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THROUGHPUT TEST
METHODS FOR
MIMO RADIOS
9-Jan-2014
Fanny Mlinarsky
fm@octoscope.com

Telephone: +1.978.376.5841

www.octoScope.com

Massachusetts, USA
2

Brief History of Wireless
5G
Key wireless
LTE-A technologies
802.11n/ac

Wireless capacity / throughput

4G
IEEE 802
3G
2G

802.16e
802.11a/b/g

LTE

WCDMA/HSxPA
GPRS

Analog

CDMA
GSM IS-54

First cell
phones
1970

TACS
AMPS
NMT

1980

IS-136

1990

2000
G = generation

2010

2015

www.octoscope.com
3

Analog to Logic Transition in Radio Architecture

Baseband (Logic)
Analog Signal Source

A/D D/A Conversion

RF Front End (TX/RX)

RF Front End (TX/RX)

Old radio architecture

Modern radio architecture

www.octoscope.com
4

The Gs
Peak Data Rate (Mbps)

G

Downlink

Uplink

1

Analog

19.2 kbps

2

Digital – TDMA, CDMA

14.4 kbps

Improved CDMA variants (WCDMA, CDMA2000)

144 kbps (1xRTT);
384 kbps (UMTS);
2.4 Mbps (EVDO)

HSPA (today)

14 Mbps

2 Mbps

HSPA (Release 7) DL 64QAM or 2x2 MIMO; UL 16QAM

28 Mbps

11.5 Mbps

HSPA (Release 8) DL 64QAM and 2x2 MIMO

42 Mbps

11.5 Mbps

WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel

40 Mbps

10 Mbps

LTE, FDD 5 MHz UL/DL, 2 Layers DL

43.2 Mbps

21.6 Mbps

LTE CAT-3

100 Mbps

50 Mbps

LTE-Advanced

1000 Mbps

500 Mbps

3

3.5
3.75

3.9
4

www.octoscope.com
5

History of IEEE 802.11
•

1989: FCC authorizes ISM bands
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz
• 1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11
• 1994: 2.4 GHz products begin shipping
• 1997: 802.11 standard approved
• 1998: FCC authorizes UNII Band, 5 GHz
• 1999: 802.11a, b ratified
• 2003: 802.11g ratified
• 2006: 802.11n draft 2 certification by the
Wi-Fi Alliance begins
• 2009: 802.11n certification
• 2013: 802.11ad (up to 6.8 Gbps)
→2014: 802.11ac (up to 6.9 Gbps)

802.11 has pioneered commercial
deployment of OFDM and MIMO –
key wireless signaling technologies

ISM = industrial, scientific and medical
UNII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure

www.octoscope.com
6

Wireless Channel
Time and frequency variable
OFDM transforms a frequency- and timevariable fading channel into parallel
correlated flat-fading channels, enabling
wide bandwidth operation

… …

Frequency

Channel Quality

•
•

Frequency-variable channel
appears flat over the narrow
band of an OFDM subcarrier.
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

www.octoscope.com
7

MIMO Systems
MIMO systems are typically described as NxM, where N is the number
of transmitters and M is the number of receivers.

TX
RX

TX
2x2
MIMO radio
channel

RX

TX

TX

RX

RX

2x2 radio

2x2 radio
MIMO = multiple input multiple output

www.octoscope.com
8

MIMO Configurations
•

SISO (Single Input Single Output)
Traditional radio

•

MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)
Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD)

•

SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output)
Receive diversity, MRC

•

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in
conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and
channels de-correlated by multipath
TX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance
throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions

•

Beamforming
MIMO = multiple input multiple output
SM = spatial multiplexing
SFBC = space frequency block coding
STBC = space time block coding
CDD = cyclic delay diversity
MRC = maximal ratio combining
SM = Spatial Multiplexing
SNR = signal to noise ratio

www.octoscope.com
9

MIMO Based RX and TX Diversity
•

When 2 receivers are available in a MIMO
radio MRC can be used instead of simple
diversity to combine signals from two or more
antennas, improving SNR

•

MIMO also enables transmit diversity
techniques, including CDD, STBC, SFBC

•

TX diversity is used to spread the signal so as
to create artificial multipath to decorrelate
signals from different transmitters so as to
optimize signal reception

Peak

MIMO = multiple input multiple output
SIMO = single input multiple outputs
SM = spatial multiplexing
SFBC = space frequency block coding
STBC = space time block coding
CDD = cyclic delay diversity
MRC = maximal ratio combining
SNR = signal to noise ratio

Null

Delay is inside the TX

www.octoscope.com
10

MIMO Channel Correlation
•

Correlation represents an ability to send
multiple spatial streams in the same channel
and in the same cell

•

According to Shannon law the lower the
MIMO channel correlation the higher the
MIMO channel capacity

•

Beamforming example

Correlation is a function of
TX and RX antenna correlation (function of
antenna spacing and polarization)
Angular spread of reflections (multipath
widens AS and thus lowers correlation)
TX diversity techniques (e.g. time offsetting of
two TX transmissions to emulate multipath,
reduce correlation)
Beamforming
MIMO = multiple input multiple output
MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO
SM = spatial multiplexing

Focused RF beam forms by
combining radiation from multiple
phase-locked antenna elements.

