Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Economic Analysis

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Economic Analysis
Economic Implications of Arctic Oil Drilling For more than a decade, debate over drilling for oil on
the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge [ANWR] has continued unabated." This is
the opening line of the introduction to the commonly encountered ethical paradox of economic
interests versus moral interests. This paradox is steadfastly centered through the debate of oil
drilling on the Coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The debate is considered and
argued by diverse and infinitely intertwined societal organizations. The foremost of these
organizations include the United States Federal Government, the government of the state of Alaska,
various environmental groups, and the native populations of the region. Each of these groups have
deep seeded motivations and internalized philosophies underlying specific positional tendencies,
influences, and arguments. In considering this especially pervasive debate, it is these individual and
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The chief argument in support of the drilling for oil seems to be promise of economic prosperity in
the form of reduced foreign dependency, a significantly boosted United States Gross National
Product, greatly improved nationwide employment, and widespread individual economic betterment
in exchange for little negative environmental implication. The chief counter argument also seems to
be in favor of similar economic prosperity. However, this counter argument recommends much more
environmentally concerned means to obtain the same economic goals in the form of suggestions
towards improving fuel efficiency and pursuing other economically profitable means of reducing the
overall need for such environmentally harmful activities in the first
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Mason Neck Wildlife Refuge
Orientation Assignment to Prepare for Lichen IBET Field Trips Mason Neck Park and Mason Neck
Wildlife Refuge, officially known as Mason Neck State Park and Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck
respectively, are home to a multitude of species, such as the bald eagle, the Virginia pine tree, and
the white–tailed deer ("Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck," 2016; "Mason Neck State Park," 2016).
Critical to the conservation of endangered species, Mason Neck Wildlife Refuge, run by the
National Wildlife Refuge System, a part of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, provides a safe
habitat for the various organisms ("Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck," 2016). On the other hand, the
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, the governmental agency responsible for
Mason Neck Park, keeps human's recreational needs in mind and provides activities such as
canoeing and fishing ("Mason Neck State Park," 2016). The human interference present within the
Mason Neck Park may impact the local ecosystem ("Mason Neck State Park," 2016). Although there
are activities available in Mason Neck Wildlife Refuge, they are "wildlife–oriented recreational
developments" meaning the well being of organisms living in the Refuge will be the first priority
("Elizabeth Hartwell Mason ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, since there are limits to where data can be collected, the data will be biased to a certain
area ("Elizabeth Hartwell Mason Neck," 2016; "Mason Neck State Park," 2016). Perhaps most
importantly, the presence of a major body of water near Mason Neck State park will also affect the
presence of various organisms, including Lichens ("Mason Neck State Park,"

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Rhetorical Analysis
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is not only America's last "truly great wilderness", but it is
home to a multitude of species that would be affected if it were transformed into a place for an oil
industry. It is also a symbol of our national heritage where settlers once called it the wilderness.
Throughout the essay, Jimmy Carter gives thorough evidence on why we should not destroy this
beautiful environment. His evidence includes descriptive language, the use of pathos, and logical
reasoning. Jimmy Carter begins his essay the sentence, "This magnificent area is as vast as it is wild,
from windswept coastal plain where polar bears and caribou give birth..." This specific sentence
gives way to a wide array of emotions and feelings due to his way of descriptive language. His
language and word choice makes you feel as if you are there with him absorbing what it feels like to
be there. The way he describes this refuge makes you imagine what "the brilliant mosaic of
wildflowers, mosses, and lichens that hugged the tundra." encompasses and what this mosaic
resembles. When Jimmy Carter talks about what saddens him, it makes you think of what this place
of grandeur could look ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Since I have left office, there have been repeated proposals to open the Arctic Refuge coastal plain
to oil drilling." This direct quote makes me feel like we, as humans, could do some severe damage
to the environment. How much damage could we do? Who would be the ones to clean up the
irreversible damage we have done? Without the persistence of the indigenous people, this great
refuge would not be what it is. "There are few places on earth as wild and free as the Arctic Refuge."
This statement has so much truth and should hit us on a personal level because it makes you wonder
how many places are there left like this on the earth? How long can we preserve this place? We
should be more careful and use our resources

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Dispute
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, or ANWR, is a refuge geared toward preserving national wildlife
in northeastern Alaska. ANWR is about 19 million acres, in space, and contains a potential drilling
spot for oil and petroleum. The potential drilling spot is a small area known as the 10–02 Area. It is
only 1.5 million acres, or 8%, of ANWR, would even be considered for development (What is
ANWR). The controversy surrounding ANWR is whether to drill or not to drill into the 10–02 area.
Some people want to preserve the wilderness and to find more fuel–efficient technologies. Others
want to lower gas prices and to create more job opportunities. If the government decides to drill for
oil, it could possibly lead to about 17 billion barrels of oil, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Drilling in ANWR could greatly benefit the United States. It could boost the economy, decrease
foreign oil trade, lower oil prices worldwide and create about 750,000 jobs, throughout the United
States. On the other hand it could ruin ecosystems and tamper with wildlife's habitats, for a less than
significant amount of oil. Either way a decision has to be made. Prudhoe Bay is steadily declining.
The question is whether the government wants to continue paying the high price of foreign imports
or drill at ANWR and potentially ruin fragile and ecologically sensitive ecosystems.
Works Cited "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge." Defenders.org. 2008. Defenders of Wildlife. 19 Oct.
2008. .
"Making the Case for ANWR". ANWR.org 2008. Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. <
http://www.anwr.org/Background/Making–the–Case–for–ANWR.php>.
"Top Ten Reasons to Support ANWR Development." ANWR.org 2008. Frontier Communications.
19 Oct. 2008. < http://www.anwr.org/ANWR–Basics/Top–ten–reasons–to–support–ANWR–
development.php>.
Tsang, Clara. "Arguments Against Drilling in ANWR." 19 Oct. 2008. .
"What Development of Alaska's Arctic Coastal Plain Means to Louisiana." ANWR.org 2008.
Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. .
"What is ANWR and Where is it?" ANWR.org 2008. Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. <
http://www.anwr.org/ANWR–Basics/What–is–ANWR–and–where–is–it.php>. "Wildlife Impacts
from Oil Drilling in the

Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge Essay
Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge
Everyday we put tons of pollution into the air, water and ground. Our population is growing each
day and in turn urbanization is expanding. Teddy Roosevelt, being an avid outdoorsmen, knew the
importance of setting land aside for posterity sake and in doing do set a trend for later presidents.
When Richard Nixon set land aside in Alaska, which became the Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR), he set it aside to be never tainted by industrialization. Today republicans and some
democrats want to repeal the title of National Wildlife Refuge and drill there for oil. This could have
adverse effects for wildlife and the Inuit natives that call the ANWR and surrounding area home. In
this paper I will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An interesting fact about this issue is that 95% of Alaska's North Slope is open for exploration and
development leaving the ANWR as the remaining 5%(Sierra Club 1). The ANWR was set aside for
a reason, to be protected for later generations, so why drill in the protected site while 95% is open?
An article off of sacbee.com talks about the Gwich'in people and their dependency on the ANWR.
As well as animals being adversely affected the Gwich'in Inuit natives live there. They depend on
the protection of the ANWR because their chief source of food is caribou. They use every part of the
caribou for food, clothing, shelter and their cultural focus point. Repealing the status of a National
Wildlife Refuge would hurt their way of life that they have preserved over the years.
The site is being considered because the people who back this idea don't want the USA being
dependent on foreign oil. The fact is it would not make us less dependent on foreign oil, a 6–month
supply over 50 years is not going to do that. They are also afraid of Saddam Hussien controlling the
oil market, but economists say the world controls the prices. The oil they want to drill would be a
very small amount only about 2% of our total reserves. If they started drilling in 2002 we would not
see it until 2012, meaning we can not cure any problems that may occur before then.
This graph shows the amount of oil the refuge would give us is only a small bump in the road. The
estimated amount of

Summary: Both Sides In Wildlife Refuge
An article called Both Sides in Wildlife Refuge Protest Face off in Oregon was written by Kirk
Johnson on February 1, 2016. In front of the steps of Harney County courthouse, two groups, one
for and one against, gather to protest the armed occupation of a federal wildlife refuge. The two
groups were arguing at one another, but was not being violent expect for the occasional pushing.
The protesters were protesting the arrest of Ammon Budy and the death of LaVoy Finicum. With
that being said, eleven more people was arrest with the connection of the takeover and four people
are stilling refusing to leave the refuge. Both sides came together to argue what they think is right
and what should be done. From the article, there is one amendments that

Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge (NWR)
Introduction Many species of plants host microorganisms living inside the plant forming a mutually
beneficial endosymbiosis. Bacteria or fungi that reside within plant tissue (roots, stems, and/or
leaves) are referred to as endophytes. These endophyte communities may help to improve a plant's
fitness by promoting growth, protecting against disease, or facilitating nutrient acquisition. More
specifically, endophytes within the plant community can help plants respond to stress that develops
from biotic or abiotic influences like pests, heat, drought, saline, and soil conditions (Russell et al.,
2003) Endophytes can help plants become better able to tolerate stress by allocating resources from
one place to another (Rodriguez et al., 2009). Therefore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The grass species Puccinellia nutalliana (Nuttal's alkaligrass), Distichlis spicata (inland saltgrass),
and Thinpyrum poniticum (tall wheatgrass) are all grass species present at Hailstone NWR. During
remediation efforts, these grass species were seeded because they are tolerant, common species in
the area. Examining these species at Hailstone NWR could provide new insight into the relationship
between endophytes and grass species in alkaline, saline, and selenium–enriched environments.
Many locations in the Yellowstone River watershed and throughout Montana are reporting higher
levels of saline and selenium. Anthropocentric activities such as agriculture, mineral extraction and
refinement, municipal use, and transportation industries contribute to increased saline and selenium
levels in ht surrounding environment. At adversely impacted sites, measures may need to be taken to
restore the habitat with species that can survive the changing conditions. This research at Hailstone
NWR could help scientists, conservationists, and managers determine how well endophytes promote
plant fitness and facilitate restoration in these saline and selenium enriched habitats. Puccinellia
nutalliana, D. spicata, and T. ponticum are often used for restoration projects because the species are
valuable in revegetation of alkaline, saline environments (Montana

Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge
We are mirrors in the dark, covered in layers of dirt. We each have our own roles to fit into and that
includes our contribution to the Earth and our own society. Involvement in community service can
help us understand ourselves and see things more clearly. Community service allows us to labor
away at the dirt covering us and realize that we can shine more than ever before by deflecting the
attention off ourselves and onto someone else for them to glow. In response, the mirror of ourselves,
lit by the illumination of others surrounding us so by our service we benefit ourselves and thus, push
away the darkness of our own self–centeredness. To me, community service means people
conducting voluntary work in order to make a change in a community ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Resulting from my community service: I saw my mood brighten, learned about flora species and
how to maneuver loppers, saw the restoration of Humbug Marsh, and grew aware of the treasure
that the DRIWR is and of its essential presence in our community. Overall, I recognize that my
experience at the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge genuinely did not alter my perception
of community service and its implementation. Considering this, previous to my service I had a wide
impression of what community service entitles and

Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge Essay
Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge
The main issue presented in my research involves the debate between environmentalists and the
United States government on whether to open and develop a portion of the Artic National Wildlife
Refuge (ANWR) in the northern coastal plain of Alaska for the purpose of drilling for oil.
Environmentalists argue that opening up this region of ANWR to future oil drilling would destroy
the current ecosystems, disrupt animal habitats and adversely change the lives of the people in these
local communities. Proponents of oil drilling in this region argue that all the issues presented by the
environmentalist groups are not valid and they have no scientific facts to support their argument. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These areas of concern to environmentalist include: (1) The protection of the Porcupine caribou
herd, polar bears, musk oxen, grizzly bears and many other forms of diverse wildlife that could be
adversely affected by the oil exploration. (2) Preservation of the land itself and the local
communities culture that has supported a thousand generations of native Alaskans. (3) That there is
only enough oil in this region to supply America's needs for six months. The environmentalist and
the proponents for oil drilling continue to pursue their arguments, each one deciding that their
argument is more popular to the American people. INTRODUCTION
The history of the Artic National Wildlife Refuge can be traced back to 1960. On December 6th, the
Eisenhower administration signed Public Land order No. 2214 which established the 8.9 million
acre Artic National Wildlife range. In 1980, Congress passed and Jimmy Carter signed the landmark
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservative Act (ANILCA) that increased the protected area to
19.8 million acres, renamed the area to Artic National Wildlife Refuge, and established the original
8.6 million acres as wilderness. However, in the process of getting this act passed, the oil industry
lobby succeeded in having the Senate refuge to designate the Coastal Plain as Wilderness. Section
1002 of the ANILCA legislation informed the

