This document summarizes a presentation on web accessibility resources from the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). It discusses convening stakeholders, adopting an accessibility policy, establishing implementation roles, providing training and support, testing and verifying websites, and continuously improving accessibility. The presentation recommends starting by learning standards like the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines and provides links to WAI resources for each step, such as tutorials, guidelines, and ways to get involved in the accessibility community.

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"The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by
everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect." --
Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Director and inventor of the World Wide Web

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Welcome!
Let’s think about web accessibility
What is it?
Who needs it?
How to ensure we reach all constituents
Finding resources to support best practice
Sharron Rush srush@knowbility.org

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Poll: What is Web Accessibility?
A. Section 508 compliance
B. Conformance to Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)
C. Meets requirements of Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA)
D. Meets international ISO standard
E. All of the above
F. None of the above

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Accessible
People with disabilities
…can acquire the same information
…participate in the same activities
…be active producers as well as
consumers

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I.T. Accessibility
Movement
• Grounded in civil rights
• Universal access to built environment –
required by ADA
• Standards bodies recognized need to
address IT accessibility
• Concepts and vocabulary extended into
learning and communications

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Official Disabilities
• Visual (including blind, low
vision, and color vision)
• Hearing
• Motor/Physical
• Cognitive Learning
• Speech
People with disabilities may use software via
alternate input & output methods – assistive
technology

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Universal Design…
• supports all people
• supports all technology
• improves experience for all
• strong relationship to usability
• “responsive design”
• “Good design IS accessible design”
~ Dr. John Slatin

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Computer Assistive
Technology
• specialized tools
• help perform interactive
functions
• Accommodation –
temporary or permanent

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Why advocate for accessible design?
Legal Technical
Market
Humanitarian
Visionary

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Legal Mandates
• International – UN Convention on Rights
of People with Disabilities, 2006
• Global requirements based on WCAG2
• US Federal standards, Section 508
• Other national laws
• State and local laws

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Legal progress in US
• 1998 – 2002 National Federation of the Blind
(NFB) vs SW Airlines, AOL others
• Most settled out of court, few clear legal
precedents established
• Since 2002, states and NFB are filing under local
and ADA laws with far greater success
• Structured negotiations
increase accessibility
without litigation

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Demographic Forces
• Number of people with disabilities is growing
• 55 million Americans / 1 billion worldwide
• Fortune: “$1 trillion annual market” in US
• $200 billion in discretionary spending
• Increasing as
population ages

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Improved technical performance
• Harmonize with global standards
• Internationalization
• Demonstrated ROI
• Responsive design

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Image of 9-year old girl in home-made
super girl costume, arms crossed,
goggles on, looking determined!
Because we can!

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Where to start?
Poll:
• Accessibility program should start with
the Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines from the W3C
True or False?

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Step 1: Standards/Guidelines
X

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Well, then…HOW to get there?

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Steps to IT Accessibility
• Convene wide group of stakeholders –
understand what users need
• Adopt explicit policy
• Develop implementation plan mapped to
various roles and responsibilities
• Provide support, including training and
internal resources
• Test, verify, use community feedback
• Include people with disabilities throughout
process
• Maintain timetable for evaluation and revision

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Let’s jump in!
• and discover free resources at the w3c
Let’s jump in and
discover free resources
from w3.org/wai

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Web Accessibility Intro

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The Web is fundamentally designed to work for all people,
whatever their hardware, software, language, culture,
location, or physical or mental ability.
When the Web meets this goal, it is accessible
to people with a diverse range of hearing,
movement, sight, and cognitive ability.
Thus the impact of disability is radically changed on the
Web because the Web removes barriers to communication
and interaction that many people face in the physical world.
However, when websites, web technologies, or web tools are
badly designed, they can create barriers that exclude people
from using the Web.

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STEP 1:
CONVENE STAKEHOLDERS

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people
 Checklist first item
 Checklist second item
 Checklist third item
X
accessibility is about

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Think broadly about
stakeholders
• Use resources at W3C Web Accessibility
Initiative (WAI) to learn more
• Videos, demos, stakeholder outreach

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How People with Disabilities
Use the Web
Tools for Understanding Common Barriers
http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/people-use-web/

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STEP 2:
ADOPT EXPLICIT POLICY

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Strategic accessibility
• Success comes from integrating
accessibility throughout the organization,
• Aligning accessibility with other
institutional values, goals, and practices

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Developing Organizational Policies
on Web Accessibility
From simple to comprehensive
http://www.w3.org/WAI/impl/pol

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STEP 3:
ESTABLISH ROLES WITHIN
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

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Establish coordination team
and communication plan
• Identify representatives from key
departments and regions
• Designate a team member to track new
techniques for accessibility.
• Map responsibilities to various roles
within organization
• Book: Strategic IT Accessibility:
Enabling the Organization by Jeff Kline

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Image of 9-year old girl in home-made
super girl costume, arms crossed,
goggles on, looking determined!
Find and
empower
champions

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Web accessibility champion(s)
• Champions can reinforce an
organization's commitment while
implementation progresses.
• Can advocate and educate
• Most effective when highest level of
leadership

