It was in the late 18th century that the business of candle making with the use of the spermaceti, a
wax obtained by crystallising sperm whale oil, significantly flourished. The spermaceti wax, like
beeswax, burned clearly and do not produce foul, acrid odour. Also, the light being generated was
significantly brighter compared to the ones emitted by tallow and beeswax.
The 19th Century
In the 1820s, French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul discovered a way to extract stearic acid from
animal fatty acids, which lead to the development of stearin wax. This type of wax, which is hard
and durable, is considered a fundamental element in candle making. In fact, the use of the stearin
candles remained popular in Europe until today.
In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan developed a machine that allowed the constant production of
moulded candles by using a cylinder with a movable piston that ejects candles as they solidified.
With the introduction of this machine, candles became an affordable commodity for the masses.
In the 1850s, the paraffin wax was introduced after chemists learned how to effectively separate the
naturally–occurring waxy substance from petroleum. Paraffin, an odourless and bluish–white
substance, was considered a helpful element in the candle making process because it burned easily
and continuously. It was also more economical than any other candle fuel.
The

Concept One : Soy Candles Vs. Paraffin Candles
Concept One:Soy Candles vs. Paraffin Candle Headline – use for health The one simple way to
prevent health risks found in the air This women was in shock when she learned what toxins were in
her candle Four new ways to start breathing healthier – TODAY Headline: eco–conscious 4 things
lurching in candles that no one wants you to know about 4 ways to go green and still be girly 4 ways
to be eco–conscious without having to eat kale This women was in shock when she learned what
was on her sofa! Simple tricks to figuring out exactly what's in your subconscious Article: Worrying
about the health of family, pets and the environment can add a lot of unwanted stress to one's life.
Now, a candle store might be the last place you'd expect to start a health revolution, but a new trend
of pure premium soy candles is set to change all that. As the science continues to grow in favor of
all–natural based candles, soy candle makers and distributors are waging a war on classic paraffin
candles. 1. Nature versus Nurture: Soy wax is 100% natural unlike Paraffin, which is made with
petroleum oil. Don't be fooled by the tricky advertising, for a candle be classified as soy it must be
made up of 100% cosmetic grade soy wax and scented with botanical oils. 2. Clean Air: Soy wax is
much healthier for humans, pets, and the environment we all live in. The wax is made from
vegetable oil meaning they release no known carcinogens into the air and are non–toxic. Soy wax is
also GMO free,

Candles, A Remarkable, Yet Simple Creation
Candles are a remarkable, yet simple creation. Understanding the origin of candles, types of candles,
benefits, uses, and how they work is most often ignored. Fragrant smells and vibrant colors can
occasionally overpower their overall importance. The history of candles may be unknown in some
instances, but studies have found evidence relating back to the Ancient Egyptians before 3,000 B.C.
It has also been found that the Ancient Romans developed the wicked candle later after 3,000 B.C.
(Communications, 2015) For hundreds of centuries, the creation of the candle has remained popular
for its uses throughout the world. Although candles continue to have admirable qualities throughout
their existence, explanation of candles often goes unnoticed and overlooked. Candle waxes have a
complex history along with several uses and benefits suitable for use in situations, such as when the
power goes out or to ward off bugs.
Origin
The history of candles may be unknown in some instances, but studies have found evidence relating
back to the Ancient Egyptians. The Ancient Egyptians used torches or other known as rushlights.
The cores of the reeds of torches, were soaked in melted animal fat and lit with a fire source.
Although unlike a true candle, the torches or rushlights did not have a wick. Later after 3,000 B.C.,
the Ancient Romans developed the wicked candle. Rolled papyrus was dipped in melted animal fat
(also known as tallow) or beeswax then lit with fire. The light from the flame