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge : Drilling For Oil Essay
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, commonly
referred to as ANWR has been the source of media and political controversy for the last twenty
years and has only increased in recent years. President Eisenhower reserved this land in 1960 to
preserve and protect the native and diverse plants and wildlife. When oil was discovered in the
Prudhoe Bay a determined group consisting of large oil corporations, politicians and locals insisted
that exploration in the wildlife refuge would lessen the United States dependence to foreign oil,
there would be numerous economic benefits and could be achieved with an inconsequential effect
on the environment. Opponents of drilling reject this argument citing grave environmental concerns.
These adversaries that include many environmental groups argue that the various economic benefits
associated with drilling in ANWR are not significant enough to warrant the destruction of one of the
last remaining pristine wildernesses. The costs associated with drilling evident in oil spills, changes
in habitat and the possible extinction of Polar bears and wolves demonstrate that the benefits of
drilling for oil does not outweigh the negative consequences. In 2015, President Barack Obama
pushed policy to ban oil exploration by designating more than 22 million acres in Alaska of which
12 million are part of the ANWR (Bourne). Background Alaska became an official state of the
United States in 1960.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Analysis
In Jimmy Carter's foreword Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the former president addresses the
importance of protecting and preserving the beautiful arctic wildlife. Carter urges the American
people to take on this issue by: providing imagery of the Arctic to illustrate its beauty and diverse
wildlife for the audience to visualize, stressing the importance of the wildlife refuge's relationship to
the country's heritage, and pointing out its significance and impact to the country. With these topics,
Carter builds a strong argument that draws in the audience and convinces them. In the beginning of
the foreword, Carter elaborates on the Arctic's sheer vastness and beauty by incorporating a personal
point of view about "the brilliant mosaic of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carter provides examples of the caribou depending on the Arctic as their home and how the
ecosystem that thrives there is precious wilderness . Carter also includes the "Gwich'in Athabascan
Indians of Alaska and Canada, indigenous people whose culture has depended on the Porcupine
caribou herd for thousands of years." to elaborate more on the importance of the Arctic, allowing the
reader to understand that the land has been there for thousands of years to sustain the natives and
should not be destroyed. In addition to the natives and the animals, Carter writes that normal people
who do not have direct ties to the Arctic are fighting to preserve it, specifically people from both
sides of the political spectrum to say that this is not just a partisan issue. This also allows the
audience to see how this issue is being treated as a problem by everyone. By establishing the
importance of the Arctic, Carter is also able to put out the need for drilling oil that would only
"provide 1 to 2 percent of the oil our country consumes each day". In addition to this, he also offers
a solution that can easily be put in place: driving more energy–efficient cars. This allows the
audience to realize that the opposition has a solution that can solve the oil problem without
destroying the

The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New Vernon, NJ, has different types of species and
habitats. We started the observation from the shorter plants. First of all, the tour lady introduced
poison ivy plants to us. She mentioned that if you see a hair rope plant, there is high probability that
it could be a poison ivy. There were less short plants farther away from the water. There could be
several reasons that the shorter plants are near or/and above the water. First, watery soil can only
support shorter and less heavy plants, because near water the soil is too soft. Second, New Jersey
has many deer and the deers' predators are removed from the area because they cannot coexist with
humans. Shorter plants are usually eaten by deer. The

Arctic Wildlife Refuge
Protect the Arctic Refuge Jimmy Carter's forward to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of life
and Land, A Photographic Journey by Subhankar Banerjee asserts that the Arctic Wildlife Refuge
should be protected by the government and the people of America. Carter supports his argument by
using imagery, historical evidence, and tone. First, Carter uses a description of the Arctic refuge to
prove that imagery supports his requests. The Arctic Refuge is described as "As the never setting
sun circled above the horizon, we watched the muskox, those shaggy survivors of the Ice Age, lumer
along braided river that meander toward the Beaufort Sea." This displays the beauty, innocence, and
calmness of the refuge, proving that anything this beautiful should be defended. Carter's description
affects the audience by making them feel pity for all of the animals and the environment, knowing
that its beauty will be destroyed, urging the audience to change the refuge's fate. Thus, imagery
perfectly demonstrates how important the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He states, "It would be a grand triumph for America if we can preserve the Arctic Refuge in its pure,
untampered state. To leave this extraordinary land alone would be the greatest gift we could pass
onto future generations." This final explanation in Carter's work confirms the claim that he has been
trying to support. Carter feels concerned towards this cause and he wishes that everyone in America
and the government cares for it as well. If anyone loves a cause, idea, or image, they will do
whatever it takes to save and nourish it. This is exactly how Carter feels towards the Arctic Refuge
and his writing implements this into the audience by making the readers feel sorrowful, yet wanting
to change the way the Arctic Refuge is treated. Hence, Carter truly cares for the Arctic Refuge and
wants the audience to change the refuge's

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Case Study
This case study concerns possible oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) on the
north slope of Alaska's Brooks Range adjacent to the Gwich'in reservation. This could put the
Porcupine Caribou Herd at risk and possibly jeopardize the food source and traditional culture of the
Gwich'in people (Pg. 129). However, as fossil fuel sources begin to run out, Americans seem to feel
entitled to drill for oil anywhere there is a reserve, even when that means sacrificing the greater
good of a community or nature. One of the questions asked is if America deserves the oil at the risk
of the Gwich'in people, when we have such an excess of energy consumption and the failure of
North Americans to restrict this energy consumption? It is

