Is Human Genetic Modification Good Or Bad

Is Human Genetic Modification Good Or Bad
Is human genetics modification a key issue for the human being?
Human Genetic Modification any alteration of genetic material, as in agriculture, to make them
capable of producing new substances or performing new functions. In today's society there's a
conflict between how Human genetics is a dangerous development or how it's a positive
progress.Human genetics is a dangerous development for the reason that lots of people are changing
defects that embryos might have and cause a grater defect. Scientist have said that human genetic
modification on an embryo can cause damage and that they will have to end up killing the embryo.
Designer babies have caused a conflict between if it's good or bad to have a baby with different
genetics. Human genetic modification has caused lots of problems between scientists and parents
that cannot have kids for the reason that changing an embryos characteristics is passing a ... Show
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Lots of people have changed parts of their babies genes."Some people object to genetic
enhancement on religious or philosophical grounds". Opening the door to one kind of genetic
modification, makes people likely more prone to opening it to all kinds of modifications. Permitting
human genetic modification for any reason would likely lead to its escape from regulatory limits for
enhancement purposes, and to the emergence of a market–based modification that would exacerbate
already existing discrimination, inequality, and conflict. Human civilization should not risk these
outcomes in the article Designer Babies by Gale, a Cengage Company From Opposing Viewpoints
In Context states, "The creation of genetically modified human embryos raises many ethical
questions". CRISPR technology gives scientists the ability to permanently change the genetic
makeup of a human being, as well as that person's future offspring, without their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Genetic Counseling Paper
Genetic counseling is for older child bearing mothers seeking counseling for the best course to take
with giving birth. In most cases this is for older women who are becoming mothers. It is common
that the baby could be born with a hereditary disorder and genetic problems due to the mothers high
chromosomal abnormalities. As a young mothers pregnancy it is 1 in every 200 pregnancies to have
this problem, for older mothers the rate is 1 in every 20 pregnancies. (schonberg&tifft, 2007) Some
disorders for the baby are common and controllable, such as blood disorders. But there is also high
risk of premature birth or miscarriage. These extra genes include diseases like cystic fibrosis,
muscular dystrophy, Huntington disease, and nervous system

Essay about Love
Love Love is difficult to define, difficult to measure, and difficult to understand. Love is what great
writers write about, great singers sing about, and great philosophers ponder. Love is a powerful
emotion, for which there is no wrong definition, for it suits each and every person differently.
Whether love is between family, friends, or lovers, it is an overwhelming emotion that can be
experienced in many different ways. People experience love for the first time by being part of a
family. Family love is demonstrated through lessons of sacrifice, concern and compassion, from the
cradle to the grave. There are many different levels and conditions of family love. It is the love we
cherish between our intermediate family and our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A close–knit loving bond between two people can begin with a friendship. Whether it is a friendship
between two males, two females, or one male and one female, these friendships will develop into
love. In no way is it a romantic love, but this type of love connects and bonds friends. Friends may
move away or friendships may wane, but the love between the two people burns on forever.
Romantic love is a love that not every person will experience. It is a type of love that is not there at
the beginning, but grows within the individual. When one finally finds the love they have been
looking for, one can not imagine life with anybody else. Romantic love is a connection between two
souls that is captured with a feeling that is not only felt within the heart but within their body as
well. I have never been in love with a girl; I can only imagine what it might be like to be in love.
Guessing from my sister's relationship with boys, it seems like a big headache instead of a
wonderful feeling. To simply write a definition of love is complicated because every person has a
different perception of love. The only way to capture the true meaning of love is to experience the
feeling and find out for oneself, what love is. In our lives and the lives of others, love is evident.
Whether it is between family, friends, or lovers, love is a precious

Edwards Syndrome Research Paper
Edwards Syndrome is very unique. It is a genetic disorder that has odd symptoms. Its history is
pretty much how someone would expect it to be. It has very cruel effects to the people born with this
disorder. It has cost many people their lives. This article will explain all of the need to know stuff on
Edward's syndrome. Edwards Syndrome also known as Trisomy 18 is a genetic disorder where there
are three copies of chromosome 18 instead of two. There are many symptoms of Edwards syndrome
like low set ears, abnormally shaped head, and long overlapped fingers. There is also bone
abnormalities, frequent lung and urinary infections, and smooth feet. Others are an exomphalos, a
small mouth and jaw, and breathing problems. Also a severe learning

Down 's Syndrome : A Common Chromosomal Disorder
Down's syndrome is a common chromosomal disorder effecting the physical and cognitive
development of a person. An individual with Down's syndrome typically has numerous health
ailments, which require intense medical care and create great medical costs. A person with Down's
syndrome requires special schools and invasive therapies, which can also be costly. Many believe
people with Down's syndrome do not live a fulfilled life, compared to a typical person because
many cannot live independently or be successful in life. To avoid costly expenses and endless time
and effort to help a Down's person be happy and healthy, many believe it's best to terminate a
Down's syndrome pregnancy to avoid dealing with all the hardships and issues that may arise. Some
families cannot handle the emotional and financial hardships. Not only can living with Down's
syndrome be considered a problem in society, the healthcare costs may be problematic, as well as
the issue of abortion. An illness or a disease is not only a biological physical ailment. There are
many social components that go along with having a physical or mental illness. Various conditions
can affect a person mentally, physically, or both, and can range from mild to severe. The many
factors to consider in the life of a person with a disability includes, but is not limited to, financial
support, healthcare costs, family involvement, emotional stress, physical and cognitive
abnormalities, accessibility of support and

Heart Abnormalities: Critical Congenital Heart Defects
Critical Congenital Heart Defects are abnormalities of the heart structure that are present at birth.
These occur because of incomplete or abnormal development of the fetus' heart. These defects can
cause severe mortality within the newborn stage (Goldstein, 2013, p.1). Several are known to be
linked to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and others are thought to be linked to
environmental factors that women can be exposed to while pregnant. The cause of most CCHD's is
unknown.
Symptoms of significant heart defects include but are not limited to, rapid breathing, difficulty
feeding, and blueness in the lips, excessive sweating, and fatigue. A common feature of many forms
of congenital heart disease is hypoxemia.
Newborns with CCHD are susceptible to serious and sudden worsening clinical status, in the first
days and weeks of life. Some babies born with a heart defect may appear healthy at first and are sent
home with their families before their heart defect is detected. It is estimated that about 300 infants
with an unrecognized Critical congenital heart defect (CCHD) are discharged each year from
newborn nurseries in the United States. These babies are at risk of having serious complications and
often require emergency care. That is why screening and follow–up treatment are so vital. Newborn
screening and follow up is seen as a public health role. In order to perform this role, effectively
partnerships are required between hospitals, clinical and

