Battery Storage Of Wind And Solar Power Grid Applications

Battery Storage Of Wind And Solar Power Grid Applications
Spring 2016
WE 7000 D02, Dr. Sundari Ramabhotla
Research: Battery Storage in Wind & Solar power grid Applications
Kaheawa Wind Power [1]
Submitted by: Vinod Kumar Kakumanu – (R11356147)
1) Location of case study deployment:
In the island of Maui, Maalaea Town in West mountains, Hawaii, Unites States
2) What battery technology used?
Advanced Lead Acid Battery
3) Date/Year of Installation?
Phase –1: June 8, 2006
Phase –2: July 2, 2012
4) Whether Completed or an ongoing project?
This Project is Completed
5) Renewable sources involved?
Yes, Wind energy is used
Introduction
Wind power:
Wind is a clean, powerful renewable energy source which can be used to convert the mechanical
energy into electrical energy. Wind power uses large wind turbines rotated by air flow in turn rotates
power generators to generate electricity. Many individual wind turbines can be connected to an
electrical grid to transmit the power. Wind is an inexhaustible energy resource and environmental
friendly compared to fossil fuel which has disastrous effects and finite [2].
Wind Power in Hawaii:
In unites states Hawaii is one of the state that depends mostly on fossil fuels for power generation.
As fossil fuels are limited and have hazardous effects to environment, we have started to look at
using renewable energy sources which are endless and produce clean energy. Hawaii has ample
amount of wind to establish wind power generation plants which can generate power in megawatts
to power the
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Case Study Of Ethnography-Exide Battery Plant In Vernon,...
Ethnography– Exide Battery Plant in Vernon, Los Angeles
The Exide Battery plant operated in the industrial city of Vernon since 1922, causing many
environmental problems. Over the years, the battery plant has polluted the air and released toxic
substances such as lead and arsenic. Exide is a lead–acid battery smelter, which was responsible for
melting down lead from old used car batteries for producing new ones. The Exide Company violated
environmental regulations for years and local, state, and federal officials cited the plant over and
over for emitting cancer–causing chemicals and toxins. The battery plant was also responsible for
the illegal storage and transportation of hazardous waste. Exide's lead emissions have contaminated
soil in six southeast Los Angeles communities: Boyle Heights, East Los Angeles, Commerce, Bell,
Huntington Park, and Maywood. The California Department of Toxic Substance Control knew for
years the Exide Battery Plant was violating environmental laws and failed to stop it. It was not until
2015 that the Exide Battery Plant was closed after many communities protested and provided
evidence of pollution and effects on their health.
Problem
The Exide Battery Plant in Vernon, Los Angeles was emitting lead, arsenic, and other dangerous ...
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However, it was not until 2008, after receiving complaints of falling ash on nearby soil, streets, and
businesses that air quality regulators acted to deal with the toxic emissions. In 2013, the toxic
department tried to shut the plant down. Many communities protested and held public meetings
about Exide's pollution problem. Various protesters spoke to city officials to bring down Exide. The
company went to court and got a state closure order overturned. Strict new air quality regulations
were forced in 2014, however, the company continued to emit too much

The Nickel Electrode Batteries Are Vulnerable
The nickel electrode batteries are vulnerable to both reversible and irreversible degradation. The
reversible degradation forms can be rectified by fully discharging the cell and then recharging it.
The irreversible forms of degradation vary depending on the types of electrodes and the application
of the battery. However, the irreversible forms of degradation are majorly linked to the number and
depth of the discharge/recharge cycles and the operation temperatures. The primary causes of
irreversible degradation include the decomposition of the organic material into the electrolyte,
corrosion of the nickel electrode, dendrite formation on the surface of the negative electrolyte,
electrode poisoning, and the failure of the gas barrier. Additionally, the nickel electrode batteries are
vulnerable to "thermal runaway," which can be described as a vicious cycle caused by heating and
augmented discharge and voltage. The batteries are also susceptible to gassing, which can lead to the
buildup of pressure in the cell that may lead to permanent battery damage. The batteries are also
engrossed by a number of safety and environmental concerns because they are manufactured using
an extremely toxic metal cadmium. However, the concerns have been lessened through regulation,
keen monitoring during manufacturing, and elevated recycling efficiencies. Currently, there are
three major categories of the nickel–cadmium and nickel–iron batteries; namely, vented sintered
plate, pocket plate,

Redox Reaction : Redox Reactions
Redox reaction: Redox reactions involve transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
Anode: The anode is the electrode which oxidation occurs
Cathode: The cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs
Oxidation: Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction: Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation state: The oxidation state of an element is the charge on the ion
Salt bridge: The salt bridge allows the migration of ions to occur
Electrolyte: An electrolyte is a substance which in solution or molten state conducts electricity
Galvanic cell: A galvanic cell pumps out electrons out of the negative terminal and takes them back
in through the positive terminal.
Metal displacement: A metal will displace a less reactive metal in a metal salt solution.
Potential difference: Potential difference is the amount of work energy required to move an electric
charge from one point to another
Introduction:
This report is based on the galvanic cells. A galvanic cell is a device which converts chemical
energy it electrical energy. Motor car batteries and dry cells for torches and radios are galvanic cells.
A galvanic cell consists of an oxidation half–cell, reduction half–cell, electrolyte. A redox reaction is
the transfer of electrons which have specific processes for gain/loss which are oxidation and
reduction. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. A galvanic cell
consists of two electrodes, the anode and the cathode.
Dry cell
The dry

Persuasive Essay On Cars
We currently use fossil fuels as are primary source of energy, but they are running out. In addition to
that, they pollute, resulting in global warming. Humans have thought of many brilliant ways to save
energy and earth, such as hydro electricity, nuclear energy, and windmills. Out technology is related
to saving the millions of gallons of fuel used on cars each day by adding solar panels on the roof of
a car. We chose this because cars use a lot of fuel. All this use of fuel is bad because we are running
out, and we don't want fuel to run our and we are unprepared. Right now, we are using a phone
which is slowly running our of battery. Since we have no alternative, we basically have no charger
for your phone when battery runs out. According to the United States Energy Information
Administration, we use 391.73 million gallons of gasoline a day(On average) in the U.S. alone. That
is how quickly we are losing fossil fuels, so we need to run cars in another way. There are many
current technologies focusing on saving the fossil fuels used on cars. One is the commonly known
"Hybrid Cars". Hybrid cars are the current "star" for cars that save fossil fuels. They have an electric
battery as well as a combustion engine. That way, you can use electricity from an outlet to charge
your car, and while you are on the road, you can rely on electricity to power you until you run out,
then you switch to gasoline. This way, you can completely not use fossil fuels such as gasoline for

