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Making Sense of Mobile Broadband,[object Object],Interop/NYC,[object Object],November 2009,[object Object],Fanny Mlinarsky, octoScope,[object Object]
ITU World Telecommunications ICT Indicators – Oct 2009,[object Object],4.6 billion subscriptions globally by end of 2009,[object Object],Per 100 inhabitants,[object Object],Source:  ITU World ICT Indicators, October 2009,[object Object],* = estimated,[object Object],ICT = information and communications technology,[object Object]
Agenda,[object Object],The G’s – historical perspective,[object Object],OFDM, OFDMA and multiple antenna techniques,[object Object],Standards – 3GPP, IEEE 802 wireless,[object Object],White Spaces,[object Object],Concluding thoughts,[object Object]
Brief History,[object Object],MIMO,[object Object],OFDM / OFDMA,[object Object],4G,[object Object],IEEE 802,[object Object],LTE,[object Object],3G,[object Object],802.16e,[object Object],802.11,[object Object],2G,[object Object],WCDMA/HSxPA,[object Object],GPRS,[object Object],Wireless capacity / throughput,[object Object],Analog,[object Object],CDMA,[object Object],GSM,[object Object],Increasing throughput and capacity,[object Object],IS-54,[object Object],IS-136 ,[object Object],            TACS,[object Object],      AMPS ,[object Object],NMT,[object Object],First cell phones,[object Object],1970,[object Object],1980,[object Object],1990,[object Object],2000,[object Object],2010,[object Object],OFDM/OFDMA = orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing / multiple access,[object Object],MIMO = multiple input multiple output,[object Object]
Handset Evolution,[object Object],Handsets are evolving to run mobile applications, such as video, Internet access, VoIP, location and other services…,[object Object],… enabled by new generation radios, such as 3G/WCDMA and emerging 3.9G/LTE,[object Object],Performance and roaming behavior are currently measured primarily for circuit voice services,[object Object],Performance of emerging mobile applications is little understood,[object Object],Battery life of 3G and 4G radios need to be carefully qualified as a function of use cases and handover scenarios,[object Object],The number of use cases and test cases is growing exponentially,[object Object]
Femtocell,[object Object],Ethernet,[object Object],xDSL, Cable,[object Object],Metro Ethernet,[object Object],Wi-Fi,[object Object],Broadband IP access,[object Object],Home AP/router,[object Object],?,[object Object],Femtocells allow the use of ordinary cell phones over broadband IP access,[object Object],Wi-Fi enabled cell phones can work via Wi-Fi APs,[object Object]
Data Networks vs. Traditional Cellular Networks,[object Object],HLR,[object Object],VLR,[object Object],PSTN,[object Object],MSC 2,[object Object],GMSC,[object Object],VLR,[object Object],IP Network,[object Object],Cellular,[object Object],Network,[object Object],MSC 1,[object Object],BSC,[object Object],Today’s cellular infrastructure is set up for thousands of BSCs, not millions of femtocells.,[object Object],MSC = Mobile Switching Center,[object Object],GMSC =  Gateway Mobile Switching Center,[object Object]
HSPA and HSPA+,[object Object],HSPA+ is aimed at extending operators’ investment in HSPA ,[object Object],2x2 MIMO, 64 QAM in the downlink, 16 QAM in the uplink ,[object Object],Data rates up to 42 MB in the downlink and 11.5 MB in the uplink. ,[object Object],HSPA+ is CDMA-based and lacks the efficiency of OFDM,[object Object],Traditional HSPA,[object Object],One tunnel HSPA ,[object Object],One tunnel HSPA+ ,[object Object],One-tunnel architecture flattens the network by enabling a direct transport path for user data between RNC and the GGSN, thus minimizing delays and set-up time,[object Object],GGSN,[object Object],Gateway GPRS Support Node,[object Object],GGSN,[object Object],GGSN,[object Object],Control Data,[object Object],Serving,[object Object],GPRS Support Node,[object Object],SGSN,[object Object],SGSN,[object Object],SGSN,[object Object],Radio Network Controller,[object Object],RNC,[object Object],RNC,[object Object],User Data,[object Object],RNC,[object Object],Node B,[object Object],Node B,[object Object],Node B,[object Object]
GPRS Core,[object Object],HSS,[object Object],SGSN,[object Object],Trusted,[object Object],MME,[object Object],PCRF,[object Object],EPS Access Gateway,[object Object],IP Services (IMS),[object Object],Serving gateway PDN gateway,[object Object],SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node),[object Object],PCRF (policy and charging enforcement function) ,[object Object],HSS (Home Subscriber Server),[object Object],MME (Mobility Management Entity),[object Object],PDN(Public Data Network),[object Object],Trusted,[object Object],Non-3GPP,[object Object],Wi-Fi,[object Object],eNode-B,[object Object],Non-Trusted,[object Object],Trusted non-3GPP IP Access (CDMA, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX),[object Object],Flat, low-latency architecture,[object Object],LTE EPS (Evolved Packet System),[object Object]