Ventricular Serptal Syndrome
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect due to an abnormal connection between the lower
chambers of the heart. A heart has four chambers. There are left and right upper chambers, which are
called an atrium, and left and right lower chambers, called a ventricle. The ventricular septal defect
is a hole that occurs between the left and right pumping chambers of the heart.
This ventricular defect occurs because of problems in the early development of the heart. There is no
clear cause of a ventricular septal defect but most doctors think that genetics play a role. It's a very
common defect and it's common for this defect to come with other congenital heart defects. It
happens during fetal development, when the muscular wall fails to form ... Show more content on
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Small defects usually cause none to few problems. Medium and large defects can cause more severe
problems. These range from mild to life threatening complications. Pulmonary hypertension can last
for years or a lifetime. It is a type of high blood pressure that affects arteries in the lungs and heart.
It increases the blood flow to the lungs, affecting the lung arteries, which can cause them to become
permanently damaged. This complication can cause the reversal of blood flow through the hole,
which is Eisenmenger syndrome. Endocarditis is another complication that could come about, but it
is less common and occurs more in adults. It is an infection of the heart's inner lining, causing
inflammation of the heart valve. This is only short–term, so it resolves within days or weeks. Lastly,
other heart problems include abnormal heart rhythms and valve

The Pros And Cons Of Genetic Babies
Are genetics babies the way forward? In 2004 the term "Genetic Babies" made it from sci–fi movies
and weblogs to the Oxford dictionary which reflects the term becoming part of our everyday culture.
The process can change genes, traits and defect particular defects, and ensure a healthy start to a
child's life. The forever growing strength of genetic technology may one day allow parents to adapt
their unborn children, in order to spare their descendants from disease or, conceivably, make them
tall, well–muscled, intellectual or otherwise gifted with appealing traits. However along with any
new medical, high–tech treatment there is bounteous amounts of advantages and disadvantages that
follow. Are the technologies of genetic modification safe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It has also been suggested that if designer babies were created through genetic engineering, that this
could have major effects on the human gene pool. Some futurists claim that it would put the human
species on a path to participant evolution. It has also been argued that designer babies may have an
important role as counter–acting an argued dysgenic trend.Humans have evolved and evolved as
much as we can naturally, the next step in discovery needs to be taken. History is made up of
developments into the world, as a human race we have an insatiable desire to succeed, succeed and
understand everything. By asking us to stop developing, it like asking us as humans to stop doing
what we do best.

Albinism Or Achromasia
Albinism
Albinism or Achromasia is an inherited congenital skin disorder which the skin has little to no
melanin production. The genes for Albinism are located on "autosomal" chromosomes. Both parents
have to carry the gene to inherit it. If both parents are carriers and show no signs of albinism the
chance that their child will have it is 1 in 4. Albinism occurs in all racial and ethnic groups though
out the world. In America 1 in 18,000– 20,000 people has some sort of Albinism. The most accurate
way to detect albinism if through genetic testing. Babies in utero can be tested by amniocentesis or
chorionic villous sampling (CVS). As they get older some types of albinism do get more pigment to
their skin or hair. Mostly resulting in freckles, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
OCA1: mostly males have OCA1. Genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase, tyrosinase is an
enzyme that turns the amino acid into a pigment. The enzyme is inactive and no melanin is
produced.
2. OCA2: or commonly known as P gene albinism. Genetic defect in the P protein that helps the
tyrosinase enzyme to function. People with OCA2 have little melanin production making their skin
and hair have very little pigment.
3. OCA3: defect in TYRP1, protein that has to do with tyrosinase. People with OCA3 have a
generous amount of pigment.
4. OCA4: is a lot like OCA2 instead of the P protein defect OCA4 defect is in the SLC45A2 protein.
5. OCA 5–7: are the most uncommon forms of albinism. These 3 defects were just found in 2013.
There has been minimal research done on these.
Ocular Albinism: Gene mutation on the X chromosome and it affects mainly males. Cures
There are no cures, but treatment and preventative care to help prevent risks of skin damage due to
UV light that may cause severe sunburn or even skin cancer. Sun glasses, clothing to protect the skin
from UV rays, prescription eyeglasses, surgery on the muscles of the eyes to help with eye
problems. The sun is ultimately the biggest danger with someone who has albinism and they should
take extra precautionary measures to avoid long

Holes In The Heart: A Case Study
Living Systems and Cells
A heart is a vital organ in a human being, which is situated in the centre of the chest and behind the
breastbone. It is a muscular organ that pumps the blood into the human body. It is the approximately
the size of a fist. The heart consists of a special muscle called cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle does
not get tired like the muscles in your legs and arms, but instead works continuously by responding to
signals to an area of the heart called the pacemaker. (Pearson 2011, p.100–111). Even though the
heart is the most vitalist organ in the human body, which carries rich nutrients and oxygen, defects
can occur. The most common defect that occurs is a congenital heart defect, which is commonly
known as a hole in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015. hole in the heart. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/hole_in_the_heart.html. [Accessed 05 July 2015].
➢ What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Holes in the Heart? – NHLBI, NIH. 2015. What Are the
Signs and Symptoms of Holes in the Heart? – NHLBI, NIH. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health–topics/topics/holes/signs. [Accessed 05 July 2015].
➢ How Are Holes in the Heart Treated? – NHLBI, NIH. 2015. How Are Holes in the Heart Treated?
– NHLBI, NIH. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health–
topics/topics/holes/treatment. [Accessed 05 July 2015].
➢ Hole in the heart. 2015. Hole in the heart. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/hole_in_the_heart.html#treatment. [Accessed 05 July
2015].
➢ If You're Child Has a Heart Defect. 2015. If You're Child Has a Heart Defect. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/if_heart_defect.html. [Accessed 05 July 2015].
➢ What Is the Heart? – NHLBI, NIH. 2015. What Is the Heart? – NHLBI, NIH. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health–topics/topics/hhw. [Accessed 05 July 2015].
➢ Pearson, PA, 2011. Pearson Science . 3rd ed. Australia: Pearson