The Big Debate Over Time Vehicles
Over time vehicles have become a huge cause of pollution and global warming. As years have
passed by vehicles have been designed to be environmentally friendly. This is only happened for the
vehicles that are everyday vehicles. Most of those vehicles are still not fully efficient due to the
inability of affording a new car. Racing in the biggest thing that is in need of finding a way to limit it
to release less pollution. The big debate over how these rules should not apply due to racing only
lasting for maybe three to four hours. After that then the cars are shut off and are no longer running.
It is believed by the drivers and their teams that this should not affect the environment at all. Since
there is so many cars at once running and traveling at high speeds this does not help that view.
Multiple cars at once will burn up to 20 pounds of carbon dioxide every gallon, and at the end of the
race car has burned up to one hundred and twenty pounds of carbon dioxide. (Layton) Professional
racing should be required to pass under certain laws and regulations. Most of the cars can be highly
contaminant to the environment. Mostly everything that forces the car drive has to deal with
pollution. The fuel that these cars burn is far much worse than the fuel we use in our vehicles. Most
of these cars do not have all of the required parts to be street legal, which means that they should not
be allowed to be driven at all. Overtime drivers have been able to convert their cars to run

Electric Cars Are Better Than Gas Cars
Who invented the first electric? The invention of the first model electric vehicle was given to
different people. In 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented a type of electric motor, created
a small model car powered by his new motor. In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport built
a something as similar as tg electric motor which worked only on a short, circular, special electrified
track. In 1834 a man named Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, who lived in Netherlands
and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small electrical car, powered by non–rechargeable
primary cells. An electric vehicle held the land speed record until around 1900. The expensive price,
low top speed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electric cars are better than gas cars because electric cars make less noise than gas cars when
driving. The engines of electric cars make almost no noise, which the engineers have been
perfecting for about 10 years now. The only sound you can hear is probably the hum of tires on the
road when driving. On the other hand, the amount of noise inside a gas car can be as loud as 75–80
decibels. Electric cars are also better than gas cars because electric cars have low cost maintenance
costs because electric cars do not need oil changes and it does not need oil for the engine to run.
Electric cars can also save you money because they do not need gas, but people still say that Electric
cars are so much more expensive to buy. For example, the 2011 Nissan LEAF SL has an
Manufactured suggested retail price also known as (MSRP) of $33,7207, the four door 2011 Honda
Civic Si offers many of the similar features for price of %$24,4051. That's over $9,000 cheaper. But
there is a catch, the United states government is offering $7,500 in federal tax rebate for the
purchases of a new Electric cars. Many states like California offer an extra $5,000 payment through
2015. That's a total of $12,500 saving already! In terms of fuel price, if you drive the Honda Civic
15,000 miles per year for five years, the cost for gas would be approximately $10,057. For the same
mileages on a LEAF will cost only $3,000

Persuasive Speech On Battery Reconditioning
Did you realize it's possible to recondition batteries at home and return them to nearly new
condition? Don't worry if you haven't heard about reconditioning batteries. It's not surprising,
battery manufacturers don't like to talk about it. It's the automotive industry's dirty little secret. After
all would you rush out and buy a new battery if you knew the old one could be restored for pennies?
Eventually everyone has to deal with a dead battery. It's a real pain in the butt when it happens.
Usually the timing couldn't be worse. Like when your running late for work. Never on a day off
when you actually have time to mess with it. If we are lucky we get away without having to call a
tow truck. Otherwise things get expensive real fast. Battery reconditioning cant solve an immediate
problem like this. But there's no reason to experience this ever again. Once you learn how to
recondition batteries you will always have a healthy battery in your vehicle. How about starting a
profitable home business reconditioning batteries? It's really cheap and easy to do. So let's look at
what's going on inside that battery. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is nothing new to you I'm sure. You may not be aware it also produces lead sulfate as it makes
electricity. With a new one this breaks back down to lead and sulfuric acid again. Gradually, as a
battery ages, lead sulfate no longer breaks down but forms crystallized lead sulfate deposits on the
lead plates inside your

The Pros And Cons Of Lead And Acid Battery
The lead/acid battery has been in common use in automobiles since 1915 or so. It has plates of lead
in sulphuric acid solution in water. One of the sets of lead plates is coated with lead dioxide. As such
a battery discharges it creates two chemical reactions, one at the anode that ends up with an excess
of electrons, and one at the cathode that ends up short electrons.
Fuel combustion is the process of where fuel is burnt that releases heat and light which is an
exothermic reaction meaning it releases heat. The fuel is a hydrocarbon, which reacts with oxygen to
release energy however a small amount of heat energy is needed to start fuel combustion. The
products to the reaction are carbon dioxide and water.
The car battery starts its engine it also gives power needed for stabilization as well as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The positive side to fuel combustion is that complete combustion (taking place where there is
enough air) releases carbon dioxide instead of carbon monoxide (which is harmful) is produced. As
it may seem as a positive aspect it still can be negative– too much can cause environmental issues
such as global warming. Also carbon monoxide produced in incomplete combustion can cause smog
and acid rain– which has a negative effect to the environment.
As for car batteries the energy density is twice of standard nickel cadmium. This means battery pack
design are only one cell whereas if it was nickel based it may require 3 cells, which is more
efficient. However the Lithium–ion in car batteries is flammable and producing the batteries require
toxic materials such as nickel and copper, which can cause cancer to respiratory problems. Not only
it can be a health problem but has an effect on the environment as well. The production of batteries
cause resource depletion and speed up global warming due to the dangerous gases it releases when

Secondary Batteries
Batteries are essential for the wireless heart monitors to operate. A battery is composed of
electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy to electrical energy and consists of a
cathode (the positive terminal) and an anode (the negative terminal). The battery needs to connect to
the external circuits of the wireless heart monitor, and electrolytes move and cause the electrolytes
to act as ions and preform work. There are two ways in which batteries can behave: a primary and a
secondary battery. Primary batteries are disposable after one use and secondary batteries can be
reused after being charges. In primary batteries once the electrodes have changed during battery use,
they cannot b0e changed back. Secondary batteries can be recharged, and the initial make–up of the
electrodes can be changed by a reverse–current. Primary batteries are mainly used in devices that
require low amounts of energy and are not left on perpetually. Secondary batteries are best suited to
devices that are constantly used such as hearing aids and car batteries[1]. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Alkaline batteries are usually used for flashlights and headphones. Lead–acid are usually used for
cars and some of the older generations of this battery contains liquid electrolyte in an open
container. It must be kept upright of make sure that the dispersion of hydrogen gas is safe if
undergoing overcharging. The lead–acid battery is incredibly heavy on comparison to the amount of
energy that is given off. Closed valve–regulated lead–acid battery, is also commonly used in modern
cars. Two types of these closed batteries can be found: Gel batteries and Absorbed Glass

