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Dr. Antonio M. Daño, A. Exconde, V. Manalo and R. Amante
                                             ERDB, College, Laguna




ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BUREAU
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031 Philippines. 536-2269/2229 local 256. Fax no. 536-2850. erdb@denr.gov.ph
                                                                                                           1
Introduction
  IMPORTANCE OF MINING

   Contributes to the economic development of a
   number of industrialized countries which in many
   ways based their development on their natural
   resources.

   Sustains and enhances economic growth in
   developing countries with knowledge and
   improvements in exploration and extraction
   techniques and have appropriate institutional and
   regulatory framework.
                                                       2
Introduction
  MINING IN THE PHILIPPINES

   In the Philippines, almost all of the mines are
  located in remote areas, proponents have to
  invest in infrastructure and build self-contained
  towns, benefiting not just the mining community
  but also the neighboring villages.

   Mining built Baguio into one of the country’s
  premier cities.

                                                      3
Toledo, Cebu, Philippines




The once sleepy town of Toledo, Cebu became a chartered city with the operations
of Atlas Consolidated which was replicated in other large-scale mining areas.
                                                                             4
Introduction

 MINING IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Mining Act of 1995

  paved the way for the formulation of guidelines on
  mine rehabilitation.

  Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning
  Plan which provides a guarantee for clean-up after
  mine operation and abandonment is now required of
  new applicants.
                                                    5
Introduction

  DENR identified rehabilitation and remediation of
 abandoned mines as one of the priorities for the
 National Program Support - Environment and Natural
 Resources Management Project.

   - Exclusively deals with abandoned mines where
   responsible entity can no longer be found and where
   Government will take the responsibility for its
   environmental issues and concerns


                                                    6
Introduction

  Bagacay Mines in Western Samar ranks first for
  remediation out of the seven priority abandoned
  mine sites identified by the Mines and Geosciences
  Bureau (MGB).

  Environmental problems in Bagacay Mines:
    - Formation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
    - Pollutants from the mining site were blamed for
     the death of Taft River.
                                                        7
Bagacay Mines, Samar, Philippines




The Bagacay site, which was formerly worked for the recovery of   8
pyrite/copper, exhibits many environmental problems
Introduction
 To a considerable extent, management of surface
 runoff and drainage determines the success or
 failure of a mining or any land reclamation project.

 Reclaimed overburden tends to allow little
 infiltration because of compaction during
 reclamation, subsidence, and the accelerated
 weathering.

 To implement appropriate rehabilitation
 strategies, understanding the condition of the
 area particularly the hydrology is deemed
 necessary.                                             9
Objectives
  This study aims to assess the hydrologic behavior of
  sub-watersheds affected by mining operation in Bagacay
  Mining area.

  Specifically, the study aims to:

  1. Determine the watershed characteristics of areas affected
     by mining operation;
  2. To quantify streamflow volume and relative contribution of
     affected sub-watersheds; and
  3. To determine water quality status of affected water
     channels.
  4. To determine pollution load of affected water channels.
                                                                  10
Methodology
1. Establishment of Monitoring Devices

  Installation of monitoring devices (staff gages,
 raingages, and other monitoring gadgets).

  Production of thematic maps of Bagacay sub-
 watershed

2. Conduct of monitoring and assessment activities

  Actual monitoring and assessment on hydrologic
 behavior of the sub-watershed
                                                      11
Methodology
   Streamflow and water quality were regularly
   monitored at established water gauging station
   using staff gage and float method.

   Characterized and quantified geo-morphological
   features of the micro-watershed based on availa
   ble maps, aerial photos and actual surveys
   including field verification.

   Cross sectioning and stream profiling in the
   hydrological stations
                                                     12
Methodology
 3. Streamflow and Water Quality of Micro-watershed

    Water samples and riverbed materials from monitored
    sub-watersheds were taken at different times for six
    months (to cover rainy day and dry season). Water
    quality parameters considered include temperature,
    pH, dissolved oxygen and heavy metals (iron, copper,
    cadmium, lead and zinc).

    Water samples including sand materials at the
    riverbed were brought to Leyte State University,
    Baybay, Leyte laboratory for analysis.


