Darfur Issues

Darfur Issues
Being ransacked, raped, and pillaged, and most of all, murdered and driven out of your homes, all by your government? These were the horrors about
100 native tribes faced in a region of Sudan named Darfur in 2003. The government of Sudan took up arms against these villages for a number of
reasons, here including the ongoing fight between the native farmers and nomads, the Sudanese government being corrupt, and the struggle between
the villagers/farmers and their government.
All beginning in the late 1980's, General Omar Bashir took over Sudan using a military Coup, therefore allowing the National Islamic Front to worsen
the problems. Weapons started to flow intoDarfur because of these conflicts, and little by little the native farmers started
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Darfur Crisis Essay
In March 2004, the world was taken aback when Mukesh Kapila, a United Nations (UN) Human Rights Coordinator for Sudan, announced during an
interview with the UN that the "world's greatest humanitarian crisis" was occurring in Darfur. Until then, the world had been concerned by the raging
civil war in South Sudan and the peace talks associated with it. Darfur was a nowhere, unknown and uncared about for centuries. Suddenly newspapers
were wild with reports of the 21st Century's first genocide, and support was being drummed up from all corners of the world. But then the Asian
tsunami on 26 December 2004 occurred and what is known as "world opinion" moved on to bigger disasters. Yet the crisis in Darfur continued;
however, now organizations such as the UN, European Union (EU), and African Union (AU) began to take interest, develop aid packages, and planned
for intervention. Yet still, in 2016, the crisis continues. Several... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1916, Darfur was invaded by the British for fear that it would be used as a stepping stone for the Ottoman Empire to expand east during World War
I. Subsequently Darfur became a part of the Anglo–Egyptian Sudan, yet it remained an afterthought. Government funding was generally given to
Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, with leftovers rarely available for Darfur; consequently, the benign neglect of Darfur began. The British implemented
a governance system of "Indirect Rule," one in which changes were introduced "gently," and power was exercised through local traditional authorities
who would "respect native culture." At first glance, "indirect rule" appeared to be culturally respectful; but in reality, it only served to create a two–tier
society that marginalized the native Darfuri from the benefits of

Essay about Darfur's Turning Point or Not
Evil can come in many different forms. Desmond Tutu claims this to be as he once said, "When people think of the sort of things that happen
when genocide happens, it's again not people who are intrinsically evil." This quote by Desmond Tutu is a definition of evil because not everybody
was born being evil it depends on a persons real nature. When many people think of evil they think of the people that they do not like or do not care
for. Without people being evil are world would not be as it is today because we have overcame many of those challenges that it has brought to us. Even
though the Holocaust was horrible, people may debate that the Darfur Genocide was worse.
Many people do not know where Darfur is. Could it be in Europe? Maybe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Janyaweed that took over were armed militia supported by the Sudanese government to carry out the genocide(2). The Janyaweed entered many
villages on horses and destroyed many houses and buildings(2). They shoot many men, gang raped the woman and children, and shoot everybody that
tried to escape from them(2). The Janyaweed ensured mass destruction and burned building down, and poisoned water wells to kill off some of
people. While this genocide has been going on it has forced thousands of people mostly farmers and villagers from Non– Arab groups to flee their
homes(2). The people that managed to escape they have to take a long journey to displaced person camps. The people that have been fueling the
genocide with armed weapons has been the Chinese and Russians that have broke many human right violations. The government is not agreeing to the
Arms Trade Treaty so until they agree they will continue to bring in weapons and millions of people will suffer the consequences(3). This will later
affect the countries of China and Russia because they are bringing weapons in. Even though the government will not help with anything there has been
people that have escaped.
Although, the government has done little many people have escaped. The government has not done much the government expelled 13 international
agencies from Sudan and

A Brief Summary Of Ishmael BeahВґs A Long Way Gone?
On March 23, 1991, the civil war in Sierra Leone began when the RUF attempted to overthrow the Sierra Leone government. The war lasted a total
of 11 years ending in 2002 with a estimated total of 50,000 people dead. In the beginning the RUF did not have enough soldiers to fight, so on the
idea that the Sierra Leone government would not fire on children, they began recruiting kids as young as seven. After a while the government too had
a lack of soldiers and began recruiting children. In 2002 after the RUF been defeated President Kabbah declared the Sierra Leone Civil War over.
Published in the early months of 2007 A Long Way Gone tells the story of Ishmael Beah a young boy took in by the army of Sierra Leone and forced
to fight along

The Importance Of Religion In International Conflict
Religion has been a driving force in many international conflicts. Hiding behind every religion is a political system and each has the desire of taking
over lands, peoples, and valuable resources. This causes conflicts, especially when the political system causes harm to others in the name of said
religion. It's a way of asserting their dominance by forcing people to the political system. Islam is an excellent example of this today, as Christianity
was in the past when it invaded countries and peoples all around the world and either murdered them or forced them to convert – taking all their assets,
land, and property in the process. In the Indian ocean territories, religion is not always just a belief system which provides a life moral code; religion
also becomes a dividing force between two or more groups, promoting hate and intolerance in the process. Religious differences do not directly cause
many global conflicts, in comparison to fights over money, political power, and natural resources. However, it promotes hate. While religion
successfully provides a unifying factor among many groups, it can also serve as a justification for religious extremists to commit violent acts.
Religion serves has a way to organize beliefs and practices and shaping the way people behave on a day–to–day basis. It is a moral code or a rule book
that its members strive to represent their identity. Religion does not necessarily motivate or encourage violent acts against opposing groups, but

Race, Tribalism, and Genocide in the Sudan
Jpz777 03/11/2013 Order # 2087938 1.) How were "tribes" in the Sudan formed differently from the way "races" were constructed in the United
States? As is the case with the vast majority of nations which were conquered and colonized by the British during their reign of global imperialism, the
Sudanese people of Africa experienced a rapid restructuring of its age old cultural identity system. Located in the "Cradle of Civilization," a region
straddling both the African continent and the Arab–speaking Middle East, Sudan has long been home to a diverse population that is representative of
its many cultural influences, with Arab adherents of Islam living in relative stability alongside tribal bands of native peoples. Upon being co–opted as
a British colony in the early 20th century to fuel a flailing textile industry, the fertile lands of Sudan were transformed into cotton plantations, thus
beginning the insidious process of subjugating the Sudanese people through division and demarcation. The modern colonial scholar Mahmood
Mamdani has observed that "British colonial governance was about identity formation ... (because) the colonial political objective involved more than
just redefining the relationship between colonial power and subject; it involved reshaping the very self–consciousness of the colonized, how they
thought of themselves, their self–identity" (Mamdani, 2009), and this concept of ensuring obedience through the removal and reshaping of identity lies
at the

