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The Economic costs of Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

                                      Patrick ten Brink
      Head of Environmental Economics Programme and Head of Brussels Office

         Building on IAS presentations by Marianne Kettunen and Clare Shine
                                   IEEP’s Biodiversity Programme

                                   Building on joint work with
Shine C., Kettunen M., Genovesi, P., Essl, F., Gollasch, S., Rabitsch, W., Scalera, R., & Starfinger, U.


                                                                          Biodiversity’s Ticking Time Bomb:
                                     Understanding and Addressing the Problem of Invasive Species in Europe
                                                                   European Parliament, 21 February 2013
Presentation Structure



         1. Impacts of IAS and their costs

         2. EU impacts abroad

         3. Addressing IAS: value for money
Overview: IAS status, impacts and costs
Status: alien species in Europe
DAISIE: IAS inventory for Europe (2004-2008)

   • Over 45 000 invasion events documented
   • 10,677 alien species reported
       – Terrestrial plants                              6357          (60%)
       – Terrestrial invertebrates                       2519          (24%)
       – Terrestrial vertebrates                           370         (3%)
       – Fungi                                               84        (0.8%)
       – Aquatic inland                                    480         (4%)
       – Aquatic marine                                  1069          (10%)
   • 1094 species / 11% with documented ecological impacts
   • 1347 species / 13% with documented economic impacts




                                              © Based on DAISIE results from presentation by Piero Genovesi & Riccardo Scalera
Trends: introductions & species numbers increasing
                                 Increased possibilities for / rates of
                                 IAS introductions & spread:
                                 •   Travel
                                 •   Trade
                                 •   Land use changes
                                 •   Climate change
                                 •   …




                                               Established alien terrestrial invertebrates in Europe




               IAS are increasing in all environments and among all taxonomic groups:
  In Europe they increased by 76 per cent over the period 1970 to 2007 (Butchart et al, 2010) see also EEA 2013
IAS ecological impacts
IAS are widely recognized a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
(Vitousek et al, 1997; Mack et al, 2000; van der Wal et al, 2008)

• Competing with other organisms: plants like Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica                           (Houtt.) Dcne.) or Giant hogweed (Hercleum
   mantegazzianum) compete with native plans causing changes to habitat structure

• Predating on native organisms: Predation by American mink (Mustela vision) has caused significant population declines of ground
   nesting birds and small mammals

• Hybridising with a related species or varieties, such as the North American grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. a which hybridized with the European
   Spartina maritima (M.A. Curtis) Fern. and produced the very invasive hybrid Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard, which has radically changed coastal mudflat
   habitats in e.g. Great Britain, Denmark and Germany

• Causing extinction of native species: crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci                             Schikora) is known to threaten local populations of
   native crayfish with extinction

• Being toxic: toxic algae blooms are caused by alien phytoplankton such as Chattonella verruculosa (Hara & Chihara)
• Being a reservoir for parasites or a vector for pathogens:IAS a major a host for the salmon parasite
                                                                                     rainbow trout is threat affecting:
  Gyrodactylus salaris
                                                                                    • 30% of threatened birds
• Disrupting pollination : Impatiens glandulifera Royle competes for pollinators such as bumblebees with the native riverbank species, and
  so reduces seed set in these other plants)                                        • 11% of threatened amphibians
• Altering energy and nutrient flows: alien plants, such as Robinia pseudacacia L., alterthreatened mammals
                                                                           • 8% of nutrient availability via nitrogen-fixing
                                                                                                                                        Baillie et al. 2004
• Altering the local food web: when appearing in large densities Asian date mussel (Musculista senhousia                      (Benson, 1842)) can shift the
   community from suspension-feeding to primarily deposit-feeding

• Altering the composition and functioning habitats and ecosystems: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia
   crassipes) changes water flow by overgrowing and blocking water bodies.
© Ari Mäkelä – Controlling Elodea canadensis in Nuutinlampi, Somero, Finland
Impacts: ecosystem services in Europe (# IAS analysed = 125)
                                                                                       Number of species per impact type
  Type of ecosystem service (ES) affected by IAS
                                                                                     Negative      Positive     Both + & -
  Provisioning Services

  Food and fibre                                                                       54             6             16