Helps enable SM and MU-MIMO
www.octoscope.com
11

MIMO Channel Capacity
Approaching 2x gain at low
correlation and high SNR

Variation due
to antenna
correlation

MIMO gain is made
possible by low
correlation and high
SNR.

Typical 2stream MIMO
channel

Typical SISO channel

SNR = signal to noise ratio
α = TX antenna correlation
β = RX antenna correlation

Under average
channel conditions
MIMO gain may be
only ~ 20%.

Credit: Moray Rumney
Agilent Technologies Inc.

www.octoscope.com
12

Throughput vs. Angular Spread

Shorter distance = wider angular spread = higher throughput

4”

8” 8’
Open air throughput
decreases
with distance

Initiation algorithm ?exploring the airlink for a few seconds?
Source: SmallNetBuilder.com measurement (linksys_ea6500_5ghz_80mhz_up_mpe_vs_openair.png)

www.octoscope.com
13

Linksys EA6500 3x3 11a/b/g/n/ac AP/router
Wide angular spread in a small anechoic chamber

http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32082-how-we-test-wireless-products-revison-7

www.octoscope.com
14

MIMO Test Challenges
•

Getting repeatable and consistent measurements is next to impossible in open air
conditions. The reasons?
1. Modern wireless devices are designed to automatically adapt to the changing
channel conditions.
2. Adaptation algorithms programmed into the baseband layer of these radios
are complex and sometimes get into unintended states.
3. Wireless environment is time-, frequency- and position- variable in terms of
path loss, multipath, Doppler effects and interference, often stumping the
decision logic of the adaptation algorithms.

•

MIMO radios can change their data rate from 1 Mbps to over 1 Gbps on a packetby-packet basis [12].

www.octoscope.com
15

Adaptation Parameters – 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
Adaptation

Variables

Modulation
Signaling
Coding rate
# spatial streams

BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 65-QAM, 256-QAM
CCK, DSSS, OFDM
1/2, 3/4, 5/6
1 to 8
Wi-Fi: 20/40/80/160 MHz
Channel width
LTE: up to 20 MHz
Guard Interval (GI) Wi-Fi: 400/800 ns; LTE: 5.2 usec
Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
TX diversity
MIMO mode
RX diversity
Beamforming
Refer to 802.11ac document [2] for details of the latest 802.11 technology

www.octoscope.com
16

Data Rate Adaptation Example - 802.11g
Adaptation algorithms
are stateful.
In this example data
rate never recovers to
its peak value of 54
Mbps even though
favorable channel
conditions are
restored.

www.octoscope.com
17

Example of 802.11ac Device Throughput

Example of throughput measurement of an 802.11ac link using IxChariotTM. In this
example the test conditions are static, but it appears that the adaptation algorithm of
the TX DUT keeps making adjustments resulting in throughput fluctuations vs. time.
www.octoscope.com
18

MIMO Modes of Transmission
MIMO Mode
Spatial Multiplexing
TX diversity

RX diversity

Combination of TX and RX diversity
Beamforming
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)

Explanation
Use of multiple MIMO radios to transmit two or more data streams in the
same channel.
Use of multiple MIMO radios to transmit slightly different versions of the
same signal in order to optimize reception of at least one of these versions.
TX diversity schemes include space time block coding (STBC), space
frequency block coding (SFBC) and cyclic delay diversity (CDD).
Use of multiple MIMO radios to combine multiple received versions of the
same signal in order to minimize PER. A common RX diversity technique is
maximal ratio combining (MRC).
Use of TX diversity at the transmitting device in combination with RX
diversity at the receiving device.
Use of multiple MIMO transmitters to create a focused beam, thereby
extending the range of the link or enabling SM.
Forming multiple focused beams or using TX diversity techniques to enable
simultaneous communications with multiple device. Typically beamforming is
done by a base station or an access point (AP) to communicate
simultaneously with multiple client devices.

www.octoscope.com
19

Factors Impacting MIMO Throughput
Factors
MIMO channel
correlation

Explanation/Impact
Function of several variables including
device antenna spacing, antenna
polarization and multipath
Angular spread of the Related to correlation and strongly
received signal
influenced by multipath in the channel

