Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome In Taiwan

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Taiwan
In March 2003, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), so far the most lethal
infectious disease in this century, hit the world, including Taiwan. The unfortunate pandemic
shattered Taiwan's tourism industry and the nation's image of a safe tourism destination region, thus
affecting Taiwan's economy. The Taiwanese government, as well as others that were affected, placed
restrictions of varying stringency on domestic and international travel due to the cases of SARS.
Therefore, precautions were taken and Taiwan's global travel and tourism system deteriorated.
Having Japan and Hong Kong as Taiwan's two main sources of tourist arrivals, this pandemic
decreased a huge amount of international arrivals from these generating ... Show more content on
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All these incidences ultimately led to the questioning of security issues within travelling to differing
countries. Lee and Warner stated that 'a generally dismal world economy and fear of flying
associated with terrorism,' led to numerous flight cancellations and affected airlines negatively
(2005, p. 17). All these events accumulated to world–wide fear and caution resulting in a global
economic downturn in tourism, thus affecting hotel businesses, airlines and other tourist services,
hence affecting Taiwan's economic status.
The SARS pandemic that hit Taiwan in March 2003 severely impacted the tourism system
dramatically affecting inbound tourist number due to the heightened fear of the spread and
contraction of the syndrome. Health advisories such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) on
March 12, 2003 issued a global SARS alert ' in response to a specific threat identified by WHO
Global Alert and Response System' (World Health Organisation, 2003, para.2). Following this alert
WHO issued an emergency travel advisory on March 15, 2003 with Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland,
Director General of the WHO stating 'This syndrome, SARS, is now a worldwide health threat'
(World Health Organisation, 2003, para.3). Additionally government reiterated this advising their
fellow citizens to 'keep unnecessary travel meetings to a minimum' (Mao & Ding & Lee,
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The Plague Of Plagues : Smallpox
The plague of plagues
With the major strides in medicine that have come about in the last few decades, the notion of a
plague seems to be becoming less of a possibility and more a thing of antiquity. Around the latter
half of the 20th century, doctors thought that disease as a whole would be eradicated with the new
vaccinations and antibiotics that were being produced. For the first time in history it seemed as if
diseases were under control. It was not long before the arrogance of modern medicine found new
epidemics that were not so easily cured. To this day the only disease to be eradicated is smallpox,
which was announced in the 1980s. Decades after achieving the eradication of small pox in nature,
new pathogens like SARs, AIDS/HIV, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the initial infection, the infected are reported to experience a period of influenza–like
symptoms, which are soon followed by an extended period of time without any visible anomalies.
As the conditions of the infected person worsen, it causes more and more problems with the immune
system. The complications plaguing the immune system makes it difficult for the immune system to
effectively combat disease. This results in the infected person becoming more likely to get
infections. HIV spreads primarily via sexual intercourse conducted without adequate protection.
Other ways to contract the disease are: contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and
passing from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.
The first documented case of HIV was in 1959. It is believed that HIV may have been spreading
throughout the United States since 1966. Allegedly the spread of HIV and AIDS across the United
States can be traced all the way back to an unnamed male who contracted the disease while in Haiti
and brought it to the US. It did not take long for the disease to spread uncontrollably throughout the
U.S, infamously throughout the homosexual community. In 1981, the initial cases of AIDS were a
group of homosexual males with no recorded cases of impaired immunity who displayed symptoms
of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, an uncommon infection that typically

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is only a recently found human infectious agent,
originating in the Middle East (Zaki et al 2012). MERS infections are due to an individual being
infected by a coronavirus (CoV), more specifically the MERS–CoV. Corona virus symptoms are
typically acute, upper and lower respiratory infections (Tyrell & Myint 1996). MERS like all corona
viruses, are spherical or pleomorphic enveloped which contain a single–stranded positive sense
RNA (Tyrell & Myint 1996). Transmission of corona viruses typically involves close contact and
through aerosol droplets, usually spread from sneezing (Tyrell & Myint 1996). Corona viruses
invade the respiratory tract, and have an incubation period of roughly 3 days, causing ... Show more
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As mentioned before, MERS–CoV zoonotic infections are transmitted from animal reservoirs to
humans (Azhar et al 2014). As of 2014, there were 707 patients suffering from MERS throughout 21
countries, with a case fatality rate of 35% (Sharif–Yakan & Kanj 2014).). Furthermore, peak
infections appear to occur seasonally, peaking between April and June each year (Sharif–Yakan &
Kanj 2014).). A coincidence of the seasonality of the diseases is that it is parallel with camel birthing
seasons, where younger camels are infected easier than older ones (Sharif–Yakan & Kanj 2014).).
Although it has spread some distance (as previously mentioned), the spread of the disease has
occurred in small clusters, typically infecting a family or healthcare area (Breban et al 2013).
Animal to human transmission, such as a camel to human, must involve close exposure of the
infected animal, as well as a passing of aerosol nasal droplets from the animal into the human
respiratory tract (Azhar et al 2014). Human to human transmission occurs the same way, an infected
individual can pass MERS coughing, sneezing and nasal secretions (Azhar et al 2014). Although,
transmission of MERS is known to be a sporadic disease, which occurs between family members
and requires prolonged exposure (Mackay & Arden 2015). As the transmission rates depend on
increased exposure time, and that one is

The World 's Overpopulation Problem Essay
Have you ever wondered what earth would be like in the near future with over 10 billion people
from 7 billion? A newspaper source from Population Peril states that there are 210,000 new people
everyday and by 2050 that there will be roughly 9.6 billion people (McClatchy). How are we going
to prevent the disastrous measure of pollution, diseases, extinction of resources, more poverty,
people and etc.? As the world's overpopulation problem should be changed to prevent future severe
issues. First off, the proponent states that the one future major problem that will ineffably get worse
is epidemic or outbreaks of disease and viruses. The more people on earth the higher chance
diseases will evolve and travel faster. "As Keiji Fukuda, then the assistant director general for health
security at the World Health Organization (WHO), said in 2013, "The world is not ready for a large,
severe outbreak." (Angell). Some new and old epidemic diseases that will get worse with more
people is Zika (mosquito), Cholera (sewage), Ebola, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), and
MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome). Another virus is the bird flu that is even a further severe
disease problem as well as anything airborne. "The New York Times, Michael T. Osterholm, the
director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota,
wrote, "Even more than these viruses, we should be afraid of a planet–wide catastrophe caused by
influenza." (Angell). Influenza