Paraffin Wax : It 's Not Just For Candles !
Paraffin Wax: It's Not Just for Candles!
If you have dabbled in candle making, then you probably know how useful paraffin wax is for such
a project; but did you know that this versatile substance may be used for a wide range of other
purposes? I recently did some research on paraffin wax because I had read that it is utilized for
arthritis pain management; I must admit that I was fairly surprised to learn this! I have certainly
used plenty of the stuff in my candle making adventures, and I knew it was an ingredient for other
craft projects – from crayon production to wax relief painting to creating wax hand replicas.
However, paraffin wax may also be used for a broad assortment of practical purposes. Below, I will
share with you some of the uses I discovered in my research. Perhaps you will be able to apply a
few of them in your own life – I am planning to implement several of these ideas, myself!
*A tip for saving time and money: To perform some of these tasks, you will need a bar of wax to rub
on various surfaces. Since I usually have plenty of paraffin wax beads available for my craft
projects, I feel that purchasing a bar of wax would simply be a waste of money. I can just as easily
melt the beads, pour them in the mould of my choice, and quickly create a unit of wax that could
easily be applied as needed.
Arthritis Relief
As I mentioned above, paraffin wax may be used for pain management by people who have arthritis.
By heating the wax, you can utilise

The Affects Of Candles Effects On People's Lives
Candles have been present for over five thousand years. Over time candles have advanced into
objects that provide individuals with both a source of light and heat. Although the use of candles
have begun to decrease, they still have an affect on the lives of people. According to the National
Candle Association, seven out of ten candles are used in homes and result in an increase in the
amount of fires related to candles. The Consumer Product Safety Commission estimated that 12,800
fires caused by candles resulted in 170 deaths and 1200 injuries (Hamins, Bundy, & Dillon, 2005).
Candles can be made using many different types of waxes. The most common wax that is used in
the candle production industry is paraffin, a petroleum based wax. Paraffin is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount of uncertainty for the net heat of combustion was calculated to be ±0.3 kJ/g with the net
amount being 43.3 kJ/g. The average effective heat of combustion found in candles was found from
incident heat flux exposures of 10–40 kW/m2 using the cone calorimeter and was found to be
insensitive to the heat flux. The amount of released heat ranged from 800 to 4150 kW/m2 (Hamins
et.al, 2005). The experimental groups produced results similar to the control group. The results of
the study showed that the combustion process was almost completed during the time of
experimentation. It was observed during the experimentation the candle did not emit any visible soot
from the flame. The mass burning rate, candle regression rate, and flame height help characterize the
burning behavior of candles. During the experimentation, the candle burned for 12 to 15 minutes in
order for a steady burning behavior. When the candle flame exhibited a steady burn, the the base of
the flame also exhibited consistency with the top of the candle within a range of 1–2 mm. The
average flame height was measured to be 42±1

Trimyristin Lab Report
Aims of Experiment
– To isolate trimyristin from a natural product, named nutmeg, using solvent extraction.
– To purify the isolated trimyristin by recrystallization.
– To get infrared spectrum of the isolated trimyristin.
Introduction
Many natural products such as medicine and cosmetic which are extracted from animals and plants
are around us. Like this, Trimyristin, which is composed of triglycerides, is that it can be isolated
from nutmeg seed. It is widely used as hair conditioner or oil. One of the important method to
extract pure trimyristin from nutmeg is reflux condenser. The reflux condenser is used in case that
we want to prevent organic compound with volatile substance or solvent from being evaporated
while heating and cooling occur ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then filtered the solution quickly with the stemless funnel, 32–fold filter paper and conical flask. To
get more colorless liquid, repeated this process 3 times. Then, placed the conical flask in an ice bath
and waited until crystallization finished. Isolated the purified product by suction filtration. Finally,
put half spoon of recrystallized product and Nujol powder in an agate mortar and grinded finely.
Then, made the mull and transferred the mull to the bottom salt plate of a demountable cell. Then
run the spectrum.
Precautions
Acetone, which used to mix with ground nutmeg seed and wash the residue, is not very toxic but
highly flammable and also has easily evaporable property. From this reason, we have to pay special
attention to flame around us when doing experiment.
Paraffin, which composes paraffin oil, is also flammable so that it can catch fire easily.
When adding ground nutmeg seed, acetone and heating it with heating mantle, it is important to
gently swirl the solution to avoid bumping. It can be more secure to add anti–bumping