  Fuel                                                                                  -            (1)            -
  Fresh water                                                                           3             1             -
  Total                                                                                57             7             16
  Regulating services
  Air quality maintenance                                                               -             2             -
  Water regulation (eg flood prevention, timing and magnitude of runoff, aquifer
                                                                                       13             -             -
  recharge)
  Erosion control                                                                       8             3             2

  Water purification / quality maintenance and waste management                         4           2 (1)           -

  Regulation of human / animal / plant diseases (i.e. IAS is a vector for disease)     13             -             -
  Fire resistance (change of vegetation cover leading to increased fire
                                                                                        2             -             -
  susceptibility)
  Other: human health other than diseases (e.g. allergies and injuries)                16             -             -
  Other: destruction of infrastructure                                                  4             -             -
  Total                                                                                60             7             2
  Cultural services
  Cultural / natural heritage values                                                    9             -             -
  Aesthetic / cultural value, recreation and ecotourism                                40             9             14
  Total                                                                                49             9             14
The main types of impacts caused by Invasive Alien
Species: EEA report:                 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/impacts-of-invasive-alien-species




Recent EEA report (2012)
  concurs that there are
  multiple IAS impacts on:
• Biodiversity
• Ecosystem services,
• Human health, and
• Economic activities

 Building on 28 “flagship species”
Impacts: economic impacts estimates: examples

 Known environmental and economic costs of IAS in the US, UK, Australia,
 South Africa, India:
              • over US$ 314 billion in damage / year
              • US$ 240 per capita / year
                                            By Pimentel et al. 2001, Pimentel et al. (2005)


 In Canada – annual timber losses due to IAS are estimated at 61 million m3,
 equivalent to CND$720 millions/ year (~540 million EUR/year) in financial
 losses to stumpage, royalties and rent revenues.
                                         Kremer-Nozic E., Wilson B., and Arther L. (2000)



  In the Black Sea the comb jellyfish IAS (predators) contributed to the fall in
  anchovy landings from hundreds of thousands of tons to tens of thousands of
  tons per year by the end of the 1980s, with a loss of 150,000 jobs.

                                        Lubchenco, (1997) and Harbison and Volovik, (1994)
Impacts: estimated economic impacts Europe

                                                                                                              SUM of
  • Documented costs: 12.5 billion EUR / year                                      Taxa / biome of IAS
                                                                                                              known costs
                                                                                                                               No of
                                                                                                                               cases /
                                                                                                              in EU (million
                                                                                                                               species
        • Damage: 9.6 billion EUR                                                                             EUR / year)


                  • Control: 2.8 billion EUR                                       Fungus & bacteria
                                                                                        (freshwater /             1909            4/2
                                                                                        terrestrial)


  •     Documented costs that could be identified for                              Freshwater invertebrate         147            7/6


        economic sectors: 6 billion EUR / year (of 12.5                            Freshwater vertebrate           0.1            3/3

        billion EUR / year)                                                        Freshwater plant                 25           13 / 9


                                                                                   Marine invertebrate              33            2/2

  •     Extrapolated costs*: 20 billion EUR / year                                 Marine vertebrate             no info        no info


                                                                                   Marine plant                     19            2/2
  By Kettunen et al. 2009, 136 species analysed
  * Costs of 26 species (EUR / km2) extrapolated for their total range in Europe                                  1473           14 / 10
                                                                                   Terrestrial invertebrate

                                                                                   Terrestrial vertebrate         4822           42 / 18

 This is an estimate building on past costs occurred,                                                                            34 / 10
                                                                                   Terrestrial plant              3740
 It should be seen as indicative order-of-magnitude values to
                                                                                                                   198             2
                                                                                   Various taxa / species
    illustrate scale of potential future costs
                                                                                   TOTAL                          12369         124 / 62
 Actual future costs will of course depend on impacts and
   measures taken to reduce them.
Impacts: conclusions

 • IAS have negative impacts in Europe / the EU (ecological & socio-
   economic, costs to economic sectors including agriculture, fisheries, forestry,
   infrastructure and health … )

 • Some socio-economic impacts also positive - but they are often
   accompanied with negative impacts on biodiversity

 • The European / EU cost estimates developed are likely to be conservative &
   underestimates of real costs – due to limited data / data gaps

 • Given the rate of invasions, negative impacts (e.g. costs) likely to increase
   in the future
EU impacts abroad
Different pathways – roles and responsibilities?
Impacts abroad