The Argument Against Drilling In Alaska’s Arctic National...
Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), the crowned jewel of the nation's 544 refuges is
in danger of destruction (Lamar and Markey 12). ANWR has been in existence since 1960 and has
slowly become one of the most controversial topics to hit Congress. ANWR is composed of 19
million acres on the northeast coast of Alaska. Although the government has been provided with this
immense land they are fighting to gain more land. Why? ANWR is the second biggest oil field that
is owned by the U.S. Now the government wants more land to construct oil reserves. The refuge is
home to many endangered species such as migratory birds, polar bears, and wolves (Lynne and
Roberts 1). Most of ANWR's designated oil area is owned by indigenous Alaskan ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calf survival rates have been extremely low in areas or mountain range and without their discrete
areas caribous are threaten more by predators (Whitten 2004). The reserves will also constrain
caribou from moving about because of all the traffic that would be created and the pipe crossings.
That's no way a precious creature should live. That's why Alaskan natives oppose drilling.
Another reason against drilling much research has shown that all the oil that will be produced will
only last for about six months. The fact that the British Petroleum has greater potential to produce
more oil and natural gasses (Markey 2004) than ANWR so why bother with it , supporting the case
that drilling is pointless. Then there is the percentage that after oil production of ANWR, the foreign
oil dependency will only drop from 56% to 50% (Markey 2004).Then the oil produced would reach
the market ten years later after it was produced, leaving the gas price decrease to one percent(Lamar
and Markey 12). There was also the reality of natural gases. ANWR does not confirm any sign of
them, when President Bush ordered exploration for natural gasses (Klyza and Ford–Martin 1).Again
proving drilling pointless.
In addition to concern about changes, was if drilling were to happen the negatives it would create to
the tundra. Drilling on any form of earth is harmful in general. But because of how beloved the
terrain is to the native, it only creates more conflicts.

Bosque Del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
Near the small town of San Antonio, NM is a spectacular display of one of nature's finest balanced
beauty and wilderness paradise, Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, situated on the
northern edge of the Chihuahuan desert and straddling the Rio Grande. Fitting is the name Bosque
del Apache, meaning "woods of the Apache," a reminder of the Apache peoples of long ago who
lived along the Rio Grande. The 57,331–acre refuge was established in 1939 by President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt, an effort aimed to preserve the area as a wildlife habitat. The nucleus of the
refuge is 7,000 acres of flood–plain, an extensive area of wetlands and farmlands. Arid foothills and
towering mesas ascend to the Chupadera Mountains and the San Pascual Mountains, giving shape to
a landscape that captivates. Remnants of a lost civilization are evident in the petroglyphs in the
region, along with stone tools and other artifacts. The Piro Indians that lived in the valley at least
700 years ago, hunted, fished, and farmed the land. Today, the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife
Refuge protects the ruins that tell their story. It continues to be a magnet for human migration along
its corridor, and provides shelter for a diversity of wildlife that creates incredible sounds and sights
that are awe–inspiring. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The wetlands of spring welcomes migrating shorebird species, including sandpipers, stilts, plovers,
dunlins, curlews, and avocets. The colors of summer come alive with an array of birds atop trees
with beautiful sounds filling the air. These include black–chinned, calliope, broad–tailed, red–tailed
hawk, white–crowned sparrow, tanager and rufous hummingbird. Cranes and geese make their
appearance in early fall, coyotes, northern shovelers dabble on the water, javelina, and mule deer
idle or prance about in the open meadow, and wild turkeys trek in their roosting

Should the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge be opened to...
Drilling oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is a serious issue for
environmentalists and for the future of the United States. Should the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge be opened to oil drilling? This paper will debate whether or not we should allow Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge to be opened to oil drilling. This will also show the impact it has on the
environment, and I will show a critical analysis of the current issue of whether or not to drill.
History
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska and is the largest
wildlife in the country. The ANWR covers more than 19 million acres of forests, mountains,
wetlands, tundra, and rivers, and it is the habitat to distinctive and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lee, Professor of Economics. In his argument claims, "that the Economic of Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge oil is so great that even environmentalist should agree to drilling, and they would
probably stand to benefit." There would be many benefits as compared to the cost. He does not deny
the fact that there would be risks associated with the drilling. In spite of this, he feels that they do
not begin to compare the benefits. Lee explains that the main reason that this has become such an
intense issue is because of high prices of oil and gasoline. Lee goes on to explain that technology
has having fewer risks involved with the drilling. This is why it is an important issue. Drilling would
help reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign sources. Richard Pombo, a Republican from California
argued that "there is no logical reason" to oppose ANWR drilling (Easton, 2009).
A major claim from the supporters view is that there would decrease United States dependence on
foreign oil. Although, it seems logical for the United States to drill on its own land to decrease
dependence on imported oil, but that would not be the case in ANWR. According to the U.S.
Geological Survey, there are 4–10 billion barrels of oil that can be recovered from the refuge's
coastal plain that is enough for another 4–10 months (Cunningham, 2009, p. 287). A poll from
February 2000, Alaskans support opening ANWR

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Case Study
In Burns, Oregon, a band of anti–government activists armed themselves and occupied a section of
the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. The leader, Ammon Bundy, and his family have had previous
problems with the government in 2014 over grazing rights, which they won. Currently, they are
protesting over the prison sentences of two ranchers for arson on federal land. Dwight Hammond
and his son Steven Hammond were sentenced to five years in prison. The ranchers both claimed that
they were setting off fires on their own land in order to prevent the spread of an invasive plant, and
another occurrence to stop the extent of a wildfire. However, those fires had unintentionally burned
public lands. Prosecutors argued that they were attempting to destroy

Summary Of Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
In "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land" former President Carter tells
American conservationists of the importance of the Alaskan refuge. Carter explains that he is
passionate about the preservation of the area and what he has done to protect it and the animals that
inhabit the tundra. Using language to paint a beautiful scene and explain personal accounts, the
former President shows conservationists all over America that he is on their side. Carter begins by
verbally illustrating the beauty of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. In the passage Carter says,
"During bright July days, we walked along ancient caribou trails and studied the brilliant mosaic of
wildflowers, mosses, and lichens that hugged the tundra." In