Human Gene Therapy Essay
Human Gene Therapy
Image what it would be like if doctors could cure Huntington's disease, muscular dystrophy, or even
hemophilia. Could this be possible? With gene therapy this all could be reality in the near future.
Gene therapy is a potential approach to the treatment of genetic disorders in humans. This is a
technique where the absent or faulty gene is replaced by a working gene, so the body can make the
correct enzyme or protein and consequently eliminate the root cause of the disease (BIO, 1990).
There are two types of gene therapy treatment: Somatic cell gene therapy and germline therapy.
Somatic cell gene therapy involves obtaining blood cells from a person with a genetic disease and
then introducing a normal gene into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And also how do you make the delivery specific and safe? The first step in gene therapy is an
accurate diagnosis of the genetic defect. This is done by using a DNA probe. The DNA probe is
specific to a complementary piece of DNA. This technique using DNA probes is more specific then
other conventional methods of diagnosing genetic defects in humans (BIO, 1990). After the correct
diagnosis is made, healthy DNA can be inserted into a virus, which has had infectious genes stripped
out of it. The virus is then mixed with cells taken out of a patient and then injected back into that
patient. Viruses are used because they are like genes, but wrapped in a special protein coat. On the
surface of this protein coat are specialized proteins that bind to the surface of cells. Once these
viruses are in the body they lock in place on specific cells. The cells then suck the viruses in or the
viruses force their way into the cells (PBS).
A retrovirus is a type of virus that is used in gene therapy. This is a virus that inserts its genetic code
directly into the chromosomes of the host cell (PBS). Other viruses are used for different kinds of
genetic problems. One of these is the adenovirus which is used for cystic fibrosis patients (Coutts,
1998). To use a virus in gene therapy, the patient's immune system has to be weakened so it will not
fight off the virus. If weakening the patient's immune system is not

Graphene Essay
Effect of Point and Line Defects on the Properties of Graphene: A Review
Rajasekaran G, Prarthana Narayanan and Avinash Parashar*
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee –
247667, India
* Corresponding author: E–Mail: drap1fme@iitr.ac.in, Ph: +91–1332–284801
ABSTRACT
New materials with distinctive properties are arising and attracting the scientific community at
regular intervals. Stiffness and strength are the important factors in determining stability and
lifetime of any technological devices, but defects which are inevitable at the time of production can
alter the structural properties of any engineering materials. Developing graphene with specific
structural properties depends upon controlling these defects, either by removing or deliberately
engineering atomic structure to gain or tailoring specific properties. In the present article, a
comprehensive review of defective graphene sheets with respect to its mechanical and thermal
properties are presented and examined.
Key Words: Graphene; point defects; line defects; molecular dynamics; atomistic modeling; fracture
toughness. Introduction
Graphene is emerging as a potential candidate for developing nanocomposites with desired
mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivities. Due to its exceptional mechanical
properties, thermal and electrical conductivities graphene can also be used for more conventional
purposes as compared to carbon nano tubes, which is

Genetic Down Syndrome
The genetic structure that humans possess is complex, each individual's genetic makeup is unique
and different, yet functions similarly. However, not all people are gifted with a perfectly normal
genetic structure. A person may suffer from genetic defects, which are irregularities in the genome.
In the field of biology, genetic aberrations are not rare cases. According to a surveillance system
called Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, genetic birth defects, affect approximately
3% of childbirths in the United States. (MMWR, 2008) This means that over 120,000 newborn
babies are affected by genetic defects in a span of one year, in the United States alone. (NVSS,
2015)
Genetic defects are acquired from childbirth and these genetic ... Show more content on
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Around 5300 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States each year, and
approximately 200,000 people in this country have the condition. (de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko
BG, 2016). While Down syndrome cannot be inherited, the number of babies with Down syndrome
born each year is alarming. Despite the fact that Down syndrome can be detected before birth, there
is no known way to cure it. As such, the parents whose child have been diagnosed to have Down
syndrome have to decide whether to keep the child or not.
Parenting has never been easy, and it is made harder if the child is affected by Down syndrome.
Most of the time, when parents are informed that their child has Down syndrome, they are stricken
with grief, depression, hopelessness, and the likes. (Preidt, 2010). Having a child affected by such
mental illnesses may make it hard for parents to deal with their children, since any shortcomings
may lead to a miserable life for their child. But even with Down syndrome, a child is still a child,
and can still be brought up to live a happy life if parented correctly.
This study aims to relay the experiences of a parent who has a child with Down syndrome to people
who are not aware of what they go through. The researchers seek to improve the general knowledge
of the public about having a kid with Down

Tetralogy Of Fallot Essay
What is Tetralogy Of Fallot?
The definition of TOF reads, a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at
birth (UMMC, 2013). TOF occurs when there is 4 abnormalities all together. One of the 4
abnormalities is when a massive hole is in the wall of the muscle (septum) that separates the 2
bottom pumping cambers (ventricles) of the heart. The massive hole in the abnormality itself is a
VSD. A VSD is known as a Ventricular Septal Defect. Due to the location of the VSD, two more
abnormalities develop. One being that there is a vast blood vessel which take the blood to the body
(aorta) is pulled toward, and "overrides" the ventricular septum so that it sits over both the left and
right ventricles; this is called an overriding aorta (UMMC, 2013). The second abnormality that takes
place is that the muscle produces obstruction to the blood flow going out the right across the
pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, can be due to obstruction below
the valve, at the valve or in the pulmonary arteries as they deliver blood out to the lungs (UMMC,
2013). There is different severities of TOF. The most acute form is known as pulmonary atresia. In
patients with pulmonary atresia there is no functional pulmonary valve. The right ventricular
outflow obstruction leads to thickening of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Medical studies report that there is no known cause of TOF. There is some things that can be seen in
TOF babies but not the diffident cause. Such as, low oxygen levels, narrowing of the pulmonary
outflow tract, thickened wall of the right ventricle and a VSD. However, there are a few genetic
syndromes that have been reported. Such as, Down syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome (UMMC,
2013). To add to that, most people with TOF do not have genetic syndromes. Tetralogy Of Fallot
does not typically run in families. Although, congenital heart defects are to some extent more
common if there is a close relative who has one.
How is TOF

Congenital Heart Disease Research Paper
Congenital Heart Disease
A little girl by the name of Jaelyn was born with congenital heart disease (CHD). Jaelyn's parents
learned about her condition called Ebstein's Anomaly during a fetal echocardiogram when her
mother was only 30 weeks pregnant. The doctors and nurses at Cardinal Glennon Children's
Hospital monitored Jaelyn in–utero to watch for hydrops (heart failure) and other indications her
heart disease was affecting her growth. Jaelyn went into heart failure just five weeks later when her
mother was only 35 weeks pregnant. She was given a 5% chance of survival due to the severity of
her defect. The family was also told Jaelyn would not survive past her first birthday; she turns five
in March. When Jaelyn was born, her entire family was afraid she wouldn't survive the delivery, but
thankfully, Jaelyn's story is a true miracle. When the doctors see Jaelyn during routine checkups and
physician visits, they can't believe she has Ebstein's Anomaly because for how far she has come and
how healthy she looks. Sadly, not every child with congenital heart disease gets the miracle Jaelyn
has been given. Congenital heart disease has many causes that impact the child and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the first seven weeks of pregnancy, the heart completes its development. This is known as
the embryonic period. From a single tube turns into a four chambered pump with four valves.
(Herlihy) During these first seven weeks a congenital heart defect typically occurs. Congenital heart
disease is when the heart forms either incompletely or incorrectly in–utero. Acquired heart disease
occurs later in life. Infants are born with a normal heart that malfunctions later. Signs of acquired
heart disease in adults are the heart is beating too fast or too slow, beats erratically, infections, or it is
stiff and pumps poorly. Acquired heart disease in children is typically associated with bacterial or
viral infections.