Coronavirus Vaccine Development : Coronaviruses
Stephanie Trimboli
November 30th, 2015
Virology Research Paper Coronavirus Vaccine Development
Coronaviruses became prominent in the last 15 years after two human outbreaks brought them to
society's attention. In 2003 a coronavirus began infecting people in China. It was named Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS–CoV) and by the end of the epidemic over 8,000
people had been infected worldwide with more than 800 deaths (Weiss and Navas–Martin 2005). In
2012 a new coronavirus strain lead to another outbreak in Saudi Arabia. This virus was named the
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS–CoV) and more than one thousand
cases were reported with 30% of infections resulting in death (Malczyk, Kupke et al. 2015). While
these were not the first human coronavirus infections identified (HCoV–229E and HCoV–OC43
were identified in the 60's), they were the first that caused anything more than a common cold, and
therefore they caused public alarm (Graham, Donaldson et al. 2013). Research into the viral
subfamily intensified in response and scientists elucidated more details about the replication,
pathogenesis, and evolution of coronaviruses. The ultimate goal is to develop vaccines against the
virus and prevent further death. To date, there is no available treatments or vaccines against MERS–
CoV or SARS–CoV. Coronaviruses are a genus in the Coronaviridae family, which is in the order
Nidovirales. They have a positive sense RNA genome 26–32 kb in

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
What is SARS? Severe acute respiratory syndrome or in short SARS is a member of the coronavirus
family of viruses, it is considered to be a life threatening form of pneumonia.
How Can You Get Infected? When an individual that is infected with SARS sneezes or coughs,
infected droplets of fluid spray into the air. If you then inhale or come in contact with the infected
fluid it may be transmitted to you. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, "The SARS
virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3
hours after the droplets have dried." Other reports say SARS can live up to 24 hours on a surface.
What symptoms should I be aware of? Symptoms occur approximately 2 to 10 days after

Essay On Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Raegan Gruber Professor Name MCB 2004 April 12, 2017 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome The
emerging infectious disease, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome was the first recorded in the
twenty–first century. This disease, which is more commonly referred to as SARS was first recorded
on November 16th, 2002 in the Guangdong province of Southern China. It was presented as an
unusual form of pneumonia, something that had never been seen before. Within a few days, multiple
cases of similar symptoms had been reported in Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Toronto (Kamps,
Hoffman, 1). The disease quickly spread to at least two dozen countries, including the United States
by the time the outbreak was controlled in July of 2003.(This can be it's own sentence) ... Show
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To rule this virus and many other similar viruses, such as West Nile Virus, Respiratory Syncytial
Virus, and other strains of the influenza virus, out the doctor can perform a number of several
different viral tests. If all of the test come back negative, a chest X–Ray or a chest CT scan can be
ordered to detect pneumonia. To further confirm the SARS virus, many standard and advanced
laboratory tests can be conducted. The standard blood tests include: arterial blood tests, blood
chemistry tests, and complete blood count tests. Advanced laboratory tests include a polymerase
chain reaction test, also known as a PCR test, gram staining respiratory mucus (Davis,3), direct
isolation of the virus itself, and antibody tests. While there are many tests in existence that help
detect SARS, they all have limitations. For example, a positive result of a polymerase chain reaction
indicates that the SARS–CoV is present, but it is unable to provide information on the amount of
virus present and if it is enough to cause symptoms in the patient (Preiser, Drosten, 1). Another
limitation, is the heightened possibility of false negatives. This is can be because of an unstable
sample or due to the time the sample was taken. To help confirm the results, it is recommended that
the patient be monitored and samples are taken and stored to be

Community Health in the Event of a Sars Outbreak Essay
Community Health in the Event of a SARS Outbreak The SARS Outbreak of 2003 SARS (Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, originally reported in
Asia in February 2003 and spread to over two dozen countries before being contained (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005). Once infected, individuals with SARS initially
develop a high fever and other flu–like symptoms including headache, body aches and "overall
feeling of discomfort" before, in most cases, progressing to pneumonia (CDC, 2005). The disease
was first diagnosed in a middle–aged man who had flown from China to Hong Kong. A few days
after the announcement of the disease, rumors and panic began to spread, causing ... Show more
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14). Routes of Transmission In the laboratory setting, the virus was found in respiratory droplets,
feces, saliva, tears and urine (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). SARS is primarily spread through close,
personal contact, such as kissing, hugging, eating or drinking, as well as being within 3 feet of a
person who coughs or sneezes while infected and shedding the virus. These activities allow the
respiratory droplets shed during these activities to come in contact with mucous membranes found
in the eyes, nose and mouth (Kutsar, 2004). Other modes of transmission include aerosolizing
procedures in hospital settings and contamination of surfaces in "healthcare facilities, households
and other closed environments" (Kutsar, 2004, para. 12). There has been no confirmation of fecal–
oral transmission or of transmission via water or food; however, over one–third of the earliest cases
in China were among food handlers (Kutsar, 2004). Finally, there is a possibility of animal vector
transmission, as discussed in regards to the Hong Kong's Amoy Gardens (WHO/DCDSR, 2003).
Effect of Outbreak on Community The SARS outbreak caused major effects on the communities
affected. Based on the 2003 outbreak, one can assume similar issues would develop should the
disease recur. The biggest impact to communities affected would be the strain on the healthcare
system. Since SARS is a largely respiratory disease, it can cause very serious problems in the
patients infected, requiring

Carlo Urbani
Carlo Urbani
Carlo Urbani was an exceptional biologist and epidemiologist that saved many lives through his
work. He was born on October, 19, 1956 in Castelplanio, Italy. He died March 29, 2003 in Bangkok,
Thailand from SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) (Savioli). He died at 46 and was survived
by a wife and three kids. His education laid the foundation for a successful career (Era).
Urbani's career with Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) all started with his education. He graduated from the University of Ancona
with degrees in medicine and in infectious diseases (Era). He later earned a postgraduate degree in
tropical parasitology at Istituto Superiore di Sanita in Rome, Italy (Oransky). His studies in college
lead into a career in the medical and biological fields.
Carlo Urbani's contribution to the medical field was truly one of a kind. Urbani was one of the early
volunteers of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) which is an organization that "focuses on delivering
emergency medical aid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he was doing research on SARS, basically the rest of the world was as well. At the beginning
of the epidemic nobody knew anything about this deadly new disease, it had never been seen before.
WHO, CDC (Center for Disease Control), MSF, and EOC (Emergency Operations Center) were a
few of the major international organizations involved in the epidemic (Remembering). They had
eleven main goals:define the disease, offer one–on–one patient consultations, provide guidelines on
managing patients, work on protection measures for health workers, determine the cause, create
diagnostic tests, provide guidelines on isolation and quarantine, track and analyze cases to define
risk and stop the spread, monitor travelers health at entry points to the U.S., communicate with the
public, and report any U.S. cases to WHO (WHO)