Billing/OSS,[object Object],QoS,[object Object],QoS,[object Object],Presence,[object Object],QoS,[object Object],Presence,[object Object],Billing/OSS,[object Object],Billing/OSS,[object Object],Presence,[object Object],       Traditional “Stovepipe”			IMS,[object Object],…,[object Object],Voice,[object Object],Internet,[object Object],Voice,[object Object],Internet,[object Object],Video,[object Object],…,[object Object],IMS,[object Object],Network ,[object Object],Traditional,[object Object],Cellular,[object Object],Network ,[object Object],Stovepipe model – replicates functionality,[object Object],IMS – common layers facilitate adding services,[object Object],IMS = Internet Multimedia Subsystem,[object Object]
The G’s,[object Object],OFDM,[object Object],Maximum LTE data rates in the 20 MHz channel are 326 Mbps DL (4 streams), 172 Mbps UL (2 streams),[object Object]
Agenda,[object Object],The G’s – historical perspective,[object Object],OFDM, OFDMA and multiple antenna techniques,[object Object],Standards – 3GPP, IEEE 802 wireless,[object Object],White Spaces,[object Object],Concluding thoughts,[object Object]
OFDM and MIMO,[object Object],OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for wideband wireless, adapted by modern standards:,[object Object],802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad,[object Object],802.16d,e; 802.22,[object Object],DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB,[object Object],MIMO signaling, pioneered by 802.11n and adapted by WiMAX and LTE, exhibits vast improvements in throughput and range,[object Object],MIMO vs. SISO,[object Object],Channel quality,[object Object],4x2,[object Object],MU-MIMO,[object Object],MIMO = multiple input multiple output; MU-MIMO = multi user MIMO,[object Object],SISO = single input single output,[object Object]
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing),[object Object],Multiple orthogonal carriers,[object Object],ADSL, VDSL,[object Object],DVB, DAB,[object Object],MediaFLO,[object Object],Wi-Fi,[object Object],WiMAX,[object Object],LTE,[object Object],Voltage,[object Object],Frequency,[object Object],OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel,[object Object],Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling and cyclic prefix (aka guard interval),[object Object],OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including,[object Object],802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad,[object Object],802.16d,e; 802.22,[object Object],DVB-T, DVB-H, DAD,[object Object],LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM,[object Object],MediaFLO = Media Forward Link Only,[object Object]
Cyclic Prefix,[object Object],Guard interval > delay spread in the channel,[object Object],Useful data,[object Object],TS,[object Object],copy,[object Object],The OFDM symbol is extended by repeating the end of the symbol in the beginning.  This extension is called the Cyclic Prefix (CP). ,[object Object],CP is a guard interval that allows multipath reflections from the previous symbol to settle prior to receiving the current symbol.  CP has to be greater than the delay spread in the channel.,[object Object],CP eliminates Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and makes the symbol easier to recover.,[object Object]
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access),[object Object],OFDM is a modulation scheme,[object Object],OFDMA is a modulation and access scheme,[object Object],Time,[object Object],WiMAX,[object Object],LTE,[object Object],Time,[object Object],Frequency,[object Object],Frequency per user is dynamically allocated vs. time slots,[object Object],Frequency allocation per user is continuous vs. time,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 4,[object Object],User 5,[object Object]
FDD (frequency division duplex),[object Object],Paired channels,[object Object],TDD (time division duplex),[object Object],Single frequency channel for uplink an downlink,[object Object],Is more flexible than FDD in its proportioning of uplink vs. downlink bandwidth utilization,[object Object],Can ease spectrum allocation issues,[object Object],DL,[object Object],UL,[object Object],DL,[object Object],UL,[object Object],FDD and TDD Support,[object Object]
Time,[object Object],OFDMA symbol number,[object Object],Subchannel,[object Object],Frequency,[object Object],WiMAX TDD Transmission,[object Object]
WiMAX H-FDD Transmission,[object Object],Time,[object Object],Frequency,[object Object],H-FDD (half-duplex FDD) ,[object Object]
TDD Configurations in LTE ,[object Object],Subframe,[object Object],TDD Frame, Type 2,[object Object],5 ms,[object Object]