Device antenna
spacing and device
orientation
Antenna polarization

Noise and
interference

Motion of devices or
multipath reflectors
Delay spread of
reflections

Notes
The lower the correlation the higher the throughput

Multipath causes signal to bounce around and arrive at
different angles, thereby widening the angular spread at a
receiver. Typically, the wider the angular spread the higher
the MIMO throughput.
Related to angular spread and
MIMO throughput will vary vs. device orientation and
correlation
antenna spacing. Typically, the wider the antenna spacing
the lower the correlation and the higher the throughput.
Vertical, horizontal or circular
Cross-polarization (vertical and horizontal) is sometimes
used to lower MIMO correlation, thus enabling spatial
multiplexing. Multipath reflections can alter polarization.
High noise power with respect to signal MIMO devices can adapt to the environment by selecting the
power results in low SNR (signal to
most suitable mode of operation (e.g. TX diversity in low
noise ratio)
SNR conditions; spatial multiplexing in high SNR, low
correlation conditions).
Causes Doppler spread of the signal
OFDM signaling is sensitive to Doppler spread. Throughput
should be measured in a variety of Doppler environments.
Causes clusters of reflections to arrive Delay spread is higher for larger spaces (e.g. outdoors) than
at the receiver at different times
for smaller spaces (e.g. home environment)
www.octoscope.com
20

Evolution of Wireless Testbed Architecture
Isolation box
MIMO OTA
SISO conducted

Multi Path Emulator (MPE)
Fader or MPE [1]

New generation wireless testbeds must support
MIMO OTA testing to accommodate MIMO and
multi-radio devices with internal antennas.

www.octoscope.com
21

Shape of Antenna Field

• Shape of the

antenna field
varies from
product to product

simulation of a dipole antenna field

• Field can be

blocked by metal
surfaces such as
batteries, ground
planes, etc.

open air

inside a Wi-Fi device

www.octoscope.com
22

DUT Rotation for Throughput Testing
Master
Bi-directional traffic

iPerf

DUT

0°
90°
180°
270°

iPerf

Rotate the DUT and average results for at least 4
orientations. Alternatively, place DUT on a turntable.

www.octoscope.com
23

Test Environments per 802.11.2




Source: 802.11.2 [14]



…
 = controlled
environment

www.octoscope.com
24

MIMO OTA Test Methods

Base Station Emulator
Channel Emulator

RF Amplifier and
Calibration
Subsystem

•

Being standardized by 3GPP [10] and CTIA [11]
Anechoic chamber
Reverberation chamber

www.octoscope.com
25

Wireless Channel
Multipath cluster
model
Composite angular spread
Per path angular spread

Composite angular spread

Multipath and Doppler
fading in the channel
www.octoscope.com
26

Concept of Clusters and Power Delay Profile

Cluster 1
Single cluster of energy
bouncing back and forth and
dying out vs. time.

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Power Delay Profile (PDP) of 802.11n model D

www.octoscope.com
27

802.11n Channel Models - Summary
Model [3]

A*
B
C
D
E
F

Distance to 1st
wall (avg)

test model
Residential
small office
typical office
large office
large space
(indoor or outdoor)

5m
5m
10 m
20 m
30 m

# taps

Delay
spread
(rms)

Max delay # clusters

1
9
14
18
18
18

0 ns
15 ns
30 ns
50 ns
100 ns
150 ns

0 ns
80 ns
200 ns
390 ns
730 ns
1050 ns

2
2
3
4
6

* Model A is a flat fading model; no delay spread and no multipath

The LOS component is not present if the distance between the transmitter and the receiver
is greater than the distance to 1st wall.

www.octoscope.com
28

Channel Emulation – Requirements Summary
802.11n

802.11ac
80 MHz

160 MHz

LTE (36-521 Annex
B)

RF bandwidth
(no channel
aggregation)

40 MHz

80 MHz

160 MHz

20 MHz

EVM (avg downfading is -40 dB)

-28 dBm
(64QAM)

-32 dBm
(256QAM)

-32 dBm
(256QAM)

-22 dBm
(8% 64QAM)

18

35

69

9

10 ns

5 ns

2.5 ns

10 ns

TDL Taps
Delay resolution

www.octoscope.com
29

3GPP and 802.11 Channel Models
Parameter Model Name
3GPP Models (RTL) LTE: EPA 5Hz; EVA 5Hz; EVA
70Hz; ETU 70Hz; ETU 300Hz;

References and Notes
3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12)
3GPP TS 36.101 V10.5.0 (2011-12)

High speed train; MBSFN
GSM: RAx; HTx; TUx; EQx; TIx 3GPP TS 45.005 V10.3.0 (2011-11) Annex C

3G: PA3; PB3; VA30; VA120;
High speed train; Birth-Death
propagation; Moving
propagation; MBSFN
IEEE 802.11n/ac Models A, B, C, D, E, F
(software)

3GPP TS 25.101 V11.0.0 (2011-12)
3GPP TS 25.104 V11.0.0 (2011-12)
3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12)
IEEE 802.11-03/940r4
IEEE 11-09-0569