                                                                 The Introduction of IAS is
•   On EU’s own overseas territories / outermost regions         considered to be a major factor
                                                                 leading to the loss of island
•   Islands are particularly sensitive to IAS
                                                                 biodiversity in overseas
•   Trade and tourism creates significant IAS risks and          territories.

    hence important to avoid impacts                             A very high proportion of post
                                                                 1600 extinctions have been of
•   Also risks to other all third countries                      island species
                                                                                Groombridge 1992




 This raises question on roles and responsibilities: EU internal, and global responsibility

 & what the costs of different measures might be, and their value for money
Actions and value for money
Key elements of IAS policy response

     The three (four) stage hierarchy                                         Cross-cutting tools

                  Prevention                                              Risk assessment and species lists


      Early detection and rapid response                                Research and information exchange


                                                                                   Financial mechanisms
          Control and management



            Ecosystem restoration



                                    Horizontal measures
        Institutional and regional coordination                        Communication, awareness and
                                                                              partnerships

                                    Accountability and compliance


                                Shine, C. et al. 2010. Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS.
Action: multi-level governance addressing multi-stakeholders
 Different pathways & stakeholder                                                  Different competences →
 involvement                                                                       different administrative levels
         →        Forestry                                                                 →        EU
         →        Agriculture
                                                                                           →        National
         →        Fisheries
         →        Game                                                                     →        Regional
         →        Horticulture                                                             →        Local
         →        Pet & aquarium species trade
                                                                                           →        Land owner …
         →        Research
         →        Customs                                                                  →        + global & bilateral
         →        Shipping …                                                                        cooperation

 Already some existing legislative tools at                                    Already some significant national efforts
   EU (e.g. EFSA, PHR, WTR, HD et al.) and                                       (e.g. UK, Sweden, Finland), but IAS challenge far
   National levels + implementation on                                           from addressed across Member States
   the ground.                                                                 Significant cost-efficiencies in coordinated /
 But gaps in IAS coverage.                                                       common approaches
 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) ; PHR (Plant Health Regime); WTR (Wildlife Trade Regulation); HD (Habitats Directive)
Outcome of a successful policy response

   Effective policy response / framework also cost effective
   → Cost of policy action < cost of inaction

   → Cost of prevention < cost of control


 In the majority of cases, invasions are only reversible at high cost (Andersen et al, 2004).
 Prevention should always be the preferred management option where feasible
Example: IAS prevention EUR < damage EUR
Estimated costs of policy measures to prevent (mainly via awareness raising / info campaigns) the spread of common
ragweed (A. artemisiifolia) across the non-invested area in the EU, in comparison to costs of damage extrapolated to
cover species’ current range in Europe.

                                         200




                                         150
                    million EUR / year




                                                                                                           83
                                         100




                                         50



                                                              0.72
                                          0
                                               Estimated costs of prevention (non-      Estimated costs of damage (Europe)
                                                     infested area in the EU)



                                                                 Shine, C. et al. 2010. Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS.
Example: IAS action EUR < damage EUR
Estimated costs of policy measures to control and eradicate muskrat (O. zibethicus) in comparison
to costs of damage, extrapolated to cover species’ current range in Europe.


                                                                                                            246
                           250



                           200
      million EUR / year




                           150



                           100



                           50
                                          28.25                          27.27


                            0
                                 Estimated costs of long-        Estimated costs of           Estimated costs of damage
                                     term control and           eradication (Europe)                   (Europe)
                                  containment (Europe)


                                                            Shine, C. et al. 2010. Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS.
Overall estimates of costs and benefits


IAS costs of no additional action:                                        Costs of addressing IAS
yearly estimate
                                                                          40 to 190 million EUR / year for EU+MS
• Documented costs: 12.5 billion                                          (range: low effort to high effort)
  EUR / year
   • Damage: 9.6 billion EUR                                              •   EU level info and early warning system
        • Control: 2.8 billion EUR                                        •   National on the ground monitoring
                                                                          •   National risk assessments
•     Extrapolated costs*: 20 billion EUR /                               •   Permitting and inspection re intentional
                                                                              introductions
      year
                                                                          •   Inspections for unintentional
                                                                              introductions
By Kettunen et al. 2009, 136 species analysed                             •   Management control of IAS of EU concern
* Costs of 26 species (EUR / km2) extrapolated for their total range in   •   Et al.
Europe
                                                                                                        See Shine et al 2010
Summary