                                                           13
Results
3.1 Area Description
    From 1956 – 1985, Marinduque Mining and Industrial
    Corp. (MMIC), who previously owns the property,
    operated the mine primarily for copper minerals

 In 1986, Philippine Pyrite Corporation (PPC), a
 subsidiary of PHILPHOS, operated the mine till 1992 for
 pyrite concentrates

 PPC ceased operation in 1992 due to the rising
 operational cost of recovery and aggravated by labour
 dispute.
                                                      14
Results
3.1 Area Description

  Both Bagacay Mine and PPC utilized open pit mining
  method where the ore is mined by drilling, blasting,
  loading and hauling

  Report of the MGB Region 8 estimated the total mine
  affected area to be approximately 137.5 has.

 This includes the mine pit, tailings ponds (8), waste
  dumps, access roads and other industrial areas.
                                                      15
Bagacay Mines, Samar, Philippines




  No mine rehabilitation and maintenance works in the mining
area in general have been undertaken. Revegetation of affected areas
were initiated by MGB through various contractors but the survival is
                                                               16
Site Description




  Figure 1 – Map showing the location of Bagacay Mine in Hinabangan, Western
                                                                      17
Samar relative to Taft Watershed.
Taft Watershed
                 Total area -55,785.3 has.

                 Basin perimeter - 146.2
                  km
                 Basin length - 46 km
                 Basin width - 9.06 km
                 Total length of streams
                  181.43 km
                  Ave. annual temperature
                  27.76°C
                 Ave. annual relative
                  humidity - 27.76°C


                                       18
Taft Watershed
Taft Watershed
  Characteristics

 Karst region with sinkholes
 and underground channels
 Parent materials are
 generally metamorphic
 Limestones abound in the
 area. Soil is calcareous in
 elevated and mountainous
 areas
 In the lowlands, soil is
 mostly acidic exhibiting
 clayish texture
                                19
Results
 Soil Analysis in Bagacay Mined-Out Area
   Chemical characteristics of the soils, showed that
   almost all soil samples have ultra acid to extremely
   acid pH of as low as      .

   Areas with higher pH were mostly vegetated
   indicating the importance of soil pH in establishing
   vegetation in the abandoned area.



                                                          20
Results
 All soil samples were
 noted to have above
 average total Cu content,
 with four (4) sites above
 the maximum permissible
 metal concentration.

 The    highest value
 recorded was 6202.88
 me/kg Cu.

                             21
Results
   Nearly 80% of the total land area of Taft
   Watershed was covered with forests of which
   15,289 hectares were closed canopy forest while
   17,993 hectares are open canopy forest

   Cultivated areas and croplands that are mostly
   planted to coconut accounted for about 17% of
   its total land area.



                                                     22
Results
 Characteristics of Affected Channels
   1. Area and Topography

    A.Guila-guila creek
        Largest of the three affected tributaries
        Guila-guila creek drains most of the water coming
         from the open pit and tailings pond 1, 4 and 8

    B. Creek B
        Has the least drainage area
        Drains most of the water coming from the tailings
          pond 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and waste dump 2

                                                             23
Results

 Table 1. Drainage areas of creeks draining mining affected areas.

                   Creeks                  Area (has)

                   Creek A                    136

              Guila-guila creek               166

                   Creek B                    115

                    Total                     417


                                                                     24
 LAND USE. Most of the areas covered by the mining concession is
 covered by second growth forest




 The peripheries of three (3) small sub-catchments affected by the
  mining operation were also covered by brush and secondary forest.25
Bagacay_Abandoned_Mine_ Samar
Results
Secondary forest and Brushland

  Among the most common species observed in the
 area include:
     a. Talahib (Saccharum spontaneum)
     b. Malatungaw (Melastoma malabathricum)
     c. Runo grass (Miscanthus sp.)
     d. Hambabalud (Neonauclea formicaria)
     e. Datiles (Mutingia calabura)
     f. Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
     g. Hindang (Myrica javanica)
                                                   27
Figure 2. Sub-watersheds affected by mining surface working areas.
                                                                28
Results
 Open Pit

  There are four abandoned open pits or surface
  working sites in Bagacay Mine, estimated at more
  than 18 hectares, excluding the affected adjacent
  areas (i.e. mine roads and others).

  The main pit is estimated at 15 hectares and almost
  without vegetation.