Channel modelling Tap: delay, Doppler, PDP weight
building blocks (RTL) Path: list of taps
System: NxM, correlation matrix

www.octoscope.com
30

octoBox MPE MIMO OTA Testbed
Test Antennas

Traffic
TX/RX

Ethernet
Filter

DUT AP

Multipath
segment

Attenuators

Remote
Desktop

Ethernet
Filter

Master Client

octoBox

Testbed being used for benchmarking
http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32082-howwe-test-wireless-products-revison-7
MPE = multi path emulator

www.octoscope.com
31

octoBox MPE Response vs. IEEE Model B

www.octoscope.com
32

octoBox MPE Frequency Response

www.octoscope.com
33

Example Throughput vs. Atten Measurements

Source: www.smallnetbuilder.com

www.octoscope.com
34

Controlled RF Environment Testing

www.octoscope.com
35

Isolating DUTs in a Wireless Testbed

www.octoscope.com
36

How to Select RF Isolation Chamber

• There are two issues to be

aware of when selecting an
isolation chamber:
Isolation specifications often don’t
include the impact of data and
power cables that must penetrate
the walls of the chamber to power
and control the DUT inside during
the test.
Most isolation boxes on the
market are not designed for OTA
coupling. OTA support requires
high isolation, absorption and
special conditions to enable high
MIMO throughput.

OTA = over the air

www.octoscope.com
37

Concluding Thoughts

• Test engineers face difficult challenges when measuring MIMO
throughput because

Wireless channel environment is constantly changing
Radio operating mode changes to adapt to the changing environment
Makes it difficult to obtain repeatable test results

• To guarantee repeatable and meaningful results the testbed must be
Capable of creating a range of realistic wireless channel conditions in a
consistent manner
Well isolated to keep interference from impacting the performance of highly
sensitive radios
Easy to maintain isolation vs. use

• A testbed used for benchmarking must be able to support multiple
spatial streams showing maximum throughput of the DUT

www.octoscope.com
38

References
1. Azimuth ACE, Spirent VR5, Anite Propsim faders are the most popular faders on the market today. octoScope’s multipath emulator, MPE,
is a simpler non-programmable fader that comes built into a controlled environment test bed with 2 octoBox anechoic chambers.
2. IEEE P802.11ac/D6.0, “Draft STANDARD for Information Technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems
— Local and metropolitan area networks — Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) specifications Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz”, July 2013
3. IEEE, 802.11-03/940r4: TGn Channel Models; May 10, 2004
4. IEEE, 11-09-0569 , “TGac Channel Model Addendum Supporting Material”, May 2009
5. TS 25.101, Annex B, “User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (FDD)”,
6. TS 36.101, Annex B, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception”
7. TS 36.521-1, Annex B, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio
transmission and reception Part 1: Conformance Testing”
8. TS 45.005, Annex C, “GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Radio transmission and reception”
9. TS 51.010-1, “Mobile Station (MS) conformance specification; Part 1: Conformance specification”
10. 3GPP TR 37.977 V1.2.0 (2013-11), “Verification of radiated multi-antenna reception performance of User Equipment (UE)”, Release 12,
November 2013
11. CTIA, “Test Plan for Mobile Station Over the Air Performance - Method of Measurement for Radiated RF Power and Receiver
Performance”, Revision 3.1, January 2011

12. “802.11 Data Rate Computation” spreadsheet, 12/2013, http://www.octoscope.com/cgibin/start.cgi/Array_Pages/Entrance_RequestArticles.html?SourceCode=Whitepapers
13. “octoBox Isolation Test Report”, 12/2013, http://www.octoscope.com/English/Collaterals/Documents/octoBox_Isolation_Measurements.pdf
14. IEEE P802.11.2/D1.0, “Draft Recommended Practice for the Evaluation of 802.11 Wireless Performance”, April 2007
www.octoscope.com
39

For More Information

• To download white papers, presentations, test reports and
articles on wireless topics, please visit

http://www.octoscope.com/English/Resources/Articles.html

www.octoscope.com
www.octoscope.com
40

LTE Throughput Test
•

Informal drive-through testing of initial Verizon LTE
deployments in the Boston area

•
•

Measure throughput using www.speedtest.net

Based on our sniffer measurements of the
speedtest.net running on the desktop and iPhone:
The program uses HTTP protocol to download and upload
large images multiple times

•
•

The test runs for about 10 sec in each direction
Ookla operates speedtest.net using many servers
around the world and routing the test traffic to the
nearest server
http://www.ookla.com/speedtest.php

www.octoscope.com
octoScope’s LTE Throughput Measurements
DL/UL, Mbps

www.octoscope.com
LTE Measurements
Location in the car

DL (kbps)

UL (kbps)