Outdoor Grills
In Texas, we use our outdoor grills all the time. With the exception of a handful of really bad winter
weather days, we can cook outside most of the time. That means we can have steak, chicken,
seafood and veggies from the grill pretty much any time we get a craving for smoky, grilled food.
If you're one of those people who loves lighting up your charcoal grill at every opportunity, you've
probably struggled to light your charcoal briquets and to keep them lit. Using charcoal lighter fluid
has always been an easy, if somewhat scarily–combustible, way to get briquets to catch fire; but if
you've used it – and you know you have – you know it somehow didn't feel like the right thing to
do. Here are 3 reasons why you should never pick up a bottle of lighter fluid again:
1 – Charcoal Lighter Fluid Affects Food Taste
Using charcoal lighter fluid to get your briquets burning can impart an unpleasant, chemical taste to
grilled food. One way to avoid an excess of lighter fluid flavor to food cooked on outdoor grills is to
allow the lighter fluid to evaporate for at least 30 minutes. Unfortunately, this won't eliminate all of
the bad taste and smell, which isn't great when you want your family and friends to get the full
flavor of your grilled food.
2 – Chimney Starters Exist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you've tried it, you know how hard it is to keep briquets in any kind of mound and you know that
piling them up only works about half of the time. That's why grill chimneys were invented. Grill
chimneys are metal cylinders with handles that keep the briquets piled up inside so that they really
can work as a team to catch fire. If you buy the right kind of chimney, one with ample charcoal
capacity and strategically–placed vents that allow oxygen to easily reach the briquets, you'll never
have to buy lighter fluid

The Candle Maker In The Middle Ages
The Candle Maker
In the middle ages if someone was a kid they would usually drink ale or wine. The peasants were the
lowest class including people such as the candle maker, which provided candles from royalty to
peasants. The job of a candle maker was very messy, and the daily life of one is just like any
peasant's. Even though the candle maker was a peasant they helped out with royalty in big ways.
The Candle Maker is important in the Middle Ages because they made the only possible light source
back then. The candle maker's job helped the rich and poor. Since, some peasants couldn't afford
beeswax candles they bought tallow candles which were made out of animal fat. The animal fat
burned faster than the beeswax candles, and had a smokier flame than beeswax candles. Which is
why the tallow candles were cheaper. Rich people usually bought beeswax candles because they
lasted longer and were nicer than the tallow candles. Also, tallow candles gave off a foul stench. The
daily life of a candle maker was like a peasants. The houses were not very sanitary and nice. They
had dirt floors and used mud the way we use cement today. The food was bland and plain. They
usually had small gardens that had little vegetables in them. Also, they couldn't have livestock
unless they had enough money which very few peasants had. Clothing was plain with little pattern.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anyone who disagreed with the Church's teachings were called heretics, or someone who rejects
faith. Sometimes, people's culture affected their social standing, because the catholic church was at
the center of the Medieval Ages. People sometimes tried to pay their way into heaven. Also, if
somwone didn't have nice enough clothes they couldn't go to teachings. One religion believed that
there was no afterlife and that the dead were just reborn. But, if the dead was a sinner they called
them an untouchable and instead being reborn into a human they would be reborn into an

Brief Summary And Theoretical Molar Heat Of Combustion
Graph 1 Description:
This graph is identical to experiment 1 graph 1 as it compares the experimental and theoretical
molar heats of combustion. Being the same concept this graph shows how the experimental molar
heat of combustion is a scale less than the theoretical molar heat of combustion. The significance
behind the scale of this graph where the experimental is lower that the theoretical, is how there is a
pattern for which every fuel follows the same trend. Also it shows the average heats of combustion
and which alkane has the leading heat output rate.
Graph 2 Description:
This graph is identical to experiment 1 graph 2 as it shows a pattern between the scales of carbon
atoms. The higher amount of carbon in a longer chain results in a higher molar heat of combustion.
This supports the theory behind bond energy as more bonds break, more bonds form which add up
to making a higher molar heat of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the change in mass and temperature is small for both candle wax (and paraffin in this
experiment), it is clear that there is little changes when these fuels are combusting in their physical
states. This means that these fuels last longer but are an unreliable source of energy as a fuel. The
change in temperature being small suggests that these alkanes produce poor heat output, however
that fully contradicts their high experimental and theoretical heats of combustion and percentage
yields. The fact that the change in temperature was so low can be experimental side effects. One
being that candle wax particularly produces the extra energy source of light possibly more so than
paraffin and even the experiment 1 alcohols. Another experimental error as to why the change in
temperature isn't very large could be due to the surrounds not being a fully insulator set up
(calorimetry – experiment 1