180 kHz, 12 subcarriers with normal CP,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],0.5 ms,[object Object],7 symbols with normal CP,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],Time,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],User 2,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],User 3,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],User 1,[object Object],Resource Block (RB),[object Object],Frequency,[object Object],LTE Resource Allocation,[object Object],Resources are allocated per user in time and frequency.  RB is the basic unit of allocation.,[object Object],RB is 180 kHz by 0.5 ms; typically 12 subcarriers by 7 OFDM symbols, but the number of subcarriers and symbols can vary based on CP,[object Object],CP = cyclic prefix, explained ahead,[object Object]
Resource Block,[object Object],A resource block (RB) is a basic unit of access allocation.  RB bandwidth per slot (0.5 ms) is 12 subcarriers times 15 kHz/subcarrier equal to 180 kHz.,[object Object],1 slot, 0.5 ms,[object Object],…,[object Object],Resource block 12 subcarriers,[object Object],…,[object Object],…,[object Object],Subcarrier (frequency),[object Object],1 subcarrier,[object Object],Resource Element,[object Object],1 subcarrier,[object Object],QPSK: 2 bits,[object Object],16 QAM: 4 bits,[object Object],64 QAM: 6 bits,[object Object],v,[object Object],…,[object Object],Time,[object Object]
Channel bandwidth in MHz,[object Object],Transmission bandwidth in RBs ,[object Object],Center subcarrier (DC) not transmitted in DL,[object Object],Channel bw,[object Object],MHz,[object Object],Transmission bw,[object Object],# RBs per slot,[object Object],LTE Scalable Channel Bandwidth,[object Object]
Channel Scalability,[object Object]
OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA (LTE Uplink),[object Object],Multi-carrier OFDM signal exhibits high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) due to in-phase addition of subcarriers.,[object Object],Power Amplifiers (PAs) must accommodate occasional peaks and this results low efficiency of PAs, typically only 15-20% efficient.  Low PA efficiency significantly shortens battery life. ,[object Object],To minimize PAPR, LTE has adapted SC-FDMA (single carrier OFDM) in the uplink. SC-FDMA exhibits 3-6 dB less PAPR than OFDMA.,[object Object],In-phase addition of sub-carriers creates peaks in the OFDM signal,[object Object]
15 kHz subcarrier,[object Object],OFDMA symbols,[object Object],Downlink – lower symbol rate,[object Object],Time,[object Object],Uplink – higher symbol rate,                lower PAPR,[object Object],SC-FDMA symbols,[object Object],…,[object Object],S1,[object Object],S2,[object Object],S3,[object Object],S4,[object Object],S5,[object Object],S6,[object Object],S7,[object Object],S8,[object Object],60 kHz,[object Object],Sequence of symbols,[object Object],Time,[object Object],Frequency,[object Object],SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA,[object Object]
Multiple Antenna Techniques,[object Object],SISO (Single Input Single Output),[object Object],Traditional radio,[object Object],MISO (Multiple Input Single Output),[object Object],Transmit diversity ,[object Object],Space Time Block Coding (STBC), Space Frequency Block  Coding (SFBC), Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD),[object Object],SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output),[object Object],Receive diversity,[object Object],Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC),[object Object],MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output),[object Object],Spatial Multiplexing (SM) to transmit multiple streams simultaneously,[object Object],Works best in high SINR environments and channels de-correlated by multipath,[object Object],Transmit/Receive diversity,[object Object],Used in low SNR conditions,[object Object]
Receive and Transmit Diversity,[object Object],Receive diversity, MRC, makes use of the highest signal quality, combining signals from both antennas,[object Object],Transmit diversity techniques,   STBC, SFBC or CDD, spread the signal so as to create artificial multipath to decorrelate signals from different antennas.,[object Object],Peak,[object Object],Null,[object Object]
Single-, Multi-User MIMO,[object Object],MU-MIMO allows two mobile stations to share subcarriers provided their channels to the base station are sufficiently decorrelated.,[object Object],MU-MIMO increases uplink capacity.,[object Object],SU-MIMO requires a mobile station to have two transmitters, which shortens battery life and costs more,[object Object]
Agenda,[object Object],The G’s – historical perspective,[object Object],OFDM, OFDMA and multiple antenna techniques,[object Object],Standards – 3GPP, IEEE 802 wireless,[object Object],White Spaces,[object Object],Concluding thoughts,[object Object]