Latency (ms)

Inside center of the car

14800

5499

112

Inside driver front window

14527

8824

107

Inside passenger front window

13687

8001

111

Outside the car

19703

8587

112

LTE Measurements: Impact of Speed (60 mph in open space)
36 Mbps DL

Measurements performed by octoScope in October 2011

8 Mbps UL

DL = downlink
UL = uplink

www.octoscope.com

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MIMO Testing

  • 1. THROUGHPUT TEST METHODS FOR MIMO RADIOS 9-Jan-2014 Fanny Mlinarsky fm@octoscope.com Telephone: +1.978.376.5841 www.octoScope.com Massachusetts, USA
  • 2. 2 Brief History of Wireless 5G Key wireless LTE-A technologies 802.11n/ac Wireless capacity / throughput 4G IEEE 802 3G 2G 802.16e 802.11a/b/g LTE WCDMA/HSxPA GPRS Analog CDMA GSM IS-54 First cell phones 1970 TACS AMPS NMT 1980 IS-136 1990 2000 G = generation 2010 2015 www.octoscope.com
  • 3. 3 Analog to Logic Transition in Radio Architecture Baseband (Logic) Analog Signal Source A/D D/A Conversion RF Front End (TX/RX) RF Front End (TX/RX) Old radio architecture Modern radio architecture www.octoscope.com
  • 4. 4 The Gs Peak Data Rate (Mbps) G Downlink Uplink 1 Analog 19.2 kbps 2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 14.4 kbps Improved CDMA variants (WCDMA, CDMA2000) 144 kbps (1xRTT); 384 kbps (UMTS); 2.4 Mbps (EVDO) HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps HSPA (Release 7) DL 64QAM or 2x2 MIMO; UL 16QAM 28 Mbps 11.5 Mbps HSPA (Release 8) DL 64QAM and 2x2 MIMO 42 Mbps 11.5 Mbps WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel 40 Mbps 10 Mbps LTE, FDD 5 MHz UL/DL, 2 Layers DL 43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps LTE CAT-3 100 Mbps 50 Mbps LTE-Advanced 1000 Mbps 500 Mbps 3 3.5 3.75 3.9 4 www.octoscope.com
  • 5. 5 History of IEEE 802.11 • 1989: FCC authorizes ISM bands 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz • 1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11 • 1994: 2.4 GHz products begin shipping • 1997: 802.11 standard approved • 1998: FCC authorizes UNII Band, 5 GHz • 1999: 802.11a, b ratified • 2003: 802.11g ratified • 2006: 802.11n draft 2 certification by the Wi-Fi Alliance begins • 2009: 802.11n certification • 2013: 802.11ad (up to 6.8 Gbps) →2014: 802.11ac (up to 6.9 Gbps) 802.11 has pioneered commercial deployment of OFDM and MIMO – key wireless signaling technologies ISM = industrial, scientific and medical UNII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure www.octoscope.com
  • 6. 6 Wireless Channel Time and frequency variable OFDM transforms a frequency- and timevariable fading channel into parallel correlated flat-fading channels, enabling wide bandwidth operation … … Frequency Channel Quality • • Frequency-variable channel appears flat over the narrow band of an OFDM subcarrier. OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing www.octoscope.com
  • 7. 7 MIMO Systems MIMO systems are typically described as NxM, where N is the number of transmitters and M is the number of receivers. TX RX TX 2x2 MIMO radio channel RX TX TX RX RX 2x2 radio 2x2 radio MIMO = multiple input multiple output www.octoscope.com
  • 8. 8 MIMO Configurations • SISO (Single Input Single Output) Traditional radio • MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD) • SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Receive diversity, MRC • MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and channels de-correlated by multipath TX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions • Beamforming MIMO = multiple input multiple output SM = spatial multiplexing SFBC = space frequency block coding STBC = space time block coding CDD = cyclic delay diversity MRC = maximal ratio combining SM = Spatial Multiplexing SNR = signal to noise ratio www.octoscope.com
  • 9. 9 MIMO Based RX and TX Diversity • When 2 receivers are available in a MIMO radio MRC can be used instead of simple diversity to combine signals from two or more antennas, improving SNR • MIMO also enables transmit diversity techniques, including CDD, STBC, SFBC • TX diversity is used to spread the signal so as to create artificial multipath to decorrelate signals from different transmitters so as to optimize signal reception Peak MIMO = multiple input multiple output SIMO = single input multiple outputs SM = spatial multiplexing SFBC = space frequency block coding STBC = space time block coding CDD = cyclic delay diversity MRC = maximal ratio combining SNR = signal to noise ratio Null Delay is inside the TX www.octoscope.com