The First Hybrid Electric Car Into The American Consumer...
Recently there has been much excitement regarding the release of the first hybrid electric car into
the American consumer market. The concept of eco–friendly driving and the wide variety of electric
cars in the market may seem to be a relatively new concept in the automobile industry; however, this
is far from true. My interest in the electric car industry and eco–friendly driving came about because
of the influence of my father's work. As the Chief Officer of economic development and
environmental sustainably in Cochabamba, Bolivia, he managed many projects and did many policy
work to help diminish the environmental footprint of the city. In fact, Cochabamba, Bolivia is one of
the most contaminated cities in the Western Hemisphere and research has shown that one of the
main sources of pollution comes from gasoline–powered cars and the bad flow of air in the city. One
of his main goals in the government was to development internal policies for the massive use of
electric cars. However, these policies were never implemented and electric cars continue to be a
foreign idea in Bolivia. The main reason behind this is because gasoline is subsidized by the
government, making it very un–expensive to fuel any type of vehicle. This results in electric cars to
become a much more expensive necessity, even if it could help diminish the city's air pollution
issue. What made me even more interested about the innovation of electric cars was the fact that
many of them run on lithium

The Problem Of Hybrid Car
For a few decades, pollution has become an emergent hazard to the Earth. Human, nowadays, has
been putting a great effort into filtering atmosphere, cleaning wastes from industrial factories, and
making things greener. Waste from transportation is one of the main factors that cause air pollution.
It appears that scientists are now working on a new project in the automotive industry, which is
called hybrid car. The goal of hybrid technology is not only to produce a vehicle using "green fuels",
but also offer, at least, same performance compared to conventional cars. This research proposes the
background history of hybrid car, how hybrid technology work to conserve environment and save
gasoline sources; it also raises the discussions of all perspectives about hybrid car. Since cars were
invented in 18th century, they become the most popular transportation around the world. With mass
industry, autos are currently cheaper than before, and they are affordable for most people to pay.
According to Voelcker (2014), there are 1.2 billion vehicles on world 's roads now, and it is
predicted to reach 2 billion by 2035. As more vehicles are being produced every day, the supply of
oil grows to fill up the demand. As gasoline is getting scarcer because of pioneering, this may cause
a growth of price in the future. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) stated that Consumer Price
Indexes (CPI) increased 0.3 %, with gasoline accounting for two–thirds of the gain, which rose 4%.
Therefore, the

The Bound Of History Summary
The Burden of History – Expectation Past and Imperfect David A. Kirsch examines the manufacture
of storage batteries for the electric vehicle, which was manufactured by various companies. As these
companies rushed towards the manufacturing process of the vehicle, the development of its storage
batteries was one of major troubles in the initial stages of the production process. These companies
neglected improvements of the storage battery by failure to transform any of their previously
renowned characteristics. This was despite expectations by early electric vehicle enthusiasts of a
revolutionary discovery in energy storage technology. The expectations were based on the fact that
engineers in the second half of the 19th Century had experienced several technological revolutions.
Regardless of incremental technological changes that have relatively enhanced the capability of the
ordinary electric vehicle, the expectations were never fulfilled, especially those for better storage
battery. Even though there was significant progress in technologies used to manufacture the electric
vehicle system, none of these technologies were able to meet the expectations. Kirsch's main
argument in the article is that there are no better storage batteries for the electric vehicle despite
smaller technological changes or improvements that have relatively enhanced the capability of these
vehicles. The expectations for better storage batteries were not realized though the electric vehicle
was

Primary Battery Research Paper
The marines use a primary battery for communication devices. Primary batteries are non–
rechargeable batteries and are not reliable because of high power demands. Another problem of a
primary battery is the efficiency. No battery is 100% efficient. Therefore, other factors are related
with the battery life, such as age of battery, temperature, discharge time. To overcome the issues
with primary batteries, marines use rechargeable batteries for different equipment. Moreover, only
rechargeable batteries can be used in the solar panel systems.
Solar systems mostly use lithium–ion, lead acid, and alkaline batteries as source of rechargeable
batteries. The batteries are the most dangerous part of solar panel systems. Only expert personnel
with proper protective equipment should deal with the batteries . Among all other batteries, deep
cycle batteries are best fit in solar systems. The time to discharge an amount of energy and charge it
back is call the cycle. If a battery discharges slowly, that is considered as deep cycle battery. Battery
lifespan is also related to the discharge rate. The lower the discharge rate, the higher its lifespan.
Solar systems usually use rechargeable batteries that have a discharge rate of 50%. Rechargeable
batteries have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SPACES has specific weight and size specifications. It converts solar energy to 12V DC supply for
those equipment that use 12V DC. It is designed in a way that only two persons are able to carry and
assemble the entire system. The SPACES uses three sources for energy. These are solar panels,
batteries and NATO. In Figure 4, a SPACES configuration is shown. Solar energy is used where
direct sunlight is available. This is the primary source of energy. Charged batteries are used to
charge to other batteries. NATO is quick system to charge batteries from vehicles. Marines use the
NATO configuration where solar panel and charged batteries are not

Design Of Maximum Power Point Tracker With Mechanical System
ABSTRACT
The present report describes the different modules involved in the design of a maximum power point
tracker with mechanical system (MPPT). The system uses four light dependent resistances (LRD) to
measure the light intensity on the four sides of a solar panel then, using two steppers motor, rotates
the panel in the direction of the LRD which measures the maximum light intensity. The power
output from the panel is used to charge a twelves Volts battery through a DC–DC buck converter.
Table of Contents List of Figures 4
Introduction 5
I–Stepper motor 6
II–Battery 8
III–Battery charge algorithm 9
VI–UART communication 10
V–Battery charge controller 11
VI–Mechanical tracking system 13
VII–Safety measures 13
Conclusion. 14
Code of Ethics 15
References 17
Appendix 16
A–Sun tracking code 18
B–Battery charging code 21
List of Figures
Figure 1: Dual–axis MPPT general block diagram 5
Figure 2 L298N H–bridge motor driver schematic 7
Figure 3 Motor control algorithm 7
Figure 4: charge stage for a lead acid battery.....................................................8
Figure 5: Three–stage charge algorithm. 10
Figure 6: UART serial communication flowchart 11
Figure 7: Buck converter schematic................................................................12
Figure 8: Mechanical system CAD drawing......................................................13
Figure 9: Gantt chart 17
Figure 10: Budget 17

INTRODUCTION
A photovoltaic (PV) array is a device that converts light into electric power. The power output of a
PV array is proportional to the light

