Intternetworking With TCP/IP

Unit-1
Internetworking With TCP/IP
Dr. D. P.
Mishra
Digitally signed by Dr. D. P. Mishra
DN: cn=Dr. D. P. Mishra, o=durg,
ou=BIT, email=dpmishra@bitdurg.
ac.in, c=IN
Date: 2023.04.29 11:05:31 +05'30'

6th
Sem
CSE
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Internetworking
With
TCP/IP

Syllabus
6th
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Internetworking
With
TCP/IP

Text & Reference books
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Internetworking
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Basics
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Internetworking ?
• Inter + Networking = Internetworking
• Inter :
 Inter- means between or among groups.
• Network :
 Communication system that allows computers to exchange information
with each other in meaningful way
 Network links the homogenous and heterogeneous system
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Internetworking
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Uses of computer Network
• To Communicate
• To share resources
• To improve productivity
• To provide access to the information as and when demanded (AAA)
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Internetworking
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Components of Computer
Network
• Protocols
• Connectors
• Computers
• Peoples
• Data
• Application
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Standalone VS Network System
STANDALONE
• Store Data
• Process Data
N/W SYSTEM
• Store & Process Data
• Get Data from other computer
• Send Data to another Computer
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Application of N/W
• E-mail
• FTP
• File and Print Services
• Database Access
• ATM
• SMS Services
• Internet Phone
• WebPublishing
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Internetworking
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Operations of Network
• Data is broken in small units – called frame or packer
• Addressing is done in each and every frame/packets
• Packets are send on network
• Packets switched at each node on network called stored and forward
propagation
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Internetworking
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Issues in Networking
• Network topology
• Medium
• Addressing - identification of station and people
• Connection establishment – identification, authentication and
authorization
• Routing
• Flow Control
• Error control
6th
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Internetworking
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Expectations from Network
• Availability
• Reliability
• Predictable performance
• Must have desired performance
• Must meet present and future needs
• Low cost
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Internetworking
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Types of Network
• LAN –limited distance, high speed may contain file server, print server and Database Server
• WAN – Wide area Network Nation wide, worldwide e.g.
o Corporate – for single operation e.g. bank
o Special purpose e.g. airlines
o General purpose – Internet
• MAN – Metropolitan area Network
• PAN – Personal Area Network
• HAN – Home Area Network contained within users home, that connects persons digital devices
• WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network
• SAN – Storage area Network, System Area Network , Sever Area Network, Small Area Network
• CAN – Campus Area Network
• GAN – Gaming Area Network
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Types of Network
• POLAN (Passive Optical Local Area Network) - As an alternative to
traditional switch-based Ethernet LANs, POLAN technology can be
integrated into structured cabling to overcome concerns about
supporting traditional Ethernet protocols and network applications
such as PoE (Power over Ethernet).
• Enterprise Private Network (EPN) - These types of networks are
built and owned by businesses that want to securely connect its
various locations to share computer resources.
• Virtual Private Network (VPN) - By extending a private network
across the Internet, a VPN lets its users send and receive data as if
their devices were connected to the private network – even if they’re
not.
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Internetworking
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Synchronous vs Asynchronous
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Direct Communication where parties involve are present e.g. Telephone

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Communication in which data can be transmitted intermittently rather than ready stream

Synchronous
Advantages:
• Easy to program
• Outcome is known immediately
• Error recovery easier (usually)
• Better real-time response (usually)
Disadvantages:
• Service must be up and ready.
• Requestor blocks, held resources are “tied up”.
• Usually requires connection-oriented protocol
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Asynchronous
Advantages:
• Requests need not be targeted to specific server.
• Service need not be available when request is made.
• No blocking, so resources could be freed.
• Could use connectionless protocol
Disadvantages:
• Response times are unpredictable.
• Error handling usually more complex.
• Usually requires connection-oriented protocol.
• Harder to design apps
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