South Sudan
South Sudan has been ravaged by recurring conflicts since it gained its independence in 2011. Initially, the independence of South Sudan from the north
brought about hope and joy among the southerners who had faced high humanitarian crisis and suffering since independence in 1956. However, the
hope of seeing a bright future in the newly independent state of South Sudan has been short–lived and turned into human suffering that they had
experienced under successive Sudanese regimes. The high expectations among the people of South Sudan after the signing of the peace agreement
was rapidly substituted by disillusionment as the government of South Sudan has been unable to deliver a peace dividend to its populace. Barely
two years after freedom, an armed conflict exploded on December 15, 2013. South Sudan was plunged into conflict once more, spelling tragedy for
the future of this new state. The conflict casted a dark shadow over the prospects for a united, secure and prosperous South Sudan. Men, women and
children have been deprived of their means of livelihood and thrown into exile as refugees as a result of the conflict. The intra–state conflict in South
Sudan has undermined the prospects of a long term stability and unity of South Sudan. Although a cessation of hostilities agreement has been signed,
internal conflict still... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conflicts are exploding in several states of South Sudan from time to time. To this effect; women, children and elderly will continue to suffer. Thus,
this study opts to answer the following questions. First, what are the root causes of the conflict which broke out in 2013? What are the impacts of 2013
South Sudan conflict? What role has IGAD played in resolving the conflict? What are the challenges that the sub–regional body IGAD faced in
resolving South Sudan Conflict? How best can stability be

Darfur Rebellion Essay
In spring 2003, the Sudanese government promised land to Arab tribes who agreed to control the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) rebellion. This was
the foundation of the genocide. In April of 2003, rebels from the DLF attacked the Sudanese air force base in Al–Fashir. The DLF divided into two
units: the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). In July 2003, militias were formed by nomadic
Arab tribes. They were named the Janjaweed, which means "devil on horseback" in Arab. The Janjaweed and the Sudanese government wreak havoc
throughout Darfur by kidnapping Darfuris, burning and looting villages, and raping and killing their victims. In early 2004, the UN Refugee Agency
(UNHCR) makes formal refugee camps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though these groups agreed to the ceasefire, there was still violence going on in Darfur. In August 2004, 7,000 Rwandan and Nigerien
peacekeeping troops are sent by the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to work in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were displaced in Darfur
and Chad by the end of 2004, around 100,000 were dead. On September 9, 2004, the conflict in Darfur was declared a Genocide. Some of the other
countries involved blame the Sudanese government because they have done nothing to help the citizens of Darfur, but the UN doesn't agree. On
January 9, 2005, the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A sign the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the Second Sudanese Civil War ends. In
March 2005, the people who violated the ceasefire in Darfur have sanctions authorized against them by the UN Security Council. There were also
people accused of war crimes. These people are referred to the International Criminal Court (ICC). In June, a formal investigation is begun, but the
Sudanese government chose not to

Conflict Between Sudan And South Sudan
CS 1000 Sudan Sudan, like many countries, has a complicated history ridden with war and turmoil. It is positioned in northeastern Africa, and
neighbored by Egypt, Ethiopia, and Chad. It was once the largest state in Africa, consisting of a population of approximately of 37 million,
according to the World Bank estimate, before it was split into Sudan and South Sudan in July 2011 . The southern region of Sudan was granted
autonomy in terms of a Peace Agreement. Before this agreement, the country had previously been through two civil wars primarily due to conflict
between the Sudanese government and southern rebels . Southern rebels were displeased with their mistreatment by the government's hand and took
a stand. These constant conflicts have negatively affected and displaced many of the citizens of Sudan. A main factor in one of the most recent
conflicts is Crude Petroleum. Petroleum is a natural resource and contributed greatly to Sudan's GDP. However, the source of this oil was mainly
found in South Sudan. Sudan economically suffered greatly due to the loss of three quarters of its oil power. It decreased by 20.3% from nine
billion dollars in 2009, to three billion 2014 . But, despite this large decrease, 64% of Sudan's exports in 2014 consisted of Crude Petroleum. But, this
money did not go into the pockets of the people. Instead, an estimated sum of nine billion dollars, went into the pockets of the man who was meant to
lead their country to peace and greatness, Omar

Persuasive Essay On Social Media
In 2003 the Sudan government enacted a genocide against Darfur people that so far has resulted in 300,000 murders and two million displaced
people. The genocide started because of decades of neglect and oppression in the west region of darfur in sudan causing two rebel groups to rise up
against sudan's government. The sudanese president, Omar Al–Bashir countered the rebellion by using an allied militia called Janjaweed in a
movement to destroy civilians of the same ethnicity as the rebels the darfur crisis was officially considered a genocide by former U.S. president
George W. Bush, but even with worldwide efforts the genocide never ended. Recently the violence has spread to other parts of sudan with its presence
on social media growing to. The effectiveness of social media campaigns for Save Darfur through twitter and facebook never lived up to its possible
potential no matter how important its cause is. The Save Darfur twitter account doesn't effectively influence people to show their support for the cause.
The most seen post is also the most recent. It states, "@IntlCrimCourt inaction on #Sudan's Bashir encourages him to defy international community"
with a picture of president Omar Al–Bashir. The people that have seen this post probably retweeted it more because they see the "bad guy" of the
situation and they want him to pay. the retweeters view this as a call to action. Two months earlier on twitter Save Darfur post an infographic on the
amount of displaced people

The Long Walk By Stephen King Analysis
Stephen King once said in his book, The Long Walk "They walked through the rainy dark like gaunt ghosts, and Garraty didn't like to look at
them." In King's novel Germany won World War Two, and they force 100 kids to walk at least four miles per hour. If they do not maintain this
speed, they are "ticketed", but really shot. In a similar fashion, The Lost Boys of Sudan were forced to walk for survival. It is estimated that over
20,000 children took a voyage from war torn Sudan to Ethiopia and Kenya. The cause of this voyage is the Second Sudanese Civil War, a war that
killed an estimated two million residents. Holding the title of one of the longest civil wars in history, the war started in 1983 and ended in 2005. The
two opposing forces