• IAS impacts important: biodiversity, health and economic activity
• EU has own interest to act (inc. outermost regions) & responsibilities (third countries)
• Risk and scale of IAS impacts can only be expected to grow in the future
• Prevention can be cost effective, as can early action
• Existing measures on IAS do not address the whole challenge
• Need new measures to address the gaps / remaining challenges
• Need co-ordination/cooperation for effective action, and keep costs down
• EU level role important to complement national efforts
Thank you for your attention !
                                            Patrick ten Brink
                                            ptenbrink@ieep.eu




     IEEP is an independent not for profit institute dedicated to advancing an environmentally sustainable
                       Europe through policy analysis, development and dissemination.
                              For further information see: http://www.ieep.eu
                                         Follow us on twitter: IEEP_EU




For more information about IEEP’s work on IAS, please visit: www.ieep.eu or contact Marianne
            Kettunen who is leading IEEP’s work in this area: Mkettunen@ieep.eu
Additional information sources
European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/index_en.htm
JRC: EASIN (European Alien Species Information Network) http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/use-easin
DAISIE: http://www.europe-aliens.org/index.jsp
EEA: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/impacts-of-invasive-alien-species
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/streamlining-european-biodiversity-indicators-sebi


IEEP Reports
Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Genovesi, P., Essl, F., Gollasch, S., Rabitsch, W., Scalera, R., Starfinger, U. and ten Brink, P. 2010.
Assessment to support continued development of the EU Strategy to combat invasive alien species. Final Report for the
European Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ieep.eu/work-
areas/biodiversity/invasive-alien-species/2011/02/assessment-to-support-continued-development-of-the-eu-strategy-to-combat-
invasive-alien-species
Shine, C., Kettunen, M., ten Brink, P., Genovesi, P. & Gollasch, S. 2009a. Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species
(IAS) – Recommendations on policy options to control the negative impacts of IAS on biodiversity in Europe and the EU. Final
report for the European Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. 32 pp.
Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Mapendembe, A., Herkenrath, P. Silvestri, S. & ten Brink, P. 2009b. Technical support to EU strategy on
invasive species (IAS) – Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS. Final report for the European
Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) (Brussels, Belgium) and UNEP-WCMC (Cambridge) . 101 pp.
+ Annexes.
Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Pagad, S. & Starfinger, U. 2008. Technical support to EU strategy on
invasive species (IAS) – Policy options to control the negative impacts of IAS on biodiversity in Europe and the EU (Final
module report for the European Commission). Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. 104 pp. +
Annexes.
Miller, C., Kettunen, M. & Shine, C. 2006. Scope Options for EU Action on Invasive Alien Species (IAS).
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)

• IEEP is an independent research organisation concerned with policies
  affecting the environment in Europe and beyond
    •   Research and consultancy on the development, implementation and evaluation of
        environmental and environment-related policies in Europe
    •   Policy advise and intelligence
    •   Capacity-building
• Interdisciplinary staff including lawyers and natural and social scientists
• Key research areas:
    •   Governance (including the reform and greening of EU budget and related funding
        instruments)
    •   Agriculture and land management
    •   Biodiversity
    •   Climate change and energy
    •   Resources use, waste and chemicals
    •   Water, marine and fisheries; and
    •   Environmental Economics (green economy, value of nature, EHS/MBI et al,)

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Economic impacts of IAS PtB of IEEP at the IUCN EP event 21 feb 2013 fin…