What is Ethernet ?
• It is standard (IEEE 802.3)
• Dominant and widely used LAN Technology
• Ethernet is a way of connecting computers together in a local area
network or LAN.
• Offers various range of speed/bandwidth
 10 Mbps - traditional Ethernet
 100 Mbps – fast Ethernet
 1000 Mbps – Gigabit Ethernet
 10000 Mbps – 10 G Ethernet
6th
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Internetworking
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Bandwidth & Throughput
Bandwidth :
• Describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or channel.
Throughput :
• Amount of data moved successfully from one place to another in
given period of time.
• How much data travel through the channel successfully
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Bandwidth Vs Throughput
• Both throughput and bandwidth describe transmission speeds.
• Bandwidth describes the information-carrying capacity of a medium,
while throughput describes the actual use of that capacity.
• To understand the basic difference between throughput and bandwidth,
think about a highway.
• If 24 cars can go through on a highway in a second, then the bandwidth
of that highway is 24 cars per second.
• But, in practice, this never happens. Cars can’t be driven in bumper-to-
bumper mode.
• The actual number of cars that can go through depends on several
conditions such as weather, road condition, and lights. If under given
conditions only 20 cars can go through in a second, then the throughput
of that highway is 20 cars per second.
6th
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CSE
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Latency & Jitter
• Latency is defined as the time taken for source to send a packet of
data to a receiver
• In simple terms half of ping time - also referred as One Way
Latency
• Sometimes the term Round Trip Latency or round trip time (RTT) is
also used to define latency. This is same as ping time.
• Jitter is defined as variation in the delay (or latency) of received
packet. It is also referred as ‘delay jitter’
6th
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Internetworking
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Protocol Layers and Reference
Models in Computer Network
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 The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model
describes how the information moves from one computer to
another computer through a network.
 This model was developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in 1984.
 This model is used for understanding and designing a
network architecture that is flexible, robust and inter-
operable.
 OSI model has seven separate but related layers : Physical,
Data link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and
Application.
 Each layer defines a part of the process of moving
information across the network.

ISO-OSI Seven Layers .
• Belongs to 3- subgroup
• Group-1 : Layer 1,2,3 - Network Support Layer with physical aspect
of data movement from one place to another (deals mainly with
electrical specification, cables n connectors and addressing)
• Group-2 : Layer 5,6,7– Session, Presentation and Application layer
User Support Layers
• Group 3: Layer 4– Transport layer responsible for linking two
subgroups and ensure that what lower layer has transmitted is in
format that upper layer can use
• Group-1 – lower layers implemented using hardware and software
combination
• Group-2 - upper OSI layers are implemented in software
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

ISO-OSI Seven Layers ..
• Except layer 1 and 7 header is added to the data unit
• Layer 2 adds trailer
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Internetworking
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1. Physical layer:
• Physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
• It coordinates the function required to transmit a bit stream over a
communication channel.
• It defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and
interfaces have to perform for transmission.
• Physical layer also defines the direction of transmission between two
devices. Direction may be simplex, full-duplex and half-duplex.
6th
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Internetworking
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2. Data link layer
• Data link layer is responsible for transmitting the data over the
channels.
• It is used to divide the stream of bits received from the network layer
into manageable data units called frames.
• It adds a header to the frame to define the sender and receiver of the
frame.
• Data link layer detects and corrects the transmission errors using
the correction method.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

3. Network layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of a packet, across
multiple network.
• It specifies the intra-network operations and different types of
addressing and routing devices.
• Network layer also provides the logical and service addressing and
switching control.
6th
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Internetworking
With
TCP/IP

4. Transport layer
• The transport layer specifies the process to process delivery of the
entire message.
• It is responsible for flow control and error control.
• The transport layer of sending device makes sure that the entire
message arrives at the transport layer of receiving device without
error.
6th
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Internetworking
With
TCP/IP

5. Session layer
• Session layer is the network dialog controller.
• It is used to establish, maintain and synchronize the interaction
among communicating system.
• Specific responsibility of session layer is dialog control.
6th
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Internetworking
With
TCP/IP

6. Presentation layer
• The presentation layer is responsible to translate the information
in to bit streams before transmission.
• It is also responsible for data encryption, data decryption and
data comprehension.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

7. Application layer
• Application layer allows the user, whether human or software, to
access the network.
• This layer provides user interfaces and application services for file
transfers, e-mail, and other network software services.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol.
• TCP/IP model is a four layer model and the layers are host-to-
network layer, Internet layer, transport layer and application layer.
• The three topmost layers (application, presentation and session) in
the OSI model are represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called
the application layer.
• The host-to-network layer in the TCP/IP model is equivalent to the
combination of physical and data link layer in the OSI model.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