Nuclear, Molecular And Super Molecular Scale
Introduction A battery is an electrical device that contains one or more electrochemical cell that
converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy by using an anode, which is the negative side
of the battery and a cathode, which is the positive side. Combining the anode and cathode with a
chemical substance in the middle will create an electrical current (Google, 2014). Nanotechnology is
the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular and super molecular scale. Batteries and
nanotechnology are relatable and can work together by creating miniature batteries that are able to
make future fundamental developments in just about every industry such as healthcare, automotive,
science and mainly any mainstream consumable product. History Past One of the first batteries
discovered was called the Parthian battery. In 1936, near Baghdad, railway construction workers
came across an odd shaped clay cased object, which turned out to be the ancient Parthian battery.
This ancient battery is aged at about 2000 years old. The "Parthian" name came from the people of
Baghdad around 250 BC because they ruled this area at the time. It was said that Parthians may have
used batteries to electroplate silver, this explaining the creation of this ancient battery. The battery
was made of a clay casing on the outside, with an iron rod wrapped in copper inserted into the
casing. Then the clay jar was filled with a vinegar solution which created about 1.1 to 2 volts of
electricity, which

Chemistry Batteries: Negatively Charged Electro
Chemistry Batteries [Chemistry HSC Course–1]
An anode is the negatively charged electrode that loses electrons and also where oxidation takes
place.
A cathode is the positively charged electrode where different types of ions gain electrons and also
where reduction takes place.
Current is the rate of flow of electrons
The electrolyte in a cell is the chemical medium which separates the anode and cathode and allows
ions to move through to the anode and cathode.
Purpose/Background of a cell (Battery)
The are a wide variety of batteries for sale, but all have the same underlying concept. A battery is a
device that is able to store energy and when needed, convert that energy into electricity. Chemical
potential energy converts to electrical energy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two terminals (anode and cathode) are made of different chemicals but are typically metals and
the electrolyte which separates the terminals. The electrolyte is the chemical medium or a moist
solvent which allows the flow of electrical charge between the cathode and anode, making the
reaction happen. When a device connects to the battery the reactions begin at the electrodes and the
magic begins.
Looking further into batteries(most batteries) during the discharge of electricity, the chemical on the
anode releases electrons to the negative terminal and ions into the electrolyte in a process called
oxidation. The positive terminal accepts these electrons and thus completes the circuit making the
flow of electrons. Between electrolyte solutions the ions move through the salt bridge to maintain
electrical

Essay on Electric Cars, Past and Present
One of the main components of an electric vehicle (EV) is the controller. The controller takes power
from the batteries and delivers it to the motor. To do this the accelerator pedal is hooked up to a pair
of potentiometers, which provide the signal which tells the controller how much power it needs to
deliver. For safety there are two potentiometers, the controller reads both potentiometers to make
sure that their signal are the same, if the signals are not equal then the controller will not operate.
For a car with a 300V battery the controller takes that DC voltage from the battery and converts it
into a maximum of 240 volts AC to sent to the motor. This is done by using large transistors to
quickly turn the batteries voltage on and off ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the DC controller, in an AC controller the polarity of the voltage must be reversed 60 times a
second. For each phase there must be one set of transistors to pulse the voltage and another to
reverse the polarity. So there must be six sets of transistors in an AC controller, instead of just one as
in a DC controller.
A controller pulses the power more that 15,000 times per second so human cannot hear it. The
pulsed current caused the motor housing to vibrate at that frequency, so by pulsing more than 15,000
times a second the controller and motor are "silent" to human ears.
The electric motor is also vastly more efficient than the internal combustion engine. The process of
converting fuel into rotary motion at the vehicle's flywheel generates a massive amount of heat –
caused by the combustion process and internal engine friction.
Around two thirds of the total energy produced in the process is wasted into the atmosphere as heat,
leaving the remaining third as power to propel the vehicle. Typical electric motors used in EVs have
efficiencies of around 90%. That means very little of the energy consumed in the process of
converting stored electricity in the batteries, to forward vehicle motion, is wasted.
MOTOR TYPES
There are numerous motor types available but the most common types seen in EVs are AC
(alternating

Faulty Car Batteries
Faulty car batteries can lead to false starts, or contribute to other electrical problems in your vehicle.
Modern cars featuring electrically governed power steering systems can also be affected, making
proper battery maintenance even more crucial. Problems starting your car, or seemingly unrelated
problems with power steering can, therefore, be indicative of a battery which is not functioning
optimally: but you will be glad to learn that this can be easily remedied with some simple, at–home
maintenance, saving costly garage trips and services. You will need: A voltmeter A socket wrench
Degreaser Safety goggles De–ionised water 6 amp battery charger Maintaining your battery – Step
1: First remove your battery from its housing in the engine bay. Begin by removing the earth lead
connected to your battery, before touching anything ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Step 2: Next, degrease the battery and check the voltage across the terminals with your voltmeter.
The reading on your meter should be approximately 12 volts. Lower readings are a telltale sign of
poor maintenance but not to worry – that's what this guide is for! Having cleaned the battery casing,
remove the cap on the top of the battery to expose the six chambers within. Standard battery caps
are simply pried off, and then pressed back on to secure. Wearing goggles here is advisable to
protect against acid being flicked into your eyes. Remember: safety first! Step 3: Each of the newly
exposed chambers contains one battery cell, filled with a solution of sulphuric acid which
evaporates over time. Top up this solution with the de–ionised water, covering the lead plates visible
within the cells. Leave the covering cap off the battery and connect your 6 amp charger, leaving the
battery to charge for several hours. Replace the cap, test again with the voltmeter, and a more
healthy reading is your