The Devil Came On Horseback Movie Analysis
Genocide is rightfully seen as one of the most emotionally heavy words in the English language. When many people think of genocide, they might
correlate the word to the attempted, and nearly successful, extermination of the Jewish people during World War II. To stand by and watch fellow
human beings killing each other because of their race, religion, sexuality, etc., leads many to conclude those who stand by are just as guilty as those
who commit the act. Unfortunately, countless horrendous acts are kept silent from the global eye, as the film The Devil Came on Horseback intends to
show us. Anne Sundeburg's 2007 documentary, The Devil Came on Horseback, creatively uses persuasion techniques, which include: the credibility of
Marine Brian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, create an emotional response in the audience towards the people of Darfur; for the most part, they want the audience to sympathize with the
people. Next, the filmmaker wants to inspire ways of action, even a common citizen can participate in. These could include writing to political leaders,
attending rallies or protests, spreading the word with their social groups, etc.; basically, a way to pressure the government to get involved. Mainly, the
goal is to influence governments and their agencies to intervene in the Darfur genocide and to stop further suffering. To accomplish these goals,
Sundeburg and her team had to use multiple persuasion techniques throughout the film.
Character and Credibility of Brian Steidle For any movement or cause, there must be a face to attribute to it for it to be successful. This is precisely
why Marine Captain Brian Steidle is used as the narrator of the documentary, in addition to him being the primary source for the Darfur genocide
information. Knowing someone on a personal level tends to make trusting their words easier and clear doubt, which is why Brian Steidle beautifully
portrays his life in a brief introduction. Family photos and home videos create the idea of knowing someone their entire life; along with Brian's voice
over, it makes an incredible source of information about our narrator. Human beings tend to show the greatest amount of emotion in our faces;
especially our eyes, as

Discrimination Against Women 's Rights
However, discrimination against women is something that many people have learned to overcome, but accepting and forgiving discrimination is
another story. This will continue throughout the future years until males learn to share. There is so much more work to be done, most women don't
have the privilege to do anything still. But all these struggles and suffering has led to the women who are in power today. Unlike the women in the
Western countries, women in Sudan have a whole different issue and fewer opportunities. Women are challenging the discrimination prescribed in
the legal code. Islamic laws are very strict on their women and give all the power to men. In addition, women have the rights to make their dreams
come true and accomplish their goals. They have the rights to be positive, smart and an intelligent; to become successful in anything they want. It's
an unfair decision for only boys to go to school and girls to stay at home. Parents in Sudan consider this a waste of time and money, but what they
think about is only found them a good rich husband to give their daughters a life of fortune and happiness, but if only the parents knew how much this
affect young girls personally and physically. (Samia) Equal treatment should be given to any young girl like the Western Countries do, where a girl
can fall in love, date a man and get to know them. But in Sudan they can be married by their parents or legal guardian without the young girl or
woman's consent in Sudan; this

The Republic of South Sudan, formed in 2011, is one of the...
The Republic of South Sudan, formed in 2011, is one of the worlds youngest countries and it neighbors it's sister, The Republic of North Sudan, and
both are in a situation of turmoil as always. After two civil wars, the country of Sudan split apart after an agreement of 98% the Sudanese people to
split apart and go their seperate ways. This resembles the same conflicts of North and South Korea, and Upper and Lower Egypt. Now after being
formed in 2011, the republic of South Sudan is already in danger of collapse.
The United States, who has played a wife role to South Sudan, is becoming increasingly alarmed about the facts that the young Republic in South Sudan
may collapse. Sudan marked a major breakthrough and chance for South Sudanese, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethnic tensions were only a small part of this overall problem and conflict between countries. This whole thing started as a political dispute between
President Salva Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar, but escalated into full scale conflict, with some of the fighting along ethnic lines. Regional
mediators say the focus of the peace talks will be on political dialogue and national reconciliation in South Sudan.
This was a political squabble first and foremost, and many of President Kiir's critics were from his own ethnic group. A political squabble has become
a conflict – and one with nasty ethnic undertones. The major political unrest began on December 15th as a huge clash between army units belonging
to President Salva Kiir and those backing Machar, who the President accused of an attempted coup. On December 15, 2013, a long standing power
struggle between South Sudanese President Salva Kiir and his former Vice President Dr. Riek Machar came to a head. Both men claim allegiance to
the ruling Sudan People's Liberation Movement, South Sudan's most powerful political party. President Kiir has criticized the fighting as an attempted
way to overthrow him and his government, from his ambitious rival. Instead of the eruption of violence, there had been the consequence of a huge
political crack between President

The Dead : Culture Of Humanity
September 21, 2016 (SSB) – Revering the dead is culture of humanity. It is done in different parts of the world and by different communities. In
Traditional American Indian burial prayer, for instance, the respect of the dead is shown in the way they are talked to as if they are alive and
their prayer goes as follows: When I am dead, cry for me a little. Think of me sometimes, but not too much. It is not good for you to allow your
thoughts to dwell too long on the dead. Think of me now and again as I was in life. At some moment it is pleasant to recall. But not for long.
Leave me in peace and I shall leave you too, in peace. While you live, let your thoughts be with the living. As seen in the above prayer dead are
part and parcel of the living community members and they must be respected. In Traditional African Communities and in particular Dinka
Community, Dead are respected because they are considered to be part of the living. In addition, in Dinka Community the families of the Dead are
looked after and even those who died before getting married, their brothers or other living relatives marry for them wives. The question is: why do
we respect the Dead? There are a number of good reasons both morals and material aspects for respecting the Dead. First of all, the dead had
contributed to the welfare of the living members of their community while they were alive. Sometime they might have sacrificed their valuable lives to
save the community by lying then down. Besides,

Politics In Rwanda And Darfur
"Politics is referred to a influencing the actions and policies of any type of a government or even keeping the government's power under the person
who is influencing" (Merriam). The Genocide that had occurred in two african countries Rwanda and Darfur were caused because of two important
factors which were Politics and Culture. Therefore, In this essay I would strongly like to address the role that the Politics had played during the
genocides which were in Rwanda and Darfur. "Genocide is referred to the mass slaughter of the people who belong to a particular group which can be
racial, political, or cultural" (Merriam). "There were two genocides that had occurred in the African continent which were Rwanda found in the East of
Africa and