Effect of Room Temperature on the Burn-Rate of a Candle Burns
EFFECT OF ROOM TEMPERATURE ON THE BURN–RATE OF A CANDLE BURNS
Have you ever wondered whether a candle burns more quickly on a hot day, than on a cold day? Or
is it the other way around? This science fair project was carried out to compare how quickly a
candle will burn at different room temperatures. The experiment was done by measuring how much
of a candle will melt in 30 minutes when placed in an environment with surrounding temperatures of
20°C, 25°C and 30°C.
Hypothesis
A candle in a colder room will burn more slowly.
Overview
Candles
Candles are used to provide light when there is no electricity available or during power failures.
Candles are also used to create a romantic setting at restaurants. Most candles are made of paraffin
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this science fair project, the independent variable is the temperature of the room, i.e. 20°C, 25°C
and 30°C. The dependent variable is the length of the candle after it has burned for 30 minutes. This
is determined by measuring the length of each candle with a ruler before it is lit and after it has
burned for 30 minutes. The constants (control variables) are the type and length of the candle, the
diameter of the candle and the time the candle is allowed to burn.
2. Using the ruler and caliper, the length and the diameter of the 15 candles are measured for
consistency. If the measurement of a candle deviates by more than 1 millimeter from the average,
have that candle replaced. All 15 chosen candles are labeled as "A1" to "A5", "B1" to "B"5 and
"C1" to "C5" respectively. The length of the 15 candles is measured and recorded.
3. The air conditioner in the room is switched on and the room is left to is cool, until the room
temperature measures 20°C. The temperature of the room is verified with the thermometer. The
candles marked "A1" to "A5" are lit in the room and the stopwatch is started. Ensure that windows
are closed and the candles are not placed anywhere near the air–conditioner blower (avoid drafts).
After 30 minutes, the flames on the candles are extinguished and the length of each candle is
measured again with a ruler. The reduction in candle length is calculated and recorded in the

Mouse Genotyping
Thus, after some time our strains bred and we recollected pregnant females. They were then
euthanized and we obtained all the embryos at the age of E12.5 and E18.5.
At this step embryo genotyping is required to identify each member of the litter in order to be able
to make future experiments. Mouse genotyping is the process of determining if they express or not a
specific gene. The purpose of this procedure in our case was to obtain purified DNA, amplify Cre
and Fog1 genes by PCR and run an agarose gel to see if the mouse expressed them or not. Control
embryos (littermates of Fog1cKO mutants) were then Cre negative and heterozygous or wild–type
for the flox alleles and displayed a similar phenotype to wild–type (ICR background) mice. In
contrast, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We took all whole embryo at E12.5 and just the brain for those at late stages (E18.5). During the
dissection, the tail of each mouse was taken in a single Eppendorf for carrying out the genotyping.
Tails were disintegrated with proteinase K treatment (1mg/ml) and put at +56ºC overnight. Next
day, a PCR was performed with the tail preps (see Protocol 1) and we checked PCR products
running a 2% agarose gel (see Protocol 2).
2. Tissue preparation: paraffin sections
The aim of this technique is to embed tissue into wax. Embedding tissue into paraffin blocks
supports the tissue structure and enables to cut very thin sections and mount them onto microscope
slides for posterior staining and analysis. I prepared tissue on paraffin sections for staining. This
technique is divided in different steps, most of them made automatically by a machine:
A. Fixation
Chemical fixatives are used to maintain the structural integrity of the cell and to preserve tissue from
degradation. Their main function is to cross–link proteins irreversibly and act as a bacterial killer. In
our case, embryos (E12.5) or embryonic brains were fixed in 4% PFA in 1xPBS (see Buffers and
Solutions) at +4ºC for 1–4 days. We put the embryos in cassettes ordered by numbers. Those
samples will be used for the final project