Essay on The Genetic Defect Albinism
The Genetic Defect Albinism In the past, albinos were usually treated with fear or awe. They were
sometimes killed at birth. Albino births were common enough in some groups not to cause any
excitement. For example, among the San Blas Indians of Panama, one in approximately 130 births is
an albino. In the mid–nineteenth century, albinos were exhibited in sideshows. Whole families were
displayed at times and were described as a unique race of might people. They were said to live
underground and to come out only at night when the light was dim and would not hurt their eyes.
Albinism is a genetic defect if the integumentary system. Albinism occurs when the body fails to
produce melanin. Melanin forms in a special cell called the ... Show more content on
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An alteration of the gene for dopachrome tautomerase does not produce albinism. Three other genes
make proteins that are also involved in melanin pigment formation and albinism, but the exact role
of these proteins remains unknown. These genes are the P gene on chromosome 15, the
Hermansky––Pudlak syndrome gene on chromosome 10, and the ocular albinism gene on the X
chromosome. The gene carrying the defect that produces albinism is recessive, which means that
both parents must carry this recessive gene in order to produce a child with the condition. When
both parents carry the gene (and neither has albinism), there is a one in four chance with each
pregnancy that their child will have albinism. The inheritance pattern of ocular albinism is alittle
different. This condition is X–linked, meaning that the recessive gene for ocular albinism is located
on the X chromosome. X–linked ocular albinism appears just about only in males who inherit the
condition from their mothers. Albinism is a recessive inherited defect in melanin metabolism in
which pigment is absent from the hair, skin, and eyes (oculocutaneous albinism) or just from the
eyes (ocular Albinism). Albinos tend to be children of parents who were first cousins. For a long
time, the term "albinism" referred only to people who had white hair, white skin, and blue eyes.
Individuals who had OCA and pigmented hair and eyes were identified, particularly in the African
and

Tuning Mechanical Properties Of Graphene With Stone...
Tuning mechanical properties of graphene with Stone–Thrower–Wales defects – A molecular
dynamics study
G. Rajasekaran and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
HIGHLIGHTS
ABSTRACT
Structural defects which are inevitable during the production, chemical and heat treatment processes
can affect the mechanical properties of graphene and also defects can be deliberately introduced in
graphene by ion beam irradiation to get required properties for specific applications. So,
understanding the effect of defects on mechanical properties and failure behaviours of a graphene
sheet is important for its applications. In this work, the effects of linear and angular orientation of
different types of Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW–1 and STW–2) defects on the mechanical properties
and failure behaviour of graphene membrane have been investigated in the frame of molecular
dynamics. This work discussing about tuneable mechanical properties by amending the linear
orientation of STW–1 and STW–2 defects at different angles in zigzag direction and armchair
direction respectively. The results obtained from the present work may provide the insights in
tailoring the mechanical properties by preparing defects in graphene, and give a full picture for the
applications of graphene with defects in flexible electronics and nanodevices.
Keywords: Graphene, linear and angular orientation, fracture properties, Young's

The Common Genetic Birth Defects
One of the most common genetic birth defects is Down syndrome which is a congenital disorder
caused from a chromosome defect. It causes impairments and physical abnormalities. This is a
condition where a child is born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome. According to the
National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), 1 in 700 babies are born with DS. There is not an exact
cause of how DS happens but there is an explanation as to what happens. When there is any case of
reproduction, genes from both parents are passed to the children. Within these genes there are
chromosomes and the child is supposed to receive 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total. Children
with DS end up with 3 copies or an extra partial copy of chromosome 21 instead of 2 ... Show more
Children with DS often grow slowly and as they become an adult they are shorter than normal. Their
neck can have excess fat and skin which makes it look shorter than normal. Short, stocky arms and
legs along with a wide space between the big toe and second toe is also a physical body symptom.
As for face shapes and features they can have slanted eyes, nasal bridge that looks pushed in, small
ears that look low on the head, irregularly shaped mouth and tongue. A child's tongue can partly
stick out and the teeth can come in late and in a different order than other children. Most children
with DS have mild to moderate cognitive disabilities such as impulsive behavior, short attention
span and slow learning capabilities. Some health issues that are often symptoms of DS are heart
defects, hypothyroidism, eye conditions, hearing and dental problems, respiratory infections and
depression. (What is Down Syndrome) Children and adults with DS can face many major health
concerns during their life. A few of the most common include repetitive and obsessive–compulsive
behaviors, autism spectrum conditions, neuropsychological problems, and inattentive behaviors.
Young children with DS that have "limitations in language and communication skills, cognition, and
non–verbal problem solving abilities present with increased likelihood of developing: Disruptive,
impulsive, inattentive, hyperactive and oppositional behaviors; anxious,

Anisotropic Compressive Response Of Stone Thrower Wales...
Anisotropic compressive response of Stone–Thrower–Wales defects in graphene: A molecular
dynamics study
G. Rajasekaran and Avinash Parashar
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
ABSTRACT:
The mechanical properties of graphene sheet can be tailored with the help of topological defects. In
this research article, the effects of Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) defects on the mechanical
properties of graphene sheet was investigated with the help of molecular dynamics (MD) based
simulations. Authors has made an attempt to analyse the stress field developed in and around the
vicinity of defect due to bond reorientation and further systematic evaluation has been carried out to
study the effect of these stress fields against the applied axial compressive load. The results obtained
with the pristine graphene were made to compare with the available open literature and the results
were reported to be in good agreement with theoretical and experimental data. It was predicted that
graphene with STW defect cannot able to bear compressive strength in zigzag direction, whereas on
the other hand it was predicted that graphene sheet containing STW defect can bear higher
compressive load in armchair direction, which shows an anisotropic response of STW defects in
graphene. From the obtained results it can be observed that orientation of STW defects and the
loading direction plays an important role to alter the strength of

