A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb. A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb. A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.

1. Phrase, Clause and Sentence
Structure Chapter 3 Part 2

2. Sentence
• A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
• Examples
• 1. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
• 2. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
• 3. Do you know Ahmed?
• 4. Run!
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3. Parts of Sentence
• Subject (The noun-part)
• The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about. This is called
the subject of the sentence.
• Predicate (The verb-part)
• The part which tells something about the subject. This is called predicate of a
sentence.
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4. Parts of Sentence
• Examples
• 1. Haseeb goes to college everyday.
• “Haseeb” is subject and “goes to college everyday” is predicate.
• 2. Raza is her brother.
• “Raza” is subject and “is her brother” is predicate.
• 3. All roads lead to Rome.
• “All roads” is subject and “lead to Rome” is predicate.
• Subject can also consist of more than one or two words.
• Example
• The early bird catches the worm.
• “The early bird” is subject which consists of more than one or two words and
rest of the sentence (catches the worm) is predicate.
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5. Predicate Consists of:
• 1. Helping Verb
• The helpers to clarify the meanings of the tense, are called helping verbs, they
are placed before the verb.
• Examples (The underlined words are helping verbs)
• 1. Ahmed is playing football.
• 2. I can do it.
• 3. Had he completed his work?
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6. Predicate Consists of:
• Main Verb
• The word which denotes being, having, doing action or state in any form, is
called is called main verb.
• Examples (The underlined words are main verbs)
• i. Being Verb: Ahmed is a boy.
• ii. Having Verb: He has a book.
• iii. Doing Verb: Kashan reads a book.
• iv. Action Verb: The rose looks bright.
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7. Predicate Consists of:
• 3. Object
• A word or phrase governed by a verb or preposition or which receives the
action is called the object.
• Examples (The underlined words are objects”
• 1. The fat boy kicked the ball.
• 2. John is playing hockey.
• 3. Walking is useful for health.
• Direct Object
• A word or phrase representing the person or the thing upon which the action of
the verb is performed or toward which it is directed.
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8. Predicate Consists of:
• Indirect Object
• An object which is used with a transitive verb to indicate who benefits from an action or gets
something as a result.
• Example
• Rafi gave Asad a ball.
• “Asad” is indirect object and “ball” is direct object.
• It will be noticed that the position of the indirect object is immediately after the verb and
before the direct object.
• Examples
• 1. Will you do me a favour?
• “me” is indirect object and “favour” is direct object.
• 2. Fetch the boy a book.
• “boy” is indirect object and “book” is direct object.
• 3. Get me a taxi.
• “me” is indirect object and “taxi” is direct object.
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9. Predicate Consists of:
• Enlargement of Subject
• When the subject comprises more than one word, there is a word more
important than others. It is called subject or subject word. Other words are
called enlargement of the subject.
• Examples
• 1. The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.
• “The beautiful” is enlargement of subject “rainbow”.
• 2. A sick room should be well aired.
• “A sick” is enlargement of subject “room”.
• 3. The singing of the birds delights us.
• “The singing of the” is enlargement of subject “birds”.
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10. Predicate Consists of:
• Enlargement of the Object
• When object comprises more than one word, there is a word more important
than others. It is called object or object word. Other words are called
enlargement of the object.
• Examples
• 1. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.
• “the capital of” is enlargement of object “Pakistan”.
• 2. Tubal cain was a man of might.
• “of might” is enlargement of object “man”.
• 3. Miss Kitty was rude at the, table one day.
• “at the, one day” are enlargements of object “table”.
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11. Sentence Structure
• 1. Simple
• (i) Subject + Predicate
• The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionaly it is put after the
predicate.
• Examples
• 1. Here comes the bus.
• “Here comes” is predicate and “the bus” is subject.
• 2. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
• “Sweet are” predicate and “the uses of adversity” is subject.
• 3. on the top of the hill lives a hermit.
• “on the top of hill lives” is predicate and “a hermit” is subject.
• (ii) Predicate + Subject
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12. Sentence Structure
• Other Structures
• (i) S + V + O
• Example
• Shabir goes to school.
• “Shabir” is subject, “goes” is verb and “school” is object.
• (ii) S + HV + V + O
• Example
• She was writing a letter.
• “She” is subject, “was” is helping verb, “writing” is verb and “a letter” is object
• (iii) S + HV + V
• Example
• Shafi is sleeping.
• “Shafi” is subject, “is” is helping verb and “sleeping” is verb.
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13. Sentence Structure
• (iv) S + V
• Example
• He eats.
• “He” is subject and “eats” is verb.
• (v) V
• Example
• “Run” , “Sit” , “Quit” are all Verbs.
• 2. Negative
• S + HV + not + V + O
• Examples
• 1. I am not eating an apple.
• 2. You are not wrong.
• 3. He does not wash his hands. bsf1704470@ue.edu.pk 13

