- A phrase is a group of words that cannot stand alone as a sentence but is used as a single part of speech within a sentence. It may contain a subject or verb but not both. Common types of phrases include noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and adjective phrases. - A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb and forms a complete thought. Clauses can be dependent or independent. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as sentences while independent clauses can.

3. • Group of words
• Cannot stand alone as a sentence
• Used as a single part of speech
• May contain subject or verb but not both.
• It may have neither subject nor verb.
Example:
• He is a tall girl.
• Fish swims in the water.
• She is sleeping on the floor.
• He submitted the paper at the last moment.
.
What is a
phrase?

4. How to identify a
phrase?

5. Phrases
Adverb
phrase
Noun
phrase
Adjective
phrase
Verb
phrase
Prepositional
phrase

6. Noun Phrase
A word or group of words containing a noun and
functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or
prepositional object.
NOUN(HEAD WORD) +
MODIFIERS/DETERMINERS
A noun or pronoun is the head word.
Examples:
 My green socks are in the bag.
 The clear night was perfect for seeing the stars.
 At the zoo, I saw a stripped zebra.
Saw is the object of verb here

7. Verb Phrase:
A verb phrase or verbal consists of
a verb, or of a main verb following a
modal or one or more auxiliaries.
HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB
Examples:
My mom is cooking my favorite
dish.
I have been waiting for a long time.
The dog might eat the cake.

9. Prepositional
phrase
A group of words consisting of a
preposition, its object, and any
words that modify the object.
PREPOSITION+MODIFIER
Example:
 The genie from the brass lamp
granted three wishes.
 The cat is on the roof.
 We climbed up the hill.

10. Adjective
phrase
A group of words headed by an adjective that
describes a noun.

11. A clause is a group of words
that include a subject and a
verb and forms a sentence or a
part of sentence.
It has a complete meaning by
itself.
Clauses serve as the building
blocks for conveying complete
What is a
clause?

12. Clauses
Dependent clause
Independent clause

13. Dependent
Clause
 It is also called subordinate
clause.
 A dependent clause is a group of
words that contains a subject and
verb but does not express a
complete thought.
 A dependent clause cannot be a
sentence.
 All dependent clauses starts with
a subordinating conjunctions.

14. Examples of
dependent clauses
• I love what I do.
• Do you know the man who is sitting on
the chair.
• We stayed indoors since it was raining.
• I went out on the bike that Mary gave
me for my birthday.
• Jill fell as she ran down the hill with a
pail of water.

16. Dependent
clause
Adjective
clause
Adverbial
clause
Noun clause

17. Definition:
It modifies or provides additional information
about a noun or pronoun. It is also referred to
as relative clauses.
Examples:
 The company that I worked for in 2018 is
shutting down.
 The girl, who has shifted from Japan, is
here to meet you.
 The man who came here earlier is on the
phone and wants to talk to you.

18. An adjective clause will always be a
dependent clause and will mostly
follow the subject or object in the
sentence.
It begins with a relative pronoun such
as who, that, which, whose, etc. and
comes immediately after the noun or
noun phrase it is modifying.

19. Adjective clauses can be divided into
two based on their nature and
behaviour in a sentence. The two
types of adjective clauses are:
Essential Adjective Clauses
Non-Essential Adjective Clauses

20. An essential adjective clause is one that
is required to make sense of the
sentence. It is a part of the sentence
No specific punctuation marks are used
to separate the clause from the rest of
the sentence.
Essential adjective
clause

22. A non-essential adjective clause provides
additional information about the noun and is
not the main focus.
 These kinds of clauses, even if removed, do
not make a difference as the sentence still
remains complete without it.
 A clause of this nature is enclosed within a
pair of commas or brackets to separate it
from the rest of the sentence.

23. Examples:
• My brother, who lives
in Australia, will be
coming to India next
month.
• The restaurant, where
we first met, is being
torn down.

24. Adverb clauses can be found in the
beginning, in the middle or at the end of a
sentence. It is a clause that does all the
functions of a normal adverb.
One can identify an adverb clause by
asking when, where, how, why and how
often. .
Examples:
 If you work hard, you will be able to
score good grades.
 He remembered, after he left the
office, that he had not sent the EOD

25. A noun clause is a type of dependent
clause that functions as a noun within a
sentence. It serves various roles
typically performed by nouns.
Noun clause can be divided into three
main types:

27. Definition:
Stands alone as a complete thought,
capable of forming sentences
independently.
Example:
• The sun sets in the west.
• Ayesha ate pasta because she was
hungry.
• He didn't feel well, so he didn't go to
work.

28. Independent
clause
Simple
clause
Complex
clause Compound
clause
Complex
compound

29. Simple sentence:
It contains a subject and predicate
It consists of one independent
clause
Example:
The prisoner escaped last month.
Ali reads novels every night.
Complex sentence:
It contains one independent and one dependent
clause.
Example:
When the cake is brown remove it from the oven.
She studied hard because she wanted to pass the
exam.

30. Compound sentence:
It contains at least two independent clauses.
Example:
I drink tea but they drink coffee.
He was tired so he went to bed early.
Compound Complex sentence:
It contains two independent and one dependent clause.
Example:
• She completed her literature review, but she still needs
to work on her methods section even though she
finished her methods course last semester.
• You know that you were wrong, and you cant change
it.