Essay on Singapore
How might the Singapore society differ were it not for these technologies – would the society be
more or less heavily regulated? Lee recommends analysing politics and society by addressing how
power struggles and relations were played out in the pre–Internet era, namely the maintenance of
political control via public support (2005: 74). Foucault defines 'governmentality' as the point of
contact where the technologies of power interact with the governed. This spurs Lee to postulate that,
in order to retain power in the Internet era, 'governments need to be actively involved in shaping the
design as well as the societal, cultural and regulatory environment in which the Internet and other
new media technologies operate' (2005: 75). One ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are examples of society being shaped by government via technology, but Castells maintains
that society shapes technology according to its needs and desires, not vice versa (2005: 3). However,
Singapore is a society that has a history of being heavily influenced by government policy. As such,
there is less resistance to technologically–governed control, which supports the idea that the
relationship between society and technology is a co–constituted one. Singaporean society in the
context of ICT is perhaps unique because it is different from other countries that readily adopted and
promoted similar technologies. Ragnedda believes that 'new digitalized surveillance allowed a new
form of social control that tries to direct and influence the behaviour of people', but the technologies
themselves are merely tools (2011: 180). As Lee affirms, Singapore considered itself as having a
legitimate right to influence and manage the citizenry (2005: 79). Therefore, it is little surprise the
Singapore government has considerable surveillance capabilities and does not require a court
warrant for monitoring (O'Hara, 2008: 15). Lee asserts that the relatively low level of online public
engagement in politics is a product of the PAP's intolerance for political dissent (2005: 78). In many
respects, society itself has not changed,

Essay On Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
The disease or illness is a situation that infects the human body or human brain makes annoyance or
weakness in functions. Also, exhaustion for infected person and inconvenient syndrome. Pathology
is a science that study diseases and classified different types of diseases called "NOSOLOGY".
There are a lot of diseases around the world that affect different parts of the human body such as
SARS disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a disease caused by SARS virus it
called sometimes "CORONA" that has many syndromes, spread easily, and has too many ways to
protect.
The patient can be influenced by SARS disease's syndrome that looks like influenza's syndrome.
Moreover, the live virus has even been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been
shown to live for up 4 days (1). The most common syndrome are the headache, chills, and muscle
aches. However, the main syndrome is coughing, difficulty in breathing, some of the pain in the
body, and fever more than 38 degrees. In addition, there are some of the syndromes that may happen
to the patient such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also transfers easily via airborne droplets that reach to someone's nose or mouth. The patient
should be isolated from the others even in the hospital. furthermore, taking care or living with the
infected person is an example to get the virus. Eating from the same dish or drinking from the same
glass can also lead you to be infected. The SARS disease has spread to at least 28 countries
including Australia, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Spain, and the United State(2). The number of
probable cases reached 7,919 worldwide by may 20 (2). In spite of a concerted global effort,
scientists have yet to find an effective treatment for SARS even antibiotic drugs do not work against
viruses(3). The death rate from SARS was 9 to 12% of those diagnosed. In people over age 65, the
death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger

Outlasting the SARS Epidemic
Introduction
When speaking of epidemics, the memories which come to mind are different for different people;
for those who lived in Hong Kong in 2002–2003, images that spring up would almost invariably be
of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the epidemic known to man as SARS in short. Sharing with
us the three–letter acronym (SAR) which was given to us by our leaders in China, this ordeal has
left its mark on our city in more ways than one. It had caused a widespread wave of mysophobia and
health consciousness among the Hong Kong people, which outlasted the SARS epidemic but is
probably slowly waning. It has also raised the awareness of the government of the importance of the
control of infectious diseases, both in the community and in the clinical setting. Most importantly,
SARS showed us what works and what needs improving in terms of infection control in the event of
a major epidemic.
Originally starting in November 2002 in Guangdong Province of China, the SARS coronavirus has
since infected as many as 8422 persons worldwide, with a total of 1755 patients infected, among
which 300 unfortunately succumbed to this disease. (1) Apart from being a major epidemic in the
medical history of Hong Kong and a health threat of global concern, another aspect of SARS worth
noting is the occurrence of nosocomial outbreaks. SARS was the cause of nosocomial outbreaks in
Canada, China, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Singapore. (2) The impact of nosocomial outbreak in an
epidemic such as SARS

Essay Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, commonly known as SARS, first came onto the scene in
November 2002 in mainland China. The respiratory disease is characterized by fever and coughing
much like flu. While at first the etiological agent was unknown, through persistent research
scientists discovered it to be a coronavirus. This causative agent created history because it was the
first time it has ever been found in the human population. This coronavirus raised many questions
for scientists as to why the pathogen causes morbidity and mortality. (Fidler) When a person is
infected by the disease there is normally an incubation period of two to seven days. Once this time is
up symptoms such as fever, chills, and body aches will arise. ... Show more content on
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When it comes to protecting and treating yourself from the disease, it first starts with the immune
system. The five physical barriers of the immune system are there attempts of the body from
keeping a virus from entering the system in the first place. Specifically for spread of the
coronavirus, the respiratory tract, the eyes, and the skin play a large role. In the respiratory tract
there is mucous and cilia that try to keep the bad guys out, while at the same time eye lashes and
blinking keep potential predators out. The skin too plays a role by being dry and not providing a
good harboring place to many viruses. However, in the case that the body does become infected, the
body makes antibodies to fight the disease. While there is no cure for SARS, there is treatment. The
treatment for SARS is just like any other respiratory virus, such as influenza. If proper treatment is
obtained in a timely fashion, the symptoms of the SARS virus can be greatly reduced. Right now the
reported number of those affected by SARS is significantly lower than it was in 2003. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO) 8,098 people were infected with the SARS virus in 2003. Of
this number, 774 resulted in death. In a society where AIDS, diarrhea, and tuberculosis kills millions
every

Secute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was found in the early 2003 which is believed to be a
form of pneumonia and caused by a coronavirus. Scientists assume that the virus started from
Guangdong China, infecting people who picked up virus droplets from cat–like mammals called
civets. 8098 people worldwide had contracted SARS ,and 774 cases of death where reported in over
thirty countries in five different continents. This essay represents the causes, symptoms, treatment ,
and prevention from (SARS). SARS is caused by an unrecognised coronavirus. Researchers have
not discovered from where the virus developed ,however, they assume that it is linked to the
mammal civets. SARS causes are not evident ,yet it spreads efficiently ,moreover similarly

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
MERS–CoV is a respiratory disease that was first found in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus can
cause people to get diseases such as the common cold to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS). MERS–CoV cases have been found in a few countries throughout the world, but mostly
have been found in Middle Eastern countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and
Saudi Arabia. Countries other than the Middle East have had MERS–CoV cases such as Germany,
France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Reasons for the spread of the
disease is believe to be caused by tourist or relatives traveling to and from the Middle East.
Respiratory symptoms of this virus can be fever, cough, shortness of breath, and pneumonia.
Patients can also have gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea. If the patient becomes severely ill,
they may have a respiratory failure and would be placed on a respirator or a ventilator. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO) website, "Approximately 27% of patients with MERS have
died." The organization also claims that the virus causes a severer disease in the elderly, people with
a weak immune system, and people that may gave a chronic disease. Countries of the world do not
understand specifically how people become infected with MERS–CoV, but it is believed that the
virus can be passed from person to person when they are in close contact with each other, but WHO
claims the virus does not easily transmit from person