14. Sentence Structure
• 3. Interrogative
• HV + S + V + O?
• Examples
• 1. Have I done my duty?
• 2. Do we go to market?
• 3. Is he lying?
• Interrogative Negative
• HV + S + not + V + O?
• Example
• Have I not done my duty?
• Double Interrogative
• QW + HV + S + v + O?
• Example
• What is he doing these days?
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15. Sentence Structure
• Double Interrogative Negative
• QW + HV + S + not + V + O?
• Example
• What is he not doing these days?
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16. Linking Verb
• A verb which connects a subject to its predicate without expressing an action. It
is used to re-identify or describe its subject.
•
• Examples
• Re-identifiers:
• He is a monster.
• “He” is subject, “is” is linking verb and “a monster” is predicate.
• Describes
• He looks stunning.
• “He” is subject, “looks” is linking verb and “stunning” is predicate.
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17. Complement
• A subject complement follows a linking verb and modifiers or refers to the
subject. It comes after linking verb. It can be a noun, an adjective, a pronoun, a
word or a group of words. Which acts as a noun or an adjective.
• Examples
• 1. This is a book.
• “This” is subject’ “is” is linking verb and “book” is complement.
• 2. Brandon is a gifted athlete.
• “Brandon” is subject, “is” is linking verb and “athlete” is complement.
• 3. It was he who caught the winning touchdown Friday night.
• “It” is subject, “was” is linking verb and “he” is complement.
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18. Kinds of Sentence (Meaning Wise)
• 1. Assertive / Declarative Sentence
• It is a simple statement, news or information of facts. It may be positive or negative.
• (i) Affirmative Sentence
• Examples
• 1. Zafar has written a letter.
• 2. We go to college on foot.
• 3. Komal was my school fellow.
• (ii) Negative Sentence
• Examples
• 1. I shall not go to bazaar.
• 2. You have not done your duty.
• 3. Rafiq will not do this.
• These always start with capital letter and end at a full stop.
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19. Kinds of Sentence (Meaning Wise)
• 2. Interrogative Sentence
• In such sentences question is asked. They start with a helping verb or a question word.
These also start with capital letter but end at question mark.
• (i) Simple Interrogative
• Examples
• 1. Is he ill?
• 2. Are the grapes green?
• 3. Had bazaars been decorated?
(ii) Double Interrogative
• Examples
• 1. How many people will have been rescued?
• 2. Who was given certificate?
• 3. Where are you roaming about? bsf1704470@ue.edu.pk 19

20. Kinds of Sentence (Meaning Wise)
• (iii) Question tag
• (a) Structure
• Positive statement + Negative statement
• Examples
• 1. It is very warm, isn’t it?
• 2. You have played before, haven’t you?
• 3. The children can swim, can’t they?
• (b) Structure
• Negative statement + positive statement
• Examples
• 1. It isn’t very warm, is it?
• 2. I shouldn’t laugh, should I?
• 3. You aren’t ill, are you? bsf1704470@ue.edu.pk 20