  Benches are still visible in some parts while in
  others, they are covered by collapsed pit walls and
  bench materials.                                       29
Open Pit

 Upstream of the main pit is
 the headwater of Guila-
 guila Creek which almost
 traverse from North to
 South.




                                Guila-guila creek at the
                                lower part of the open
                                          pit.
                                                           30
Bagacay Mines




      Figure 3. Open pit area in Bagacay Mines.   31
Results
  Bagacay Mine has three waste dumps , all almost devoid of
   vegetation and contains pyritic materials with an estimated
   total area of 12 has.

                                      Ave.
                            Area              Slope    Volume
  WD        Location                Thickness
                            (has)     * (m)
                                               (m)      (m3)

   1      E of main pit      4          8       30     331,835

   2     SE of mill plant    5         10       40     533,493

   3     NW of main pit      2          8       30     182,027

                                                                 32
Results
Waste Dumps
 A. WD 1 Drainage
 Water and seepages are found draining along gullies that flows
  towards downstream Guila – guila Creek before draining to Taft River.

 B. WD 2 Drainage
  has no significant drainage canals and its water / seepage are drained
  through gullies that join to a small creek (A) that flows towards Taft
  River.

 C. WD 3 Drainage
 contains gullies which drain its water/ seepages to the main pit
  before flowing to Taft River.
                                                                     33
Tailings Pond
   There are eight (8) Tailings Pond (TP) in the area
    and is estimated to be about 11.0 hectares
                                                        Dam Embankment
                             Area    Tails Vol.
TP. No.      Location                             Length    Height
                            (has.)     (m3)                        Slope (0)
                                                    (m)      (m)
         SW of the mill     0.15       4,390         22       3        30
  1
              plant
         NE of the mill       4      335,341       782        8        35
2,3,5,6
              plant
         NW of the mill       2      133,029       107        6        35
   4
              plant
         NE of the mill      2.5     127,540       172        5        35
   7    plant and below
        TP 2,3,5 and 6
            W of the mill     2      101,935       145        6        30
  8       plant and above
                TP 1
                                                                            34
35
Figure 5. Tailings pond 8 as viewed from the boundary of the open pit.
Results
 Others

  Remnants of the other structures (motor pool,
  power plant and other buildings) were still visible.
  The structures were cannibalized for the remaining
  scrap iron. These areas are also unvegetated due to
  the scattered acidic materials.

  The water/seepages in these areas are drained
  through small gullies that flow towards Guila-guila
  Creek.

                                                         36
3.3 Rainfall Pattern

 3,900 mm annual rainfall
   of Borongan, Eastern Samar

  2,914 mm annual rainfall of
   Catbalogan, Western, Samar

  Bagacay area is
   estimated to have an annual
   rainfall of about 3,400
   mm.




                             37
Results




    Rainfall Pattern in the Area
                                   38
Results
  3.4 Streamflow

    The nearest gauged river in the area is the
     Tenane River which is located beside the Taft
     River.
     Tenane River has a drainage area of 39,200
     hectares while Taft River has an area of 55,800
     hectares.
     The two watersheds have a comparable geology,
     topography, land use and climate.
     The streamflow pattern behaves similarly to the
     rainfall pattern in the area.
                                                   39
Results
           Streamflow Discharge (m3/sec) of Taft Watershed
                                                                  3.4 Streamflow
            70

            60
                                                                   December
            50
                                                                    Highest streamflow
 m3/sec.




            40                                               Q1

            30
                                                             Q2
                                                                   April - lowest flow
            20

            10

             0


                                   Month


Streamflow discharge of Taft watershed at the mouth (Q1) and
downstream of confluence of Taft River and Guila-gila creek.
                                                                                      40
Table 4. Observed streamflow (m3/sec) from the 3 affected creeks as
monitored by ERDB-DENR.

    Date          Guila-guila Creek A       Creek B TOTAL
    December      0.327        0.268        0.227     0.822
    January       0.249        0.204        0.121     0.575
    February      0.175        0.143        0.121     0.439
    March         0.076        0.062        0.052     0.190
    April         0.136        0.083        0.066     0.286
    May           0.097        0.079        0.067     0.243
    June          0.138        0.113        0.095     0.346
    July          0.135        0.118        0.103     0.356

                                                              41
Figure. Observed total streamflow (m3/sec) from the 3 affected creeks
        and % contribution to Taft River as monitored by ERDB-DENR.