IMT-2000,[object Object],Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications,[object Object],Provides a framework for worldwide wireless access by linking the diverse systems of terrestrial and satellite based networks. ,[object Object],Data rate limit is approximately 30 Mbps ,[object Object],Detailed specifications contributed by 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others,[object Object],IMT-Advanced,[object Object],New generation framework for mobile communication systems beyond IMT-2000 with deployment around 2010 to 2015 ,[object Object],Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs),[object Object],IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ad VHT (very high throughput) working to define the nomadic interface,[object Object],3GPP working to define LTE and LTE-Advanced high mobility interface and so is IEEE 802.16m,[object Object],ITU International Mobile Telecommunications,[object Object]
Japan,[object Object],USA,[object Object],3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project),[object Object],Partnership of 6 regional standards groups that translate 3GPP specifications to regional standards,[object Object],Defines standards for mobile broadband, including UMTS and LTE,[object Object]
The IEEE 802 Wireless Technologies,[object Object],WAN,[object Object],GSM, CDMA, UMTS…,[object Object],3GPP,[object Object],Personal,[object Object],802.15.3,[object Object],Bluetooth,[object Object],60 GHz,[object Object],UWB,[object Object],MAN,[object Object],Wide,[object Object],LAN,[object Object],TVWS,[object Object],PAN,[object Object],802.22,[object Object],RAN,[object Object],Regional,[object Object],White Spaces?,[object Object],802.11 Wi-Fi,[object Object],Metro,[object Object],Local,[object Object],802.16 WiMAX,[object Object]
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC),[object Object],802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols,[object Object],802.3 Ethernet,[object Object],802.11 Wireless LAN,[object Object],802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network,[object Object],802.16 Broadband Wireless Access,[object Object],802.17 Resilient Packet Ring,[object Object],802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG,[object Object],802.19 Coexistence TAG ,[object Object],802.21 Media Independent Handoff,[object Object],802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks,[object Object],Wireless standards dominate the work of IEEE 802,[object Object],Work on TV White Spaces,[object Object],TAG = technical advisory group,[object Object]
History of IEEE 802.11,[object Object],1989:  FCC authorizes ISM bands(Industrial, Scientific and Medical),[object Object],900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz,[object Object],1990:  IEEE begins work on 802.11,[object Object],1994:  2.4 GHz products begin shipping ,[object Object],1997:  802.11 standard approved,[object Object],1998:  FCC authorizes the UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) Band - 5 GHz,[object Object],1999:  802.11a, b ratified,[object Object],2003:  802.11g ratified,[object Object],2006:  802.11n draft 2 certification by  the Wi-Fi Alliance begins,[object Object],2009:  802.11n certification,[object Object],20??: 802.11 ac/ad: 1 Gbps Wi-Fi,[object Object],802.11 has pioneered commercial deployment of OFDM and MIMO – key wireless signaling technologies,[object Object]
Draft 802.11n vs. Legacy Throughput Performance,[object Object]
IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n Data Rates,[object Object],Top rate commercially available today,[object Object]
IEEE 802.11 Active Task Groups,[object Object],TGp – Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE/DSRC),[object Object],TGs – ESS Mesh Networking,[object Object],TGu – InterWorking with External Networks,[object Object],TGv – Wireless Network Management,[object Object],TGz – Direct Link Setup,[object Object],TGaa– Robust streaming of AV Transport Streams,[object Object],TGac– VHTL6 (very high throughput < 6 GHz),[object Object],TGad– VHT 60 GHz,[object Object],http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11,[object Object]
TGa ,[object Object],TGe ,[object Object],TGg ,[object Object],TGc ,[object Object],TGd ,[object Object],TGh ,[object Object],TGb ,[object Object],TGb-cor1 ,[object Object],TGi ,[object Object],TGj ,[object Object],1997,[object Object],1998,[object Object],1999,[object Object],2000,[object Object],2001,[object Object],2002,[object Object],2003,[object Object],2004,[object Object],2005,[object Object],2006,[object Object],2007,[object Object],2008,[object Object],2009,[object Object],2010,[object Object],IEEE 802.11 Timeline,[object Object],TGk ,[object Object],TGma ,[object Object],TGn ,[object Object],TGp ,[object Object],Part of ,[object Object],802.1 ,[object Object],TGr ,[object Object],TGs ,[object Object],TGT ,[object Object],withdrawn,[object Object],TGF ,[object Object],TGu ,[object Object],TGv ,[object Object],TGw ,[object Object],TGy ,[object Object],802.11-1999 ,[object Object],IEEE Standard,[object Object],April 1999 ,[object Object],802.11-2007 ,[object Object],IEEE Standard,[object Object],June 2007,[object Object],802.11-1997 ,[object Object],IEEE Standard,[object Object],July 1997,[object Object]