Employee Grievances
INTRODUCTION
Human resources is the most important asset for any organisation . In competitive business world
main part of activities is carried out by the employees in the organisation. A healthy workforce
ensures increased efficiency and productivity for organisation.
Maintaining quality of work life for its employees is an important concern for the any organisation.
The grievance handling procedure of the organisation can affect the harmonious environment of the
organisation. The grievances of the employees are related to the contract, work rule or regulation,
policy or procedure, health and safety regulation, past practice, changing the cultural norms
unilaterally, individual victimization, wage, bonus, etc. Here, the attitude on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin", but see alternative name for kerosene, above) is mostly found as
a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 47 °C and 64 °C
( 117°F to 147°F), and having a density of around 0.9 g/cm. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in
ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but
burns readily. Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with an electrical resistivity of
between 10 and 10 ohm metre. This is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics
(notably teflon). It is an effective neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwick's 1932
experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax (C25H52) is an excellent material to store heat,
having a specific heat capacity of 2.14–2.9 J g−1 K−1 (joule per gram per kelvin) and a heat of
fusion of 200–220 J g−1. This property is exploited in modified drywall for home building material:
it is infused in the drywall during manufacture so that, when installed, it melts during the day,
absorbing heat, and solidifies again at night, releasing the heat. Paraffin wax phase change cooling
coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Rover. Wax expands

Democritus Atom Research Paper
THE MYSTERIOUS ATOMIC LINK
The Discovery of the Neutron
Over the past millennia, our understanding of the atom has evolved through eager hypothesizing,
numerous trials and startling discoveries. From the first atomic theories of the Democritus in
Ancient Greece to the gold foil experiment that allowed Ernest Rutherford to discover the atomic
nucleus in 1909, humanity has come far on the path to crack the mysteries of the atomic structure
and the hidden secrets that lie within. However, it was only in the 1930s that the full basic structure
of the atom was finally completed with the discovery of the neutrally charged particle known as the
neutron. Physicists and chemists of the early 20th century did not know what caused

Personal Narrative: Martha Washington Balls
When some people think of food they think of the taste or the aroma; but when I think of food I
think of family. This may sound cliché, but preparing a traditional food is a good way to bond with
your family. One food that my mother and I make every Christmas Eve is Martha Washington Balls.
This food might sound strange, but it is mouth–watering and delicious. The ingredients of this
delicious recipe include: shredded coconut, paraffin wax, semi–sweet chocolate chips, condensed
milk, powdered sugar, butter, and crushed pecans. When it comes to preparation, this, of course,
takes place in the kitchen. The kitchen during Christmas time is covered in dazzling Christmas
lights. The aroma in the house is quite distinct, it is quite sweet and calming. The Christmas décor is
homely. Me and my mother make this dessert on Christmas Eve. This tradition started on my
mother's side of the family with my great grandmother. Since I am older I usually do most of the
preparing besides dipping it into the chocolate. I start off ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Once the chocolate and paraffin wax has melted; I take the Martha Washington Balls out of the
refrigerator and stick toothpicks in each one so we can easily dip them into the chocolate. Once we
have dipped all of them in the chocolate we let them harden and then place them in a container so
they will be fresh for Christmas Day. The next day we take them out and serve them along with
other foods. This dessert is so delectable and savory, and has a specific smell of sugar and
chocolatey wax. The best part, however, is not the food itself, but what the food represents. The food
represents family and tradition. It also makes for memories to tell your future children, and the
chance to pass on a family tradition. Nothing beats spending time with your family, and having fun
while doing

Combustion Paraffin Lab
This lab was not very fun, but it helped in learning the information. After this lab I learned how to
find the heat gained/lost and I also learned how to calculate the heat of combustion of the candle and
the molar heat of combustion of paraffin. Going into this lab I had no idea what these terms meant.
After research, I discovered that heat of combustion is the amount of energy released in burning
completely one mole of substance. My hypothesis heading into this experiment was that the closer
the flame was to the aluminum can, the higher the temperature/heat would be. This concept is pretty
self–explanatory because fires are very hot and so if you put any object near a flame, the object will
start to heat up. Setting up/completing this lab

Orthopedic Patient Communication
Today was slightly different from my daily routine, however I really enjoyed it. Upon arrival I was
asked by Noor to help develop a program plan for two new patients referred by the orthopedic
doctor. The first patient had a partial thickness rotator cuff tear or rupture of the right shoulder. After
evaluating the doctors referral, it was advised for this patient to seek Therapy 2–3 times per week
for 8 weeks. It was noted that weight bearing as tolerated, therefore Noor and I decided it would be
an good idea for the patient to exercise the shoulder with 1 pound weight bar, performing supine
exercises for 1–3 minutes. The doctor also advised range of motion as tolerated– passive and active,
therefore we concluded that the patient should perform