The Cause Of Genocide In Darfur
Over 62,587,797 and counting innocent people have lost their lives due to past and ongoing acts of genocide. Throughout this research paper you
will learn about past genocides, genocide today, and what needs to be done to stop it. Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people.
Genocide in Darfur today has claimed over 400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people. More than 100 people die each day; 5 thousand die
every month. It is an unpleasant situation, that has gone on for over 100 years in numerous countries. 5,290,000 people died in the Holocaust death
camps, due to Adolf Hitler believing that the Jews were the cause of Germany's economic crisis and began what was called the " Final Solution".
Genocide is unacceptable, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genocide is a terrible thing, it is the deliberate killing of a large group of innocent people from a specific ethnic group or nation. While researching
for this paper I have personally realized what a horrible occurrence genocide is, no one should have to suffer through that. I do not understand how a
country can brutally kill and torture the innocent people that make up its population and not feel guilty. No one should have to lose their life because
what ethnic group they are a part of or what religion they practice. Everyone's lives are equally important, people who are being tortured and killed
are no different than me, you, or the richest people alive, Everyone's life has meaning, genocide needs to be

Tensions In Sudan
Sudan and their contested border to secure any tensions with oil exportation. Even with the deal being signed it only partially resolves some of the
issues between the two neighboring states to the brink of war, Sudan and South Sudan. Despite the influence of the United Nations as well as the
United States through the North South Peace Act, the ethnic tensions still exist continuing to stall Sudan's progress as a state. Tensions have been high
since the South seceded from Sudan in July 2011. "Africa and the International System: The Politics of Survival" , by Christopher Clapham (1996).
How did these states manage to survive– for a period of some thirty five years, in most cases after formal independence within a global order
dominated by states

Geography Of Sudan Research Paper
Sudan is an interesting country in Africa. My dad is from there and I wanted to learn more about it. I chose to research about their politics, like their
political parties, geography, like the different landmarks, and the wildlife there, like plants and animals. The politics are way different over there than
here. Executive authority is held by only one person, Omar al–Bashir, who is the president, the prime minister, head of state, head of government, and
the commander in chief of the armed forces. Another thing that is different is their flag. It has three horizontal bands with red on top, white in the
middle, and black on the bottom. On the left side of the flag, there is a green triangle that points to the right from the top of it. The red band means the
struggle for freedom, the white means peace, light, and love, and black represents the people in Sudan. Their government type is a presidential
republic. Their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since it is dry and hot, the animals that live there have to adapt to weather because if they don't they could die. One of these animals is the African
Wild Ass. It is a descendant from a donkey. It can sustain water loss of up to 30% of its body weight and it can drink enough water in two to five
minutes to restore fluid loss. Over 20 mammals and 9 bird species are endangered there due to hunting and the animals fighting over the limited
desert resources. One of the animals that are rare in Sudan is called the Tora Hartebeest. In conclusion Sudan is very different than America. The
executive authority is held by only one person and the flag is very different looking than ours. Sudan is flat, hot, and dry, and it has the second longest
river flowing through it, the Nile River. There are 20 mammals and 9 bird species that are endangered because of hunting and because the animals
fight over limited resources. I learned a lot about Sudan during this research, did

South Sudan's Economic Development
South Sudan's economic development, as measured by the country's ability to promote economic growth, contrasts drastically with that of its political
realm. By and far, South Sudan's economic growth has seen rapid development, led by the extraction and commercialization of it's oil reserves. Of key
importance, one must note that the intricacies of South Sudan's ability to extract oil is highly associated with the easing of military tensions. And
indeed, with the recent "lifting of threats by the Sudanese president, Omar al–Bashir, to shut down the South Sudan oil flow...in Juba," ("SOUTH
SUDAN: Oil Production Up," 2013) GDP has increased, indicating a (theoretical) increase in overall standard of living ("Top Growers," 2013.)
Although the adoption of foreign technologies and investments has widely been acted as a means of realizing the full gains of oil extraction, the
SPLM have proceeded with extreme caution in developing South Sudan's oil industry (Bream, Boxell & England, 2005). The underlying logical
remains that the SPLM recognized corporate exploitation and corruption faced by other developing nations that signed contracts over their natural
resources, often leading to increased domestic poverty and foreign ownership of domestic economies. In this sense, the South Sudanese economy
should see healthy economic growth, as it controls its own markets and has agency over its own economic growth. However, South Sudan's economic
growth has seen considerable limitations as a

South Sudan Civil War Essay
North against South, Muslims against non–Muslims, brother against brother. The civil war in Sudan split the country apart, literally. South Sudan
currently a mix of religion and North Sudan now a Muslim majority. This conflict has caused thousands of people to come to the United States over the
past decade. The war began when Muslim fundamentalist became unhappy with the Addis Ababa Agreement and in 1983. President Gaafar Nimeiry
declared sudan an Islamic state including south sudan. Obviously some people were not pleased specifically south sudan. This caused rebel armies to
form fighting the government of sudan. John Garang leading the SPLA (Sudan people's liberation army) fought the central government from a
headquarters in southern sudan. Rights of non–Muslims were not protected as promised and later in 1992 SPLA headquarters was captured in Torti by
government forces. As the war continued the Sudan government and the rebels attacked and raided villages in Sudan. Later in 1995 many rebel
groups from all over sudan came together to form the NDA (National Democratic Alliance). A peace treaty was formed in 2005 to make South Sudan
independent in six years but for now they had complete autonomy. A few other agreements were as follows: Oil revenues and Jobs were split equally,
also Islamic laws were kept only to the north.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This new place gave them opportunity, jobs and freedom, a few pull factors people always look for. George and Lennie face issues moving just like
mohamed. For example, George and Lennie get dropped off by the buss driver miles from their destination. Also the great depression was something
that George and Lennie were struggling through living in the dust bowl in the midwest. Both Lennie, George and Mohamed all have a goal in mind:
to have a farm, to tend the rabbits and to get educated and become a professional helping his people in