  • 10. 10 MIMO Channel Correlation • Correlation represents an ability to send multiple spatial streams in the same channel and in the same cell • According to Shannon law the lower the MIMO channel correlation the higher the MIMO channel capacity • Beamforming example Correlation is a function of TX and RX antenna correlation (function of antenna spacing and polarization) Angular spread of reflections (multipath widens AS and thus lowers correlation) TX diversity techniques (e.g. time offsetting of two TX transmissions to emulate multipath, reduce correlation) Beamforming MIMO = multiple input multiple output MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO SM = spatial multiplexing Focused RF beam forms by combining radiation from multiple phase-locked antenna elements. Helps enable SM and MU-MIMO www.octoscope.com
  • 11. 11 MIMO Channel Capacity Approaching 2x gain at low correlation and high SNR Variation due to antenna correlation MIMO gain is made possible by low correlation and high SNR. Typical 2stream MIMO channel Typical SISO channel SNR = signal to noise ratio α = TX antenna correlation β = RX antenna correlation Under average channel conditions MIMO gain may be only ~ 20%. Credit: Moray Rumney Agilent Technologies Inc. www.octoscope.com
  • 12. 12 Throughput vs. Angular Spread Shorter distance = wider angular spread = higher throughput 4” 8” 8’ Open air throughput decreases with distance Initiation algorithm ?exploring the airlink for a few seconds? Source: SmallNetBuilder.com measurement (linksys_ea6500_5ghz_80mhz_up_mpe_vs_openair.png) www.octoscope.com
  • 13. 13 Linksys EA6500 3x3 11a/b/g/n/ac AP/router Wide angular spread in a small anechoic chamber http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32082-how-we-test-wireless-products-revison-7 www.octoscope.com
  • 14. 14 MIMO Test Challenges • Getting repeatable and consistent measurements is next to impossible in open air conditions. The reasons? 1. Modern wireless devices are designed to automatically adapt to the changing channel conditions. 2. Adaptation algorithms programmed into the baseband layer of these radios are complex and sometimes get into unintended states. 3. Wireless environment is time-, frequency- and position- variable in terms of path loss, multipath, Doppler effects and interference, often stumping the decision logic of the adaptation algorithms. • MIMO radios can change their data rate from 1 Mbps to over 1 Gbps on a packetby-packet basis [12]. www.octoscope.com
  • 15. 15 Adaptation Parameters – 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Adaptation Variables Modulation Signaling Coding rate # spatial streams BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 65-QAM, 256-QAM CCK, DSSS, OFDM 1/2, 3/4, 5/6 1 to 8 Wi-Fi: 20/40/80/160 MHz Channel width LTE: up to 20 MHz Guard Interval (GI) Wi-Fi: 400/800 ns; LTE: 5.2 usec Spatial Multiplexing (SM) TX diversity MIMO mode RX diversity Beamforming Refer to 802.11ac document [2] for details of the latest 802.11 technology www.octoscope.com
  • 16. 16 Data Rate Adaptation Example - 802.11g Adaptation algorithms are stateful. In this example data rate never recovers to its peak value of 54 Mbps even though favorable channel conditions are restored. www.octoscope.com
  • 17. 17 Example of 802.11ac Device Throughput Example of throughput measurement of an 802.11ac link using IxChariotTM. In this example the test conditions are static, but it appears that the adaptation algorithm of the TX DUT keeps making adjustments resulting in throughput fluctuations vs. time. www.octoscope.com
  • 18. 18 MIMO Modes of Transmission MIMO Mode Spatial Multiplexing TX diversity RX diversity Combination of TX and RX diversity Beamforming Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) Explanation Use of multiple MIMO radios to transmit two or more data streams in the same channel. Use of multiple MIMO radios to transmit slightly different versions of the same signal in order to optimize reception of at least one of these versions. TX diversity schemes include space time block coding (STBC), space frequency block coding (SFBC) and cyclic delay diversity (CDD). Use of multiple MIMO radios to combine multiple received versions of the same signal in order to minimize PER. A common RX diversity technique is maximal ratio combining (MRC). Use of TX diversity at the transmitting device in combination with RX diversity at the receiving device. Use of multiple MIMO transmitters to create a focused beam, thereby extending the range of the link or enabling SM. Forming multiple focused beams or using TX diversity techniques to enable simultaneous communications with multiple device. Typically beamforming is done by a base station or an access point (AP) to communicate simultaneously with multiple client devices. www.octoscope.com