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Research Paper
The ANWR or Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a refuge specially designed for wilderness
purposes. This refuge is located in the northeast corner of Alaska, and is home to a rich diversity of
over 250 species of wildlife. For a better description, this refuge has been named spiritual,
recreational, historical, and cultural. However, not all would agree that the arctic refuge is a rather
safe place.
In 1966, many Alaska Natives protested due to the ANWR being threatened by dirty oil and gas
development. Since then, many laws and acts have been passed and signed so that the ANWR would
be kept safe. For example, in 1960 President Eisenhower established the Arctic National Wildlife
Range "to preserve wilderness, wildlife, and recreation." Also in 1980, President Carter signed the
Alaska Interest Lands Conservation Act. This act expanded the Arctic Refuge's size, along with
changing its name and some other features. As a result of these actions, the thought of drilling the
ANWR should be abolished. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated in the first paragraph, this refuge was designed purposely for wildlife. The oil industry
continues to launch attacks to open this national treasure to destructive oil drilling. However, there is
a large amount of people and protesters that are willing to do anything to protect this remarkable
place that some call home. If these oil companies drill this land, hundreds of habitats would be lost.
Even the simplest things such as seismic testing, aircraft and vehicle noise, or even the presence of
humans nearby can drive mother polar bears away from their den and cubs. The critical breeding
grounds for migratory birds would be severely impacted and the same for others. The simple action
of even having humans at this location could destroy a whole species. Although, habitat loss is not
the only reason why this majestic place should not be a drilling

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been the center of a strident controversy and
national debate that has raged for over 40 years. The question raising so much contention is whether
the federal government should allow drilling for oil and natural gas with the levels of contention
paralleling the rise and fall of gas prices. The National Democratic and Republican Parties have
taken opposing positions in their national political platforms, with the debate emerging and re–
emerging in Congress as a significant issue. The Republican are proponents of drilling whereas the
Democrats are opposed. With Sen. Lisa Murkowski ascending to the top post of the Energy and
Natural Resources Committee many observers believe that the Republicans will renew their push for
drilling in the ANWR in the upcoming 114th Congress. This paper will explore the different
arguments that are used to oppose drilling to protect the ANWR followed by arguments that are in
support of drilling. As a result of a preliminary review of current literature outlining the pros and
cons surrounding drilling, it is the thesis of this paper that drilling in the ANWR is unnecessary
based on (1) the potential to cause irreversible damage to a very unique ecosystem that has not been
adequately studied by scientists; and (2) the limited impact that drilling in the region will have on
overall market prices and supplies due to the estimated small size of the ANWR's oil and gas
reserves. A brief history of the

Jimmy Carter, Former US President, uses descriptive imagery to capture the audience and draw their
attention to the bigger picture of how The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge should be saved. Carter's
tone reflects the excitement that can be expreienced within the Arctic Refuge, while creating a
saddened tone when mentioning what could happen if the Arctic Refuge was overthrown by an
industrial economy. The Former US President conveys personification by creating life–like
portrayals of his encounters with the wildlife in the Arctic Refuge.
Jimmy Carter uses imagery often throughout this piece of text, such as when he says, " During
bright July days, we walked along ancient caribou trails and studied the brilliant mosaic of
wildflowers, mosses,

Drilling for Oil in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge
The United States should not drill for oil in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge because it would
harm the environment, disrupt the animals, and destroy plants. The United States Congress created
the Artic National Wildlife Refuge in 1980 (To drill or not to drill?: 6). The Artic National Wildlife
Refuge is also known as ANWR (To drill or not to drill?: 6). The Artic National Wildlife Refuge is
19.6 million acres of wilderness (Scalzo, Jim Lo.: 37). Of the 19.6 million acres in the Artic
National Wildlife Refuge 17.5 million acres are permanently closed to development. The Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge is often called the "American Serengeti" (Defenders of Wildlife). The
Artic National Wildlife Refuge lies in the northeast corner of ... Show more content on
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Pipelines and oil–drilling platforms will harm caribou, polar bears, and millions of migrating birds
(Come on in.: 38). Whenever some country drills for oil it is more likely than not for that country to
have an oil spill. Oil spills are deadly to animals, hard to clean up, and it takes the land thousands of
years to recover. The United States has already had one major oil spill off the coast of Alaska in
Prince William Sound. If another large oil spill occurred on the water it would have a substantial
effect on whales and other marine wildlife (Experts say Alaska Oil Drilling Hurts Wildlife: 43).
There are over 130 bird species that find breeding, nesting, or resting places on the coastal plain
(Defenders of Wildlife).
All of the oil will be pumped down the Trans–Alaskan Pipeline no matter what. Then it is loaded
onto tankers and shipped out of Prince William Sound, but the tankers that the oil is being shipped
in are at an enormous risk for having an oil spill. This is because most of the ships that pick up the
oil are not doubled hulled. The vast majority of oil shipped from Alaska is carried in aging tankers
with higher risk of leaking. Only 3 of 26 have double–hulls and those are more than 20 years old.
There are three main oil companies who carry oil out of Alaska; Phillip, BP, and Exxon. The first of
Phillip 's four new Millennium Class double–hulled tankers to be built was christened

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Argumentative Essay
Summary Alaska is well known for its abundance in oil. Obama has now proposed a bill to ban
energy exploration on 12 million acres of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. With this bill comes
this are being considered as wilderness and Alaskans are not happy with the bill at all. Many of the
people who are Native to this are feel as if they have been disrespected or unconsidered. The text
states, "Mr. Walker, generally a soft spoken lawyer, said he was angry and frustrated at least in part
by feeling misled...asked whether any surprise announcements affecting his state were coming and
was told no, he said." Also Alaskans feel "economically vulnerable" by the presented plan. The oil
taxes from those 12 million acres is 90 percent of the operating revenues for the state. Tax revenue
has already fallen because prices of oil have been decreasing more around the world. The author
says, "...a 3.5 billion shortfall expected portrays how much change the new bill will bring to the
state. With that being said, the audience is the citizens of Alaska because they may suffer from the
cutbacks necessary for their government. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Walker says in the text, "You are taking away our ability to earn a living.", it appeals to ethos
because one has to decide whether it is right or wrong to take these people's money. In this situation,
it is as if the government is choosing between humans' lives or protecting the land of the refuge.
Pathos: An appeal to pathos is when resident of Alaska says, "Alaska simply does not matter to
Washington." Those who live there feel left out or are bitter towards the entire situation because of
the possibility of their economy being corrupted.
Logos: The appeal of logos was shown when the text stated, "Taxes paid by oil companies are the
state's lifeblood, accounting for about 90 percent of operating revenues. By these facts being
presented to the reader, it raises the question to whether it makes sense to preserve this land.