Southern Sudan
Military regimes that favor Islamic–situated governments have controlled national politics since Sudan gained freedom from Anglo–Egyptian co–rule
in 1956. Sudan was entangled in two post–independence civil war amid the greater part of the rest of the twentieth century. These wars were based on
the northern Muslims, Arabs economic, political, and social control of the more largely populated non–Muslim, non–Arab southern Sudanese. The first
war ended with the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement, which granted significant regional autonomy to southern Sudan on internal issues. (CIA 2015) The
second civil war started in 1983 because of longstanding issues uplifted by then President Jaafar Nimeiri's choice to implement Sharia law.
Arrangements between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army, or SPLM/An of southern Sudan occurred in 1988 and
1989, however were deserted when General Omar al–Bashir took power in the 1989 through military coup. The Fighting over resources, southern
self–determination, and the role of religion in the state raged between the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A for over two decades. The war left
two and a half million people dead and four million people displaced. (Enoughproject.org) "After decades of drought and neglect, rebels from Sudan's
western... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The questions Varshney at the end of the first paragraph which ask, "Nations building encountered serious ethnic resistance from within. Why was that
so? Why could smaller ethnic identities not subsumed under larger country–or state–level identities that the governments were ostensibly seeking to
create?"(Varshney 280). The answer to these questions is probably best way to sum up essentialism. The given answer states that ethnic groups have a
stronger bond which was a better motivator than then the ties formed by the new

Cultural And Political Causes Of The Darfur Genocide In Sudan
INTRODUCTION
Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. "The 'Darfur Genocide' refers to the current
mass slaughter and rape of men, women, and children in Western Sudan" (Mitchell Hamline School of Law). Not only are these atrocities happening,
but the Darfurians are being force from their land and into refugee camps, mainly in the country Chad, but also other countries like Ethiopia or Kenya.
Darfur genocide causes can be found both culturally and politically. The cultural and political causes come from the same source of that being an
underdeveloped country with no effective government protecting the rights of the Darfurians. Darfurians were violently pushed around, physically and
mentally, with the western world not stepping in to assist. Although eventually, both Britain and the United Nations came to the same conclusion that
the atrocities occurring in Darfur were genocide and "one of the world's worst humanitarian crises" (Thomson Reuters). Genocide occurred in Sudan in
the Darfur region starting in 2003 and continues today. The long–standing divide between Arab herding tribes and the African farming tribes and the
political opportunism arising from the environmental calamity led to the genocide in Sudan.
CAUSES
a.Political Cause. Politically, Darfur genocide is rooted in the government's role of funding, "Janjaweed or devils on horseback," who destroyed the
Darfurians by "burning villages, looting

South Sudan at Risk of Genocide
Genocide in the world is very much alive and continues to happen; it is estimated that since the year 1900, more than 170 million lives have been lost.
If you were to think of that in size, it would be equal to the entire population of Nigeria, gone, wiped out of existence. After the holocaust of World War
II, additional steps were taken to ensure history didn't repeat itself. The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was
held in 1948, conducted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) it concluded that, "genocide is a crime under international law, contrary to
the spirit and aims of the United Nations (UN) and condemned by the civilian world" (Schabas, n.d.). The Genocide Convention was the first ... Show
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This new country was met with high praise and expectations with the United States (US) playing a key role in their accomplishment. Unfortunately,
South Sudan faced hardship from the very beginning; it is one of Africa's poorest and least developed countries even though it is oil–rich and contains
the majority of the oil reserves in Sudan.
The country's leadership was comprised of the two main tribe's leaders. The first is President Salva Kiir Mayardit of the Dinka people which accounts
for 15 percent of the country's population. The other is Vice President Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon of theNuer people who makes up 10 percent of the
population. Shortly after gaining its independence, President Kiir fired his cabinet and Vice President Machar over allegations of a coup attempt.
This led to ethnic and political indifferences between the Dinka and the Nuer. A peace deal was reached between both individuals a month later, but
fell apart after a few days. This put South Sudan in a state of alert, with minor sporadic clashes between tribes up until the end of 2013.
In mid–December 2013, gunfire erupted between soldiers supporting Kiir and Machar, putting the country in an almost instant state of civil war, with
the Dinka tribe fighting against the Neur tribe. The tension between both groups had evolved into a full

The Struggle of the Women of Sudan
The women of Sudan have come a long way in their struggle not only to be heard, but also to have a positive and lasting effect on the people in Sudan.
This organization was born during exile, and reflects the long struggle and what has been achieved by the women in Sudan. Since its establishment in
1998, this organization has brought women from the both the Northern and Southern part of Sudan together in order to work for the same goals.
Women in Sudan have started a campaign that will work to defuse the hostility between communities as well as to have a social identity in where they
can empower themselves and fight for their rights. This peace movement has helped to produce the development and peace within their communities.
Overall, this movement has worked to strengthen and empower women politically, socially, and economically. The history of how this peace movement
initially began in 1997. But before this movement had started, Sudan was and still continues to be in a state of violence, chaos, and restlessness. The
main reason being that Sudan has historically been home to many different ethnic groups that speak various languages and different customs. Since the
1500s different groups of people tried to colonize and rule over Sudan. Because of the constant conquering by different people Sudan never really
achieved a state of peace. In 1504 Sudan was conquered by The Funj Sultanate, who were Muslims immigrants from Arabia that introduced Islam into
the region. Then

British Imperialism In Sudan
How would it make you feel if your parents left you on the side of the road at a young age? Essentially that's what Britain did to Sudan. During the
stage of imperialism, Britain indirectly governed Sudan from 1899 to 1956. After being governed by Britain for 57 years, Sudan found it difficult to
build a stable and effective government. Sudan didn't have a government for years, which lead to difficulty trying to survive. They have lacked and are
still lacking human rights, economy, and the quality of living of their people. When the British left, Sudan was at a huge disadvantage.
While Great Britain had control over Sudan, they didn't help Sudan develop their labor force more into services and industry. Today, 6.76% of
Sudan's land is arable, yet 80% of their labor force goes towards agriculture. This means that they can't make much money because the only way to
make money is to sell the crops you make or the animals they raise. When 80% of their labor force is agriculture most citizens don't need the animals
or crops because they already ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well according to Freedom House , a website that accurately rates country's human rights and freedom on a 1–7 scale, Sudan's ratings are the worst
possible. Their human rights is a 7/7, 1 is the best 7 is the worst, their civil liberties is 7, and their overall freedom is a 7. When your country is
overall awful in human rights something needs to change. Freedom, political rights, and civil liberties are the difference between an underdeveloped
and a developing country. Sudan, obviously, is underdeveloped. When Britain left Sudan, Sudan was lost. They had so many decisions to make and
paths to choose. When a developed country has control of an underdeveloped country the developed country should at least try to help the
underdeveloped country to become somewhat developed. Britain, the parent, left Sudan, their kid, on the side of the road and drove