Making 802.11 Enterprise-grade,[object Object],802.11r,[object Object],Fast Roaming,[object Object],√released,[object Object],802.11k,[object Object],Radio Resource Measurement,[object Object],√released,[object Object],802.11v,[object Object],Wireless Network Management,[object Object]
802.11r Fast Transition (Roaming),[object Object],Needed by voice applications,[object Object],Basic methodology involves propagating authentication information for connected stations through the ‘mobility domain’ to eliminate the need for re-authentication upon station transition from one AP to another,[object Object],The station preparing the roam can setup the target AP to minimize the actual transition time,[object Object]
802.11k Radio Resource Measurement,[object Object],Impetus for 802.11k came from the Enterprises that needed to manage their WLANs from a central point,[object Object],802.11k makes a centralized network management system by providing layer 2 mechanisms for,[object Object],Discovering network topology,[object Object],Monitoring WLAN devices, their receive power levels, PHY configuration and network activity,[object Object],Can be used to assists 802.11r Fast Transition (roaming) protocol with handoff decisions based on the loading of the infrastructure, but 802.11v is more focused on load balancing,[object Object]
802.11v Wireless Network Management ,[object Object],TGv’s charter is to build on the network measurement mechanisms defined by TGk and introduce network management functions to provide Enterprises with centralized network management and load balancing capabilities.  ,[object Object],Major goals:  manageability, improved power efficiency and interference avoidance,[object Object],Defines a protocol for requesting and reporting location capability,[object Object],Location information may be CIVIC (street address) or GEO (longitude, latitude coordinates) ,[object Object],For the handset, TGv may enable awareness of AP e911 capabilities while the handset is in sleep mode; this work has common ground with TGu,[object Object]
Making Wi-Fi Carrier-grade,[object Object],802.11u - InterWorking with External Networks,[object Object],Main goal is to enable Interworking with external networks, including other 802 based networks such as 802.16 and 802.3 and 3GPP based IMS networks,[object Object],Manage network discovery, emergency call support (e911), roaming, location and availability,[object Object],The network discovery capabilities give a station looking to connect information about networks in range, service providers, subscription status with service providers,[object Object],802.11u makes 802.11 networks more like cellular networks where such information is provided by the infrastructure,[object Object]
802.11p is the PHY in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS),[object Object],WAVE/DSRC is the method for vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to road-side unit communications to support…,[object Object],Public safety, collision avoidance, traffic awareness and management, traveler information, toll booth payments,[object Object],Operates in the 5.9 GHz frequency band dedicated by the FCC for WAVE/DSRC,[object Object],This band falls right above the 802.11a band, making it supportable by the commercial 802.11a chipsets ,[object Object],DSRC = Dedicated Short Range Communications,[object Object],WAVE = Wireless Access Vehicular Environment,[object Object],802.11p WAVE/DSRC,[object Object]
IEEE 802.11s Mesh,[object Object],Wireless Distribution System with automatic topology learning and wireless path configuration,[object Object],Self-forming, self-healing, dynamic routing,[object Object],~32 nodes to make routing algorithms computationally manageable,[object Object],Extension of 802.11i security and 802.11e QoS protocol to operate in a distributed rather than centralized topology,[object Object],MP (Mesh Point),[object Object],Mesh Portal,[object Object]
History of IEEE 802.16,[object Object],From OFDM to OFDMA,[object Object],orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,[object Object],orthogonal frequency division multiple access,[object Object],1998: IEEE formed 802.16 WG,[object Object],Started with 10–66 GHz band; later modified to work in 2–11GHz to enable NLOS (non-line of site),[object Object],2004: IEEE 802.16‐2004d ,[object Object],Fixed operation standard ratified,[object Object],2005: 802.16-2005e ,[object Object],Mobility and scalability in 2–6 GHz,[object Object],Latest: P802.16-2009 (Rev2),[object Object],Future: 802.16m – next generation,[object Object]