TCP/IP Model
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Internetworking
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Host-to-network
• Host-to-network layer does not define any specific protocol.
• It supports all the standard protocols.
• It is responsible for accepting and transmitting IP datagrams.
• The TCP/IP network can be a Local Area Network (LAN) or
a Wide Area Network (WAN).
6th
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Internetworking
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Internet layer
• At the Internet level, TCP/IP supports IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP
protocols.
• All these protocols handle machine to machine communication.
• IP – IP is the primary protocol, which is used to transport data in packets
(datagrams). Each packet is transported separately.
• ARP – The Address Resolution Protocol (IP - > MAC) is used to associate a
logical address with a physical address.
• RARP – The Reserve Address Resolution Protocol (MAC -> IP ) is used to
discover host's Internet address when it knows only its physical address.
• ICMP – The hosts and gateways use the ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol) mechanism to send notification of datagram problems back to
the sender.
• IGMP – The Internet Group Message Protocol is used for simultaneous
transmission of a message to a group of recipients.
6th
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Internetworking
With
TCP/IP

Transport layer
• UDP and TCP are the transport layer protocols.
• These protocols are responsible for delivery of a message from one
process to another process.
TCP – TCP converts the incoming data stream into smaller units
called segments and passes each one into the internet layer.
UDP – This is a connectionless protocol. It adds only port address,
checksum error control and length information to the data from the
upper layer.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Application layer
• The application layer protocols are: SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP
TELNET and so on.
• TELNET is the Network Terminal Protocol, which provides remote
login over the network.
• SMTP is used to deliver the electronic mail.
• FTP is used for interactive file transfer.
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Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport-layer protocol that ensures
reliable, in-sequence transport of data. SCTP provides multihoming support where one or
both endpoints of a connection can consist of more than one IP address

ARP , RARP
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The Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) maps a logical address to a physical address.

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RARP

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ICMP

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IGMP

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TCP

TCP Vs UDP Communication
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Delivery Modes Supported
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Networking Devices
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Networking Devices..
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Gateway: an interface providing a compatibility between networks by converting transmission
speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures

Working of Hub
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Working of Switch.
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Working of Switch..
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Bridge – with Hub
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Bridge – with Hub..
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Router
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Brouter
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Difference between Hub, Switch & Router
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Hub Switch Router
HUB work on Physical Layer of OSI
Model
Switch work on Data Link Layer of OSI
Model
Router work on Network Layer of OSI
Model
HUB is Broadcast Device Switch is Multicast Device
Router is a routing device use to
create route for transmitting data
packets
Hub is use to connect device in the
same network
Switch is use to connect devices in the
same network
Router is use to connect two or more
different network.
Hub sends data in the form of binary
bits
Switch sends data in the form of
frames
Router sends data in the form packets
Hub only works in half duplex Switch works in full duplex Router works in full duplex
Only one device can send data at a
time
Multiple devices can send data at
the same time
Multiple devices can send data at
the same time
Hub does not store any mac
address or IP address
Switch store MAC Address Router stores IP address

Switching.?
• Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one port to a
port leading towards the destination.
• When data comes on a port it is called ingress, and when data
leaves a port or goes out it is called egress.
• A communication system may include number of switches and nodes.
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Internetworking
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Can we term flooding as
switching ?
• Limited flooding is part of the normal switching process.
• Continuous flooding can cause adverse performance effects on the
network.
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Internetworking
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Switching.. ?
• A network consists of many switching devices. In order to connect
multiple devices,
• One solution could be to have a point to point connection in between
pair of devices.
• But this increases the number of connection.
• The other solution could be to have a central device and connect
every device to each other via the central device which is generally
known as Star Topology.
• A switched network is made up of a series of interconnected nodes
called switches.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Working of Switches
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Switching types
At broad level, switching can be divided into two major categories:
• Connectionless: The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding
tables.
• Connection Oriented: Before switching data to be forwarded to
destination, there is a need to pre-establish circuit along the path
between both endpoints
• Data is then forwarded on that circuit. After the transfer is
completed, circuits can be kept for future use or can be turned down
immediately.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Types of Switching Techniques
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Circuit Switching
• When two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated
communication path, it is called circuit switching
• In circuit switching, to transfer the data, circuit must be established
so that the data transfer can take place.
• There 'is a need of pre-specified route from which data will travels
and no other data is permitted
Steps in circuit switched Network:
• Establish a circuit
• Transfer the data
• Disconnect the circuit
6th
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Internetworking
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Circuit switching was designed for voice applications. Telephone is the best suitable example