Data Centers And Its Effects On The Internet
Have you ever wondered what has been able to power up all of the websites that we use on the
internet? Well, they are called data centers. These data centers are what support all of the digital
information. There are specific data centers that are used when people download movies off of
iTunes, look at their credit card balances through Visa's website, send a yahoo e–mail that has files
attached, buy items on Amazon, post tweets and even access online newspapers, but these data
centers have been creating some problems. Data centers need a lot of energy to run. They are known
to waste over 90 percent more electricity than is actually used. This is due to online companies
keeping their websites running all night, which wastes electricity. To improve the problem of
wasting electricity, they began using generators that give off deasil exhaust. As a result, the data
centers revived citations from the authorities for going against the clean air regulation. They only
resulted to this to try and save electricity. There has been a lot of energy used to power data centers.
So much energy used, that digital warehouses hold up to thirty billion watts of electricity. Peter
Gross, who has designed many data centers, said, "A single data center can take more power than a
medium sized town."(2) The amount of energy used usually depends on the specific company that
uses the data center. Most of the energy used in data centers are to keep the servers prepared just in
case of a surge,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lead Acid Battery
3.5.1.2 Preventing Overcharge
It is commonly known that overcharging decreases battery life. Due to overcharging, the
temperature level increases causing sepration of hydrogen and oxygen, thereby reducing the water
level. These gasses start evaporating and due to excessive voltage may catch fire and explode. That's
why it is essential to prevent our system from overcharging. It is simply a matter of reducing the
flow of energy to the battery when the battery reaches a specific voltage. Charge controllers also
work as a voltage regulator. Some charge controllers works on the principle of "On/Off Control"
means regulate the flow of energy to the battery by switching the current. This is called PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation). This type of regulator ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.6.1.1 Flooded Lead–Acid (FLA) Deep Cycle Batteries
Flooded deep cycle lead–acid batteries (FLA) are least expensive and commonly used in solar
energy system. These batteries contain the sulfuric acid, which reacts with the lead plate and
produces electricity. FLA deep cycle batteries required proper maintenance because in charging
situation electrolysis process occurs and procure hydrogen and Oxygen which escape the cell
through the filler, arises fluid loss so proper monitoring of water level is essential. 3.6.1.2 Sealed
Deep Cycle Batteries
Sealed deep cycle batteries are expensive than FLA batteries. In this type electrolyte is suspended in
either an absorbed glass mat or in gel form. And do not last as many charging cycles. Sealed deep
cycle batteries require less maintenance therefore can be used in remote locations without attended.
Sealed batteries have vents to allow hydrogen to escape. Also, the only way to replace the escaped
moisture is by adding water to the cells. That's why the life of sealed batteries would not be as long
as flooded deep cycle lead–acid

Taking a Look at Electric Cars
Automobiles have become such an integral part of living in a modern society. Many places in the
first world are inexplicably fortunate enough to have such incredible transportation technology at
their finger tips. While this technology is a dream, the gasoline powered cars we use today attribute
to about 25% of the worlds carbon emissions (Agassi, Shai Agassi: A new ecosystem for electric
cars). This is a giant concern, but the car industry may find themselves a little more concerned with
the depleting oil that is burned away daily by drivers. It's unavoidable, there needs to be a change
made sooner than later, and hybrid isn't solving our problems fast enough. The best alternate choice
seems to be a full conversion to electric cars. These cars replace gasoline engines with an electric
one, running on battery power. The battery of these cars runs current through the motor to the
wheels, operating like a light and a light switch where the increase in speed is similar to having a
dimmer on that light (Brain, How Electric Cars Work 1). This technology removes the harmful
carbon emission, making it a sustainable solution to our current problems, but it still struggles to be
implemented as it has since it was first created. The electric car finds its inception in the mid 1800's,
sparked by Gaston Planté's invention of the lead–acid storage battery in 1851, the original version of
what we use in cars today. This battery would lead the way for many variations of electric powered

Design A Functional Prototype Of Monitoring System
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to design a functional prototype of monitoring system for a security
purpose and the system use WIFI as a transmission medium.
Standard monitoring systems such as CCTV use cable to connect from a camera to the monitoring
station. This project is intended to use a wireless transmission to transmit video from camera to
monitoring station. This project also to overcome the power supply issues of main power supply to
operate the device. The uninterruptible power supply is use as a main power supply to prevent
disturbance that may cut off the power supply.
It is important to get high quality video display on monitor and the video can be transmitting to the
monitoring station via WIFI.
1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
These days, most devices and applications for remote monitoring purposes are suffering with power
supply disruption and limited access of monitoring place. This is due to the place where device is
installed that far from power grid and also due to the limited control room for monitoring stations. In
that case, if there is a sudden failure in power supply, the devices will not functioning. This remote
monitoring system use a solar panel as a power input because this application base on green
technology. Green technology mean that this device not use plug n play concept but use solar panel
as a source to operate the system. The failure of the device to function will give impact to the
devices that has to recorded,

Impact Of Trade Compliance On The World Of Economics
1. Introduction In the world of Economics, the important word come to mind of people is Trade.
Trading has been done from the time when human begin start to use tools that is circa 150,000 years
ago(Watson 2005). Since then we have come a large leap from trading small stone tools to
sophisticated machineries and advance software today. This report revolves about the specific topic
of Trade Compliance which is relatively new to the pitch compared to the age of trade. The term
Trade Compliance means that the trade done in with compliance to law of the countries in which the
parties perform the trade. When did all the regulation start on the trade it dates to the time when the
humans started to sail and import the goods of value to their own nation and government start to put
taxes on the goods which are of high value this kind of regulation or the compliance is called the
tariffing of trade. This further developed when the world is further connected and all the nation
wants to do eat their share of pie in the world economics and thus bought the introduction of the
Harmonized Tariff System back in 1988(Aoki Sibylle Bauer Quentin Michel Filippo Sevini Ian
Stewart Webmaster Frédéric Wilhelmy and Viski Publisher 2015). This system is internationally
accepted by 200 countries. European Union follow a complex Trade compliance program and is
regarded as the best in world (Stewart and Bauer 2015,46). The Harmonized Tariff System is
scratched the surface of the Trade Compliance due to

Essay Comparison of Batteries
Lead Acid Cell vs. Button Cell Lead acid cells were invented in 1859 by the French Physicist
Gaston Plante, and are the oldest types of rechargeable batteries. These types of batteries typically
weigh at 5kg, but can range from half a kilogram to over 30 kilograms on the consumer market.
Though their chemistry means a very low energy–to–weight and energy–to–volume ratio in
comparison to other modern batteries, their ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells
maintain a large power–to–weight ratio. This makes them highly desirable for use in large
appliances such as motor vehicles, which require the high current provided by this type of battery. In
comparison, Button cells are much smaller than lead acid cells. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Common anode materials are zinc or lithium, and there are a range of cathode materials, including
manganese dioxide, silver oxide, and cupric oxide. Of notable mention is the mercuric oxide button
cell, which was banned due to the toxicity and environmental hazard of mercury. Reaction between
silver oxide (cathode) and zinc (anode): Zn + Ag2O ZnO + 2Ag These batteries are dry batteries,
and are created with the ideal of a long lifetime. As such, they rarely leak if ever, and boast a steady
electricity production over a long period of time. Both Lead acid cells and button cells rely on
chemical reactions for the production of their energy. However, where a lead–acid cell would
typically use an anode and cathode within a liquid or gel medium, button cells use solid anode and
cathodes which react with each other through a separator. This reflects their uses; where the
chemistry of a lead acid battery allows it to produce large amounts of electricity in surges as needed
to start appliances such as motor vehicles, the chemistry of Button cells allows for a slow and steady
release of small amounts of charge. Cost and Practicality As was reflected upon under the chemistry
subtitle, the batteries have been designed, and retain their designs, to specifically fit their uses.
Though the size of the lead acid batteries does not allow for the powering of small portable devices
such as watches,