  • 19. 19 Factors Impacting MIMO Throughput Factors MIMO channel correlation Explanation/Impact Function of several variables including device antenna spacing, antenna polarization and multipath Angular spread of the Related to correlation and strongly received signal influenced by multipath in the channel Device antenna spacing and device orientation Antenna polarization Noise and interference Motion of devices or multipath reflectors Delay spread of reflections Notes The lower the correlation the higher the throughput Multipath causes signal to bounce around and arrive at different angles, thereby widening the angular spread at a receiver. Typically, the wider the angular spread the higher the MIMO throughput. Related to angular spread and MIMO throughput will vary vs. device orientation and correlation antenna spacing. Typically, the wider the antenna spacing the lower the correlation and the higher the throughput. Vertical, horizontal or circular Cross-polarization (vertical and horizontal) is sometimes used to lower MIMO correlation, thus enabling spatial multiplexing. Multipath reflections can alter polarization. High noise power with respect to signal MIMO devices can adapt to the environment by selecting the power results in low SNR (signal to most suitable mode of operation (e.g. TX diversity in low noise ratio) SNR conditions; spatial multiplexing in high SNR, low correlation conditions). Causes Doppler spread of the signal OFDM signaling is sensitive to Doppler spread. Throughput should be measured in a variety of Doppler environments. Causes clusters of reflections to arrive Delay spread is higher for larger spaces (e.g. outdoors) than at the receiver at different times for smaller spaces (e.g. home environment) www.octoscope.com
  • 20. 20 Evolution of Wireless Testbed Architecture Isolation box MIMO OTA SISO conducted Multi Path Emulator (MPE) Fader or MPE [1] New generation wireless testbeds must support MIMO OTA testing to accommodate MIMO and multi-radio devices with internal antennas. www.octoscope.com
  • 21. 21 Shape of Antenna Field • Shape of the antenna field varies from product to product simulation of a dipole antenna field • Field can be blocked by metal surfaces such as batteries, ground planes, etc. open air inside a Wi-Fi device www.octoscope.com
  • 22. 22 DUT Rotation for Throughput Testing Master Bi-directional traffic iPerf DUT 0° 90° 180° 270° iPerf Rotate the DUT and average results for at least 4 orientations. Alternatively, place DUT on a turntable. www.octoscope.com
  • 23. 23 Test Environments per 802.11.2   Source: 802.11.2 [14]  …  = controlled environment www.octoscope.com
  • 24. 24 MIMO OTA Test Methods Base Station Emulator Channel Emulator RF Amplifier and Calibration Subsystem • Being standardized by 3GPP [10] and CTIA [11] Anechoic chamber Reverberation chamber www.octoscope.com
  • 25. 25 Wireless Channel Multipath cluster model Composite angular spread Per path angular spread Composite angular spread Multipath and Doppler fading in the channel www.octoscope.com
  • 26. 26 Concept of Clusters and Power Delay Profile Cluster 1 Single cluster of energy bouncing back and forth and dying out vs. time. Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Power Delay Profile (PDP) of 802.11n model D www.octoscope.com
  • 27. 27 802.11n Channel Models - Summary Model [3] A* B C D E F Distance to 1st wall (avg) test model Residential small office typical office large office large space (indoor or outdoor) 5m 5m 10 m 20 m 30 m # taps Delay spread (rms) Max delay # clusters 1 9 14 18 18 18 0 ns 15 ns 30 ns 50 ns 100 ns 150 ns 0 ns 80 ns 200 ns 390 ns 730 ns 1050 ns 2 2 3 4 6 * Model A is a flat fading model; no delay spread and no multipath The LOS component is not present if the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is greater than the distance to 1st wall. www.octoscope.com
  • 28. 28 Channel Emulation – Requirements Summary 802.11n 802.11ac 80 MHz 160 MHz LTE (36-521 Annex B) RF bandwidth (no channel aggregation) 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz 20 MHz EVM (avg downfading is -40 dB) -28 dBm (64QAM) -32 dBm (256QAM) -32 dBm (256QAM) -22 dBm (8% 64QAM) 18 35 69 9 10 ns 5 ns 2.5 ns 10 ns TDL Taps Delay resolution www.octoscope.com
  • 29. 29 3GPP and 802.11 Channel Models Parameter Model Name 3GPP Models (RTL) LTE: EPA 5Hz; EVA 5Hz; EVA 70Hz; ETU 70Hz; ETU 300Hz; References and Notes 3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12) 3GPP TS 36.101 V10.5.0 (2011-12) High speed train; MBSFN GSM: RAx; HTx; TUx; EQx; TIx 3GPP TS 45.005 V10.3.0 (2011-11) Annex C 3G: PA3; PB3; VA30; VA120; High speed train; Birth-Death propagation; Moving propagation; MBSFN IEEE 802.11n/ac Models A, B, C, D, E, F (software) 3GPP TS 25.101 V11.0.0 (2011-12) 3GPP TS 25.104 V11.0.0 (2011-12) 3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.0.0 (2011-12) IEEE 802.11-03/940r4 IEEE 11-09-0569 Channel modelling Tap: delay, Doppler, PDP weight building blocks (RTL) Path: list of taps System: NxM, correlation matrix www.octoscope.com
  • 30. 30 octoBox MPE MIMO OTA Testbed Test Antennas Traffic TX/RX Ethernet Filter DUT AP Multipath segment Attenuators Remote Desktop Ethernet Filter Master Client octoBox Testbed being used for benchmarking http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32082-howwe-test-wireless-products-revison-7 MPE = multi path emulator www.octoscope.com