Essay On Birth Defect
Not every birth in this world is perfect, unfortunately. One out of every 33 babies born in the United
States has some form of birth abnormality according to the CDC. Sometimes mutations and birth
defects can occur. Of course, no mother would ever want a child with a birth defect. So how do
these birth defects and problems occur? Basically anything a mother does to her body will also have
a direct effect on the developing fetus inside. Simply put it, a teratogen is defined as "any agent that
can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes."
(Santrock, 2013). The effects of teratogens may vary from child to child, but it will always have a
dramatic impact on the family in most situations. Birth defects ... Show more content on
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Birth defects usually break down into two categories: genetic and non–genetic causes. During
conception, half of the mother's and father's chromosomes come together to form the genetic
blueprint for the future child. However, sometimes the parents may carry a form of genetic defect
that they may not be aware of. Perhaps the defect has been carried down in the family from
generation to generation, but just hasn't emerged yet. These defects are established at birth and often
cannot be prevented (Selner & Leord, 2012). An example of a genetic birth defect would be Down
syndrome. This occurs roughly 1 in 800 births, making it one of the most common chromosomal
disorders. Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome. One
of the biggest causes attributed to Down syndrome has to do with the mother's maternal age.
According to Lobo and Zhaurova (2008), the risk of having a child with the condition exponentially
increases after the woman reaches age 35. In young mothers, the risk of having a child with Down
syndrome is 1 in 2,000, but the frequency rises to 1 in 100 when a woman is 40, and 1 in 12 when
she is 50 years old (Lobo & Zhaurova,

Mechanical Response And Failure Behavior Of A Defective...
Molecular Simulations on the Mechanical Response and Failure Behavior of a Defective Graphene:
Cases of Stone–Thrower–Wales (5–7–7–5) defects
G. Rajasekaran Rajesh Kumar and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
ABSTRACT
Structural defects which are inevitable during the production, chemical and heat treatment processes
can affect the mechanical properties of graphene and also defects can be deliberately introduced in
graphene by ion beam irradiation to get required properties for specific applications. So,
understanding the effect of defects on mechanical properties and failure behaviours of a graphene
sheet is important for its applications. In this work, the effects of linear and angular orientation of
different types of Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW–1 and STW–2) defects on the mechanical properties
and failure behaviour of graphene membrane have been investigated in the frame of molecular
dynamics. This work discussing about tuneable mechanical properties by amending the linear
orientation of STW–1 and STW–2 defects at different angles in zigzag direction and armchair
direction respectively. The results obtained from the present work may provide the insights in
tailoring the mechanical properties by preparing defects in graphene, and give a full picture for the
applications of graphene with defects in flexible electronics and nanodevices.
Keywords: Graphene, linear and angular

Spina Brifida
Throughout my research on individuals with Spina Bifida, I highlighted the effects of Spina Bifida
on a person. My research showed me that when someone has Spina Bifida, they can live a normal
life just like anyone else, with a few adaptations to their daily life. Other research showed me that
life with Spina Bifida can be dramatically different than someone without this disease. I used
evidence from the Mayo Clinic, My Child Without Limits, and other Children's Hospital's doctors. I
am also defending the side of the argument that believes women should not abort their babies if they
have Spina Bifida. I think that women should not be allowed to abort their children because they
have a disability. As a result of the research I will elaborate ... Show more content on
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Unlike other diseases, Spina Bifida is a disease that cannot be cured with a drug or surgery. There is
not a current cure for Spina Bifida, but there are ways of making the symptoms more endurable. If
the child has Myelomeningocele, soon after birth, the child will most likely need surgery. The baby
is at high risk of infection, so according to Seattle Children's Hospital,"Because part of your baby's
spinal cord area is exposed, your baby is at risk of getting an infection or having more damage to the
spinal cord. To lessen the risk, our neurosurgeons will operate within your baby's first 24 to 48 hours
of life" ("Myelomeningocele,"2016). The surgeon will cover the spinal cord and closes the muscles
around the muscle cord. Lastly, they close the skin to cover the spine. If the baby has hydrocephalus,
which is when there is too much cerebrospinal fluid in the head and a shunt may be required to drain
the fluid ("Myelomeningocele,"2016). Since the child may have slight paralysis below the wound,
the child may need physical therapy. The Seattle Children's Hospital states, "Some may need aids
like braces, crutches or wheelchairs"("Myelomeningocele,"2016). This will help with the slight
paralysis that the child may be experiencing. Lastly, the surgeon may be able to do a fetal surgery on
the child. The surgery is usually done around the 24th week of pregnancy
("Myelomeningocele,"2016). Depending on what

Gattaca The Movie Essay
The movie Gattaca is set in a dystopian society of the future controlled by advanced genetic
technologies. In this society, genetic profiling is the essence of one's identity, and ones role in
society is defined entirely by the genes and state of health coded in one's DNA. DNA samples, from
urine and blood and hair and skin, are required as identification to enter various facilities and
authenticate one's "validity" with instant genetic fingerprinting. The protagonist, Vincent, was a
naturally conceived baby, and struggles against the discrimination he faces from his genetic health
defects. He has been born with an abnormal genetic mutation in his genes leaving him at a high
susceptibility for heart failure, and was not expected to live ... Show more content on
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However, making a conscious choice and physical payment to alter the very genetic essence of my
own child, with all the connotations of trying to obtain a "perfect" baby, is a highly disputable
debate of morality and ethics. I myself would find myself plagued with a tinge of shame every time
I see my child, as though I would have been unsatisfied with what their truest form, by natural
conception. What must be realized though, is that in the society of Gattaca, those who are conceived
naturally, with or without the presence of a genetic disorder, are given a congenital disadvantage in
life, labelled from birth by the full details of their physicality and genetic code. Giving birth to a
child that I know could likely be destined to little more than a janitor for his entire life, would also
give me an immense amount of guilt. Bringing a child into this world of defined prejudice, who
would have no chance to fully experience life and chase their own dreams, would thus help me
justify what would be my final decision: to seize the ability to have my child's genome genetically
engineered and have my child born free of defects, genetically

Genetic Defects in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane...
Abstract: The main goal of this paper is to explain what Cystic Fibrosis is and also to explain what
the causes of Cystic Fibrosis are. Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a gene called Cystic
Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Cystic Fibrosis is known as one of the
most common life–shortening disease. More that 1,000 mutations in the CFTR gene have been
found in people with Cystic Fibrosis. Most of these mutations change single protein amino acids in
the CFTR protein and it deletes a small amount of DNA from the CFTR gene. I am going to explain
what happens when the CFTR proteins is functioning normally and when it is diseased.
Introduction: What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder ... Show more content on
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Ion channels are pore forming proteins which allow the passage of ions that are charged into and out
of the cell down the electrochemical gradient [4]. Electrochemical gradient is a change in an ion that
represents a type of potential energy that accounts for the both concentration and the membrane
potential [1]. The channel transports particles called chloride ions. Chloride ions are formed when
the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an ion. Chlorides ions help keep the movement of
water in tissues and maintain the fluidity of mucus and other secretions [3].
<– CFTR protein
[5]
When the protein is diseased, that causes people with Cystic Fibrosis to have digestive problems.
The mucus can block the ducts of the pancreas, and that prevents the enzymes from reaching the
intestines to help digest food [6]. People with Cystic Fibrosis have an increased risk of lung
infection and that could result in respiratory failure. Also males with Cystic Fibrosis could get
Congenital Absence of the Vas Deference (CAVD). CAVD is a condition in which the two vas
deferens, male's reproductive organs, fail to form properly prior to birth.
The gene that's responsible for causing Cystic Fibrosis is on chromosome 7. The most common
mutation is phenylalanine 508 known as delta F508. Delta F508 is a deletion of 3 nucleotides that
results in a loss of the amino acid. The deletion prevents the Condon for