Pros And Cons Of Mercury-Containing And Rechargeable...
Every year it is estimated that 1.8 million batteries are not properly disposed of. When this happens,
it poses a major threat to the ecosystem. Heavy metals used in batteries are toxic to humans and they
can leach into our water system. Lead and nickel–cadmium (Nd–CD) can only enter the human
body by inhalation or ingestion, but mercury can even be absorbed through the skin. Federal and
state laws and regulations have been implemented and enforced to ensure heavy metal batteries are
properly disposed of and recycled.
Mercury–Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996, aka the "Battery Act",
was signed into law on May 13, 1996 by President Bill Clinton. "The purpose of the law was to
facilitate the efficient recycling or proper

Chemistry Involved in Electric Vehicles
What is the chemistry involved in electric vehicles?
Electrical cars have been around since the 1800s.The first practical electric car was designed by
Thomas Parker in London. The vehicles popularity continued into the 20th century, until the
technology of combustible engines advanced and the mass production of gas vehicles. In 2008 the
electric car appeared once again because the advances in the battery and power technology, upward
prices of oil and emissions. The electrical car originally used a lead acid based battery, today
however the lithium ion rechargeable battery is used. The battery of the electric car stores chemical
energy and converts the energy to electricity. The chemistry of the electric car is found mainly in the
battery. In the battery there is a chemical reaction in cells which then produces a voltage. These
batteries usually have 200 to 400 small cells. The cells are combined to create a powerful battery.
The risk is that if one cell overcharge it causes a thermal reaction. The development electronic
controls for this risk are in process but are expensive. Khalil Amine and Zonghai Chen of the
Argonne National Laboratory discovered a molecule base of boron and fluorine added to each cell
controls the charging of the battery cells. The molecule is said to be less costly and more reliable
than the electric control. (MANDEL, 2009) In the 1800s the lead acid based battery was invented
and used in electrical cars. The technologies of the lead–acid battery

Engineering Principles And Processes Of A Hybrid Electric...
Table of Contents
Engineering Principles and Processes 2
i. Briefly describe the difference between a "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and an Electric Vehicle. 2 ii.
With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles. 2 iii. Research and outline the function, engineering principles and operation of the
following parts of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Include suitable diagrams to aid your explanations. 3
Regenerative braking 3
Battery types used 3
Electric motors 4 5
Internal combustion engine (Relate the information to HEVs) 5
Case Study – Toyota Camry Hybrid 6
i. Location and size of the manufacturing facility. 6 ii. Picture of your vehicle. 6 iii. List the
technical specifications of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii. With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles.
Both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles primarily contain the same parts, however, they are
configured differently. Both types of hybrid electric vehicle contain a gasoline–based engine, a
battery which is rechargeable, an inverter, transmission and an electric motor. The main difference
between the two, disregarding the difference in sizes of the separate parts, is that series hybrid
electric vehicles have a generator whereas in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle the motor acts as a
generator. Moreover, in a parallel HEV, the engine is directly connected to the wheels, however this
is not the case in a series HEV.
In a parallel HEV, the motor and the combustion engine work in accordance to power the vehicle.
The gasoline–based engine and motor are both connected to the transmission. As fuel travels to the
engine or the battery is turned on, it propels the car.
In a series HEV, the motor is charged by the battery or generator (powered by gasoline–based
engine). Thus, the gasoline engine does not directly propel the car, unlike in the parallel HEV. The
transmission is responsible for determining how much energy is required and whether to retrieve it
from the battery or the generator. Pictured above, is a parallel HEV system, as made obvious by the
position of the electric motor and

Synthesis Of The Lead Acid Battery
The lead acid battery generally contains half a dozen lead–acid cells that are connected in series.
Each one of the six cells contains a cathode of lead (IV) oxide and an anode of lead. A sulfuric acid
solution that is highly acidic (pH as low as 0) provides the solution for each electrode to be
immersed in. The electrode reactions are: Anode: Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) +
2e– Cathode: PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– → PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Each cell has a
voltage of about 2v, and the combination of 6 within a series gives the structure that is usually used
in cars; a typical 12 volt battery. The lead acid cell battery is rechargeable, with electrons being
removed from the cathode and being provided to the anode. The reactions can be reversed by an
external potential difference being applied that is larger than the potential being produced whilst the
battery is being discharged. Because of its ability to do so, the lead accumulator is said to be a
storage battery. The recharging equations are as follows: Anode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– →
Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) Cathode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– As
can be observed the higher the concentration of sulfuric acid means a more charge battery. Lead
sulfate concentration increases and sulfuric acid concentration falls as the battery discharges. The
same principles are used to construct a normal galvanic cell are used to construct each cell. A
microporous separator acts as

Lab Report : Production Of Materials
Chemistry Report
The Production of Materials
A battery is a container that is used as a source of power due to its ability to convert chemical energy
into electricity. A battery also consists of one or more cells. (Dictionary, no date)
(ClipartPanda, 2014)
Discuss the structure and chemistry of a dry cell or lead acid cell battery:
The lead acid battery generally contains half a dozen lead–acid cells that are connected in series.
Each one of the six cells contains a cathode of lead (IV) oxide and an anode of lead. A sulfuric acid
solution that is highly acidic (pH as low as 0) provides the solution for each electrode to be
immersed in. (Lead–acid batteries, no date)
An example of a lead acid battery:
(Gravitatechnomech, 2015)
The electrode reactions are:
Anode: Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e–
Lead + Sulfuric Acid → Lead Sulfate + Hydrogen + 2 electrons
Cathode: PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– → PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Lead Oxide + Sulfuric
Acid + Hydrogen + 2 electrons → Lead Sulfate + Water
(College, 2015)
Each cell has a voltage of about 2 volts, and the combination of 6 within a series gives the structure
that is usually used in cars; a typical 12 volt battery. (College, 2015)
The lead acid cell battery is rechargeable, with electrons being removed from the cathode and being
provided to the anode. The reactions can be reversed by an external potential difference being
applied that is larger than the potential being produced whilst