How To Dissect Non-Smoking Geckos
The first step will be to dissect preserved specimens of both, barking and non–barking geckos, and
to select representative samples of tissue from the laryngeal and the tracheal area. The non–barking
geckos will serve as a control. This tissue must be processed by standard protocols, either by manual
or automated techniques (processing in histology commonly refers to the removal of water or
dehydration by placing the tissue in gradually increasing concentrations of alcohol, and then xylene,
to finally infiltrating the tissue with paraffin or plastic). After processing the tissue will be embedded
in paraffin block, and cut into micrometric sections and placed in positively charged glass slides.
Some of the sections collected in the glass slides,

Bewer Jar Lab Report
The brewer jar has a high–vacuum pump that evacuates oxygen that gets replaced with a 95%
mixture of nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide. There are platinum catalysts in the jar lid that binds
residual oxygen with hydrogen which forms water. The second is the GasPak system. The
disposable hydrogen and carbon dioxide envelope generator. The system requires it to be in room
temperature catalyst that doesn't need electrical activation to be used. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen
to help yield water. The last technique is the chromium sulfuric acid method. Hydrogen is generated
in a desiccator jar that reacts with 15% of sulfuric acid with chromium powder. Hydrogen evolves
and gets forced out of the desiccator jar and gets replaced with hydrogen. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first method is the pyrogallic acid technique in a solid medium. This technique uses streak
cultures on nutrient agar slants. A person pushes a cotton plug into the tube until it almost touches
the slant. The space above the cotton gets filled with pyrogallic acid crystals and put sodium
hydroxide in there as well. Insert the stopper very tightly and then invert and incubate. The
chemicals absorb the oxygen which produces an anaerobic environment. The second method is the
shake–culture method in a solid medium. This is a molten and cooled nutrient agar which is
inoculated with a loopful of an organism. The tube gets shaken, cooled quickly, and then incubated.
The position of growth in the tube makes it the index of gaseous requirements for an organism. The
third method os the Paraffin plug technique in a broth medium. It is a medium that has reducing
substances like cystein or ascorbic acid in it. This medium gets heated to make the oxygen go away
then get quickly cooled and inoculated with a loopful of culture. After that it get immediately sealed
with melted paraffin and then gets incubated. The last method is fluid thioglycollate in a broth
medium. It is present in redox potential indicator like resazurin, which produces a pink color in an
oxidized

Advantages Of Olefins
Olefins are usually produced in large quantities in the petrochemical industry. The separation of
olefins from paraffins is of primary importance to the chemical industry. Olefin/paraffin mixture is
difficult to separate due to their similar physical and chemical properties such as molecular sizes and
boiling point. The most common method for olefin/paraffin separation in the industry is the
distillation process, commonly known as cryogenic distillation which is considered as one of the
most energy–intensive processes in the oil and gas industry [1]. Due to the high costs and energy
consuming associated with this distillation an alternative methods need to be used.
Silver salts have been used as a separation facilitator since 1944. In this early work, an aqueous
solution of the silver salt AgNO3 at 50 wt% was used in the absorption and extraction of light
olefins from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the formed complex is chemically reversible, and therefore easy to break with a
relatively small amount of energy. The advantage of this operation is the lower energy requirement
for the separation as the break of the complex can be done by using simple engineering operations,
such as heating or de–pressurization [4, 5]. Hollow fiber membrane contactors have been considered
as an alternative mean for gas/ liquid separation which have many advantages over conventional
direct gas/ liquid techniques such as spray towers and packed/tray columns [6]. In this process, two
phases gas phase and an absorbent solvent come into direct contact for mass transfer without the
dispersion of one phase into the other due to the presence of the