21. Kinds of Sentence (Meaning Wise)
• 3. Imperative Sentence
• It expresses order, command, request, advice, proposal or prohibition.
• Examples
• 1. Do your duty. (Order)
• 2. Please help me. (Request)
• 3. Never tell a lie. (Advice)
• 4. Let us work hard. (Proposal)
• In imperative sentences subject left out.
• Examples
• 1. Sit down. [Here the subject You is understood.]
• 2. Thank him. [Here too the subject You is understood.]
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22. Kinds of Sentence (Meaning Wise)
• 4. Exclamatory Sentence
• It expresses sudden action, feeling of joy, sorrow, surprise or wonder.
• Examples
• 1. Hurrah! We have won the match. (Joy)
• 2. Alas! I have failed. (Sorrow)
• 3. What a lovely scene of nature! (Wonder)
• 5. Optative Sentence
• It expresses desire pray or curse.
• Examples
• 1. May I pass the examination! (Pray)
• 2. May you go to hell! (Curse)
• 3. Would that I had passed the driving test! (Desire)
• These sentences end at exclamatory mark.
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23. Kinds of Sentence (Construction Wise)
• 1. Simple Sentence
• It consists of only one independent clause and conveys only one simple thought.
• Examples
• 1. They live in America.
• 2. Honesty is the best policy.
• 3. I lived in Faisalabad.
• 2. Compound Sentence
• It consists of two or more than two independent clauses and conveys more than one thought.
• Examples
• 1. Imran took tea but saleem prefer cold-drinks.
• 2. A horse gallops and a tortoise crawls.
• 3. He went to Iran last month but returned the very next day.
• The following Co-ordinate are used to combine these clauses:
• And, but, both, also, now, otherwise, still, yet, therefore, than, then, only, as well as, not only
- but, either - or, neither – nor bsf1704470@ue.edu.pk 23

24. Kinds of Sentence (Construction Wise)
• 3. Complex Sentence
• It consist of one independent clause and one or more than one dependent clauses.
• Examples
• 1. God helps those who help themselves.
• “God helps those” is independent clause and “help themselves” is dependent clause.
• 2. When he saw me, he ran away.
• “he saw me” is independent clause and “he ran away” is dependent clause.
• 3. I know that he is faithful friend.
• “I know” is dependent clause and “he is a faithful friend” is independent clause.
• The following sub-ordinate conjuctions are used to combine these clauses:
• That, because, since, as, so that, if, unless, as if, whether, though, while, after, who,
when, where, as – as, as soon as, so long as.
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25. Kinds of Sentence (Construction Wise)
• 4. Compound Complex Sentence
• It consists of two or more independent clauses and atleast one dependent
clause.
• Examples
• 1. The rabbit sleeps with eye closed but the here keeps them open when he is
asleep.
• “The rabbit sleeps with eye closed” and “the here keeps them open” are
independent clauses and “he is asleep” is dependent clause.
•
• 2. I don’t know why he comes here but I expect he has some ulterior movies.
• “I don’t know” and “I expect he has some ulterior movies” are independent
clauses and “he comes here” is dependent clause.
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26. Conditional Sentences
• 1. Zero Conditional
• These sentences generally express a truth.
• If clause (Simple present) , Main clause (Simple present)
• Examples
• 1. If one eats properly, one does not fall ill.
• 2. Nothing is lost if, everything is lost.
• 3. When character is lost, everything is lost.
• 4. If you help others, people love you.
• 5. If we work hard, we stand successful.
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27. Conditional Sentences
• 2. First Conditional (Open condition)
• These sentences express a possible condition.
• If clause (Simple present) , Main Clause (will/shall/can/may + verb)
• Examples
• 1. If you come here, I shall help you.
• 2. When I come here, you can leave.
• 3. She will get award if she goes to school.
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28. Conditional Sentences
• 3. Second Conditional (Improbable/Imaginary Condition)
• These sentences express improbable or imaginary condition.
• If clause (Past subjective) , Main clause (would/should/could/might + verb).
• Examples
• 1. I would work hard if I were a student.
• 2. If you ate sweets, your teeth would go bad.
• 3. If we played well, we might win the match.
• 4. If I were a bird, I could sing sweetly in the sky.
• 5. Had I been a bird, I would sing sweetly in the sky.
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29. Conditional Sentences
• 4. Third Conditional
• These sentences express unchangeable past condition.
• If clause (Past perfect) , Main clause (would/should/could/might + have)
• Examples
• 1. If he had worked hard, he would have passed.
• 2. If I had seen him, I could have saved him.
• 3. He might have helped you if you had gone to him.
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