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Essay
Infectious disease is considered an ever evolving issue world–wide. A number of health officials and
idealists believed that the threat of infectious disease would have been eradicated by now.1
Infectious disease remains the leading cause of death across the globe and the third leading cause of
death in the United States.2 Within the scope of infectious disease, the most common cause of
illness is viral respiratory tract infections, also referred to as VRTI.3 Recently, a new strain of virus
related to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome commonly referred to as SARS has been
identified.4,5 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a viral infection that affects the respiratory
tract in humans and has recently been discovered in a small ... Show more content on
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Typically, most patients diagnosed with MERs–CoV are around the average age of 50.8 However,
anyone has a potential risk for getting MERs–CoV, despite age or gender. People who are
immunocompromised or have underlying medical conditions are at a greater risk for infection.
A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals
previous to human infections.5 The MERs–CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known
for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly
referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to
humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the
exact origin of the MERs–CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research
performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center
for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause
respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.
The MERs–CoV pathogen is an enveloped RNA virus that is a genus of the Betacoronavirus which
is a subtype of the coronavirinae family.6 The coronavirus gets its name from the spikes on its
surface that gives it a crown or halo type

Sars Coronavirus Research Paper
SARS coronavirus (SARS–CoV) currently has no cure, but with research, a possible cure and or a
vaccination can be created to prevent future outbreaks of this virus. To better understand this virus
there has been some research regarding what pathways are activated as SARS–CoV is in the human
body. There are many different types of proteins that are part of this virus; with one of the most
commonly studied proteins being structural proteins and nucleocapsid proteins. Proteins are being
modified so that the virus can "engage, modify and/ or disrupt the host cell signaling and nuclear
import machinery for the benefit of the virus replications," (Frieman, 2008). Proteins such as
structural proteins are being changed which also changes how the human body reacts to the virus, ...
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There are three different pathways that can all be activated depending on what proteins are being
activated from SARS–Cov. This virus is able to interfere with the classical complement pathway due
to the proteins. Spike protein is one of the major structural proteins that is "essential for the
interaction of the virons with host cell receptors and subsequent fusion of the viral envelop with host
cell membrane to allow infection" (Wu, 2004). The classical pathway happens when antibodies bind
with antigens, which in this case the spike proteins are attaching to the host cell and infecting the
host. The spike proteins are able to cleave and bind to other proteins, thus making it harder for the
classical pathway to go though a smooth process when the spike proteins cleaving. Another pathway
is the alternative pathway, which can be activated without

Quarantine Persuasive Speech
Quarantine is a state of isolation in which certain individuals, under the suspicion of containing a
contagious disease, are placed to secure the disease in one place and ensure the safety of the rest of
the surrounding population. The government has the power to enact these quarantines, but it has
been a battle of morality whether the government should or should not be allowed to enact
quarantine. This act defies basic human rights, defies the will of the people. This act could
potentially save thousands of lives. The government should be allowed to ensure the safety of their
country by enforcing quarantines whenever the need for them should arise. The Centers for Disease
Control (CDC) already has the power to put anyone or any place under quarantine. According to
Should Government Have the Power to Quarantine, Jeffrey Tucker, "Regulations prescribed under
this section may provide for the apprehension and examination of any individual reasonably ...
If the CDC is allowed to put any suspected person under quarantine, then who is to stop them from
placing all the wrong people in isolation. What if the CDC, under the Trump administration who is
seemingly biased in terms of people, apprehend refugees and immigrants under quarantine when
they are not supposedly infected? They would be doing more harm than good in that case. The
violation of human rights is also a major concern, no doubt. People would be stripped from their
homes and away from their families, if they evens show little symptoms of being contaminated.
Who is to say that what is happening within quarantine is productive? The medical personnel could
be conducting illegal experiments and basically torturing all the sick people in there, with barely any
authoritative supervision. 'Rules don't guarantee results, and government has no solid reason to be
careful about who gets put into the camps and why"

Severe Respiratory Syndrome
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Dana Chapman Weber State University 2015 Epidemiology
and Biostatistics HIM 3200 Background information The spread of a virus later to become known as
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) began in a small providence in South China. The
initial case of this deadly virus is thought to have occurred on November 16, 2002. By February
2003 it was officially identified as strain of the Coronavirus (also known in the common cold) called
SARS (World Health Organization, 2015). This strange illness primarily affected the respiratory
system and was eventually found to have a ~50% mortality rate. Duration of the outbreak lasted
approximately eight months and spread worldwide, infecting over 8,000 people (Graham, ... Show
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A study of Hong Kong cases revealed that several factors contributed to the spread and treatment of
this virus. These included weather, quarantine, personal protective gear, and possibly animal
transmission (Lin, Yee–Tak Fong, Zhu, & Karlberg, 2005). Studies found the colder the air
temperature the higher incidence of new SARS cases emerged. With only a small increase in
temperature (1o C) new cases decreased by 29.1%. Furthermore, after studying an area in Hong
Kong with high concentration of outbreak it was discovered that once the infected were moved to an
area of quarantine there were no more new outbreaks. The biggest factor in eliminating the spread of
disease appeared to be the use of personal protective gear. In one Hong Kong Intensive Care Unit
staff members were given equipment such as air purification hoods, non–reusable goggles or face
shields and gowns. This inhibited the spread of the disease to not only hospital staff but also the
community (Lin, Yee–Tak Fong, Zhu, & Karlberg,

SARS: A Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS is; a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. It is a serious form of pneumonia that is caused by
a virus that was discovered in 2003. SARS is caused by a member of the family of Coronavirus, the
same family that causes the common cold. It is believed that this epidemic was caused by small
mammals in China. When someone with the SARS disease sneezes or coughs, droplets of the
infection spray out of their mouths. You can easily catch and spread this virus if you breathe in or
even touch these particles of infected droplets. The SARS virus can live up to almost six hours on
hands, tissues and other surfaces. And then another three hours, after the droplets have dried. SARS
can also spread through hands and other objects that the droplets of

Essay about SARS
SARS
Life History
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness that had recently been reported in
Asia, North America, and Europe. SARS was first reported is Asia in February of 2003, over the
next few months it spread to more than a dozen countries. By late July 2003, no new cases were
being reported and the global outbreak was declared over by the World Health Organization. During
this time period 8,098 people worldwide became infected with SARS and out of these 774 died. In
the United States a total of 192 SARS cases had been reported, including 159 suspect and 33
probable cases. Of the probable only 8 had laboratory evidence of SARS–CoV infection. Luckily, no
SARS relate deaths occurred in the US. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the sequence scientists were able to determine that virus probably began its life in an animal
then mutated before picking up the power to infect people.
Transmission
SARS appears to spread by close person–to–person contact. It is thought that transmission is most
readily occurred through respiratory droplets. These can be produced when an infected person
coughs or sneezes. These droplets are propelled through the air and are deposited on the mucous
membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of a person that is nearby. It is also possible that the virus
can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then
touches their mouth, nose, or eyes. Furthermore, it is possible that SARS–CoV might be airborne
spread or by other methods that are not yet known.
Diagnosis
Once infected the typical incubation period for SARS is 2–7 days, however, in some cases it may be
as long as 10 days. The illness usually begins with a fever. Sometimes chills accompany the fever
and other symptoms including headache, general feeling of discomfort, and body aches. Some
people also develop mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. After the incubation period of 2 to 7
days SARS patients may develop a dry nonproductive cough that might be accompanied by or
progresses to the point where insufficient oxygen is getting to the blood. The CDC says that SARS