  • 31. 31 octoBox MPE Response vs. IEEE Model B www.octoscope.com
  • 32. 32 octoBox MPE Frequency Response www.octoscope.com
  • 33. 33 Example Throughput vs. Atten Measurements Source: www.smallnetbuilder.com www.octoscope.com
  • 34. 34 Controlled RF Environment Testing www.octoscope.com
  • 35. 35 Isolating DUTs in a Wireless Testbed www.octoscope.com
  • 36. 36 How to Select RF Isolation Chamber • There are two issues to be aware of when selecting an isolation chamber: Isolation specifications often don’t include the impact of data and power cables that must penetrate the walls of the chamber to power and control the DUT inside during the test. Most isolation boxes on the market are not designed for OTA coupling. OTA support requires high isolation, absorption and special conditions to enable high MIMO throughput. OTA = over the air www.octoscope.com
  • 37. 37 Concluding Thoughts • Test engineers face difficult challenges when measuring MIMO throughput because Wireless channel environment is constantly changing Radio operating mode changes to adapt to the changing environment Makes it difficult to obtain repeatable test results • To guarantee repeatable and meaningful results the testbed must be Capable of creating a range of realistic wireless channel conditions in a consistent manner Well isolated to keep interference from impacting the performance of highly sensitive radios Easy to maintain isolation vs. use • A testbed used for benchmarking must be able to support multiple spatial streams showing maximum throughput of the DUT www.octoscope.com
  • 38. 38 References 1. Azimuth ACE, Spirent VR5, Anite Propsim faders are the most popular faders on the market today. octoScope’s multipath emulator, MPE, is a simpler non-programmable fader that comes built into a controlled environment test bed with 2 octoBox anechoic chambers. 2. IEEE P802.11ac/D6.0, “Draft STANDARD for Information Technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Local and metropolitan area networks — Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz”, July 2013 3. IEEE, 802.11-03/940r4: TGn Channel Models; May 10, 2004 4. IEEE, 11-09-0569 , “TGac Channel Model Addendum Supporting Material”, May 2009 5. TS 25.101, Annex B, “User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (FDD)”, 6. TS 36.101, Annex B, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception” 7. TS 36.521-1, Annex B, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio transmission and reception Part 1: Conformance Testing” 8. TS 45.005, Annex C, “GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Radio transmission and reception” 9. TS 51.010-1, “Mobile Station (MS) conformance specification; Part 1: Conformance specification” 10. 3GPP TR 37.977 V1.2.0 (2013-11), “Verification of radiated multi-antenna reception performance of User Equipment (UE)”, Release 12, November 2013 11. CTIA, “Test Plan for Mobile Station Over the Air Performance - Method of Measurement for Radiated RF Power and Receiver Performance”, Revision 3.1, January 2011 12. “802.11 Data Rate Computation” spreadsheet, 12/2013, http://www.octoscope.com/cgibin/start.cgi/Array_Pages/Entrance_RequestArticles.html?SourceCode=Whitepapers 13. “octoBox Isolation Test Report”, 12/2013, http://www.octoscope.com/English/Collaterals/Documents/octoBox_Isolation_Measurements.pdf 14. IEEE P802.11.2/D1.0, “Draft Recommended Practice for the Evaluation of 802.11 Wireless Performance”, April 2007 www.octoscope.com
  • 39. 39 For More Information • To download white papers, presentations, test reports and articles on wireless topics, please visit http://www.octoscope.com/English/Resources/Articles.html www.octoscope.com www.octoscope.com
  • 40. 40 LTE Throughput Test • Informal drive-through testing of initial Verizon LTE deployments in the Boston area • • Measure throughput using www.speedtest.net Based on our sniffer measurements of the speedtest.net running on the desktop and iPhone: The program uses HTTP protocol to download and upload large images multiple times • • The test runs for about 10 sec in each direction Ookla operates speedtest.net using many servers around the world and routing the test traffic to the nearest server http://www.ookla.com/speedtest.php www.octoscope.com
  • 41. octoScope’s LTE Throughput Measurements DL/UL, Mbps www.octoscope.com
  • 42. LTE Measurements Location in the car DL (kbps) UL (kbps) Latency (ms) Inside center of the car 14800 5499 112 Inside driver front window 14527 8824 107 Inside passenger front window 13687 8001 111 Outside the car 19703 8587 112 LTE Measurements: Impact of Speed (60 mph in open space) 36 Mbps DL Measurements performed by octoScope in October 2011 8 Mbps UL DL = downlink UL = uplink www.octoscope.com