Message Switching
• This technique is in middle of circuit switching and packet switching.
• The whole message is treated as a data unit and is switching / transferred in its
entirety.
• Switch first receives the whole message and buffers it until there are resources
available to transfer it to the next hop
• If the next hop is not having enough resource to accommodate large size message, the
message is stored and switch waits.
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Internetworking
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Drawbacks of message Switching
• Every switch in transit path needs enough storage to accommodate
entire message.
• Because of store-and-forward technique and waits included until
resources are available, message switching is very slow.
• Message switching was not a solution for streaming media and
real-time applications.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Packet Switching
• Shortcomings of message switching
gave birth to an idea of packet
switching.
• The entire message is broken down
into smaller chunks called packets.
• The switching information is added in
the header of each packet and
transmitted independently.
• It is easier for intermediate
networking devices to store small size
packets and they do not take much
resources either on carrier path or in
the internal memory of switches.
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Internetworking
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Advantages of packet switching
• Packet switching enhances line efficiency as packets from multiple
applications can be multiplexed over the carrier.
• The internet uses packet switching technique.
• Packet switching enables the user to differentiate data streams
based on priorities.
• Packets are stored and forwarded according to their priority to
provide quality of service.
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Internetworking
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6th
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Internetworking
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CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING
In circuit switching there are 3 phases
i) Connection Establishment.
ii) Data Transfer.
iii) Connection Released. In Packet switching directly data transfer takes place .
In circuit switching, each data unit know the entire path
address which is provided by the source
In Packet switching, each data unit just know the final
destination address intermediate path is decided by the
routers.
In Circuit switching, data is processed at source system
only
In Packet switching, data is processed at all intermediate
node including source system.
Delay between data units in circuit switching is uniform. Delay between data units in packet switching is not uniform.
Resource reservation is the feature of circuit switching
because path is fixed for data transmission.
There is no resource reservation because bandwidth is shared
among users.
Circuit switching is more reliable. Packet switching is less reliable.
Wastage of resources are more in Circuit Switching Less wastage of resources as compared to Circuit Switching

Switch Shopping
• Once we have decided to upgrade our network to a switched LAN, we
are out shopping for switches.
• With so many vendors having similar products, it sometimes
becomes difficult to decide which switch to buy.
• Following are some criteria for switch selection and some guidelines
to determine whether you are getting your moneys worth
6th
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Internetworking
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Switch Selection
• A number of criteria may be used for choosing a switch that will fit your
network needs. Some of these are listed below:
• A switch that does not drop frames.
• Path buffering switches have better performance.
• Switch ports should have RMON capability. (expensive option)
• Latency should be low, but not a very big concern.
• VLAN support should be considered, as it can reduce network
management costs.
• Assign dedicated ports for multimedia stations.
• For time sensitive applications cut-through switches should be
preferred over store-and-forward.
6th
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Internetworking
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Store-and-Forward Switching
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Store-and-Forward Switching..
• As its name shows, store-and-forward switching will wait until the
entire frame has arrived before forwarding it.
• Then the LAN switch will store each complete frame into switch
memory buffers and check errors before making a forwarding
decision.
6th
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Internetworking
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TCP/IP