Case Study: Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge
Overall I am interested in vegetation, water, and soil. I am interested in learning and researching
how vegetation has changed with urban sprawl and increased agriculture. Increased technology is
changing the way we use the landscape. My summer research dealt mainly with vegetation species.
Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge has experience severe impacts from anthropocentric influences.
Remediation efforts have repaired the site. I think that working in a location that has been
remediated has given me a desire to research how humans can more efficiently use the landscape at
a minimal environmental cost. Water is very interesting to me as well. The Yellowstone River has
numerous oil pipelines that cross the channel. An oil spill in 2011 near

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Should the United States Drill for Oil in the ANWR? The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge or
ANWR is one of the largest areas of protected land in the world. It encompasses areas of Alaska and
Northwestern Canada. The area was initially set aside by President Eisenhower in 1960, because of
the area's value to the environment. What with it being part of the shrinking tundra, and the only
protected tundra in the United States. However, despite the environmental significance of the
ANWR to the surrounding areas, parts of the United States' government would like to drill for oil in
this important area. According to a study by the Gallup organization, support of the drilling has gone
down in recent years. On top of that, more recent studies are ... Show more content on
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What if, this debate might not be necessary in the first place? What if the notion of the oil a vast
amount of oil isn't tangible? According to the United States Geological Survey or the USGS, the
amount of oil in the ANWR is between 5.7 and 16 million barrels. The process of extracting the oil
will be nowhere near to being done by 2030. While this means a more stable business, it also means
that the drilling will have a much longer–living effect on the area. Also, according to the
Environmental Information Administration, or the EIA, even with the nation's shrinking dependency
on foreign oil with a boom in fracking, current imports of petroleum are far greater than the ANWR
will ever produce. Many groups would argue by mentioning that the ANWR drilling is positive
because it will reduce the United States' reliance on foreign oil, which saves the United States
money. In response to this, the National Resources Defense Council stated that the ANWR's oil
would only serve as a "distraction" from the United States' foreign oil dependency. As stated earlier,
the ANWR just doesn't contain enough

Wildlife Refuges
Policies at the local, state, and federal level have had a large impact on management and are also
reflective of how governments perceived the role of wildlife refuges. The Klamath River Basin, like
much of the western United States, has much federal influence because of the prevalence of federal
lands in the basin. The policy making bodies within the Klamath make decisions based on the
missions and interests of their individual agencies, and sometimes these missions can be
contradictory(Wilson 2010). Evaluation of the roles of federal agencies and the differences in
agency policy is vital for understanding management in the refuges. For the purpose of my study I
will examine the challenges of refuge management by interviewing refuge staff

Wildlife Refuge Dbq
Would you like to have the US drill near your community? The United States is planning to drill for
oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) located in Alaska. Being a US citizen I believe
we should not drill for oil in Alaska because it would affect the economy, the environment, and the
Alaskans. Drilling for oil in ANWR can be beneficial in some ways, but this is why it is unreliable.
Of course the cost of the drilling should already be making you agree with me, but just in case here
is some real information. "A study from the US Energy Agency (March 2004) shows it would
reduce US imports by 4%..." states the Arctic Wildlife Organization (Document C). Nevertheless,
this means that we would only be gaining by four percent.

Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Essay
"Too often in politics, there are fallacious either/or arguments put up as a justification or an excuse
for an action or view which is skewed in such a way as to suggest that there is only one acceptable
choice." Peter Garrett. The United States, and much of the world is dependent on oil, a dying
resource. Oil supplies are limited and fossil fuels are becoming increasingly hard to extract. The
debate over drilling in environmentally important areas is a heated one. Each side of has their own
opinions and proof that their argument is without a doubt, the only way. These preinstalled views are
nearly impossible to sway, and rightfully so, everyone is initialed to their own opinion. But this
paper will attempt to shed a little more light on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such a broad spectrum of diverse habitats occurring within a single protected unit is unparalleled in
North America, and perhaps in the entire circumpolar north." (Arctic Refuge: Oil and Gas Issues).
The refuge is a delicate treasure there are few like it in the world and its existence is threatened. The
ecological makeup is one of a kind. The refuge contains five different ecological regions, which are
home to 45 species of land and marine mammal ranging in size form a pygmy shrew to a bowhead
whale. The refuge is also well known for polar, grizzly and black bear, wolf, wolverine, dall sheep,
moose, muskox, and caribou. It is also home to 36 species of fish and 180 bird species (U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service). Perhaps the largest biological issue with drilling in area 1002 is the Porcupine
caribou Herd. Drilling supporters argue that caribou are affected by the drilling operation. Examples
of this are made at the Prunhoe Bay drill site where caribou actually use gravel pads and roads to
avoid insect attacks and are unaffected by human presence. But much of this information is miss–
interpreted. Adult caribou are unaffected by drilling operations. But, cows and their calves are more
sensitive during the first few weeks of calving (Caribou migration). They avoid human disturbance
during this time, so drilling becomes an issue. Cows calf in area 1002 because they need the

Rhetorical Analysis: The Arctic Wildlife Refuge
Former president,Jimmy Carter expresses his opinion about the Arctic Wildlife Refuge and how it
should be conserved . With his use of ethos, pathos, and lagos; tone of speech, and choice of diction,
he attempts to persuade his audience to not only notice the importance of the Arctic Refuge,but to
actually preserve it for the enjoyment of future generations.
Jimmy Carter uses ethos in his speech to show his audience what is ethical and right.Carter brings
attention to the local indigenous people that will greatly suffer if their environment becomes tainted
with oil rigs and other industrial machinery saying:"indigenous people whose culture has depended
on the Porcupine caribou herd for thousands of years.I can emphasize with the Gwich'ins'