Background and Origin on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS( Severe acute respiratory syndrome) Background/Intro/Origins SARS, also known as severe
acute respiratory syndrome was first found in Foshan, Guangdong in November of 2002. SARS is a
very new and rare disease. SARS was officially recognized as a threat by the World Health
Organization in March of 2003. This outbreak was the only one ever recorded of its type, up until
the recent Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Scientists recognized SARS as a variation of the
coronavirus. In humans, the typical coronavirus is one of the many that cause the common cold. In
livestock, the virus is found to create serious and fatal diseases. Scientists believe that this variation
of the coronavirus originated from civets and the Horseshoe bat. Corona viruses are known for their
ability to mutate in order to spread among humans. Transmissions SARS is transmitted through the
droplets of vapour from coughing and sneezing. Contact with these droplets and the objects the
infected touched would also transmit SARS. Some scientists theorize that SARS is an airborne
spread virus. Epidemiological analysis also indicated that SARS was spreaded along the routes of
international air travel. Symptoms Fever Dry cough Shortness of breath Chills Body aches and pains
Nasal congestion Diarrhea Malaise (a general feeling of discomfort) Muscular stiffness Loss of
appetite Confusion Rashes Diagnosis Blood tests Blood culture Sputum culture Stool sample to
detect the

A Disease Is A Structural Or Functional Disorder
A disease is a structural or functional disorder in humans that shows a series of specific symptoms.
Though it is up for discussion as to when a disease would be considered new, Levin's et al. (1994, p.
52–60) suggested, "A disease is recognized as new when its symptoms are distinct from any disease
that has come before". The enquiry into new diseases and how they come about sheds light into the
modern human society in whom the disease might penetrate from. Nevertheless the following essay
will put forward how humans are not always the hosts to new diseases and in fact may be imbedded
from animal species. Also the main factor that has been contributed is the speed of transportation of
these new diseases whether it is within boarders or air ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore Ebola was a disease of great popularity in the recent year of 2014 where originality
erupted in Guinea. Hayes (2009) describes the instability of Zika Virus and where it originated from
in how it was transported between boarders. Lastly SARS disease will be discussed in depth with
reference to symptoms and transportation from person to person.
The evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was originated from acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pandemic disease in which creates unembellished harm of body
cellular immunity and promotes decrease resistance to infection. This disease was formally
predictable in patients of the United States in 1981 and the World Health Organization (WHO)
estimated in 1988 that "five to ten million people worldwide are infected with AIDS" (Hunt 1989 p.
353–373). However the main catalyst of HIV was derived from the original host of an infectious
chimpanzee in West Africa referred to as simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) (Sharp & Hahn
2010). The recent article 'The Evolution of HIV–1 and the Origin of AIDS' illustrated by Sharp and
Hahn (2010) proposes that there is a likelihood of transportation of the disease between chimpanzee
to human beings through "exposure to infected blood and body fluids during the butchery of bush
meat". It was put forward, that after years of observation, it was established that women who were
diagnosed SIV–positive had a fertility reduction in regards to the

Essay On SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or SARS for short, is an internationally known epidemic that
first broke out in 2002 in southern China. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus, or SARS CoV
which was genetically proven to have originated from Guangzhou. Guangzhou is the origin of
which caused the spread of SARS into other countries. By 2003 SARS became a global disease
severely affecting several other countries such as, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam, Canada, and
Singapore. SARS causes numerous respiratory complications, some of which become fatal if not
properly treated in adequate time. Treatment options for SARS vary depending on the severity of the
disease, how strong or weak the person infected with SARS immune system is, and how quickly ...
Lots of times when respiratory failure and hypoxemia become present, and as the infected patient's
health continues to deteriorate they are placed in the hospital's ICU. If further decline of the
respiratory system takes place and treatment does not succumb to the disease ARDS can take place,
which will require invasive mechanical ventilation. Death has occurred as a result from this disease
which is why the seriousness of seeking treatment early on is momentous. Due to SARS being a
newly discovered disease in 2002–2003, treatment options, possible cures, and plans for care of this
disease were unprecedented. Oxygen therapy was normally initiated in the preliminary stages of
SARS. Non–Invasive Ventilation (NIV) was reported to be found efficacious in those with
respiratory failure as a result from SARS. NIV reduced the occurrence of intubation or invasive
ventilation, as well as reduced the length of hospital stays in patients researched with SARS.
Ribavirin which is a drug that is helpful in fighting certain viruses by preventing replication of viral
cells has been greatly used in the treatment of SARS. Research later provided that the drug had no
notable effect on the disease. Lopinavir, another antiviral drug was another drug that was
experimented with as a treatment of SARS and was found to reduce overall death rate by 2.3% as
well as intubations. Other drugs such as IV pulse

The Truth About SARS Essay
The Truth About SARS
People in general are both fascinated and paranoid of the onset of new infectious diseases. While
films such as "Outbreak" are smash hits at the box office, when an actual disease becomes apparent
people often react with a kind of mass hysteria. Last year, a new illness reared its evil head. While
the name "SARS" has become fairly well–known, the actual facts behind the illness are not as
widely talked about.
SARS is an acronym for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The illness usually first becomes
evident with a temperature above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, general malaise, and body aches. This
adds to the difficulty of identifying SARS; the general signs of the illness are so similar to more
common ailments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists have detected a previously unrecognized coronavirus in SARS patients, and this has
become the leading hypothesis for the cause of SARS. Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that,
when viewed under a powerful microscope, have a halo or crown–like (hence corona) appearance.
Viruses under these headings are known to commonly cause mild to moderate upper respiratory
illness in humans. In animals, coronaviruses are associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver,
and neurological diseases. Also, new ways to detect SARS have been discovered. Serologic testing
for the SARS syndrome can be performed using indirect fluorescent antibodies or enzyme–linked
immunosorbent assays that are specific for the antibody that was produced after infection. A reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (known as RT–PCR) test can also detect SARS in
specimens such as serum, stool, and nasal secretions. Also, viral cultures and isolation have been
used to detect SARS < "1">1)yahoo.com.
While many conclusions have been drawn about SARS, such as its incubation period and symptoms,
the unknowns concerning the syndrome remain unsettling. The fear that people have concerning the
syndrome is not unwarranted. According to the World Health Organization, as of June 5, 2003, an
estimated 8,403 cases have been reported with a total of 775 deaths attributed to the syndrome <
"2">2)world health organization. The countries that have the