  • 1. The Economic costs of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Patrick ten Brink Head of Environmental Economics Programme and Head of Brussels Office Building on IAS presentations by Marianne Kettunen and Clare Shine IEEP’s Biodiversity Programme Building on joint work with Shine C., Kettunen M., Genovesi, P., Essl, F., Gollasch, S., Rabitsch, W., Scalera, R., & Starfinger, U. Biodiversity’s Ticking Time Bomb: Understanding and Addressing the Problem of Invasive Species in Europe European Parliament, 21 February 2013
  • 2. Presentation Structure 1. Impacts of IAS and their costs 2. EU impacts abroad 3. Addressing IAS: value for money
  • 3. Overview: IAS status, impacts and costs
  • 4. Status: alien species in Europe DAISIE: IAS inventory for Europe (2004-2008) • Over 45 000 invasion events documented • 10,677 alien species reported – Terrestrial plants 6357 (60%) – Terrestrial invertebrates 2519 (24%) – Terrestrial vertebrates 370 (3%) – Fungi 84 (0.8%) – Aquatic inland 480 (4%) – Aquatic marine 1069 (10%) • 1094 species / 11% with documented ecological impacts • 1347 species / 13% with documented economic impacts © Based on DAISIE results from presentation by Piero Genovesi & Riccardo Scalera
  • 5. Trends: introductions & species numbers increasing Increased possibilities for / rates of IAS introductions & spread: • Travel • Trade • Land use changes • Climate change • … Established alien terrestrial invertebrates in Europe IAS are increasing in all environments and among all taxonomic groups: In Europe they increased by 76 per cent over the period 1970 to 2007 (Butchart et al, 2010) see also EEA 2013
  • 6. IAS ecological impacts IAS are widely recognized a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (Vitousek et al, 1997; Mack et al, 2000; van der Wal et al, 2008) • Competing with other organisms: plants like Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Dcne.) or Giant hogweed (Hercleum mantegazzianum) compete with native plans causing changes to habitat structure • Predating on native organisms: Predation by American mink (Mustela vision) has caused significant population declines of ground nesting birds and small mammals • Hybridising with a related species or varieties, such as the North American grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. a which hybridized with the European Spartina maritima (M.A. Curtis) Fern. and produced the very invasive hybrid Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard, which has radically changed coastal mudflat habitats in e.g. Great Britain, Denmark and Germany • Causing extinction of native species: crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci Schikora) is known to threaten local populations of native crayfish with extinction • Being toxic: toxic algae blooms are caused by alien phytoplankton such as Chattonella verruculosa (Hara & Chihara) • Being a reservoir for parasites or a vector for pathogens:IAS a major a host for the salmon parasite rainbow trout is threat affecting: Gyrodactylus salaris • 30% of threatened birds • Disrupting pollination : Impatiens glandulifera Royle competes for pollinators such as bumblebees with the native riverbank species, and so reduces seed set in these other plants) • 11% of threatened amphibians • Altering energy and nutrient flows: alien plants, such as Robinia pseudacacia L., alterthreatened mammals • 8% of nutrient availability via nitrogen-fixing Baillie et al. 2004 • Altering the local food web: when appearing in large densities Asian date mussel (Musculista senhousia (Benson, 1842)) can shift the community from suspension-feeding to primarily deposit-feeding • Altering the composition and functioning habitats and ecosystems: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) changes water flow by overgrowing and blocking water bodies.
  • 7. © Ari Mäkelä – Controlling Elodea canadensis in Nuutinlampi, Somero, Finland
  • 8. Impacts: ecosystem services in Europe (# IAS analysed = 125) Number of species per impact type Type of ecosystem service (ES) affected by IAS Negative Positive Both + & - Provisioning Services Food and fibre 54 6 16 Fuel - (1) - Fresh water 3 1 - Total 57 7 16 Regulating services Air quality maintenance - 2 - Water regulation (eg flood prevention, timing and magnitude of runoff, aquifer 13 - - recharge) Erosion control 8 3 2 Water purification / quality maintenance and waste management 4 2 (1) - Regulation of human / animal / plant diseases (i.e. IAS is a vector for disease) 13 - - Fire resistance (change of vegetation cover leading to increased fire 2 - - susceptibility) Other: human health other than diseases (e.g. allergies and injuries) 16 - - Other: destruction of infrastructure 4 - - Total 60 7 2 Cultural services Cultural / natural heritage values 9 - - Aesthetic / cultural value, recreation and ecotourism 40 9 14 Total 49 9 14
  • 9. The main types of impacts caused by Invasive Alien Species: EEA report: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/impacts-of-invasive-alien-species Recent EEA report (2012) concurs that there are multiple IAS impacts on: • Biodiversity • Ecosystem services, • Human health, and • Economic activities Building on 28 “flagship species”