IEEE 802.16 Active Task Groups,[object Object],802.16h, License-Exempt Task Group ,[object Object],Working with 802.11 TGy and 802.19 Coexistence TAG,[object Object],802.16m, IMT Advanced Air Interface,[object Object],Maintenance,[object Object],Completed 802.16 Rev2,[object Object],Working with the WiMAX Forum,[object Object],http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16,[object Object]
WiMAX Forum,[object Object],IEEE 802.16 contains too many options,[object Object],The WiMAX Forum defines certification profiles  on parts of the standard selected for deployment; promotes interoperability of products through testing and certification,[object Object],The WiMAX Forum works closely with the IEEE 802.16 Maintenance group  to refine the standard as the industry learns from certification testing,[object Object],Future,[object Object]
Agenda,[object Object],The G’s – historical perspective,[object Object],OFDM, OFDMA and multiple antenna techniques,[object Object],Standards – 3GPP, IEEE 802 wireless,[object Object],White Spaces,[object Object],Concluding thoughts,[object Object]
TV White Spaces,[object Object],6 MHz TV channels 2-69,[object Object],VHF:  54-72, 76-88, 174-216 MHz,[object Object],UHF:  470-806 MHz,[object Object],November 4, 2008 FCC allowed unlicensed use of TV white spaces,[object Object],June 12, 2009 transition from analog to digital TV freed up channels 52-69 (above 692 MHz) due to higher spectral efficiency of digital TV,[object Object],TVBD = TV Band Device,[object Object]
White Spaces Radio Technology,[object Object],FCC Docket 04-186 requires the use of cognitive radio technology to determine whether a channel is available prior to transmitting. ,[object Object],Methods for detecting licensed transmissions:,[object Object],An internal GPS could be used in conjunction with a database to determine whether the TVBD is located far enough away from licensed stations. ,[object Object],TVBD could incorporate sensing capabilities to detect whether licensed transmitters are in its range. If licensed devices are detected, the TVBD would have to search for another channel.,[object Object]
FCC Rules,[object Object],TVBDs require geolocation capability and Internet access to a database of protected radio services. The TVBDs must first access the database before operating.,[object Object],Fixed devices can operate on any channel between 2 and 51, except 3, 4 and 37,[object Object],Up to 4 Watts EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power),[object Object],Channels 2 – 20 are restricted for use by fixed devices to protect wireless microphones,[object Object],Fixed and personal portable devices must sense TV broadcasting and wireless microphone signals,[object Object]
Frequency Allocation of TV Channels by the FCC ,[object Object],Fixed TVBDs only,[object Object],*Channel 37 (608-614 MHz)  is reserved for radio astronomy,[object Object],**Shared with public safety,[object Object],http://www.fcc.gov/mb/engineering/usallochrt.pdf,[object Object]
www.showmywhitespace.com,[object Object],Maintained by Spectrum Bridge,[object Object]
Beach-front Property?,[object Object],Lower frequencies experience lower attenuation in free space and through obstructions, e.g. buildings,[object Object],However, when propagating through metal frames in modern buildings, Fresnel zone gets constricted and attenuation is introduced,[object Object],Antenna – optimum length is a multiple of  ¼ wavelength,[object Object],3.3 feet for 70 MHz,[object Object],4” for 700 MHz,[object Object],1” for 2.4 GHz,[object Object],Longer antennas required for UHF may be problematic for handheld devices,[object Object]
Antenna Fresnel Zone,[object Object],r,[object Object],r = radius in feet,[object Object],D = distance in miles,[object Object],f = frequency in GHz,[object Object],D,[object Object],Fresnel zone is the shape of electromagnetic signal and is a function of frequency,[object Object],Constricting the Fresnel zone introduces attenuation and signal distortion,[object Object],Example: D = 0.5 mile,[object Object],r = 30 feet for 700 MHz,[object Object],r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz,[object Object],r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz,[object Object]
Hidden Node Scenario,[object Object],TV signal attenuated by an obstruction (wall) is undetectable by a TVBD.  TVBD transmits, interfering with TV broadcast, which is received unobstructed by a rooftop antenna.,[object Object],TV broadcast received by an unobstructed rooftop TV antenna,[object Object]