Economic Impact of Sars on the Singapore Economy
Topic: Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on the economy of Singapore.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to SARS Page 3
2. Impact on Export and Local Consumption Page 4
3. Impact on Employment and Wages Page 8
4. Impact on Government Expenditure Page 10
5. Impact on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Page 11
6. Conclusion. Page 14
7. References Page 15
Introduction to SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) first surfaced in Guangzhou, China, in November of
2002 and quickly spread throughout China, Asia and eventually to most parts of the world because
of its transmission through close contact with anyone who has SARS. Studies concluded that it was
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the manufacturing sector which contributes much of our export economy is not adversely
affected, there were some spillover effects, but these effects are not easily measured due to the
complexity of too many variables involved, the spread across a wide variety of industries and the
short period which people were quarantined and some of the productivity lost could have been
replaced by co–workers putting in more effort.
Impact on Local Consumption
The drop in consumption is largely contributed by a change in the consumption habits of
Singaporeans during the SARS period. Due to the transmission pattern of SARS, compounded by
the fact that the virus can survive in the environment for up to twelve hours, anyone can be infected

simply by touching an infected surface in public areas, and use their hands to rub their nose or lips.
This caused a panic among the general public and people shunned public places, like shopping
malls, restaurants, food courts and hawker centers.
According to the Economic Survey of Singapore, published in the third quarter of 2003 by the
Ministry for Trade and Industry, businesses in retail shops and food establishments decline by as
much as 50 per cent in the months of March to May 2003. Even taxi companies are not spared,
Comfort Taxi, the largest taxi operator in Singapore reported that daily bookings

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is Caused by the SARS...
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a respiratory disease caused by the SARS
coronavirus, hit Hong Kong severely between February and July 2003. SARS was a new type of
viral infection first recorded in China in November 2002. Capable of transmitting through direct
contact with infectious respiratory droplets, the disease spread rapidly across Hong Kong when an
infected doctor visited and died in Hong Kong on 23rd February, 2003. The outbreak of SARS, the
first deadly epidemic of the 21st Century, started from Guangdong, a south province in China in
November 2002. People in Guangdong soon got panic and rushed to shops to purchase vinegar to
heat the vinegar at home and make indoor air humid and acidic. It was hindsight revealed that
China's initial response to the outbreak in Guangdong was slow and lacking transparency. WHO
received the information from China about the "infection" of SARS only on February 11, 2003,
three months later after the first case in Guangdong. While the international community criticized
China for its lack of transparency in its initial response and attempts to tell the minimum impact of
the disease, one fact remained true was that by that time no body in the world had pre–knowledge of
the disease and the cause of the disease. The frustration of knowing so little about the virus, its
prevention, treatment and the difficulty of distinguishing the SARS infection from other known
disease infection caused diagnostic delays and took China some

SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS is known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus
(SARS–CoV). There is no known vaccine for SARS; however, most people can recover from SARS
or even maintain the disease with the help of therapy and advanced machines. SARS had broken out
in 2003 at this time no one knew what SARS even was, Scientist had begun doing everything to
figure out the cause of this odd disease. CDC (Centers for Disease Control) paired with WHO
(World Health Organization) to determine the cause of a pneumonia in Southeast Asia. March 12,
this odd disease was given a name, sever acute respiratory syndrome. The symptoms of SARS is
similar to flu–like symptoms but overtime can become worse. Common symptoms of SARS are
chills, shaking, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tracheal intubation is used to keep the airway open so that a person with SARS can breathe since
they cannot breathe on their own. Oxygen therapy is used to provide extra oxygen to the lungs.
People may also use high doses of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs; although, people do not
know how effective steroids are. Antibiotics are used to treat the bacteria that cause pneumonia one
in general is ribavirin. Ribavirin is a purine nucleoside analogue. However, its mechanism of action
is still talked about, it prevents the growing of RNA and DNA viruses by inhibiting the enzyme
inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is needed for the synthesis of guanosine triphosphate.
The final step in the process of events is lethal mutagenesis of the RNA genome.1 In vitro inhibition
of RSV, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses is achieved at ribavirin concentrations of 3–10
μg/mL. Ribavirin can be given by mouth intravenously or as an aerosol. In adults an oral dose of
600 mg slows peak plasma levels of 1.3 μg/mL, an large dose of 1000 mg results in mean
concentrations of 24 μg/mL, and the aerosol appears in the plasma at levels of 0.2 to 1 μg/mL.
Ribavirin helps treat severe lung infections when inhaled, it also comes in an oral form which is
used to treat Hepatitis C. Studies show that when ribavirin was paired with corticosteroids and other
steroids it

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
SARS, also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, caused a major epidemic in 2002–2003.
The virus had originated in the middle east area from a mammal group handled and bred in the first
effect area. The virus had developed and was transmitted to the people handling the animals. The
handlers would contract the virus and then would spread it to others around them. The disease was
able to be transferred or passed on to others by means of close contact and or the air. The virus itself
was not noticeable unless tested or until it had further developed. Anyone who had contracted the
disease only showed flu like symptoms when first diagnosed with the virus. However, these would
soon worsen and even take the lives of people. Though it only affected ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Though it had traveled to a multitude of areas, only about six of the thirty or so locations saw severe
cases of SARS at their medical centers. The disease itself did not contaminate only the middle east,
but had traveled to places such was North America, South America ,and Europe Out of the affected
areas, about twenty percent of the people who contracted the virus were healthcare workers, such as
doctors, nurses, family doctors and specialist. The spreading of the virus seemed to follow its own
pattern. The first stage would start with infected people coming to the hospital with more severe
cases. These hospitalized cases would than in turn enter the second stage of transmission. The health
care workers themselves would than get affected due to have close contact with the patients and
breathing contaminated air. Seeing as the virus was transmitted via close contact and the air. Being
around the ill patients allowed the virus to enter the workers bodies. Seeing as health workers
worked not only with just those patients any other patients who interacted with that health care taker
could also contract the virus. This was the third stage of the outbreak. Not only did the patients
already have to deal with their own problems, nurses and staff could also infect them with this
horrible disease that know one had known the effects of or if it was

Inland Visitors Scheme Advantages And Disadvantages
Executive Summary
We are discussing the Effects and aftereffects of the Inland Visitors Scheme (IVS) benefits in Hong
Kong after the respiratory syndrome (SARS) attacked Hong Kong's economy. During the period of
the respiratory syndrome (SARS) the economy of Hong Kong is declined and hampered sharply.
Foreigner or the foreign company and foreign investments, visitors moved out from the Hong Kong,
During this period, many industries, restaurant, retail shop, hotels, and other financial systems
closed down because no people prefer to go out to shop. They don't feel unsafe while going out of
their homes. The basic need household products, grocery shops and the family owned business were
also struggling to survive.
The central government and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data was collected by Partner Net to create a statistical overview to analyze the growth of
visitors in Hong Kong. Data were collected and grouped by the Partner Net (Table 1); as per the
provided data and studies the percentage of mainland China visitors and tourists is 74% for 2015
and 78% for 2014 of the complete visitors in Hong Kong for the year of 2014 and 2015. Mainland
China is the largest visitor market for Hong Kong. According to a record of the Tourism
Commission, 28.2 million (59.6%) were same–day visitors. There were 31.3 million (66.3%)
Mainland China visitors came Hong Kong under the Individual Visit Scheme which is increase of
14.1% higher than 2013 visitors and tourism (Tourism Commission