Cut-Through Switching
• Compared with store-and-forward switching, cut-through switching
is simpler.
• When switches receive the frame, it will look up its first 6 bytes of
the frame that following the preamble.
• Then the LAN switch will check the destination MAC address in its
switching table, and determine the outgoing interface port, and
forwards the frame to its destination.
• No CRC error-checking in cut-through switching process. Therefore,
frames with and without errors will be forwarded to the
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Cut-Through Switching..
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Store-and-Forward Switching vs
Cut-Through Switching
• No matter store-and forward switching or cut-through switching that
layer 2 switches use, forwarding decision is based on the destination
MAC address inside data packets or frames.
• Then what’s the difference between store-and-forward and cut-
through switching? Here is a simple comparison.
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Store-and-Forward Switching Cut-Through Switching
 Support error checking. Through CRC checking,
Ethernet frames will be dropped if it’s smaller than
64 bytes in length (a runt) or larger than 1518 bytes
in length (a giant).
 Error-free forwarding. Bad frames will be discarded
before forwarding.
 Support automatic buffering. The entire frames will
be stored.
 Waiting time (switch latency) is a little long. It takes
time to store the entire frame in the switch.
 High level of error-free data transmission.
 Doesn’t Support error checking
 Switch will not store the entire frames or packets.
 Invalid frames exist.
 Ethernet frames with or without errors will be forwarded
to destination port if its first 6 bytes is recognized.
 Bad frames will be forward too, which will cause amounts
of error frames.
 Wait time (switch latency) is very low. Because the switch
will not store the entire frames or packets.

What is core Switch ?
• A core switch, is also known as a backbone switch.
• It is a high-capacity switch generally positioned within the backbone
or physical core of a network.
• Core switches serve as the gateway to a wide area network (WAN) or
the Internet — they provide the final aggregation point for the
network and allow multiple aggregation modules to work together.
• You use it to connect to servers, your Internet service provider (ISP)
via a router, and to aggregate all switches
• As a result, your core switch should always be a fast, full-
featured managed switch.
6th
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What Is An Edge Switch?
• An edge switch also is called an access node or a service node.
• It is a switch located at the meeting point of two networks.
• These switches connect end-user local area networks (LANs) to
Internet service provider (ISP) networks.
• Edge switches can be routers, routing switches, integrated access
devices (IADs), multiplexers and a variety of MAN and WAN devices
that provide entry points into enterprise or service provider core
networks.
• Edge switches can directly connect client devices, such as laptops,
desktops, security cameras, and wireless access points, to your
network.
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Internetworking
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Power over Ethernet
• Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a widely used LAN technology
that provides DC power to endpoints over existing copper
Ethernet cabling used for data connectivity.
• Power is passed from Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) over the
twisted pairs to Powered Devices (PD)
• Examples of PDS - IP phones, IP cameras, card readers, selling
machines, wireless access points, and other industrial and building
appliances.
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University Question Papers
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APRIL- MAY 2019
1(a) Explain the three types of addressing used in TCP/IP?
2M
(b) Write difference between ISO-OSI model and TCP/IP reference model
7M
(c) Explain Circuit Switching and Packet Switching? What advantages does a
circuit switched network have over packet switched network
7M
(d) Explain
(i) Cross-bar switch
(ii)Multi-stage Switch
7M

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APRIL- MAY 2018 (Compulsory For all)
1(a) What do you mean by bandwidth 2M
(b) Explain switching by giving pros and cons and basic working 7M
(c) 7M
(d) What do you mean by internetworking? Discuss the role of major equipment’s/components
needed for establishing internetworking in different network segment/subnet
7M

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APRIL- MAY 2017
1(a) What do you mean by Internetwork? 2M
(b) What do you mean by switching? write a technical note on various switching Technologies 7M
(c) Explain TCP/IP protocol suite in details 7M
(d) Describe the need and use of gateways. How is a gateway different from bridge 7M
APRIL- MAY 2016
1(a) What is Internetworking? Why is it required? 2M
(b) Explain difference between OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite 7M
(c) Define gateway. Explain its role in computer networking. 7M
(d) Explain the differences between the following
(i) Switch and router
(ii) Repeater and hub
7M

6th
Sem
CSE
-
Internetworking
With
TCP/IP
NOV- DEC 2015
1(a) Define Internetworking 2M
(b) Explain function of ISO-OSI reference model 7M
(c) Write difference between ISO-OSI reference model and TCP/IP protocol suite 7M
(d) Explain circuit switching and packet switching? What advantages does a circuit switched network have over packet switched
network?
7M

Intternetworking With TCP/IP

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