White Spaces Communications Standards,[object Object],IEEE 802.22,[object Object],Based on 802.16d,[object Object],Ongoing effort for almost 5 years,[object Object],Worked with the FCC on White Spaces regulations,[object Object],IEEE 802.19,[object Object],Coexistence standards,[object Object],IEEE 802.11 TVWS Study Group,[object Object]
Agenda,[object Object],The wireless G’s – historical perspective,[object Object],OFDM, OFDMA and multiple antenna techniques,[object Object],Standards – 3GPP, IEEE 802 wireless,[object Object],White Spaces,[object Object],Concluding thoughts,[object Object]
Challenges on the Horizon,[object Object],Wireless infrastructure ,[object Object],Support millions of small cells (femto, pico),[object Object],Manage interference among base stations,[object Object],Manage coexistence among diverse standards, including White Spaces,[object Object],Mobile terminals,[object Object],Support multiple radio standards,[object Object],Roaming and handoff ,[object Object],Application and network performance,[object Object],Cost, size, weight and battery life,[object Object]
To Learn More…,[object Object],Articles, white papers, test reports and presentations,[object Object],http://www.octoscope.com/English/Resources/Articles.html,[object Object],Contact Fanny Mlinarsky (fm@octoScope.com)Mobile: 978.376.5841www.octoscope.com,[object Object],Wireless CTO and product development services,[object Object]

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Editor's Notes

  1. 3GPP has defined EPS in Release 8 as a framework for an evolution or migration of the3GPP system to a higher-data-rate, lower-latency packet-optimized system that supports multiple radio-access technologies. The focus of this work is on the packet switcheddomain, with the assumption that the system will support all services—including voice—in this domain. (EPS was previously called System ArchitectureEvolution.)Although it will most likely be deployed in conjunction with LTE, EPS could also be deployed for use with HSPA+, where it could provide a stepping-stone to LTE. EPS willbe optimized for all services to be delivered via IP in a manner that is as efficient as possible—through minimization of latency within the system, for example. It will supportservice continuity across heterogeneous networks, which will be important for LTE operators that must simultaneously support GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSPA customers.One important performance aspect of EPS is a flatter architecture. For packet flow, EPS includes two network elements, called Evolved Node B (eNodeB) and the AccessGateway (AGW). The eNodeB (base station) integrates the functions traditionally performed by the radio-network controller, which previously was a separate nodecontrolling multiple Node Bs. Meanwhile, the AGW integrates the functions traditionally performed by the SGSN. The AGW has both control functions, handled through theMobile Management Entity (MME), and user plane (data communications) functions. The user plane functions consist of two elements: a serving gateway that addresses 3GPPmobility and terminates eNodeB connections, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway that addresses service requirements and also terminates access by non-3GPP networks.The MME, serving gateway, and PDN gateways can be collocated in the same physicalnode or distributed, based on vendor implementations and deployment scenarios.The EPS architecture is similar to the HSPA One-Tunnel Architecture, discussed in the“HSPA+” section, which allows for easy integration of HSPA networks to the EPS. EPSalso allows integration of non-3GPP networks such as WiMAX.EPS will use IMS as a component. It will also manage QoS across the whole system,which will be essential for enabling a rich set of multimedia-based services.The MME, serving gateway, and PDN gateways can be collocated in the same physicalnode or distributed, based on vendor implementations and deployment scenarios.The EPS architecture is similar to the HSPA One-Tunnel Architecture, discussed in the“HSPA+” section, which allows for easy integration of HSPA networks to the EPS. EPSalso allows integration of non-3GPP networks such as WiMAX.EPS will use IMS as a component. It will also manage QoS across the whole system,which will be essential for enabling a rich set of multimedia-based services.Elements of the EPS architecture include:- Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks connected via SGSN.- Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE.- The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface toward the 3GPP radio-accessnetworks.- The PDN gateway that controls IP data services, does routing, allocates IPaddresses, enforces policy, and provides access for non-3GPP access networks.- The MME that supports user equipment context and identity as well asauthenticates and authorizes users.- The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) that manages QoSaspects.