Ford Hybrid Case
EXERCISES
(1) Summarize and justify alternative scenarios (i.e., compelling stories about the future) ranging
from pessimistic to optimistic with regard to market performance of hybrid cars.
– Electronic Fuel Injection: This scenario is an optimistic scenario for hybrid cars adoption. In this
scenario 100% of the market will eventually adopt the hybrid car. This scenario predicts that the
growth will start out slow, until there is a breakthrough in technologies that make the hybrid car
even more efficient and affordable to the struggling class. When the breakthrough occurs there will
be an accelerated growth and eventually the hybrid car will become the norm with 100% of the
market will be adopting the car.
– Solar Energy: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inflation and rising prices across the United States will help grow the market, because consumers
will try to lower their transportation cost to fund other parts of their expenditures.
– Market price of elasticity is set at the highest position of 0.5%. This is because of how price
sensitive the automotive market is to begin with and combining it with consumers who are trying to
save the most money possible when moving to more efficient modes of transportation. The high
price of hybrid vehicles makes people less likely to buy them, and as the manufacturers and
government agencies pass cost savings to consumers, there will be more penetration.
– The hybrid vehicle is not entirely new to the world, but it is also not entirely saturated either. We
set the advertising coefficient at 1% to reflect an average amount of penetration through advertising.
There is often limited stimuli for a consumer and the amount of advertisements by other
manufactures are only increasing. Consumers might be overexposed to these car ads. We reflect an
average amount of penetration through advertising through this coefficient.
– The price coefficient is set at the maximum 4% because of how price sensitive the automotive
market is. Everyone bargains deals and takes advantage of special pricing and financing. Hybrid
buyer market is no longer occupied by the same type of people; people are now chasing prices and
maximizing the

Risk Analysis Of The Amara Raja Group
Contents
Introduction: 2
Revenue generating sectors: 2
Telecom: 2
Automobile: 3
IT and ITes: 3
New Ventures: 3
Competitive Advantages 3
Battery Industry 3
Automotive batteries 3
The OE space 4
The aftermarket space: 4
Industrial batteries 4
Risk Analysis: 5
Business growth risk: 5
Raw material prices could increase: 5
Currency volatility could affect its margins: 5
Market share risk: 5
Profitability risk : 5
Liquidity risk: 6
Valuation of the company 6
Key Assumptions: 6
FCFF : 6
WACC: 7
Terminal Growth Rate: 7
DCF 7
Conclusion 7
Introduction:
The Amara Raja Group is an Indian Conglomerate Company based in Hitec city, Hyderabad. The
Amara Raja Group is best known for its automotive battery brand "Amaron" which is the second
largest selling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The on–going slowdown in the OEM business in automotive and UPS sectors is expected to work as
a boon as it will help the company in maintaining its market share in the aftermarket sectors. Since

the company is spending major portion of its capex in expansion of existing facilities as a result
there is a threat of losing out to aggressive competitors.
Profitability risk :
Inflation could affect the company's profitability. Continuous Improvement (CI) and Lean
Management programmes have strengthened its return on investment. This enabled the Company to
reduce wastage, power consumption and improve productivity, product quality.
Liquidity risk:
Capacity expansions could stretch liquidity. The company was zero–debt until March 31, 2013, a
result of robust cash flows and prudent fund management. The company enjoys significant working
capital limits, which remain largely unutilised.But according to the concall scripts it was found that
the company is planning for capital expenditure of Rs 550,600 and 300 crores respectively in next
three years mainly for capacity expansion.
Valuation of the company
Key Assumptions:
Sales were forecasted based on regression with

How Hybrid Cars Have Developed And Its Integration Into...
How Hybrid Cars Come to the Future
For a few decades, pollution has become an emergent hazard to the Earth. To solve that problem,
human have been putting a great effort into filtering atmosphere, cleaning wastes from industrial
factories, and making things greener. Waste from transportation is one of the most serious effects on
environmental problems. It appears that scientists are searching for alternative fuels and evolutions
in automotive industry, which must satisfy energy requirements and offer, at least, same
performance compared to conventional car. The automotive industry, therefore, has turned to a new
project, which is called hybrid transportation. This proposal presents how hybrid cars have
developed and how that technology works in order to protect environment and save expenditure on
fuel economy. Also, this will consider positive side of hybrid vehicle technology and its integration
into society.
Since cars were invented in 18th century, they have become the most popular transportation around
the world. With mass industry, automobiles are currently cheaper than before, and they become
affordable for most people to pay. According to Voelcker (2014), there are 1.2 billion vehicles on
world 's roads now, and it is predicted to reach 2 billion by 2035. As vehicles are kept being
produced day by day, the supply of energies increases to fill up demand. Since fuels are fixed
resources and getting scarcer in the future, they will cause an increase of price due to a

Hybrid Vehicles and Their Effect on the Environment Essay
Today, people use their own personal vehicles to travel more than ever before. Personal
transportation is no longer considered a luxury; it is now considered a necessity. The number of cars
in the United States has been growing steadily since the 1970s. The number of miles traveled by
cars has risen nearly 150 percent, yet the United States population has only grown roughly 40
percent during that time (hybridcars.com, Driving Trends). Although it may seem like we are
advancing into the future, in reality, we are moving backwards from the effects these vehicles have
on our bodies and the environment. The pollution produced by these vehicles has brought us to the
day where we must find other modes of transportation that cause less ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, there are still other pollutants that have a greater effect on people and the
environment.
Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that affects the flow of
oxygen to one's brain and other parts of the body. This gas merges with the hemoglobin in a person's
blood, which then weakens the flow of oxygen in the body (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). The effects
are severe and in some cases deadly towards smokers and people with heart disease (Larminie 246).
This toxin can permanently alter the central nervous system throughout the body (hybridcars.com,
Pollutants). Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are not the only pollutants that come from
vehicles. Sulphur and Nitrogen Oxides Sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides both have great effect on
the lungs. Sulphur oxides cause respiratory illnesses, mostly in children, the elderly, and people who
already have heart and lung diseases (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). Nitrogen oxide causes the lungs
to be irritated and increase the chances of infection. Nitrogen oxide can also react with other
surrounding agents to cause ground level ozone, or smog. The creation of the ozone then "irritates
the eyes, damages the lungs and causes respiratory problems" (Larminie 246).

The Epa Estimates Americans Purchase Nearly 3 Billion...
The EPA estimates Americans purchase nearly 3 billion batteries each year (D., 2009). A battery is
also known as a voltaic cell, and the energy generated and stored by a battery is actually a result of
chemical reactions and not mechanical motion. Batteries are contained in nearly every common
electronic device, ranging from small devices like smartphones to larger scale products like
automobiles, and chemistry is the driving force behind the function of these batteries.Batteries
consist of galvanic cells that carry out the production and storage of electrical energy from chemical
reactions. The chemical reactions going on inside of the battery are between the oxidant and
reductant of Copper and Zinc metals in there Copper–Zinc Voltaic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Different types of these battery cells have the ability to be rechargeable, permitting the application
of this technology in electric–powered hybrid automobiles and other electronically–powered
devices. Simplifying the schematics, a battery is comprised of at least one galvanic cell, which
contains two or more half cells, a reduction cell and an oxidation cell. The electrode and electrolyte
solution are contained in the half cells, and the chemical reactions in the two half cells provide the
energy for the galvanic cell operations (Chieh). The two electrodes, or battery terminals, produce
electricity through a series of electromagnetic reactions between the anode, cathode, and electrolyte
(Marshall, Charles, & Clint, 2000). Two or more electrically charged atoms/molecules, known as
ions, from the electrolyte bond with the anode (negative terminal) in the oxidation reaction. This
produces a compound, where one or more electrons are then released. Simultaneously, the cathode
substance (positive terminal), ions, and free electrons also combine into compounds during the
reduction reaction with the cathode. Basically, the cathode or positive terminal of the battery is
absorbing the electrons produced from the anode or negative terminal, creating electricity.
Therefore, electrons flow from anode to cathode (AUS–e–TUTE, 2017), and electrical energy is