  • 10. Impacts: economic impacts estimates: examples Known environmental and economic costs of IAS in the US, UK, Australia, South Africa, India: • over US$ 314 billion in damage / year • US$ 240 per capita / year By Pimentel et al. 2001, Pimentel et al. (2005) In Canada – annual timber losses due to IAS are estimated at 61 million m3, equivalent to CND$720 millions/ year (~540 million EUR/year) in financial losses to stumpage, royalties and rent revenues. Kremer-Nozic E., Wilson B., and Arther L. (2000) In the Black Sea the comb jellyfish IAS (predators) contributed to the fall in anchovy landings from hundreds of thousands of tons to tens of thousands of tons per year by the end of the 1980s, with a loss of 150,000 jobs. Lubchenco, (1997) and Harbison and Volovik, (1994)
  • 11. Impacts: estimated economic impacts Europe SUM of • Documented costs: 12.5 billion EUR / year Taxa / biome of IAS known costs No of cases / in EU (million species • Damage: 9.6 billion EUR EUR / year) • Control: 2.8 billion EUR Fungus & bacteria (freshwater / 1909 4/2 terrestrial) • Documented costs that could be identified for Freshwater invertebrate 147 7/6 economic sectors: 6 billion EUR / year (of 12.5 Freshwater vertebrate 0.1 3/3 billion EUR / year) Freshwater plant 25 13 / 9 Marine invertebrate 33 2/2 • Extrapolated costs*: 20 billion EUR / year Marine vertebrate no info no info Marine plant 19 2/2 By Kettunen et al. 2009, 136 species analysed * Costs of 26 species (EUR / km2) extrapolated for their total range in Europe 1473 14 / 10 Terrestrial invertebrate Terrestrial vertebrate 4822 42 / 18 This is an estimate building on past costs occurred, 34 / 10 Terrestrial plant 3740 It should be seen as indicative order-of-magnitude values to 198 2 Various taxa / species illustrate scale of potential future costs TOTAL 12369 124 / 62 Actual future costs will of course depend on impacts and measures taken to reduce them.
  • 12. Impacts: conclusions • IAS have negative impacts in Europe / the EU (ecological & socio- economic, costs to economic sectors including agriculture, fisheries, forestry, infrastructure and health … ) • Some socio-economic impacts also positive - but they are often accompanied with negative impacts on biodiversity • The European / EU cost estimates developed are likely to be conservative & underestimates of real costs – due to limited data / data gaps • Given the rate of invasions, negative impacts (e.g. costs) likely to increase in the future
  • 14. Different pathways – roles and responsibilities?
  • 15. Impacts abroad The Introduction of IAS is • On EU’s own overseas territories / outermost regions considered to be a major factor leading to the loss of island • Islands are particularly sensitive to IAS biodiversity in overseas • Trade and tourism creates significant IAS risks and territories. hence important to avoid impacts A very high proportion of post 1600 extinctions have been of • Also risks to other all third countries island species Groombridge 1992 This raises question on roles and responsibilities: EU internal, and global responsibility & what the costs of different measures might be, and their value for money
  • 16. Actions and value for money
  • 17. Key elements of IAS policy response The three (four) stage hierarchy Cross-cutting tools Prevention Risk assessment and species lists Early detection and rapid response Research and information exchange Financial mechanisms Control and management Ecosystem restoration Horizontal measures Institutional and regional coordination Communication, awareness and partnerships Accountability and compliance Shine, C. et al. 2010. Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS.
  • 18. Action: multi-level governance addressing multi-stakeholders Different pathways & stakeholder Different competences → involvement different administrative levels → Forestry → EU → Agriculture → National → Fisheries → Game → Regional → Horticulture → Local → Pet & aquarium species trade → Land owner … → Research → Customs → + global & bilateral → Shipping … cooperation Already some existing legislative tools at Already some significant national efforts EU (e.g. EFSA, PHR, WTR, HD et al.) and (e.g. UK, Sweden, Finland), but IAS challenge far National levels + implementation on from addressed across Member States the ground. Significant cost-efficiencies in coordinated / But gaps in IAS coverage. common approaches EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) ; PHR (Plant Health Regime); WTR (Wildlife Trade Regulation); HD (Habitats Directive)
  • 19. Outcome of a successful policy response Effective policy response / framework also cost effective → Cost of policy action < cost of inaction → Cost of prevention < cost of control In the majority of cases, invasions are only reversible at high cost (Andersen et al, 2004). Prevention should always be the preferred management option where feasible
  • 20. Example: IAS prevention EUR < damage EUR Estimated costs of policy measures to prevent (mainly via awareness raising / info campaigns) the spread of common ragweed (A. artemisiifolia) across the non-invested area in the EU, in comparison to costs of damage extrapolated to cover species’ current range in Europe. 200 150 million EUR / year 83 100 50 0.72 0 Estimated costs of prevention (non- Estimated costs of damage (Europe) infested area in the EU) Shine, C. et al. 2010. Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS.