                      3.5


                       3


                      2.5
Streamflow (m3/sec)




                       2
                                                                                streamflow (m3/sec)
                                                                                Streamflow (%)
                      1.5


                       1


                      0.5


                       0
                                  Jan




                                                                    Jun


                                                                          Jul
                                              Mar


                                                        Apr
                                        Feb
                            Dec




                                                              May




                                                Month                                            42
Guila-guila Creek, Bagacay Mines

     3.4 Streamflow


          No data exist on the streamflow behavior of the three (3)
           creeks draining the mined out areas.

          Table shows the observed streamflow (m3/sec) of creeks
           draining the mined-out areas as monitored by ERDB-DENR.

          Data show that creeks draining the mined-out area
            contributed about 2% of the mean flow of Taft River.



  Data show that creeks draining the mined-out area contributed
 about 2% of the mean flow of Taft River.                              43
Results
 3.5 Water Quality
     Water quality from the affected creeks showed
      that at the mouth of Gila-gila creeks, the pH level
      ranged from 3.01 (December) to 1.91 (March).
      Level of water pH in other sampling points also
      showed lower pH level.
     This indicates that water flowing in the said
      channels are still very acidic and toxic to living
      creatures. About 2 kilometers downstream at
      Barangay Binaloan the pH level were found to be
      within the limit of Class C water with pH level
      varying from 7.6 to 6.9.
                                                        44
16




Results
                                 14

                                 12
Concentration (mg/L)




                                 10                                                                                            pH
                                                                                                                               Fe
                                              8
                                                                                                                               Cu
                                              6                                                                                Cd
                                                                                                                               Pb
                                              4                                                                                Zn

                                              2

                                  0
                                 3-Dec-09                   22-Jan-10     13-Mar-10      2-May-10     21-Jun-10    10-Aug-10
                                                                                                                                      pH and Heavy metal
                                                                               Sampling date
                                                                                                                                     concentration of Guila-
                                                   9
                                                                                                                                     guila creek (upper)
                                                                                                                                      and Taft River at Barangy
                                                   8

                                                   7

                                                                                                                                     Binaluan (lower).
                       Concentration (mg/L)




                                                   6
                                                                                                                                pH
                                                   5
                                                                                                                                Fe

                                                   4                                                                            Cu

                                                                                                                                Cd
                                                   3
                                                                                                                                Pb

                                                   2                                                                            Zn

                                                   1


                                                   0
                                                  16-Dec-09 16-Jan-10 16-Feb-1016-Mar-10 16-Apr-10 16-May-10 16-Jun-10

                                                                                 Sampling date
                                                                                                                                                             45
Results
Table. Water Quality criteria for toxic substances in freshwater.

  Parameter                  Limit

  Cadmium (mg/L)             0.01

  Lead (mg/L)                0.05

  Copper (mg/L)              0.05

  Iron (mg/L)                0.02

  Zinc (mg/L)                0.01
                                                                    46
Table. Riverbed soil analysis in various points of tributaries.
 Parameters Guila-guila Binaloan          Creek B      Convergence
            creek       (Taft                          with Taft
                        River)                         River



 pH            2.605         7.46         2.415        2.325
 Fe (%)        5.13          4.99         4.85         4.81
 Cu (mg/kg)    1490.0        2670.0       1617.5       1952.5
 Cd (mg/kg)    14.85         14.68        12.4         13.95
 Pb (mg/kg)    276.45        237.95       192.75       394.65
 Zn (mg/kg)    512.5         630.44       553.69       606.5
Riverbed materials which are potential source of pollutants when mixed
with flowing water were also found to be highly acidic having pH of
about 2.5. Levels of toxic chemical like iron, copper, cadmium, lead, and
zinc are also high as shown in the table.                              47
Pollution Load
                           600


                           500
 Pollution load (kg/day)




                           400
                                                                                                                                                                                      Fe
                                                                                                                                                                                      Cu
                           300                                                                                                                                                        Cd
                                                                                                                                                                                      Pb
                                                                                                                                                                                      Zc
                           200