The Importance of the Wise Use of Genetic Engineering
Human species has been suffering at the hands of disease since their genesis. Our relation with each
other is such that if one suffers in pain, his suffering and pain touches rest of the humanity. It is now
in our domain to use this new technology called "Genetic Engineering" to ameliorate human
suffering and pain. We should make sure that this technology is only used for the betterment of
human species and not selectively. It is indeed horrifying to know that someone wants to use this as
a tool for eugenics or to alter the human race altogether. I totally agree with the specter mentioned in
the book Babies by Design by Ronald M. Green (2007), that in case a human weakness has been
eliminated through genetic engineering, and the few parents who opt for a "natural" conception run
the risk of producing low quality "invalids"––––who become members of a despised under–class. I
am against selective genetic manipulation that will produce several classes of human species, which
will be classified as good, better, best. I tend to disagree with Bill Mckibben on "If I am a world
class runner, but my parents inserted the "sweatworks2010genepack" in my genome, can I really
feel pride in my accomplishments" (ENOUGH 2003). Yes sir I can, because my gene carried an
imperfection. It has been tweaked a bit to enhance my performance and that's all there is to it. No
qualms about it whatsoever. Humans have far more genetic defects than animals. We need to fix
these defects once and for all

The Effect Of Pair Of Stone Wales Defects On The...
Molecular Dynamics Based Investigation to Study the Effect of Pair of Stone–Thrower–Wales
Defects on the Mechanical Response and Failure Morphology of Graphene
G. Rajasekaran, Rajesh Kumar and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
ABSTRACT
Structural defects are inevitable in graphene due to its production techniques as well as chemical
and heat treatment processes. These defects in graphene are introduced either during the production
process or deliberately by us to tailor its properties. In this article, the effect of nearest neighbour
distance and angular orientation between Stone–Thrower–Wales defects (STW–2) on the
mechanical properties and failure morphology of graphene was investigated in the frame of
molecular dynamics. Mechanical properties and failure morphology of graphene was predicted to be
the function of angular orientation between STW–2 defects, when the nearest neighbour distance
was in the range of 10 Å. Graphene sheet containing pair of STW–2 defects had shown an overall
increase of 8% and 11% in fracture strength and strain respectively as compared to graphene with
single STW–2 defect. This study also characterised the failure morphology of graphene sheet with
single and pair of STW–2 defects in the armchair direction.
Keywords: Graphene, Stone–Thrower–Wales defect, nearest neighbour distance, angular
orientation, mechanical properties, Young's modulus and

Essay On Congenital Heart Disease
Congenital heart disease(CHD) is defined as a problem with the hearts structure and function that is
present at birth.According to the center of disease control and prevention CHDs affect nearly 1%
of―or about 40,000―births per year in the United States.1,2. Congenital heart disease is often
considered to be a childhood condition. With the advances made it surgical treatment most children
who would have died from this condition in the past are now able to survive well into adulthood and
live relatively normal lives. Common symptoms are abnormal heart rhythms, bluish tint to the
skin(cyanosis), shortness of breath, tiring quickly upon exertion,dizziness or fainting and possible
swelling of body tissues or organs. Currently researchers are unsure as to what causes ... Show more
Some heart may reappear again in adulthood even if the defect is treated during childhood. This
tends to happen because rarely are heart defects actually cured. They are repaired so that the heart
function is improved but it usually does not make it completely normal. Many reasons that
congenital heart defects re–emerge is because often the treatment received during childhood was
successful but later in life it worsens. Another possible reason is that the defect was not bad enough
to need to be treated when the person was a child but has gotten worse over time and now requires
treatment. Currently congenital heart disease is not preventable but if the mother avoids alcohol and
drugs during pregnancy it can help reduce the risk. To diagnosis CHD a doctor will preform a
physical exam and listen to the patients heart with a stethoscope if an abnormal heart beat( a
murmur)is heard it can be one clue that you have a heart defect once the murmur is detected the
doctor may order other tests to help determine the

Witchcraft-Hereditary Genetic Defect
Witchcraft–susceptible or –wielding gene is a non–hereditary genetic mutation, meaning the
Primordial has to alter each new embryo during gestation every single time. The ones resilient to
this change become immunes, others who do mutate but receive no gift are naturals or (plain)
human, those who mutate, get a gift yet their 'box' is empty are borrowers (devourers), while fully
gifted ones are the witch folk or super naturals. Nature wiccans being naturals the Source neglects to
gift, with Nature taking the role of gift–giver and bestowing them a talent – abilities to control one
of Her four elements or flora–fauna. After the death of their witch vessel, such talents return to the
energy flow of the natural world, to Mother Nature not Mother

Down Syndrome Essay
Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost,
left behind, or too many may be passed on, resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or
congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome.
This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in
1866.
Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused
by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down
syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited
from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the ... Show more content on
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All children with Down syndrome also have learning difficulties to some extent and there is a large
variation in handicap. In some cases Down syndrome may be discovered before birth through a test
known as amniocentesis in which fluid is taken from around the baby and the fetal cells are
examined for the extra chromosome.
People with Down syndrome are usually exceptionally happy, gentle, and loving. As children, they
need loving care and extra attention to make sure that their minds are stimulated. Special teaching is
also needed to ensure that these children develop as far as possible.
Until very recently children with Down syndrome had a very short life expectancy. More than half
of these children died within their first year. Other Down syndrome babies were institutionalized
soon after birth. Today most of these children can now be raised by their natural families, and many
can lead adult lives that are satisfying and productive due to advances in medical treatment that have
increased the life expectancy and improved the quality of life of those with Down syndrome. Today
doctors are able to surgically repair heart and gastrointestinal defects, control infections with