Investigating Alcoholic Fermentation and the Affects of...
Biology Lab Report
Investigating Alcoholic Fermentation and the Affects of Yeast on Dough
Aim: The aim was simply to investigate whether or not yeast had any affect on causing dough to rise
when baked and to experiment with alcoholic fermentation eg. to see if it gave off carbon dioxide.
Introduction: Following a few weeks of fermentation theory, groups of three to four were assigned
and told to conduct a series of experiments involving the affects of fermentation. My group
consisted of myself, Won Jin, Brendan and Sun–Ho and we chose to investigate alcoholic
fermentation and the affects of yeast on dough, more specifically to see if yeast caused the dough to
rise in anyway. We followed the instructions in our biology textbook on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through the Test Tube, we hoped that the Carbon Dioxide given off would travel through the tube
and turn the Lime Water (used as an indicator) into a milky colour. Without much surprise it did and
we could conclude that the Yeast did give off Carbon Dioxide, much like our previous experiment
(Carbon Dioxide given off by the Yeast causing the Dough to rise).
Conclusion: From our results I can safely assume that my Hypothesis was correct for both
experiments and I can now, for sure, say that Yeast does cause Dough to rise. Other than stating that
obvious fact, not much can be said for the first experiment other than we proved Yeast is extremely
important for making the Dough rise. Without the Yeast giving off Carbon Dioxide, the Dough
wouldn't rise. It would also be good to note that the Dough's sticky material traps the Carbon
Dioxide, causing the mound to rise.
For our Alcoholic Fermentation experiment, once again, my Hypothesis was right on the mark. The
Fermentation caused by the Yeast created heat, warming up the tube. Also it turns the sugar into
Alcohol and simply smelling the Test Tube, after the experiment, can also prove this as Alcohol has
a very distinctive smell, easily recognised. My third observation of this experiment showed that
Carbon Dioxide was given off, turning the Lime Water milky.
I cannot say I

The Localization Of Proteins Inside Cells
Introduction Microscopy is the most extensively used imaging technique to discover biological
systems, in which immunocytochemistry (ICC), the localization of proteins inside cells, and
immunohistochemistry (IHC), which discloses the distribution, profusion, and localization of
biomarkers within a tissue, can be observed directly. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) mentions to the
process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies
binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues With IHC, tissues are removed from the patient
either frozen or chemically well–preserved and fixed in paraffin. Segments as thin as 4μm are sliced
from frozen or paraffin–embedded tissue and fixed onto slides in ... Show more content on
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The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease
in both men and women around the world, especially in developing countries, where the occurrence
of asymptomatic infection varies from 2 to 44%, depending on the population and studied region.
Most HPV infection is transient and some studies show that the majority of sexually active
individuals are exposed to and acquire infection from this virus at some phase in their lives. HPV
infection is more prevalent in young adults, at the beginning of their sexual activity, which is more
important to detect the virus at the early edge to prevent from the most damages in the later of life
that leads to less impact in the economy in their country and family too. with a subsequent decline in
the prevalence rate with increasing age, likely as a result of development of an immune response
against the virus and reduction of sexual activity. At a molecular level, HPV–positive squamous cell
carcinoma less frequently harbours gross chromosomal deletions than HPV–negative squamous cell
carcinoma, and has a unique molecular signature characterized by overexpression of the tumour
suppressor protein (p16) and infrequent TP53 mutations or EGFR amplification, these molecular
markers (p16) overexpression is of particular importance as it has emerged as robust surrogate
biomarker of HPV–related oropharyngeal squamous cell

NHS Histopathology
Histopathology has played an important role in the understanding of diseases which in turn helps to
provide an accurate diagnosis in a timely manner. According to Lord Carter's review of NHS
pathology services (2006 and 2008), pathology accounts for 70% of diagnoses in NHS.
Histopathology specimen collection and laboratory techniques vary depending on the clinical
spectrum of diseases. The provided services yield tissue morphology and architecture for confirming
the diagnosis, monitoring prognosis and determining clinical management since the data provided
are essential in choosing appropriate therapies and checking responses to treatment. Advances in
biomedical technology and research improve the efficiency of existing services and innovation ...
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It is highly important to maintain the original tissue architecture as much as possible during the
course of diagnostic procedures. Fixation prevents cellular degradation from lack of blood supply or
bacterial putrefaction and preserves soluble proteins by forming cross–linking, thereby protecting
them through tissue processing stages (Drury and Wallington, 1980, Eltoum et al., 2001). When
fixed specimens are received by the laboratory, creating unique identifying number while cross–
checking with the patient profile is essential to prevent misdiagnosis. Standard histopathology
procedures include grossing or cutting up, tissue processing, embedding, sectioning, mounting to
slides, analysing via microscopes and reporting the diagnosis. Specimens are put into appropriately
labelled cassettes and if needed, dissection to thin and uniform slices should be done. Then, the
specimen cassettes go through a scheduled tissue processing system, consisting of reagents such as
alcohol, xylene or histoclear and paraffin wax. The processed specimens are then moved to
embedding station where they are embedded in paraffin using suitable moulds, placed in a correct
orientation. Microtomy is crucial to cut