                           100


                            0
                                 12/16/09

                                            12/30/09

                                                       1/13/10

                                                                 1/27/10

                                                                           2/10/10

                                                                                     2/24/10

                                                                                               3/10/10

                                                                                                         3/24/10

                                                                                                                   4/7/10

                                                                                                                            4/21/10

                                                                                                                                      5/5/10

                                                                                                                                               5/19/10

                                                                                                                                                         6/2/10

                                                                                                                                                                  6/16/10

                                                                                                                                                                            6/30/10
                                                                                               Sampling Date


                  Iron and copper were the dominant heavy metals found in
                  flowing water from the affected creeks                                                                                                                                   48
Guila-guila Creek, Bagacay Mines




                                                                       49
The team measuring the site selected for installing hydrologic instruments.
Guila-guila Creek, Bagacay Mines




The team conducting infiltration measurement . Inset: infiltrometer 50
Conclusion and Recommendations
 The mined-out areas covers about 1 percent of Taft River
 watershed but contributes about 2 percent of the streamflow of
 the river system. Affected creeks are still polluted but main river
 shows signs of recovery.

 It is recommended that A) limestone checkdams be constructed
 in the affected creeks to neutralized the acidity of flowing water
 as well as trapped the heavy metal contaminated sediments in
 the bottom of the creeks and prevents it from being transported
 to Taft River; b) Monitor change in pollution load with the
 improvement of vegetation; c) Insure the stability of waste dump
 areas in all mining sites.

                                                                   51
Thank you
            52

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Bagacay_Abandoned_Mine_ Samar