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Implementation Planning
Considerations for organizations of all sizes
http://www.w3.org/WAI/impl/Overview.html

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Poll: Accessibility Standards
Please indicate (yes or no) if you are
aware of these guidelines for the web?
1. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG)
2. Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines
(ATAG)
3. User Agent Accessibility Guidelines
(UAAG)
4. Accessible Rich Internet Application
(ARIA) Guidelines

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Accessibility Principles
http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/people-use-web/principles

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Global Standards
• WCAG - Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.
International standards for the web
• ATAG - Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines.
Vendor standards for interoperability
• UAAG - User Accessibility Guidelines for browsers
and assistive technologies
• …and technical specifications
• ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Application
research for emerging technologies
• INDIE-UI, CSS, others
www.w3.org/WAI

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Integrated Accessibility Guidelines
WCAG
(web content)

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Integrated Accessibility Guidelines
WCAG
(web content)
UAAG
(user agent)

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Integrated Accessibility Standards
Diagram of the relationship between
authoring and evaluation tools, Web
content, and user agent tools such as
browsers and assistive technologies. As
each component adheres to common
standards, accessibility and
interoperability are improved. At the
W3c, groups of experts work in
collaboration on the
ATAG – authoring tools accessibility group;
WCAG – web content accessibility group; and
UAAG – user agent accessibility group,
and others.
WCAG
(web content)
ATAG
(authoring
tools)
UAAG
(user agent)

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Learn About WCAG2
Use the Overview to determine approach
based on your team role
http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php

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Use WCAG2
Use the Quick Reference to determine
How to Meet requirements
http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref

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WCAG Techniques
Understand the difference between
Guidelines and Techniques
http://www.w3.org/QA/2013/07/wcag_techniques_updated_j
uly2013.html

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WCAG2 at
a Glance
• Guideline Summary
http://www.w3.org/WAI/
WCAG20/glance/

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STEP 4:
TRAINING AND OTHER
SUPPORTS

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• Develop training across roles
• Customize to your organizational culture and
tools
• Adapt to your style of development

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Accessibility Training Suite
Presentations, Topics, and Workshops
http://www.w3.org/WAI/training/Overview

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Before and After
Demo (BAD)
http://www.w3.org/
WAI/demos/bad/

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Coming Soon from WAI
• Tutorials - practical guidance , working
examples of accessible web page
components and interactive widgets.
• Each tutorial is planned as multi-page
resource illustrating or explaining how
to make sure your website is accessible.
• Edited by WAI Staff as part of the WAI-
ACT Project
• Developed with review, input, and
approval of EOWG

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STEP 5:
TEST, VERIFY, SHARE

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Testing for accessibility
• Structure based on internal policies
• Specific protocols will depend on goals
• Should be part of overall QA
• Will be iterative
• Can improve user experience for all

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Functional test criteria
• Text alternatives for non-text content
includes graphics, audio, video etc
• Keyboard access to all info and function
• Logical reading order
• No dependency on color alone
• Separate presentation from meaning
• Contrast of 4.5 to 1 or higher
• Form controls, validation, error messages

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Easy Checks
A First Review of Web Accessibility
http://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/preliminary

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Conformance verification
• Easy Checks provides preliminary info
• More formal conformance review is
needed for many organizations
• Legal compliance issues, policy, etc

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WCAG-EM overview
http://www.w3.org/WAI/eval/conformance.html

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WCAG-EM
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Evaluation Methodology
For more formal assessment and reporting
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/#abstract

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Involving Users
in Web Accessibility Evaluation

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Join the community
• Learn from others and share your tips,
guidance, and suggestions (in WAI-
Engage wiki)
• Opportunities for research and
contribution to
emerging standards

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WAI invites you to get involved !

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For example:
• Mobile Accessibility
• IndieUI (Independent User Interface)
• Research and Development

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Research and Development

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Shared Web Experiences

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Web Content Accessibility and Mobile Web:
Making a Web Site Accessible Both for People
with Disabilities and for Mobile Devices

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STEP 6:
INCLUSIVE USABILITY TESTING

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We test so we don’t do this to our users
• Woman sits at computer with finger on mouse clicker. The screen says
Repetitive Stress Injury – click here 100 times to enter

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Involving Users in Web Projects for
Better, Easier Accessibility

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Developing Websites for Older
People: How WCAG 2.0 Applies

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Contacting Organizations
about Inaccessible Websites

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FINALLY, LAST STEP:
DO IT ALL AGAIN

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Accessibility
is a process
that must be
woven into all IT
practices from
design,
development,
and procurement
to management
and QA

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Thank you
You make all the difference!
srush@knowbility.org
@knowbility on Twitter
www.facebook.com/knowbility

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More information
• W3C – Web Accessibility Initiative
www.w3.org/WAI
…and two opportunities from Knowbility:
• Open AIR, the Accessibility Internet Rally
www.knowbility.org/v/open-air/
• AccessWorks Portal
engaging users with disabilities
www.knowbility.org/v/service-detail/AccessWorks-Usability-
Accessibility-Testing-Portal/3k/

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