  • 21. Example: IAS action EUR < damage EUR Estimated costs of policy measures to control and eradicate muskrat (O. zibethicus) in comparison to costs of damage, extrapolated to cover species’ current range in Europe. 246 250 200 million EUR / year 150 100 50 28.25 27.27 0 Estimated costs of long- Estimated costs of Estimated costs of damage term control and eradication (Europe) (Europe) containment (Europe) Shine, C. et al. 2010. Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS.
  • 22. Overall estimates of costs and benefits IAS costs of no additional action: Costs of addressing IAS yearly estimate 40 to 190 million EUR / year for EU+MS • Documented costs: 12.5 billion (range: low effort to high effort) EUR / year • Damage: 9.6 billion EUR • EU level info and early warning system • Control: 2.8 billion EUR • National on the ground monitoring • National risk assessments • Extrapolated costs*: 20 billion EUR / • Permitting and inspection re intentional introductions year • Inspections for unintentional introductions By Kettunen et al. 2009, 136 species analysed • Management control of IAS of EU concern * Costs of 26 species (EUR / km2) extrapolated for their total range in • Et al. Europe See Shine et al 2010
  • 23. Summary • IAS impacts important: biodiversity, health and economic activity • EU has own interest to act (inc. outermost regions) & responsibilities (third countries) • Risk and scale of IAS impacts can only be expected to grow in the future • Prevention can be cost effective, as can early action • Existing measures on IAS do not address the whole challenge • Need new measures to address the gaps / remaining challenges • Need co-ordination/cooperation for effective action, and keep costs down • EU level role important to complement national efforts
  • 24. Thank you for your attention ! Patrick ten Brink ptenbrink@ieep.eu IEEP is an independent not for profit institute dedicated to advancing an environmentally sustainable Europe through policy analysis, development and dissemination. For further information see: http://www.ieep.eu Follow us on twitter: IEEP_EU For more information about IEEP’s work on IAS, please visit: www.ieep.eu or contact Marianne Kettunen who is leading IEEP’s work in this area: Mkettunen@ieep.eu
  • 25. Additional information sources European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/index_en.htm JRC: EASIN (European Alien Species Information Network) http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/use-easin DAISIE: http://www.europe-aliens.org/index.jsp EEA: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/impacts-of-invasive-alien-species http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/streamlining-european-biodiversity-indicators-sebi IEEP Reports Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Genovesi, P., Essl, F., Gollasch, S., Rabitsch, W., Scalera, R., Starfinger, U. and ten Brink, P. 2010. Assessment to support continued development of the EU Strategy to combat invasive alien species. Final Report for the European Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ieep.eu/work- areas/biodiversity/invasive-alien-species/2011/02/assessment-to-support-continued-development-of-the-eu-strategy-to-combat- invasive-alien-species Shine, C., Kettunen, M., ten Brink, P., Genovesi, P. & Gollasch, S. 2009a. Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) – Recommendations on policy options to control the negative impacts of IAS on biodiversity in Europe and the EU. Final report for the European Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. 32 pp. Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Mapendembe, A., Herkenrath, P. Silvestri, S. & ten Brink, P. 2009b. Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) – Analysis of the impacts of policy options/measures to address IAS. Final report for the European Commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) (Brussels, Belgium) and UNEP-WCMC (Cambridge) . 101 pp. + Annexes. Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Pagad, S. & Starfinger, U. 2008. Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) – Policy options to control the negative impacts of IAS on biodiversity in Europe and the EU (Final module report for the European Commission). Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium. 104 pp. + Annexes. Miller, C., Kettunen, M. & Shine, C. 2006. Scope Options for EU Action on Invasive Alien Species (IAS).
  • 26. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) • IEEP is an independent research organisation concerned with policies affecting the environment in Europe and beyond • Research and consultancy on the development, implementation and evaluation of environmental and environment-related policies in Europe • Policy advise and intelligence • Capacity-building • Interdisciplinary staff including lawyers and natural and social scientists • Key research areas: • Governance (including the reform and greening of EU budget and related funding instruments) • Agriculture and land management • Biodiversity • Climate change and energy • Resources use, waste and chemicals • Water, marine and fisheries; and • Environmental Economics (green economy, value of nature, EHS/MBI et al,)