  • 1. Dr. Antonio M. Daño, A. Exconde, V. Manalo and R. Amante ERDB, College, Laguna ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BUREAU Department of Environment and Natural Resources College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031 Philippines. 536-2269/2229 local 256. Fax no. 536-2850. erdb@denr.gov.ph 1
  • 2. Introduction IMPORTANCE OF MINING  Contributes to the economic development of a number of industrialized countries which in many ways based their development on their natural resources.  Sustains and enhances economic growth in developing countries with knowledge and improvements in exploration and extraction techniques and have appropriate institutional and regulatory framework. 2
  • 3. Introduction MINING IN THE PHILIPPINES  In the Philippines, almost all of the mines are located in remote areas, proponents have to invest in infrastructure and build self-contained towns, benefiting not just the mining community but also the neighboring villages.  Mining built Baguio into one of the country’s premier cities. 3
  • 4. Toledo, Cebu, Philippines The once sleepy town of Toledo, Cebu became a chartered city with the operations of Atlas Consolidated which was replicated in other large-scale mining areas. 4
  • 5. Introduction MINING IN THE PHILIPPINES Mining Act of 1995  paved the way for the formulation of guidelines on mine rehabilitation.  Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning Plan which provides a guarantee for clean-up after mine operation and abandonment is now required of new applicants. 5
  • 6. Introduction  DENR identified rehabilitation and remediation of abandoned mines as one of the priorities for the National Program Support - Environment and Natural Resources Management Project. - Exclusively deals with abandoned mines where responsible entity can no longer be found and where Government will take the responsibility for its environmental issues and concerns 6
  • 7. Introduction  Bagacay Mines in Western Samar ranks first for remediation out of the seven priority abandoned mine sites identified by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB).  Environmental problems in Bagacay Mines: - Formation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - Pollutants from the mining site were blamed for the death of Taft River. 7
  • 8. Bagacay Mines, Samar, Philippines The Bagacay site, which was formerly worked for the recovery of 8 pyrite/copper, exhibits many environmental problems
  • 9. Introduction  To a considerable extent, management of surface runoff and drainage determines the success or failure of a mining or any land reclamation project.  Reclaimed overburden tends to allow little infiltration because of compaction during reclamation, subsidence, and the accelerated weathering.  To implement appropriate rehabilitation strategies, understanding the condition of the area particularly the hydrology is deemed necessary. 9
  • 10. Objectives This study aims to assess the hydrologic behavior of sub-watersheds affected by mining operation in Bagacay Mining area. Specifically, the study aims to: 1. Determine the watershed characteristics of areas affected by mining operation; 2. To quantify streamflow volume and relative contribution of affected sub-watersheds; and 3. To determine water quality status of affected water channels. 4. To determine pollution load of affected water channels. 10
  • 11. Methodology 1. Establishment of Monitoring Devices  Installation of monitoring devices (staff gages, raingages, and other monitoring gadgets).  Production of thematic maps of Bagacay sub- watershed 2. Conduct of monitoring and assessment activities  Actual monitoring and assessment on hydrologic behavior of the sub-watershed 11
  • 12. Methodology  Streamflow and water quality were regularly monitored at established water gauging station using staff gage and float method.  Characterized and quantified geo-morphological features of the micro-watershed based on availa ble maps, aerial photos and actual surveys including field verification.  Cross sectioning and stream profiling in the hydrological stations 12
  • 13. Methodology 3. Streamflow and Water Quality of Micro-watershed  Water samples and riverbed materials from monitored sub-watersheds were taken at different times for six months (to cover rainy day and dry season). Water quality parameters considered include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and heavy metals (iron, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc).  Water samples including sand materials at the riverbed were brought to Leyte State University, Baybay, Leyte laboratory for analysis. 13
  • 14. Results 3.1 Area Description  From 1956 – 1985, Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corp. (MMIC), who previously owns the property, operated the mine primarily for copper minerals  In 1986, Philippine Pyrite Corporation (PPC), a subsidiary of PHILPHOS, operated the mine till 1992 for pyrite concentrates  PPC ceased operation in 1992 due to the rising operational cost of recovery and aggravated by labour dispute. 14
  • 15. Results 3.1 Area Description  Both Bagacay Mine and PPC utilized open pit mining method where the ore is mined by drilling, blasting, loading and hauling  Report of the MGB Region 8 estimated the total mine affected area to be approximately 137.5 has. This includes the mine pit, tailings ponds (8), waste dumps, access roads and other industrial areas. 15