Rocky Flats Wildlife Refuge
Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge in Golden, CO, has been a topic for debate for many years. In
2010, I testified and spoke out against the wildlife refuge on the house floor regarding House Bill
10–1127. The topic is still making local headlines with leaders on both sides arguing what are
considered safe levels of Plutonium and Uranium. The article depicts the nature of the arguments
and how the policies will affect the community. Some of the controversies discussed in the article
that may affect the community include, safety, zoning, recreational, and environmental issues.
Public safety is one of the main concerns for the community. The concern is that the United States
Department of Energy (DOE) has not done enough to clean up the site. ... Show more content on
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The community doesn't want a Cold War Museum placed at the site and they do not want to make it
a public area open to families. The wildlife in that area concerns many animal activists because the
wildlife that use the site are also at risk of contamination due to the water and food they consume at
the refuge. Animals were never brought to the site. There is a 6–foot fence that currently surrounds
the Rocky Flats Wildlife Refuge, which provides easy access to deer, antelope, birds, snakes, and
other burrowing animals.
The United States Government has spent $7 billion cleaning up the site and claim that it was
successful. "It's a place that Niels Schonbeck, a chemistry professor at Regis University who has
monitored the public health effects of Rocky Flats since the 1980s, would never visit. Schonbeck
questions whether the risk thresholds for human health effects identified by the federal government
are adequate" (Aguilar, J., 2015). According to the article, government officials and their scientist
have claimed that the site is safe and will open the refuge to the public. Scientists, members of the
community, and non–profit organizations do not believe that any level of plutonium is safe and think
it is a hazardous mistake for their

'Arctic National Wildlife Refuge' By Jimmy Carter
Environmental protection has been always a global issue that affected all the people. National
authorities including politicians play a big role in ensuring nature protection and encouraging the
nation to support environmentalism movement. Jimmy Carter shows a great example of persuading
the big audience to take an action and to endorse the proposal not to develop Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge for industry. Jimmy Carter uses several effective methods of argumentation;
however, he manages to create a strong motivational appeal avoiding formalism. He supports his
own approach to the problem by sharing his own story related to the discussed subject. Starting an
essay with memoirs about family visit to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge the essay's author shows
his deep understanding of the issue. Through describing personal emotions while observing the local
nature, animal species, and vegetation, Carter helps the reader to get into ... Show more content on
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By sharing such facts and numbers Carter forces the reader to think over the situation by valuing the
vast difference between an insignificant financial income and enormous damage to the territory.
Jimmy Carter builds a clear connection between a claim and evidence through personal observations
as a visitor which could be made by any of reader and a signer of the act leading to preserve the
Arctic Refuge which could be supported by the reader as well. One of the most influential ideas
giving the author support of the claim is the importance of saving the "pure, untrammeled state" of
the land for the future generations to show them advantages of eco–system development and

Oil Drilling in the Alaskan Wildlife Refuges Essay
Oil Drilling in the Alaskan Wildlife Refuges
America Should Reject the Oil Businesses Plan and Permanently Protect The Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, comprising more than nineteen million acres in the northern
corner of Alaska, is unique and one of the largest units of the National Wildlife system. The Arctic
Refuge has long been recognized as an unparalleled place of natural beauty and ecological
importance. The Arctic Refuge was established to conserve fish and wildlife populations and
habitats in their natural diversity, as well as provide the opportunity for local residents to continue
their subsistence way of life. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which ... Show more content on
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It contains an expanse of tundra with many marshes and lagoons with rivers situated between
foothills of the Brooks Range and the wide, icy waters of the Beaufort Sea. Environmentalists said
that this area "is the most biologically productive part of the Arctic Refuge for wildlife and is the
center if wildlife activity." The importance of these resources is not measurable. The Arctic is home
to such animals as caribou, polar bears, grizzly bears, musk oxen, whales, wolves and snow geese.
This area is full of wildflowers and contains water of excellent, unpolluted quality and quantity. The
Arctic Ocean costal plain is an area critical to the survival of many birds and mammals ('Alaska
Wild').
With all the good the Arctic National Wildlife refuge has to offer as a safe haven for endangered
animals and plant life, comes the burden of sitting on an oil reserve. As noted earlier in 1980, under
President Carter, the protected area was doubled. However, the oil industry lobbies succeeded in
having the U.S. Senate refuse to designate the critically important Costal Plain as wilderness.
Instead, Section 1002 of the Alaskan National Interest Lands Conservation Act legislation directed
the Department of Interior

America MUST Drill for Oil in The Arctic National...
America MUST Drill for Oil in The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
For a drug addict to quit a drug, the best solutions for the addict would be to slowly wean them self
off the drug periodically. America can be viewed in a parallel way on its dependency for oil.
America needs another source of oil to slowly lessen its overwhelming dependency on foreign oil
and to help the process of finding another mass energy source. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
better known as the ANWR is a rich treasure of oil and gas that can help lessen Americas need for
foreign resources. Drilling on the ANWR will not only help the American economy, but will also
help aid America in the future.
Many ask "why do we need this oil in Alaska? Is it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Virginia alone about 28,000 jobs will be created such as engineers and oil supply developers. The
drilling will affect each state in some way weather it be transportation, stocking, manufacturing or a
vast number of jobs. What better way to help American citizens than making national jobs instead of
creating foreign jobs. Most individuals may think that drilling and transporting oil on the ANWR
will put many animals in danger, when in all reality the animals and their environment will be
subjected to little or no danger. There are many reasons for this. Firstly, a great deal of oil drilling
experience has already been learned in the Arctic area because of previous drilling done at Prudhoe
Bay, which has taught oil companies extensive safety precautions in the drilling and transporting of
oil. Prudhoe Bay which is only couple miles from the ANWR and currently Americas largest source
of oil is said to rival the amount of oil on the ANWR. Moreover, the ANWR stretches a vast 19
million acres and the only land that is going to be affected by the drilling is a mere 1.9 million acres,
called the 1002 area. That is only 2% of the ANWR region. Of the 1.9 million acres only 2000 of
those acres will actually be utilized for drilling purposes. Conclusively, this should in no way
endanger the animals in this area. Of course with every issue there are people who are for it and
people that are against it, and