Darfur
Darfur is an area in Sudan that is around the same size as France. It is home to roughly six million people, mostly of which are muslim nomads and
farmers. Despite having the same religious beliefs, the nomads and farmers have a constant struggle. Around 1989, General Omar Bashir used military
coup to gain domination of Sudan. His power enraged local conflicts, causing the struggle between the nomads and the farmers to become more violent.
In 2003, two Darfuri Rebel Movements rose to power; the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice Equality Movements (JEM). Both Rebel
groups criticized the government's lack of protection of the farmers from nomad attacks. They revolted to bring about change in the region. The
government counteracted... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Janjaweed has been regularly murdering African farmers and other innocent civilians. Four–hundred thousand people have died and two–million
five–hundred thousand people have been uprooted from their homes. Every month, five thousand lives are taken. Despite the constant growing number
of deaths in the country, the Sudanese government denies having any ties to the Janjaweed. The government pays no attention to the acts of the
Janjaweed. In fact, they seem to condone the violations of human rights that the militia is performing and resist attending to the needs of the people.
Although the Sudanese government seemed uninterested of the suffering of their people, the distress caught the eye of the International Criminal
Court(ICC). In 2005, they launched investigations in an effort to reestablish human rights in Darfur. Despite their efforts, the Sudanese government
dismissed the the ICC's investigations.On March 4, 2009 the ICC accused the Sudanese President Omar al Bashir of operating a campaign of mass
killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur. He was the first sitting president to be charged with these violations, causing the ICC to send out
an arrest warrant for him. Not only is there an arrest warrant for Bashir, but also for the former Sudanese Minister of State, Ahmad Harun, and
Janjaweed militia leader, Ali Kushayb. None of the three suspects have been arrested

The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan Essay
The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan
Genocide, the attempt to destroy a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity, remains alive and well. The definition of genocide as given in
the Webster's Dictionary is 'The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.' This definition depicts the
situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small and poor central African country.
What makes this crisis particularly shocking is the structural character of the violence: villages have been torched, and civilians have been deliberately
targeted by bombing, summary executions, massacres and systematic rape as part of a strategy of fear instigated by the Sudanese military and the
so–called Janjaweed, armed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The front lines between Sudanese government and rebel forces, humanitarian presence has brought stability and tranquility as long as it has coincided
with the disengagement of the warring parties. In Jebel Marra, for instance, the deployment of aid agencies was connected to guarantees from rebel
forces to stay away from IDP locations and access roads, to avoid potential counter–attacks from government troops (ironically, but unintentionally, also
serving the interests of government forces).
To understand what is happening here let?s go back to the history of Hutu and Tutsi in Rawanda and how the dominant group wants to control the
minority groups. In the early 1900?s, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked ?whiter?. Governed by Belgium?s
racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi
and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and
positions of power. In the 1950?s, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic
division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that
stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi

Essay on Conflict in South Sudan
Conflict in South Sudan
While still struggling to achieve peace with Sudan since its independence in 2011, South Sudan is now rife with inner–conflict. Rebel forces led by the
former Vice–President Riek Machar want to overthrow the South Sudanese government, led by President Salva Kiir.
The U.S. must intervene in South Sudan, as it is an enduring interest within our National Security Strategy to maintain "An international order
advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity." General Rodriguez, commander of AFRICOM, should employ both
diplomatic and economic instruments of power. By doing so, the U.S. risks a potentially long–term engagement in East Africa.
It is first necessary to discuss in detail the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the attacks, the main priority for Machar's forces has been to target South Sudan's oil. The rebels believe if they can stunt the country's oil
production, the government will then be unable to fund its military and fund foreign forces from Uganda. A 19 April article on Reuters.com reported
that the spokesman for Riek Machar, James Gadet Dak, said "This is to put pressure on Salva Kiir to talk peace in good faith and if he does not heed to
that we are coming to Juba to dispose him."
The United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that 250,000 IDP's are displaced because of the conflict in South Sudan.
Lizabeth Paulat, a member of Truthout, a think tank, writes that the violence is directly causing a potentially massive famine within the region. "This
threat of starvation is not occurring because of a natural scarcity, or even a political attempt to starve out opponents," says Paulat, "rather, this is an
issue of South Sudan's internal refugees, forced to flee their homes to escape violence." With such a high volume of IDP's and a projected record
breaking famine, the international community must intervene to assist President Kiir and the South Sudanese Government.
The United States National Security Strategy (2010) outlines four enduring interests, the fourth being "An international order advanced by U.S.
leadership that promotes peace, security, and

Police Brutality In South Sudan
Social Justice Reaction Paper
South Sudan Africa
South Sudan is one of the recently established nations in Africa, after the split between Northern and Southern Sudan in 2011. However, two years
after South Sudan gained independence conflict arose between the president Salva Kiir and the Vice president Riek Machar. President Salva accused
Vice president Riek of instigating a coup. Vice president Riek denied these claims and was later dismissed from his position in the government. Upon
his removal from the government, former vice president Riek formed a rebel army to fight the government (BBC, 2013).Although the civil war initially
presented as political conflict, the violence later progressed into an ethnic violence between the two major ethnic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Amidst, the different terrorist attacks around the world by extremist Muslims, unfortunately moderate Muslims are getting the heat for these atrocities.
As I have been watching the news on the elections campaigns, some of the nominees for the presidential race, are advocating for an 'Islam free
America'; a goal which is rather unrealistic, considering that we are seeing an increase in the number of African Americans who are converting to
Islam. I read a couple of stories about discrimination against Muslim students in schools (Brown, 2016). In some instances the validity of reports of
bullying and discrimination against Muslim students were questioned. However, these examples make me wonder if these acts of discrimination are
truly occurring in schools. I acknowledge that fear and stereotypes can be motivating factors in this cases. Conversely, are we to punish or marginalize
a whole group, just because a few threaten our well–being or safety? I believe that there are a number of law abiding American Muslims, who in
different capacities are aiding in the war against terrorism and ISIS in particular. However, when we pigeon–hole Muslims as all bad and evil, how are
we to connect with the 'good Muslims' who can aid in this cause against