  • 16. Bagacay Mines, Samar, Philippines No mine rehabilitation and maintenance works in the mining area in general have been undertaken. Revegetation of affected areas were initiated by MGB through various contractors but the survival is 16
  • 17. Site Description Figure 1 – Map showing the location of Bagacay Mine in Hinabangan, Western 17 Samar relative to Taft Watershed.
  • 18. Taft Watershed Total area -55,785.3 has. Basin perimeter - 146.2 km Basin length - 46 km Basin width - 9.06 km Total length of streams 181.43 km  Ave. annual temperature 27.76°C Ave. annual relative humidity - 27.76°C 18
  • 19. Taft Watershed Taft Watershed Characteristics  Karst region with sinkholes and underground channels  Parent materials are generally metamorphic  Limestones abound in the area. Soil is calcareous in elevated and mountainous areas  In the lowlands, soil is mostly acidic exhibiting clayish texture 19
  • 20. Results Soil Analysis in Bagacay Mined-Out Area  Chemical characteristics of the soils, showed that almost all soil samples have ultra acid to extremely acid pH of as low as .  Areas with higher pH were mostly vegetated indicating the importance of soil pH in establishing vegetation in the abandoned area. 20
  • 21. Results  All soil samples were noted to have above average total Cu content, with four (4) sites above the maximum permissible metal concentration.  The highest value recorded was 6202.88 me/kg Cu. 21
  • 22. Results  Nearly 80% of the total land area of Taft Watershed was covered with forests of which 15,289 hectares were closed canopy forest while 17,993 hectares are open canopy forest  Cultivated areas and croplands that are mostly planted to coconut accounted for about 17% of its total land area. 22
  • 23. Results Characteristics of Affected Channels 1. Area and Topography A.Guila-guila creek  Largest of the three affected tributaries  Guila-guila creek drains most of the water coming from the open pit and tailings pond 1, 4 and 8 B. Creek B  Has the least drainage area  Drains most of the water coming from the tailings pond 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and waste dump 2 23
  • 24. Results Table 1. Drainage areas of creeks draining mining affected areas. Creeks Area (has) Creek A 136 Guila-guila creek 166 Creek B 115 Total 417 24
  • 25.  LAND USE. Most of the areas covered by the mining concession is covered by second growth forest  The peripheries of three (3) small sub-catchments affected by the mining operation were also covered by brush and secondary forest.25
  • 27. Results Secondary forest and Brushland  Among the most common species observed in the area include: a. Talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) b. Malatungaw (Melastoma malabathricum) c. Runo grass (Miscanthus sp.) d. Hambabalud (Neonauclea formicaria) e. Datiles (Mutingia calabura) f. Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) g. Hindang (Myrica javanica) 27
  • 28. Figure 2. Sub-watersheds affected by mining surface working areas. 28
  • 29. Results Open Pit  There are four abandoned open pits or surface working sites in Bagacay Mine, estimated at more than 18 hectares, excluding the affected adjacent areas (i.e. mine roads and others).  The main pit is estimated at 15 hectares and almost without vegetation.  Benches are still visible in some parts while in others, they are covered by collapsed pit walls and bench materials. 29
  • 30. Open Pit  Upstream of the main pit is the headwater of Guila- guila Creek which almost traverse from North to South. Guila-guila creek at the lower part of the open pit. 30
  • 31. Bagacay Mines Figure 3. Open pit area in Bagacay Mines. 31
  • 32. Results  Bagacay Mine has three waste dumps , all almost devoid of vegetation and contains pyritic materials with an estimated total area of 12 has. Ave. Area Slope Volume WD Location Thickness (has) * (m) (m) (m3) 1 E of main pit 4 8 30 331,835 2 SE of mill plant 5 10 40 533,493 3 NW of main pit 2 8 30 182,027 32
  • 33. Results Waste Dumps A. WD 1 Drainage Water and seepages are found draining along gullies that flows towards downstream Guila – guila Creek before draining to Taft River. B. WD 2 Drainage  has no significant drainage canals and its water / seepage are drained through gullies that join to a small creek (A) that flows towards Taft River. C. WD 3 Drainage contains gullies which drain its water/ seepages to the main pit before flowing to Taft River. 33
  • 34. Tailings Pond  There are eight (8) Tailings Pond (TP) in the area and is estimated to be about 11.0 hectares Dam Embankment Area Tails Vol. TP. No. Location Length Height (has.) (m3) Slope (0) (m) (m) SW of the mill 0.15 4,390 22 3 30 1 plant NE of the mill 4 335,341 782 8 35 2,3,5,6 plant NW of the mill 2 133,029 107 6 35 4 plant NE of the mill 2.5 127,540 172 5 35 7 plant and below TP 2,3,5 and 6 W of the mill 2 101,935 145 6 30 8 plant and above TP 1 34
  • 35. 35 Figure 5. Tailings pond 8 as viewed from the boundary of the open pit.
