2. RESEARCH is purposely and
methodically search for new
knowledge and practical
solutions in the form of answers to
questions.

3. A PHENOMENON of
finding something
unexpected and useful
while you are looking for
something completely
different.

4. There are two main
types of research
studies:
 Experimental studies
 Observational
studies

5. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY:
An experiment is a study in which a
treatment, procedure, or program is
intentionally introduced and a result
or outcome is observed.

6. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY:
An observational study is a study in which a
researcher simply observes behavior in a
systematic manner without influencing or
interfering with the behavior.

8.  Uncontrolled trials:
A clinical study that lacks a comparison
(i.e., a control) group.
 Controlled trials:
A clinical study that have a control group
for comparison

9.  Randomized controlled trials
These studies are called randomized
controlled trials because people are
randomly assigned to a certain behavior
or treatment.
 Non randomized
A clinical trial in which the participants are
not assigned by chance to different
treatment groups.

10.  Cohort study:
Comparison between the exposed and the non
exposed groups for a particular factor.
 Prospective cohort studies
A prospective cohort study follows a large group of
people forward in time. It basically collects
information(exposure) from the beginning of the
study.
 Retrospective cohort studies
Researchers go back in time (retrospectively) and
collects information of an exposed disease.

11.  Case-control studies
Patients who already have a certain
condition are compared with people
who do not.
 Cross sectional studies
A cross sectional study, also referred to as
a cross sectional analysis, is a research
study in which a disease and factors
causing it are examined at the same
time by a group of individuals.

13.  A scientific paper is a written and
published report describing original
research results.
 A scientific experiment is not complete
until the results have been published and
understood.

14.  The purpose of scientific writing is to
communicate new scientific findings
 Thus it has to be clear, simple and well
ordered communication to transmit new
scientific findings
 A good research paper is the one that
easily conveyed your idea to the reader

15. Knowledge is lost without written
records
Knowledge could not be widely
circulated with no effective
duplication

16.  Scientific papers generally follow a
conventional format that includes a
title, an abstract, a reference (or
Literature cited) section and the
components of the IMRAD structure.

17.  Introduction answers ‘’why’’
 Methods answers ‘’when, where, how,
how much?’’
 Results answers ‘’what?’’
 And
 Discussion answers ‘’so what?’’

18.  The Title
 The Abstract
 The Introduction
 Methods
 Results(tables and figures)
 the Discussion
 References

19.  A good title is defined as the fewest
possible words that describe the
contents of the paper.
 An improperly titled paper will get lost
and will never be read.
 Informative and specific
 Concise
 Understandable

20.  Make a list of the most
important keywords
 Think of a title that contains
these words
 The title could state the
conclusion of the paper

21.  It should be written in clear and simple
words, as it is the first and sometimes the
only part of the manuscript read.
 It should provide a complete and
selective summary of the most significant
ideas and information
 Describe the methods used
 Summarize the results, and
 State the principal conclusions

22.  It should not exceed 250 words
 It should be written in one paragraph.
 Long words should be followed by its
abbreviation which would be used
through out the abstract and paper.
 It should never give any information or
conclusion that is not stated in the paper

23.  The introduction should answer the
following questions:
 What was I studying?
 Why was this an important question?
 What did I know about this topic before I
did this study?
 What model was I testing? and
 What approach did I take in this study?

25.  Be precise, complete and concise.
 Include only relevant information-no unnecessary
details, anecdotes, excuses or confessions.
 Detailed experimental procedures
 Questions such as “how” or “how much” must be
answered and not left to be puzzled over
 Explains analytical techniques used

26.  It is the core or heart of the paper
 It needs to be clearly and simply stated since it
constitutes the new knowledge contributed to the
world
 Summarize and illustrate the findings in an orderly
and logical sequence, without interpretation
 Should guide the reader through the findings,
stressing the major points

27.  Tables and Figures are the foundation of
your story
 Figures and tables should stand alone
and tell a complete story
 The reader should not need to refer back
to the main text

28.  Use the fewest figures and tables
needed to tell the story.
 Do not present the same data in both a
figure and a table

29.  It is the hardest section to write.
 Its primary purpose is to show the
relationships among observed facts
 It should end with a short summary or
conclusion regarding the significance of
the work.
 State your conclusions as clearly as
possible
 Summarize your evidence for each
conclusion

30. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ASKED
SUPPORT YOUR CONCLUSION (YOUR DATA, OTHER’S
DATA)
DEFEND YOUR CONCLUSION
GIVE THE BIG PICTURE’’TAKE HOME MESSAGE’’
Invert the cone!

31. What is referencing?
 Referencing is a standardized way of
acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas that you have
used in your document.
 A list of ALL the references used in the
text must be written.

32.  Any papers not cited in the text should
not be included.
 Reference lists allow readers to
investigate the subject in greater depth.
 A reference list contains only the books,
articles, and web pages etc that are
cited in the text of the document.

33.  for gathering information so that existing
problems can be solved
 doing research we are able to make
smart decisions
 Understand, well, exactly what we are
researching
 improve knowledge about the subject.

34.  Researchers publish and disseminate
their work in many different ways
 through formal publication in books and
in learned and professional journals;
through conferences and their
proceedings; and through a variety of
less formal means, now including web-based
tools for social networking.