Building Defects
BUILDING DEFECTS
PART 1
Identify common building defects
Identify the source
Provide pictures, diagrams and sketches
Suggest remedial action
Show details that would have avoided the defect
PART 2
Generate a scheme for planned maintenance and provide a building checklist to ensure all necessary
maintenance is carried out on a regular basis.
INTRODUCTION
In this project we will be looking at many different kinds of building defects that would be
commonly seen in the construction industry. As well as going into detail about the different types of
defects using images, cad drawings, and photographs we will also be looking at how to spot the
early signs, and how, once a defect has been noticed to fix them.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because dry rot thrives in damp unventilated areas like floorboards and behind wood panelling most
of the time the damage is done before that fungus is discovered.
How to spot dry rot, initially the fungus appears as off–white felt–like or cotton–wool like sheets on
brickwork and timber and in later stages can develop fungal strands as thick as your finger. Where
the fungus is exposed to light it often has a lemon–yellowish colour. Damage is often confined to
timber but large flat mushroom–like fruiting bodies can easily grow through finishes such as plaster
or paint. These fruiting bodies may be the first visible sign of a problem, and they produce numerous
spores which are normally brick–red in colour. Entirely dry–rot decayed timber can be crumbled
between your fingers. The fungus leaves deep cracks running across the grain, and there is often
evidence of off–white sheets of the fungus on the wood. Also the brick–red spores that it can leave
can grow on their own on a new piece of timber if the conditions are right. We can also look at dry
rot at the molecular level, structural level, and engineering level. When we look at dry rot at the
engineering level we can see the visible effects of the dry rot which would be cotton– wool like
fungus. At the structural level once again we would see the cell structure of the wood and how it
would be

The Ethics Of The Hippocratic Oath
Introduction
From the first time that the Hippocratic Oath was used among Greek physicians practice Hippocratic
Medicine, it was clear that life, including that of the unborn child (fetus) deserved protection in
medicine. The paragraph four of the Oath stated: "I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am
asked, nor will I advise such a plan, and similarly to give a pessary to cause an abortion" (North,
2002). Centuries later, many nations adopted their abortion laws, at times forcing their physicians to
perform abortion as a treatment procedure of a 'disease' called 'pregnancy.' Some states or nations
even ventured at specifying the biomedical boundaries to exercise such 'treatment.' One such
biomedical boundary is genetic defect.
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, I will also anticipate the potential refutation of the abortion proponents to my arguments.
Arguments for abortion
Despite assurances, the risk for fetal defects due to chromosomal aberration remains, physically
(tallness, low fertility, infertility, and breast enlargement), mentally (potential manic–depressive
problems), and behaviorally (tendency towards behavioral disorders). Purdy (1995) argued that
every child should be provided with at least a minimally satisfying life, and genetic defect and its
physical, mental and behavioral consequences cannot provide that level of satisfying life. Otherwise,
the child will be socially outcast among the "defectives," she will feel unloved, feels resentment for
the short end that her birth had given her. The mother also will blame herself for giving birth to her,
watching her suffer from such burdensome conditions. Her descendants too will be burdened with
her genetic defects and the resultant woes. Purdy (1995) also insisted that, until there are assurances
and certainties that the risks are not going to happen, it is the moral duty of the mother to not bring
defective babies into the world, and burden the society for their care.
Lippman (1991) noted that people do not believe society has an obligation to adjust their lives to the
comfort of disabled people. The society has the right for public health, which can only be achieved
through a reduction if not elimination to the birth frequency of children with genetic

Genetic Defects Of Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a process involving the transplant of non–mutant, normal genes into cells, either in
place of missing genes, or to essentially replace those genes which are not functioning properly, or
not coding for properly functioning proteins, with the purpose of treatment and correction of a
number of genetic disorders. This particular type of treatment technique is hoped to, in the future, be
able to replace surgery, and a slew of different drugs in the treatment of a variety of diseases in
humans caused by genetic defects. This seems to be a promising technique with the potential to
redefine the way we approach treatment of many crippling diseases causing human suffering,
however, the development of such a technique raises some questions. For one, what exactly is the
mechanism of action utilized in such a technique, how is the functional gene translocated to the
target cells, and once there, how is the new, functional gene integrated into the target cells in order
to effectively "treat" the disorder. Another question is, what clinical diseases and disorders would
this treatment be appropriate for, in addition, which disorders have been attempted to be treated with
this technique already, and have there been any successes with this treatment technique. Finally,
have any ill effects, short or long term, been observed in patients treated with this gene therapy
technique? If so, what are they, are these effects irreversible, and have there been any studies into
the

Why Is Genetic Engineering Wrong
Sandel challenges the case for perfection in his article by simply stating that genetic engineering is
not for him and means nothing, he does not like it but rather thinks that it is the future for fellow
Americans and others. It is overall a challenging case of perfection in my opinion because people
are messing with nature's course of making life, and people should just let mother nature continue
what she's doing and forget about genetic engineering. The number one reason why genetic
engineering's bad is because it is not fair. For the simple fact that if someone and their significant
other have a child, then they can genetically engineer their child to be the greatest athlete they can
be. Skills should be earned, not just given to a child. No matter what kind of raw talent or naturally
given gifts, a person still has to do work and apply ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The genetics you receive are all natural, but if you get yours changed it's not fair to you. You
shouldn't have anything done or changes made to something that is natural, it can physically affect
something in your body and could change your life forever. The harm could be a large portion of
your genetics or no harm at all depending on how your body reacts to the engineering. It is unfair
and wrong to change something that is naturally selected not just given.
Some may argue that it can cure diseases. That is true, but i could definitely lead to something else
too. Genetic defects is a side effect of genetic engineering, not all of the time but in some cases. If
genetic engineering is attempted while the baby is in the womb it can lead to defects on the kid or
even worse a miscarriage. Miscarriage's and birth defects is by far not what the mother and other
siblings wants to think about at all. If genetic engineering is causing all of these mishaps then why is
it

Pre-Implantation Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the gateway into an advanced realm of medicine. The first leap in this
progression has already been established: pre–implantation genetic diagnosis, PGD. Genetic
diseases can be halted by utilizing this process, particularly those resulting from single gene defects.
This includes cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease. Moreover, it has recently
been expanded to prevent the development of breast and ovarian cancers by ensuring offspring do
not possess the genetic mutation BRCA–1, which increases said cancers risk by eighty and sixty
percent respectively. Curtailing diseases caused by genetic defects improves the world. Society as a
whole is benefited when its members are healthy, and pre–implantation