  • 36. Results Others  Remnants of the other structures (motor pool, power plant and other buildings) were still visible. The structures were cannibalized for the remaining scrap iron. These areas are also unvegetated due to the scattered acidic materials.  The water/seepages in these areas are drained through small gullies that flow towards Guila-guila Creek. 36
  • 37. 3.3 Rainfall Pattern 3,900 mm annual rainfall of Borongan, Eastern Samar  2,914 mm annual rainfall of Catbalogan, Western, Samar  Bagacay area is estimated to have an annual rainfall of about 3,400 mm. 37
  • 38. Results Rainfall Pattern in the Area 38
  • 39. Results 3.4 Streamflow The nearest gauged river in the area is the Tenane River which is located beside the Taft River.  Tenane River has a drainage area of 39,200 hectares while Taft River has an area of 55,800 hectares.  The two watersheds have a comparable geology, topography, land use and climate.  The streamflow pattern behaves similarly to the rainfall pattern in the area. 39
  • 40. Results Streamflow Discharge (m3/sec) of Taft Watershed 3.4 Streamflow 70 60  December 50 Highest streamflow m3/sec. 40 Q1 30 Q2  April - lowest flow 20 10 0 Month Streamflow discharge of Taft watershed at the mouth (Q1) and downstream of confluence of Taft River and Guila-gila creek. 40
  • 41. Table 4. Observed streamflow (m3/sec) from the 3 affected creeks as monitored by ERDB-DENR. Date Guila-guila Creek A Creek B TOTAL December 0.327 0.268 0.227 0.822 January 0.249 0.204 0.121 0.575 February 0.175 0.143 0.121 0.439 March 0.076 0.062 0.052 0.190 April 0.136 0.083 0.066 0.286 May 0.097 0.079 0.067 0.243 June 0.138 0.113 0.095 0.346 July 0.135 0.118 0.103 0.356 41
  • 42. Figure. Observed total streamflow (m3/sec) from the 3 affected creeks and % contribution to Taft River as monitored by ERDB-DENR. 3.5 3 2.5 Streamflow (m3/sec) 2 streamflow (m3/sec) Streamflow (%) 1.5 1 0.5 0 Jan Jun Jul Mar Apr Feb Dec May Month 42
  • 43. Guila-guila Creek, Bagacay Mines 3.4 Streamflow  No data exist on the streamflow behavior of the three (3) creeks draining the mined out areas.  Table shows the observed streamflow (m3/sec) of creeks draining the mined-out areas as monitored by ERDB-DENR.  Data show that creeks draining the mined-out area contributed about 2% of the mean flow of Taft River. Data show that creeks draining the mined-out area contributed about 2% of the mean flow of Taft River. 43
  • 44. Results 3.5 Water Quality  Water quality from the affected creeks showed that at the mouth of Gila-gila creeks, the pH level ranged from 3.01 (December) to 1.91 (March). Level of water pH in other sampling points also showed lower pH level.  This indicates that water flowing in the said channels are still very acidic and toxic to living creatures. About 2 kilometers downstream at Barangay Binaloan the pH level were found to be within the limit of Class C water with pH level varying from 7.6 to 6.9. 44
  • 45. 16 Results 14 12 Concentration (mg/L) 10 pH Fe 8 Cu 6 Cd Pb 4 Zn 2 0 3-Dec-09 22-Jan-10 13-Mar-10 2-May-10 21-Jun-10 10-Aug-10  pH and Heavy metal Sampling date concentration of Guila- 9 guila creek (upper) and Taft River at Barangy 8 7 Binaluan (lower). Concentration (mg/L) 6 pH 5 Fe 4 Cu Cd 3 Pb 2 Zn 1 0 16-Dec-09 16-Jan-10 16-Feb-1016-Mar-10 16-Apr-10 16-May-10 16-Jun-10 Sampling date 45
  • 46. Results Table. Water Quality criteria for toxic substances in freshwater. Parameter Limit Cadmium (mg/L) 0.01 Lead (mg/L) 0.05 Copper (mg/L) 0.05 Iron (mg/L) 0.02 Zinc (mg/L) 0.01 46
  • 47. Table. Riverbed soil analysis in various points of tributaries. Parameters Guila-guila Binaloan Creek B Convergence creek (Taft with Taft River) River pH 2.605 7.46 2.415 2.325 Fe (%) 5.13 4.99 4.85 4.81 Cu (mg/kg) 1490.0 2670.0 1617.5 1952.5 Cd (mg/kg) 14.85 14.68 12.4 13.95 Pb (mg/kg) 276.45 237.95 192.75 394.65 Zn (mg/kg) 512.5 630.44 553.69 606.5 Riverbed materials which are potential source of pollutants when mixed with flowing water were also found to be highly acidic having pH of about 2.5. Levels of toxic chemical like iron, copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc are also high as shown in the table. 47
  • 48. Pollution Load 600 500 Pollution load (kg/day) 400 Fe Cu 300 Cd Pb Zc 200 100 0 12/16/09 12/30/09 1/13/10 1/27/10 2/10/10 2/24/10 3/10/10 3/24/10 4/7/10 4/21/10 5/5/10 5/19/10 6/2/10 6/16/10 6/30/10 Sampling Date Iron and copper were the dominant heavy metals found in flowing water from the affected creeks 48
  • 49. Guila-guila Creek, Bagacay Mines 49 The team measuring the site selected for installing hydrologic instruments.
  • 50. Guila-guila Creek, Bagacay Mines The team conducting infiltration measurement . Inset: infiltrometer 50
  • 51. Conclusion and Recommendations The mined-out areas covers about 1 percent of Taft River watershed but contributes about 2 percent of the streamflow of the river system. Affected creeks are still polluted but main river shows signs of recovery. It is recommended that A) limestone checkdams be constructed in the affected creeks to neutralized the acidity of flowing water as well as trapped the heavy metal contaminated sediments in the bottom of the creeks and prevents it from being transported to Taft River; b) Monitor change in pollution load with the improvement of vegetation; c) Insure the stability of waste dump areas in all mining sites. 51
  • 52. Thank you 52