Evaluating The Simplicity And Timeliness Of Sars...
The purpose of SARS–surveillance system includes, early detection and prompt identification of
high risk subjects, super spreaders and disease cases and clusters, without intense laboratory testing
and complete reporting of potential SARS–CoV transmission and outbreak with contact tracing to
contain the disease and prevent the spread. Post epidemic, ongoing surveillance of SARS is useful in
preparedness for future outbreaks, due to potential sources of re–emergence like animal reservoirs,
humans with persistent infection and laboratory exposures or development of novel coronavirus. [4]
The operation is mostly as a syndromic surveillance, which is phased based on the level of
epidemic. Due to globalization and increased travelling and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
[5] The system complex to be executed, as it was based on syndromic surveillance hence, the
disease identification was delayed until symptoms are exhibited. The patients were classified as
preliminary positive, probable, confirmed or unverifiable [6] with case definition and laboratory
testing that took time to give confirmation. Unnecessary travel to and from china was restricted with
strict travel advisory and data collection for contact tracing of passengers. A combined force of
WHO, GROAN and its partners made up of 115 technical and academic institutions, national health
services and individuals; virtual epidemiologist network, public health institutions, ministries of
health and laboratory network formed the response team for SARS. [4] The Global SARS
surveillance employed the mechanism of daily cases of SARS summary for that country. This in
turn was informed to WHO headquarters in Geneva, by national public health authorities as a report
containing number of incident cases and deaths since last report, cumulative number of probable
cases with the details of their geographical distribution. The local transmission in any area if present
was updated on WHO website daily. [4] Hence, the SARS surveillance was complex requiring
extensive laboratory reporting, multiple levels of reporting, integration of systems requiring special
skills to collect data and perform tests for diagnosis, and required a lot of resources in the form of
money

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral disease. Its cause is the coronavirus, and
it has been a pandemic infection in the past (Thiel, 2007). While SARS has not been completely
eradicated, the last confirmed infection was in 2004 and was laboratory induced (Thiel, 2007). The
last confirmed, naturally–occurring case was in 2003 at the end of an outbreak (Smith, 2006;
Blendon, 2003). There were few SARS–related deaths in the United States, but there were numerous
infections. All of those people acquired the disease from traveling abroad, and it did not spread
widely as the US population feared it might. The majority of SARS cases were in China, which
caused some Asian–Americans in the US to feel stigmatized (Thiel, 2007). The following picture
shows the cases and deaths by country: INCLUDEPICTURE
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sars_Cases_and_Deaths.pdf/page1–
776px–Sars_Cases_and_Deaths.pdf.jpg" * MERGEFORMATINET Source: Pauline Strickland
(2012). World Health Organization (WHO). The symptoms of SARS are very similar to a cold or the
flu, although shortness of breath can occur in some people if the disease becomes more established
(Thiel, 2007). The vast majority of people recover on their own. Diagnosis is made based on
symptoms as well as travel to regions where SARS was seen and/or contact with someone who had
SARS within 10 days of the onset of symptoms (Smith, 2006). Treatment of SARS includes
isolation so as not to

How Progress Makes Us Sick Essay
How Progress Makes Us Sick
By now, Im sure nearly everyone has heard of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). If
youve watched all news channels like CNN or Fox News over the past month with their alternating
images of people hurrying through airports wearing surgical masks and bombs exploding over
Baghdad, youd think there were only two news stories worth reporting: the growing body counts
created by SARS and the Iraq war. However the attention that has been focused on SARS has
startled people rather than educated them about the disease. Lack of information leads to fear.
According to J. Michael Bishop in Enemies of Promise: We live in an age of scientific triumph.
Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly enlarged ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
SARS has said to be caused by the novel corona virus. Each time this virus copies itself, it changes
very slightly. A virologist, Mark Denison, says, Corona viruses mutate for a living. When it comes to
dealing with science many people begin to question. Are we being told just what we would like to
hear or the actual truth? In Beijing, US News reports: Official media said only that there was a
minor problem in Guangdong province and that it was under control.
I considered it all rumors, not fact, says Liu Wenhui, a thirty year–old accountant. One week later,
those rumors became fact, and the mask came out in force. Officials came back reporting three
hundred and forty–six SARS cases in Beijing alone. By the end of the week, the number had more
then doubled. Before the truth came out, the national health minister and the citys mayor had just
declared the city to be safe for tourists. It wasnt long after the fact that these two gentlemen were
fired. Like a sinner desperate to make up for past misdeeds, the government went conspicuously to
work (U.S. News). In J. Michael Bishops article, Enemies of Promise, he talks about how people are
uncomfortable and untrusting of science. Why is this the case? I feel it is due to the incidences like
the SARS outbreak in Beijing. The public was told one thing, when the truth was

Sars-Cov Research Paper
Kendra Poirier Microbiology 9 December 2014 Finding the Natural Reservior of Sars–CoV A severe
pneumonia–like virus suddenly appeared in February 2003 in Hanoi of the Guangdong providence
in Southern China, and rapidly spread to thirty countries, infecting 8,098 people and killing more
than 774 in a matter of months [3]. Investigations identified a Chlmydia–like organism using
electron microscopy in patients who had died from this atypical pneumonia, however this could not
be confirmed as the disease, as it was not seen in other patients outside China [3]. After a global
collaboration, researchers identified the etiologic agent of this atypical pneumonia to be a
coronoavirus, known known as SARS–CoV [3]. The disease was eventually ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Retrospective serologic studies indicated that proior to the SARS outbreak, there were no antibodies
in the human population (KSIAZEK ET AL 2003). This finding was vitally important because it
indicated that animal–to–human transmission is responsible for the SARS–CoV entrance into the
human population. Two groups of researchers recently and independently demonstrated that bats
(genus Rhinolophus) are natural reservoirs of Sars–like viruses, which provided very strong
evidence that SARS–CoV was a zoonotic virus with wildlife orgin [6,7] The identification of a
natural reservoir is both difficult and essential. A natural reservoir is where the virus "hides"
between outbreaks, and is often difficult to identify because the organism does not display
symptoms of the disease. Early observation of patterns in SARS–CoV transmission showed that
many of the first patients were had gone to or worked in China's exotic animal markets. Early
studies in SARS–CoV identification focused on the wild–animal markets of southern China.
Researchers in China identified a SARS–like–coronavirus in masked palm civets (Paguma larvata)
and a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in one market in the city Shenzhen, part of the
southern provience of Guangdong [8]. It was found that these animals had antibodies against a
genetically close coronavirus. Interestingly enough ten civet