Pulmonary Atresia
About one and every thirty–three babies are born with birth defects. Birth defects not only affect the
child but also the family and friends surrounding him/her. These disorders such as Down
Syndrome,Phenylketonuria, Spina Bifida, etc. affect the children and his/her families when the
defect isn't treated properly with medications and/or alternative treatments. Trisomy 21 most
commonly known as Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes abnormal cell division
resulting an extra genetic material forming a twenty–first chromosome. No one knows for sure why
Down Syndrome happens and there is no way to prevent the chromosomal error that causes it.
Scientists knows that women age thirty–five and older have a significantly higher risk ... Show more
Babies with Pulmonary Atresia might need surgery or other procedures done soon after birth , so
Pulmonary Atresia is considered a critical congenital heart defect. There are two types of Pulmonary
Atresia , Pulmonary Atresia with an intact ventricular septum and Pulmonary Atresia with
ventricular septal defect. The cause of Pulmonary Atresia is unknown. Some babies have heart
defects because changes in their genes or chromosomes. The risk factors of Pulmonary Atresia are a
parent who has a congenital heart defect, a mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, drinking or
smoking before and after pregnancy,etc. Pulmonary Atresia may be diagnosed during pregnancy or
soon after the baby was born. There are many tests to diagnose Pulmonary Atresia such as X–ray,
Electrocardiogram, Echocardiogram, etc. if your baby is born with Pulmonary Atresia the symptoms
will be noticeable after he/she is born . The symptoms can show within hours or several days after
being born. The symptoms might include blue or gray skin color, shortness of breath, easily
tiring,etc. Most babies would need medicines to to keep the ductus arteriosus over the birth. The
treatments for Pulmonary Atresia depends on how severe it is. In most cases babies need surgery
soon after

The Birth Of A Baby With Genetic Defects
Science has evolved rapidly, from paternal test, to vitro fertilization (IVF) and testing embryos for
genetic defects; and recently talks of designer babies. The first genetically tested embryo was in the
US in 2000 . With his birth, came a law in the UK, (which was where this baby was born)
prohibiting the creation of more of these babies. This law was created since the British Medical
Association, Dr Vivienne Nathanson, said that these babies would feel as "medical products". This
law still remains today, but the UK has allowed "the creation of babies with DNA from two women
and one man" (Gallagher), to prevent the birth of a baby with "mitochondrial diseases ". After the
world discovered that the Chinese found a way to edit genes, ... Show more content on
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Why is this? Why is it alright to wish for our child to look a certain way, but when presented with
the technology to choice how a child will look like, it is seen as morally wrong? Improvement or
enhancements made for health related issues are seen as acceptable but non health related
modifications are not acceptable.
To understand what a designer baby is, genetics also has to be understood. Generics is the study of
heredity, discovered by Gregor Mendel (also known as the father of genetics) and his pea plants
experiment. In Mendel's experiment "he described the unit of heredity as a particle that does not
change and is passed on to offsprings" (Mandal). This means that a living being gets half of their
genes from one parent and the other half from the second parent. These genes are what get modified
in designer babies. The term designer babies is the media's name for eugenics. Eugenicists believe
that it is in our society's best interest to encourage families with "good genes" to reproduce, and to
condemn the "unfit" families. These genetically modified children are considered as the "new
eugenics"; "today's version is 'positive': it allows for the creation of more desirable babies" (Tuhus–
Dubrow, 40), also the original version deprived people of their rights and liberties.
The process used to modify genes is called CRISPR/Cas9. It was discovered in china in 2013;
before CRISPR, scientist would

A Research Study On Fetal Acrania
l. Introduction A. Attention–getter: 1. According to the Center of Disease Control, more than
300,000 babies worldwide are born with a NTD which makes NTD 's the leading cause of defects in
developing infants. 2. Imagine going to the doctor to see your baby for the first time and seeing that
it only has half a skull. B. Reason to Listen: 1. One in 20,000 babies will have acrania. And 1 out of
every 4,859 babies are born with anencephaly in the United States each year. There is no specific
cause for this disease and it could happen to anyone at any time. C. Credibility Statement 1.
According to Luca Hill Acrania and Anencephaly Foundation, the child inherits the gene through
their parents. (2015) 2. Fetal acrania is a rare and lethal congenital anomaly that warrents the
identification of fetal skull and cranium around the brain that should be normally calcified according
to the Journal of Radiology Case Reports.(2009)
D. Thesis Statement: Acrania deformities sparked my interest and I hope to spark yours by
informing you about what it is, signs and symptoms, and treatments for this disease. E. Preview of
the Main Points: 1. First, I will tell you what acrania deformities are. 2. Followed by the signs and
symptoms of acrania deformities. 3. Lastly, I will inform you on the treatments and care for parents
and family.
Transition: First, I will inform you on what acrania deformities are and information about

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
There are over 5,000 genetic disorders passed down through the generations. These disorders are
caused by abnormalities within the chromosomes of an individual. Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, or
RSTS, is a rare genetic disorder that occurs in 1 child out of anywhere between 100,000 to 125,000
children. It was identified by Dr. Hooshang Taybi, a pediatric radiologist, and Dr. Jack Rubinstein, a
pediatrics professor, in 1963.
RSTS is mainly caused by a deletion within the arm of chromosome 16. However, not all patients
have a mutation on the chromosome. According to the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information
Center, the disorder can "be caused by a mutation in the CREBBP or EP300 gene... or other genes
that have not yet been identified" (GARD 1). CREBBP and EP300 are both codes for different
binding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most children with the disorder have extreme developmental and intellectual delays. According to
an article from the National Organization of Rare Disorders, as children age, they "experience poor
growth and exhibit short stature" (NORD 1). The organization also states that most children
experience developmental milestones, like crawling and expressive speech, later than normal.
Children also experience behavioral issues, including the inability to pay attention, sensitivity to
varying sounds, and spontaneous moods. Congenital heart defects, abnormal lungs, spinal
deformities, and various malignancies are common among individuals diagnosed with RSTS. Many
physical features are also affected. The American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and
Strabismus describes the ocular symptoms of RSTS as downward "slanting... eyes, widely spaced
eyes, strabismus (eye misalignment), ptosis (droopy eyelid),... frequent eye infections... [and]
congenital glaucoma" (AAPOS 1). Diagnosed individuals may also have a beak–like nose, small
head, small mouth or jaw, overly broad fingers (mainly thumbs) and toes, or warped or duplicated
foot

A Short Note On Non Conformance Records ( Ncr ) Essay
The objective of my research is to obtain a general overview of non–conformance records (NCR)
that are routed back for defects in the aerospace industry and how it has impacted the integrity of the
airplane. Non–Conformances on an aircraft or any other product or service has had an impact on the
manufacturing process of a corporation. The documenting of defects has lessened the value of a
product or service and often leads to the customer choosing to walk away from a deal, forcing the
manufacturer to seek another buyer at a reduced rate. Over time organizations have invested a large
amount of time and money to track and manage non–conformances by implementing processes and
procedures to assist in reducing or preventing the amount written.
Throughout the aerospace industry nonconformances defined is a product or service does not adhere
to a process or procedure affecting the quality of service (quality systems, 2015). A
Nonconformance record (NCR) documents in detail an identified defect or discrepancy through the
use of a centralized database or company internal program so that the information can be reviewed
across multiple departments, sites, or locations. This allows the information to be reviewed as a
whole, or filtered by user defined criteria.
The objective of the NCR is to clearly define the nature of the problem so that corrections are
accomplished through reworking the discrepancy, replacing parts or through a form of corrective
action (quality systems, 2015). The

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