Essay On Gadgets
Cars with Gadgets – 5 Basic Must–Buy Accessories
Cars need gadgets to make the driving experience better. Not only are car accessories great for
adding more personality and fun to your wheels, the gadgets can make your drives safer as well. As
technology keeps moving forwards, the number of gadgets keeps increasing. While gadget are great,
you don't want to add too many to cramp up your car. So, what are the most essential car accessories
you should have? Here are the essential five car accessories and gadgets you should buy.
A dash organiser
What does your dashboard look like? Chances are that it has a few bits and bobs lying around –
perhaps a few coins you had left over after your latest fuelling, a pen for writing down instructions,
keys sliding from one end to another and so on. You could put an end to messy dashboard with a
handy magnetic organiser. The DashGrip gel pads are among the best accessories for keeping your
things in order. The pad is easy to attach on the dashboard and the texture is designed to hold things
like your phone, keys, coins, pens, and so on neatly in their place. The convenient pads also won't
leave a mark on the dash when you decide to remove them.
An emergency seatbelt cutter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In accidents, such as the car plunging in to water, you need to get rid of your seatbelt quick. But
crashes can make the traditional method of just clicking the seatbelt off difficult and you might even
find the seatbelt tangled up. For the situations when fast actions are required, you need a seatbelt
cutter. The clever tool will help you cut the seatbelt it seconds, allowing you to get out of the car or
helping another injured person to escape. If you want to add extra security, get a combination
seatbelt cutter, like Resqme Car Escape Tool, which also has a window breaker tool for smashing in
the windows in an

Essay on User Manual Critique
User Manual Critique
ENG/221
September 29, 2011
User Manual Critique
Many technical fields rely on user manuals, operator manuals and technical manuals to do their day
to day tasks at work. Without these manuals there would be too much information for one person to
know to be able to their job. Accidents, personal or equipment would be more frequent in the work
field. That is why manuals are developed, to prevent accidents and to keep people informed of
updated information on equipment. So a well–developed and written manual will help a person
succeed at their job, which is why someone needs to critique a manual before it is released to the
public.
In this essay the critiquing of the user manual for the Black & Decker ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All steps are marked with numbers and all changes in topics are marked with a paragraph heading
title.
Conciseness
The reading of each instruction leaves a person with no doubt on what they are supposed to do, and
when a step is done and what step to take next. Each topic is short and to the point and clear.
Consistency
All paragraphs, heading and graphics are consistent with all material that has been developed in this
manual. Graphics are simple and can be easily followed.
Document Design
Graphic's show a picture of the drill or parts of the drill with arrows and hands showing how to do a
particular part, such as inserting the battery on to the drill. If there was any real issue with this
manual is that there is not enough white space. Sometimes you can get lost because each paragraph
and heading is so close together. The manual though is very organized, with numbering and header
separations. All hazards and warning are easily identified with bold lettering, and a safety triangle
(or danger sign). This was a black and white manual, so there were no color pictures or graphics,
which could lead readers to just skim through the pages and not really read the important
information.
I did find the manual very easy to understand and follow, however there are a few things that I think

that the writers of this manual could have done. Adding color to the manual does keep the interest of
the reader, I found myself wanting to skim through

Types Of Electric Cars : The Earth Turns Round And Round,...
Wuzhou Zu
Professor Brian Gaines
The Researched Argument
ENGL 1030–37
27 Oct 2016
As the Earth turns round and round, transportation is in evolution. From the first car in the world,
Benz Patent–Motorwagen powered by a 670W internal combustion engine to today's powerful
supercars. But the thing that never change is that they always need to drink fossil fuels, until now.
All of a sudden, many types of electric vehicles are showing up in dealerships. Different than the
jokes in past, people are seriously considering if they need to buy one for lower emission tax, lower
price to feed and more parking space. And even for the polar bear's life, as many advertisements
show. But electric vehicles are not ideally perfect, not as many advertisements show. They are
expensive, they need a long time to be fully charged and they will put power plants in developing
country working under much higher pressure. On top of that, pollution in battery production cannot
be ignored.
The most essential elements of electric cars are lithium, which is defined as a rare metal. Even
though it is not considered as a high–risk metal, "there are growing concerns about risks arising
from the fact that limited regions are producing lithium resources to cover most demand. There are
also concerns about imbalance between demand–supplies and price fluctuations due to monopolistic
supply. Chile has the world's largest reserves of brinesource [SIC] lithium, followed by Bolivia and
Argentina; these three

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Secondary...
DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT–2
SECONDARY BATTERIES
COURSE NAME: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
COURSE CODE: CHY1001
SLOT :C1
SUBMITTED BY: K.NITHESH CHANDHER REG.NO:15BCE0710
INTRODUCTION: A Rechargeable cells that converts chemical energy into electrical energy is
called as Secondary cells. It can also be stated as a cell in which cell reaction can be reversed by
passing direct electric current in opposite direction. Thus, a secondary batteries may be used through
a large number of cycles of discharging and charging. Some examples of secondary cells are Lead–
acid , Nickel–cadmium, Nickel–metal hydride, etc..,
SECONDARY BATTERY: As mentioned above, a secondary cell is a type of electric battery which
can be charged ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Negative plate reaction:
Pb(s) + HSO−4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e−
Positive plate reaction:
PbO2(s) + HSO−4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e− → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
The total reaction can be written as Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Charge
During charging, the cycle is reversed: the lead sulfate and water are electro–chemically converted
to lead, lead oxide and sulfuric acid by an external electrical charging source.
Ni–Cd CELLS: Nickel cadmium battery ,fairly recently developed ,is a portable rechargeable cell
and its cell voltage is fairly constant. Like a dry cell ,it can be packed in a sealed container. It can be
left for long periods of time without any appreciable deterioration ,since no gases are produced
during discharging .Nickel cadmium battery(Ni–Cd) consists of a cadmium anode and a cathode
composed of a paste of NiO(OH)(s).
CELL REACTION:

At the positive
NiOOH + H20 + e– Ni(OH)2 + OH–
At the negative
Cd + 2OH Cd(OH)2 + 2e–
Overall
2NiOOH + Cd + 2H2O 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

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