Lab Safety Code At Biosafety Labs
Chemistry laboratories pose a threat to the consumer; however, they also affect the researcher. A
young Singaporean researcher contracted Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) through an
experiment that had gone wrong. At first many people thought he was sickened with this disease
because there was a SARS crisis all around Asia; however, that was not the case. In the article,
SARS Experts want Labs to Improve Safety Practices, the researcher claimed that he "didn't have
the background to understand how to handle dangerous agents." Due to the chemistry lab, the
researcher was injured. This then formulated an international problem in which the national
legislation instructed a very detailed safety code at biosafety labs. Many amateur experimenters do
not know lab safety by heart so they tend to perform dangerous actions that may lead to injuries or
death depending on how potentially dangerous the experiment is. In my personal experiences, I have
seen many improper lab practices in which I helped teach people how to correctly perform these
actions. This includes adding acids to water and not the reverse way because acids may bubble and
splash everywhere, pouring liquids from small containers to big containers unless a valve is
available is favored because it is easier to spill the content from a big container into the small
container, and to wear close–toed shoes in order to prevent falling dangerous materials from making
contact with skin. As one may see, there are very

The Pros And Cons Of Globalization
The term 'globalisation' is commonly used to describe a modernisation and capitalist expansion, that
entails a variety of economic, cultural, social and political changes over the past 50 years, that have
shaped the world today (Guttal, 2007, pp. 524). An important aspect of this concept, is the rapid
increase in transnational movements of goods and services, and the weakening notion of national
and geo–political borders. Not only has globalisation created economic prosperity but also a large
flow of trade and knowledge. However, this modern system has also formed many issues for
national security. The weakening of state boundaries has allowed the development of new threats
and challenges, such as; weapon proliferation, environmental ... Show more content on
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To begin with, a strategy is a long–term approach to achieving a goal, and a successful strategy
states how that goal will be achieved and the means that will be used in the process. For Australia in
terms of national security, statements that voice the government's strategy, are available in the form
of parliamentary white paper (Forrest, 2008, pp. 66). The recent version of the 'Defence White
Paper' was released in 2016, and with long term aims, looked out to 2035 to identify the rise in
security challenges (Department of Defence, 2016, pp. 15), and what capabilities are needed to be
improved for the defence sector to rise above them. Furthermore, the Australian government sees the
future as a time of uncertainty and complexity, and has made a firm commitment to "keep our nation
safe and protect our way of life for future generations" (Department of Defence, 2016, pp. 11). The
uncertainty in the future, can be seen by the changing nature of security threats, no longer are
conventional issues the main agenda, but also unconventional. These two dynamics are vastly
different, and vary from territorial losses and war to climate change or cybercrime. This distinction
between two, underlines the clear complexity and uncertainty that the future holds. However, as
stated by Peter Leahy, "While the threat of a conventional military attack on Australia remains a
possibility, it has been

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Research Paper
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an extremely rare, deleterious disease caused by a
type of viral pathogen called a coronavirus. The disease first appeared among residents of southern
China, near Hong Kong, in 2002. Over the course of eight months, the disease spread to up to 8,000
individuals, 10% of which died. As a contagious viral pandemic, SARS diffused to nearly 30
countries by 2003, including Germany, Canada, and the United States. However, by 2004, all cases
of SARS disappeared and have not reappeared anywhere since then. After considerable research,
scientists discovered that the infection was caused by a single–stranded RNA coronavirus. The virus
was so named due to the several corona–like "spikes" that were known to protrude from the
molecule. Because SARS suddenly attracted widespread attention when it was first identified in
China in 2002, the virus was classified as an emerging infectious disease. ... Show more content on
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Symptoms that commonly afflict people with SARS are flu–like symptoms such as fever, fatigue,
weakness, chills, muscle ache, and migraine headaches. It is not until after the onset of these
symptoms when the virus begins to attack the respiratory system. Some of the most severe clinical
respiratory symptoms include breathing difficulties, dry coughing, and a sharp reduction of oxygen
levels in the blood. In some instances, the respiratory symptoms of SARS are fatal. After contracting
SARS, people typically develop terminal pneumonia soon thereafter. Because it can be extremely
difficult to breathe, SARS patients usually require a mechanical respirator or some other apparatus
to facilitate

Is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ( Ehv )?
What is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHV)? EHV is a severe and often fatal disease caused by the
ebolavirus. It has an incubation period of 2 days to 3 weeks, during which the patient is not
contagious. The patient will become contagious when the first symptoms appear, namely fever, sore
throat, muscle pain and headaches, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, decreased kidney and liver
function, and finally, internal and external bleeding. The virus can be from wild animals, as well as
through human to human interaction. To be specific, contact with bodily fluids (such as blood, urine
and feces) is required for transmission (World Health Organization (WHO) Media Centre, 2014).
The average fatality rate of EHV through history has been roughly 50%, but it varies greatly from
outbreak to outbreak. In this most recent outbreak, there have been 4033 deaths out of 4656
laboratory confirmed cases, for a fatality rate of 86.6%. This includes 2 cases in the United States
(US), one of which ended with the patient from Dallas, Texas, succumbing to the disease (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). At the moment, there is no licensed and regulated
treatment or vaccine for the diseases. However, several treatments (blood, immunological and drug)
and 2 vaccines are undergoing clinical trials as the world's medical community rushes to find a way
to end and prevent the epidemic. Currently, the only course of action for patients with EHV is
hydration, and symptom–based treatment (World

Sars
SARS–The Commonly Uncommon Cold
Acute respiratory illnesses are among the most common infectious diseases known to humans as
they account for nearly half of all diseases that plague our species. Of these respiratory illnesses,
viruses are the cause in 50–75% of reported cases. The Corona Virus known as SARS or Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome is one of the most recently highly publicized respiratory illness that
has drawn a surge of research since the first reported cases of the virus in Southern China in 2002.
This publicity was due to the disease's possible complications, which can lead to the death of the
host organism. Even the discoverer of the disease, Dr. Carlo Ubani of the World Health Organization
unfortunately died shortly after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When each sub–genomic mRNA is translated into a single polypeptide, they will assemble with a
nucleocapsid protein in the cytoplasm to form helical nucleocapsids which are to be released from
the host cell to infect other cells (Brooks et al., 2007).
However, these steps occur only after the virus has entered the host's body. One way in which the
virus can enter the host body is through direct transmission by droplet contact from an infected
individual to an uninfected host. The virus can live for up to six hours in a wet droplet on the skin,
tissues, and other surfaces. However, once the droplets have dried the virus can live for only three
hours longer. A second manner of spreading is through the oral–fecal route in which virus particles
in feces enter another organism through direct contact with the oral cavity. In this manner of spread,
the virus can survive up to four days in the feces (MedlinePlus: Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome). Thirdly, the virus can spread by airborne transmission, which is much more dangerous
as small particles can travel much farther and live much longer. This is a particularly important
attribute of the virus as it allowed it to spread worldwide as it is carried through the air of passenger
airliners from continent to continent. Once the airborne virus enters the respiratory tube where it
remains for about 2–3 weeks, it infects ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx and respiratory
tract (Fauci et al.,2008). SARS is

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome In Taiwan

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome In Taiwan