The Role Of Women's Suffrage In Sudan
Although endowed with rich natural resources, Sudan remains underdeveloped as the results of wars and poor management. The economy has shown
very limited growth throughout the years. Sudan is one of the many countries in Africa, with frequent struggles and gains for what is it now. It has a
vast and interesting history of battling for its independence and many rights. Sudan is one of the oil producing countries, with a slow increase in their
economy. Some of the most liked products come from Sudan, like bananas, sesame seeds, sweet potatoes, cotton and livestock. There are several
different aspects that shapes this country to what is it now and what is was back then. It's still a developing country that needs improvement and help
through... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sudan is one of the "worst" countries for women's rights. According to Johnson, Sudan has "Strict interpretations of Islam curb Sudanese women's
freedoms," that doesn't allow women to advance as a person. It diminishes their ability to contribute in public life. Men and women are assigned
different roles and tend to stick to social expectations. (Darhoh) Such as tasks that are exclusively assigned to men and women, for example; women
are supposed to stay at home moms but that is changing as the 20th century evolves. Women are obligated to household and motherly needs, the lack of
education, access to financial and other material resources, lack of appropriate household and farm technology suited to the work and needs of women,
lack of adequate health help, and lack of exposure to the world outside their immediate environment tend to prevent women, especially those in
traditional societies, from taking advantage of developed opportunities. These opportunities include education or learning how to live without a male
figure and self–improvement. Not just for themselves, but for family and their community. (Darhoh)
Women's rights have progressed throughout the years, many western countries, but in Sudan, women's rights are still being overlooked. Sudanese
women are still getting challenged with unequal rights when it comes to politics, jobs, education, marriage,

Write An Essay On Child Soldiers In Sudan
3.0 CHILD SOLDIERS
Child soldiers in Sudan are a big issue. They started being recruited after the dispute between the two governments. Many young boys from the age
of 12 years have been enlisted as soldiers fighting. They are being used to protect communities and fight the South Sudan conflict. A whole village
was recruited. The boys were threatened by saying they would confiscate their family's cattle if they did not join. Cattle is very important; it is the
only source of wealth. Many children were just kidnapped and taken against their own will. Some came from their own free will, thinking they had
no future. Around 16,000 children have been recruited and they are not really treated well. They are not given enough food for months. A total of 103
incidents of sexual violence affection 430 children. Boys were sexually mutilated while girls who resisted rape were killed.
There were attacks on schools. The government destructed, damaged, looted, and recruited children. There were also attacks on hospitals and health
facilities just for the recruitment of children. Almost 25 schools were used for military purposes and other government security forces.
Many incidents of denial of humanitarian access to children were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a pure violation of human rights. Forcing children into combat and taking them away from school, is just prejudicial. Killing off a generation of
kids, more than half who won't be able to attend school, hence, killing illiterate kids is not a bright future for the country. The government should be
held responsible and take action against including innocent kids into their quarrel. Seeing this much violence and experiencing acts being done against
one's will is something a child should not have to endure. The whole world should and is making an effort to make a change, as the children are the
foundation of the future.

The Cause Of Sudan's Conflict In The United States
Sudan's conflicts are rooted in the creation of the state. During Sudan's Anglo–Egyptian colonial rule, the Arabic Muslim sorth and Christian and
animist south were ruled as two distinct entities. The north was modernised but the south neglected, creating parallel entities which overlooked the
diversity and historical interrelations between the areas. A 1947 policy change to unify them meant that when the country was granted independence in
1956, Sudan was left with a heavily unified and centralised state, ruled from the north. The south, which already had social and political grievances,
feared it would be dominated by the Arabic and Islamist North. Promises to create a federal system were soon broken. In 1955, tensions flared up and...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The agreement failed, and a joint UN and African Union peacekeeping force (UNAMID) was deployed in Darfur in 2008. In 2009 the International
Criminal Court indicted President Bashir on counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, with three counts of genocide later added. In 2010
another peace process followed, leading to the 2011 Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and
Justice Movement. But neither the SLM/A or JEM signed, and this agreement also failed to halt the

These various groups are united in their desire for regime...
These various groups are united in their desire for regime change – Sudanese people, who suffer under the weight of terrorism, murder and starvation,
displacement and genocide for the past 30 years have decided to revolt against their suppressors. They went out demonstrating in the streets, but the
thugs of the government inundated their hands in the blood of the victims they slaughtered and murdered. Internet services are cut off and newspapers
are confiscated and offices of news channels and Arab and world satellite channels are closed so as to silence the voice of the people. Since its
independence of 1956 to date, Sudan has witnessed 2 attempted revolutions to overthrow the regime. For years, the Sudanese population yearned for...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus adding that the army is well trained and is physically prepared to enforce the commands of president Omer Hassan Al–Bashir to establish security
and stability in the country. 'Battles have been reported to be ongoing in West Kordofan which borders South Sudan between a group of rebels called
'Girifna' and the Sudanese army' (Thousands of Sudan's NISS members stage show of force in Khartoum, 2014,Para 2–3). Sudan People Liberation
Movement North (SPLM–N) which is a member of 'Girifna' says that the army would carry out a military campaign to exclude the armed rebellion if
the protests and parades do not stop. (Thousands of Sudan's NISS members stage show of force in Khartoum, 2014,Para 2–3). Statement of the
NPA(New Anticapitalist Party): Support to the Sudanese revolution. "The NPA salutes the uprising of the Sudanese people, provides support to them,
demands the liberation of the prisoners, truth and justice for the martyrs. The NPA calls all student, political and trade unions forces for mobilization
and solidarity with the Sudanese people in struggle for democracy and social justice." (OpenDemocracy, 2013,Para 1–4) Recommendations– The 21ST
Century, created what can only be classified as an absolute miscarriage of justice. An estimated figure of about 200 individuals within a matter of days
have been imprisoned whilst being tortured and severely beaten. The severity of this outcome in itself is a reflection