Diels Alder Reaction Lab Report
Purpose: In this experiment, I performed a Diels–alder reaction by refluxing anthracene with maleic
anhydride in xylenes to form a bridged bicyclic product at high temperature. The reflux technique
involves continuous boiling of a solution to the temperature of reaction solvent where evaporating
solvent is condensed back into the original reaction flask. The product was collected by
recrystallization technique and characterized using melting point. A white powderish anthracene and
white somewhat–crystallized maleic acid were used as starting product to yield 9, 10–
dihydroanthracene–9, 10–succinic anhydride via diels–alder mechanism. A very simple and easy
reflux technique was used to run the reaction followed by recrystallization. There was

Specialty Chemicals From Pyrolysis Of Waste Tire Rubber
Specialty Chemicals From Pyrolysis of Waste Tire Rubber: A Business Risk Assessment
Professional Science Masters of Applied Physical Science Georgia Southern University Meredith C.
Smoak April 17, 2015 Abstract This report describes the internship I collaborated with Amiare,
LLC, a new startup company. Amiare, LLC, through a patented pyrolysis technology, produces a
universal paraffin dispersant which is utilized in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery
and tank bottom cleaning. The overall objective of the internship with Amiare, LLC was to conduct
qualitative research, document, and present findings regarding the competitive landscape for a new
entrant in the product and service market for chemical treatment of oilfields with reduced or
minimal productivity due to the presence and buildup of paraffins and asphaltenes. The rise in crude
oil production drives demand for asphaltene and paraffin inhibitors while creating risks identifiable
with market entries into the Enhanced Oil Recovery industry. I suggest some qualitative elements
from the work of Bruce Merrifield* to help guide my preliminary risk assessment to determine the
merit for further quantitative investigation. Introduction Crude oil extractions have been growing
continuously worldwide over the years. The challenges for crude oil producers in controlling
asphaltene and paraffin deposition in reservoir storage and processing are parallel with the ever
increasing rise in

Why Is Jfk Assassination Wrong
JFK assassination... is false The JFK assassination is said to be done by only one person, but this
essay will tell you that it is wrong. It is said the Oswald is the sole sniper that killed the president.
Well, Oswald did shot the gun, but he did not kill the President, someone else worked with Oswald
on this assassination. In this court case, Oswald and Oswald alone was proven guilty for killing the
President. Oswald had gotten killed later from a gunshot before he went to prison. In the 1963
controversial court case of JFK assassination, the guilty verdict incorrectly prosecuted only Lee
Harvey Oswald because of the direction of the bullet, the Grassy Knoll, and the CIA involvement.
Oswald did shoot the gun, but it was not the shot that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, CIA helped him get the job where he shot JFK. Former CIA friends of Oswald gave him the
job where he shot the president just three weeks before it all happened, (Daily Mail). Oswald got
help from the CIA. The CIA gave him a perfect spot to shoot the president. If he didn't get that job,
then JFK wouldn't have gotten shot. Next, a former CIA agent confessed to the inside job. A good
quote about this is, "'You kill the president, and your cover is security, and if the sniper or snipers
who kill the president are hidden in with the guys who are supposed to protect him, guys who have
no knowledge of this plot... It makes a lot of sense," (DailyMail) This goes back to the Grassy
Knoll. He is talking about the other people and how they shot JFK, but didn't get caught because
they are part of the team that is tasked to finding the murderer. That is why no one caught the other
shooter because he is part of the law. Lastly, the CIA has a special tactic. This tactic is when you
have different snipers at different locations so it catches people in a crossfire in more than one
direction, (DailyMail). The tactic that they used in the JFK assassination is one that the CIA has
been using for years. It's a simple tactic, you shoot the suspect from different angles so they can't
find cover. Oswald shot the first shot and hit JFK in the chest and then the second sniper dealt the
killing blow. The CIA was definitely involved, the

A Very Brief History Of Beeswax Candles

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