  2. The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of parallel low-rate data streams, each a narrowband signal carried by a subcarrier. The different narrowband streams are generated in the frequency domain and then combined to form the broadband stream using a mathematical algorithm called an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) that is implemented in digital-signal processors.The system is called orthogonal, because the subcarriers are generated as orthogonal in the frequency domain and the IFFT conserves that characteristic. OFDMsystems may lose their orthogonal nature as a result of the Doppler shift induced by the speed of the transmitter or the receiver.
  3. The composite signal is obtained after the IFFT is extended by repeating the initial part of the signal (called the Cyclic Prefix [CP]). This extended signal represents an OFDMsymbol. The CP is basically a guard time during which reflected signals will reach the receiver. It results in an almost complete elimination of Intersymbol Interference (ISI),which otherwise makes extremely high data rate transmissions problematic.
  4. Most WCDMA and HSDPA deployments are based on FDD, where the operator uses different radio bands for transmit and receive. An alternate approach is TDD, in whichboth transmit and receive functions alternate in time on the same radio channel.Many data applications are asymmetric, with the downlink consuming more bandwidth than the uplink, especially for applications like Web browsing or multimedia downloads. A TDD radio interface can dynamically adjust the downlink-to-uplink ratio accordingly, hence balancing both forward-link and reverse-link capacity.TDD systems require network synchronization and careful coordination between operators or guard bands.
  5. The multiple-access aspect of OFDMA comes from being able to assign different usersdifferent subcarriers over time. A minimum resource block that the system can assign toa user transmission consists of 12 subcarriers over 14 symbols (approx 1.0 msec.)
  6. By having control over which subcarriers are assigned in which sectors, LTE can control frequency reuse. By using all the subcarriers in each sector, the system wouldoperate at a frequency reuse of 1; but by using a different one third of the subcarriers in each sector, the system achieves a looser frequency reuse of 1/3. The looser frequency reduces overall spectral efficiency but delivers high peak rates to users.
  7. LTE uses a variety of multiple antenna techniques. Sometimes we loosely refer to these as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output, but we have to use the term MIMO carefully. MIMO typically refers to spatial multiplexing whereby multiple streams of data (called layers in LTE) are transmitted in the same channel simultaneously. Spatial Multiplexing is only possible in a decorrelated channel and with multiple transmitter and receivers.In addition to Spatial Multiplexing (classical MIMO), Multiple antenna techniques include transmit and receive diversity in MISO, SIMO and MIMO configurations. Spatial Multiplexing typically requires high signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In the presence of low SNR or excessive doppler, multiple transmitters can be used for transmit diversity such as Cyclic Delay Diversity CDD and multiple receivers can be used for receive diversity techniques such ash MRC maximal ratio combining. Both transmit and receive diversity can be used simultaneously further improving the robustness of the channel. While spatial multiplexing of 2 layers has the potential of doubling the data rate, diversity techniques use multiple radios for redundant transmission of a single stream and hence have lower theoretical throughpout. LTE MIMO radios can dynamically select Spatial Multiplexing in channel conditions that are suitable for this and then switch to transmit and receive diversity when channel conditions deteriorate.