Paper 2
PAPER 3– THE GROWTH OF CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIANITY IN SUDAN PRESENTED TO PROFESSOR MARK NICKENS FOR CHHI
302 – DO1 BY REV. JOSEPH T. WHITAKER, III LU23755920 LIBERTY UNIVERSITY LYNCHBURG VIRGINIA NOVEMBER 29, 2014 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––2 NORTH
SUDAN–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– SOUTH
SUDAN––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The northern Sudanese see themselves as Arabs and very strongly disown any association with skin color as belonging to Africa, rather than being
identified with Arabia. As in most Muslim countries, it is nearly impossible to launch the Lord's Great Commission. It is not uncommon for Christian
believers to suffer martyrdom at the hands of fanatical Muslims. Nevertheless, Christ's Church still grows and flourishes. 3 The terrible civil wars
that have occurred in the Sudan have resulted in northern Sudan being predominately Islamic. Sudan's Muslims in the north have been implementing
Shariah Islamic Law procedures against Christians. Millions of people have died and been displaced because of the civil wars. Daniel Bul, the
bishop of the Episcopal Church of Sudan reported concerning church growth in the Sudan that the church is in fact growing, and that most visible in
the Anglicans. The Catholic Church, the Pentecostals, and Presbyterians have experienced great growth. The growth is attributed to the reality of the
harshness of over 20 years of horrible civil war. People have been left in a position that there really wasn't any place of comfort left to turn to except
God and His gospel message of hope and

Culture Of Sudanese Culture
The culture of Sudan is unlike any other in the world. Everything that happens in Sudan and to its people impact the culture in some way, however
small. Obviously, some practices and events have a noticeably larger impact on the culture. The standard life of the Sudanese and the major events that
changed their country and culture are important to understand. This is to get an idea of the practical reasons for the way the Sudanese operate in
everyday life. Keep in mind that the goal is to look at the provided information with as little Western bias as possible. The major components behind
modern Sudanese culture are religion, family, and war.
Religion plays a major role in how tribes and the Sudanese government make decisions and run their territories. Islam in the North is specifically
important and impactful. While Sudan is not a Theocracy, the government has historically been influenced by Islam. The government's stance on some
global issues shows an obvious following of the Islamic line. For example, the Sudanese are against the State of Israel. There is no actual reason for
them to be anti–Israel aside from their dedication to the Islamic faith. The only advantage they would gain from Israel collapsing is the opportunity to
harbor and expand the Muslim community in the Middle East. Furthermore, Sudanese law is based on Sharia Law which is inconsistently enforced
geographically, but it's mainly in Northern cities. People who commit treason, religious crimes, murder, and

Child Labor South Sudan And India
Child Labor in South Sudan and India Tatiana Wettstein San Jose State University Chad 106 Laura Pirazzi Child Labor: South Sudan (Annet, 2011)
Conflict and poverty are all too common in the country of South Sudan, along with one of the more overlooked issues of Child Labor. South Sudan
is a country with some of the highest rates of child labor. The country has made progress in making laws and regulations, organizations and agencies
and social programs that target child labor. The problem is that these developments are not effective in reducing the child labor in South Sudan. It is
important to understand what the Sudanese government is doing that isn't working and why it isn't working in order to reduce child labor
significantly in this country. Background The leading causes for child labor in South Sudan include poverty and the political crisis of the South
Sudan government. The South Sudan government has been fighting with rebel factions, which has ultimately resulted in child abduction into the
armed forces and young girls being trafficked to work as sex slaves. Poverty has also served as a major contributor to child labor in South Sudan
(Canagarajah & Nielson, 2001). About 3.5 million children are without parental care due to poverty in the country (Plummer & Kudrati & El Hag
Yousif, 2007). With no parents to provide these children are forced to work. The political crisis combined with widespread poverty in the country need
to be

Islam In Sub-Saharan Africa
Extensive works have been by different researchers and writer on the origins, its growth and establishments and function of Islam as a religious group.
Just like any other culture, Islam has served the purpose of providing an identity. This basis of identity has however sipped into other facets of society
with the major one being politics. In Sub–Saharan Africa, Islam has over the years, been used as a basis for political agendas. What comes mostly to
light is the nationalization of Islam is the agenda and the need to achieve and strengthen socio–economic power and control in the nations.
In sub–Saharan Africa alone, up to 150 million of the population is Muslim . Haldun Г‡ancД± and Opeyemi Adedoyin Odukoya do an in–depth
coverage on the politicization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also taken put into context the difference between African diaspora Muslims and these still living at home. In doing so, they are able to
present different political beliefs and values of different kinds of Muslims based on different social factors. This gives the reader a general
understanding on the different ways the religion is politicized within its own members. However, in chapter ten, the politicization of Islam is not seen
as a cause of conflict or influence rather it is seen as a means. The stability of the democracy of these nations has been dependent on the governance of
these, other than the implication of Islam governance on a national level. Using examples of Libya, Nigeria, Congo and South Africa, they look at their
current state of affairs and backtrack to the history of the countries. A historic emphasis is made on the political growth of these nations, independent of
religious rulings or not. The authors take into account the fact that these countries were rich in terms of natural resources and its politicization was
used as a form of

Rise Of Islam Research Paper
The utilization of religion as a political tool to persecute individuals is a problem consistently faced in history. Placing religion and politics in one
category, leads to problems such as confusion of authority, divination of rulers and political warfare. These problems can be seen in certain political
religions such as Islam. In the Islamic religion, there is no official voice of Islam. This is partly due to the fact that the history of Islam is a history of
ever changing claims to religious authority. Meaning that multiple figures and institutions become the authoritative leaders that delegate which
principles of Islam become ever–present in their ruling period. For instance, Osama bin Laden was an authoritative leader that utilized ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original Islamic sources, the Quran and the Hadith, had very little information about the formation of government. Therefore, after the death of the
Prophet Muhammad, Muslims were left to improvise and form a governmental structure. This structure was based on a hierarchy system that delegated
more power to the caliphate. In other words, the Islamic State was ruled by a series of caliphs based on the divination of power from the Muhammad
lineage, which allowed each successor to be chosen by the previous ruler. This system of structure greatly benefited the Muslim community who
received economic and political rewards, such as, guaranteed financial incomes and military/administration positions. Non–Muslims, who remained
from conquered lands, were not treated so justly. The Islamic State placed a poll tax (jizya) on Non–Muslims which lent benefits to the Muslim
community. Having a ruler placed into power by divination, such as in the case of the Islamic State, leads to general persecution and exploitation of
the people who do not follow the religious beliefs of the ruler. This is seen with the Non–Muslims, who were exploited to provide benefits to the
Muslim community. Therefore, the problem with divination of power in a political religion is that the voice of the religious is commonly expressed
while those who have opposing ideals are subjected to

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