The Debate Over the Idea of Drilling for Oil in the Arctic...
The Debate Over the Idea of Drilling for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Throughout American history, there have been a number of conflicts and disagreements among the
populace over various issues. These conflicts of interest help to define political parties and allow
people to distinguish themselves through party allegiance.
One such item that is currently being debated is over the idea of drilling for oil in the Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge. For years, environmentalist groups and oil industry supporters have been
sparring over this stretch of land. And both sides have formed some pretty compelling arguments for
their beliefs. As of February 1, 2000, the United States has imported roughly 10.5 million of ...
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Geological Survey, they believe there is a 5 percent chance of locating and collecting a probable 16
billion barrels of oil from the Alaskan wilderness. Of that 16 billion, there is an estimated 95 percent
chance of locating and collecting at least about 5.7 billion barrels of oil. If the oil–producing process
went unhindered, many ANWR drilling supporters believe that the new project would single
handedly be able to supply the nation's oil for a full three years and create upwards of 750,000 new
jobs. These beliefs are being stringently refuted by environmentalist groups, however. Ever since the
August 2nd vote in the House, which approved of the ANWR project on President Bush's Energy
Bill, environmentalism activists have been in an uproar.
As CorpWatch puts it: "As we hurtle into the twenty–first century, oil is still King. But it does not
rule benevolently. Rather, the reign of those who control the politics of petroleum continues to
undermine democracy while generating human rights violations and environmental disasters across
the Earth." And with that, many associated with the
Democratic left, have been contesting the Teamsters' stated facts.
In a New York Times article from September 2nd, the League of Conservation
Voters had shown that the alleged 750,000 new jobs that would be created by the ANWR project,
were over exaggerated by far. A study done earlier by Dean Baker, co–director of the Center of
Economic and Policy

Jimmy Carter uses many techniques to persuade the reader that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
should not be developed for industry. He uses specific word choices to catch the reader's attention.
He uses evidence to show how his his argument is valid. Carter also uses emotional attachment to
get the reader to become attached to this article. One of the techniques that Carter uses was word
choice. He states that polar bears and caribou give birth in this wilderness. He talked about seeing
caribou babies while he was on a trip with his wife. The industry is going to kill these babies by
drilling holes and destroying this wilderness. "Such proposed developments would forever destroy
the wilderness character of Americas only Arctic Refuge and

In his foreword, President Jimmy Carter proposes his thoughts on oil drilling in the Arctic Refuge.
He contends that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge should not be developed for the oil industry.
He believes in the preservation of wildlife and the natural beauty that it provides. His argument is
solidly structured by a personal anecdote, historical evidence of actions taken towards preservation,
and a refutation to advocates of the drilling activity. To begin explaining his viewpoint, Carter
relates to his audience an account of when he and his wife traveled to the Arctic. What they saw was
nothing short of breathtaking. The indigenous flora and fauna inspired awe with their brilliancy. The
Carters witnessed the spectacle of a myriad of caribou migrating along with their newborns. He
described this experience as "unforgettable and humbling" (Carter 3). This rendition invokes a
majestic view of the wildlife in the Arctic Refuge. Carter makes use of this to move his audience to
adopt the perspective that the unaffected region is precious. Further supporting his claim, Carter
refers to past actions taken to protect the wildlife. President Eisenhower first established the Arctic
National Wildlife Range in 1960 in order to maintain "its unique wildlife, wilderness, and
recreational values" (Carter 5). Later on, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many advocates of oil exploration promote the merits that come with it, mainly in economy. Carter
addresses these, but urges his audience to "look beyond the alleged benefits of a short–term
economic gain and focus on what is really at stake" (Carter 7). He hypothesizes that any oil
extracted would only cover perhaps 2 percent of oil the nation consumes in a single day. However,
his alternative is to conserve this with fuel efficient vehicles. Carter insists that instead of destroying
a natural habitat for more resources, we should use the resources we currently have

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Article Analysis
In this article, the authors explore the economics of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in
Alaska and the effects of drilling for oil there. They discuss the importance of private property
rights, as does the article by Dwight Lee, To Drill or Not To Drill, and explore how the government
has restricted the industry by deciding how natural resources are to be used. According to the article,
drilling in ANWR is supported by those who want to decrease domestic dependence on foreign
energy sources. It is opposed by environmentalists who do not want to disrupt the ecosystem
because the amount of oil is uncertain and they see that any mistake made in the process of drilling
as unacceptable (Schaeffer and Block 76). The article details that

Pictravel's Actions On National Wildlife Refuges
Our organization, PicTravel, is in full opposition of the recently passed House Joint Resolution 69
(HJR 69) that is now public law (P.L. 115–20)(H.J.Res.69 – Providing...2017). Through
Congressional Review it overturned an original rule, Non–Subsistence Take of Wildlife, and Public
Participating and Close Procedures, on National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska. This rule prohibited:
hunting brown bears, wolves and coyotes (including pups and from within their den), expansion of
season lengths or increases bag limits, same–day airborne take of bears and prevented loopholes for
trapping and snaring of bears and selling their parts (Arctic National...2015). HJR 69 came about not
from science, but rather the emotions of state politicians and hunting ... Show more content on
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Background and significance of the issue The state of Alaska spans 365.5 million acres of land with
28.8 million acres of freshwater lakes, rivers and ponds. Although nearly 88% of this land is
publicly owned, thus accessible for hunting and recreation (with some special restrictions on hunting
in certain locations), a majority of this land is set aside for conservation purposes that still allow
access and use (Conservation Areas 2011). There are currently 16 National Wildlife Refuges in
Alaska, totaling 76,774,327.98 acres and of that, there is 18,692,615.03 acres of land designated as
Wilderness Areas (National Wildlife Refuge Alaska Region 2015). These wildlife refuges constitute
only 21% of all land in Alaska. They range in size from 303,094 acres (Izembek Refuge) to 19.6
million acres (Arctic Refuge). Together this land represents over 50% of all the National Wildlife
Refuge land in America (History 2016). The state itself has also designated an additional 32 areas
for conservation, such as game refuges, critical habitat areas, and wildlife sanctuaries, totaling
nearly 3.2 million acres (Conservation Areas 2011). National Wildlife Refuges are critical lands for
conserving plant and animal species in our rapidly expanding society, protecting more than 280
endangered and threatened species. This valuable commodity makes up only 4% of all land in the
U.S. yet still provides economic benefit via hunting and other ecotourism (America's Public Lands
2013).

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Economic Analysis

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