Computational Scale Out Workloads Applications

Computational Scale Out Workloads Applications
Abstract–Scale–out workloads are applications that are typically executed in a cloud environment and exhibit high level of request level parallelism.
Such workloads benefit from processor organizations with very high core count since multiple requests can be serviced simultaneously by threads
running on these cores. The characteristics of these workloads indicate that they have high instruction footprints exceeding the capacities of private
caches, operate on large datasets with limited reuse and have minimal coherence activity due to lesser data sharing. The characteristics also indicate that
the active instruction window can be captured by a Last Level Cache (LLC) size of 8MB. New processor organizations have been discussed in literature
that tailors the interconnection among cores to match the communication pattern arising out of the characteristics of scale–out workloads. The focus of
the current work is to take the approach of separating a core and LLC bank from a single tile as specified in literature and design a different
interconnection topology for cores and LLC banks to reduce the latency of accessing the LLC to improve performance. In the current work, four cores
and a LLC bank are designed to connect to a router forming a star topology and the routers (>4) are designed to form a 2D flattened butterfly topology.
The current design has been targeted at 8 cores and has been implemented using the Bluespec System Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language)
and the
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Analysis Of Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols
Analysis of Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks:
Review
Shalabh Mishra
Computer Science Department
IMS Engineering College
Ghaziabad, India shalabhgreat1@gmail.com Dipesh Rai
Computer Engineering Department
Ghaziabad, India dipeshrai111@gmail.com Shashank Dixit
Computer Engineering Department
Ghaziabad, India shiva.imsec@gmail.com Abstract–this paper attempts to describe a literature review of Wireless Sensor Network routing protocols. A
wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions and to
cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. Routing in
WSNs is very challenging due to the inherent characteristics that distinguish these networks from other wireless networks like mobile ad hoc
networks or cellular networks. Due to the relatively large number of sensor nodes, it is not possible to build a global addressing scheme for the
deployment of a large number of sensor nodes as the overhead of ID maintenance is high. Thus they require careful resource management. This paper
describes various routing protocols and their comparison and working of LEACH protocol and enhanced LEACH protocol. Keywords–Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN), Sensor Nodes,
LEACH, Enhanced LEACH Base Station (BS) Cluster Head (CH).
I. Introduction
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor

Survey Of Technologies : Energy Efficiency
SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES
ENERGY EFFICIENCY:–
1 Energy efficiency is one of important key factor in designing a wireless sensor network system. Large energy consumption will affect the lifetime of
the sensor networks.
2 Clustering is an important method for increase the scalability and lifetime of wireless sensor network system. The sensor network is divided into
clusters.
3 In the first step the sensor nodes sense the physical parameter under consideration and collected data are sent to the cluster head. During second
phase the cluster head forwards the data to the base station in a single hop or multi–hop manner.
4 Two types of energy consumptions are associated with a CH, inter cluster and intra cluster energy consumption. The energy reduction during receiving
and aggregating the data from the cluster members is known as intra cluster energy consumption.
2.1 Energy–efficient Routing Algorithms:–
Energy efficient routing algorithm can be categorized as follows: data centric routing algorithm, location based routing algorithm and hierarchical
routing algorithm . Data centric routing algorithm uses meta data to find the route from source to destination before any actual data transmission to
eliminate redundant data transmission Location based routing algorithm requires actual location information for every sensor node. Hierarchical routing
algorithm divides the network into clusters. Cluster head (CH) is elected in

An Approach of Energy Efficient and Secure Data Transfer...
A Wireless network is a type of computer network that uses wireless data connections for connecting network nodes. It is a method for homes,
telecommunication networks, business, and enterprise to avoid a costly process of cables into a buildings or connection between various equipment's
locations. And each device can communicate with another node immediately within their radio range or one which outside the range using wireless
links. One type of wireless networks called ad–hoc networks. An ad–hoc networks have become increasingly relevant in recent year due to their
potential applications in battlefield, military, and emergency disaster relief etc.,. It is a self–configuring network. And it consists of collection of
autonomous mobile... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multicasting in wired and wireless networks has been advantageous and used as a vital technology in many applications such as audio and video
conferencing, corporate communications, collaborative and groupware applications, distance earning, stock quotes, distribution of software news etc.,
In wireless two popular multicast schemes: shortest past multicast and core based tree. The shortest path multicast tree always select the shortest path
from every source to every destination and source node need to build a root tree as itself. Hence, in core based multicast tree, shortest path from the
source node to the destination node cannot be guaranteed, but only one tree would be needed to connect the set of the source nodes to a set of the
receiver nodes. And many MANET has limited energy resources (battery), and each node operates in unattended manner. So energy efficient is an
import design consideration for these networks. So we proposed energy efficient paper using multicast routing protocol according to distance from
source to destination in a network.
Security is a more sensitive issue in MANETs than any other networks due to lack of infrastructure and the broadcast nature of the network. While
MANETs can be quickly set up as needed, so they also need secure data transfer over the network. We provide encryption and decryption algorithm
using Rijndael (AES) block cipher. It helps the message to secure

Universal And Programmable Routers ( Upr )
2.UNIVERSAL AND PROGRAMMABLE ROUTERS (UPR)
The design of UPR routers is in par with the increasing capabilities of single chips in VLSI technology. At macro level the programming of this router
is very efficient for statistically and dynamically reconfigurable systems. In parallel computers, it is common to use custom made routers. Researchers
have started designing routers for good performance recently. These universally programmablerouter that are statistically and dynamically adaptable
are believed to be very essential in the parallel computing field. Universal routers are essential for two reasons. First because of their static adaptability
they are used to construct any parallel computer independent of channel width and topology. Second the channel width and the topology of a parallel
network can be reconfigured more than once to match the requirements through implementation taking advantage of its dynamic adaptability.
A programmable and adaptable router is proposed which can be used in any design independent of the chosen interconnection network. A
programmable lookup table is used by this router to map processor addresses to physical network routes. These lookup tables maintained in the router
makes it easy to modify the network topology based on network failures, requests from the application algorithm and changing workloads.
The UPR makes routing decisions locally based on the destination address in the packet header and availability of outgoing channels. If

Computer Science : Privacy Preserving And Truthful Detection
Privacy–Preserving And Truthful Detection
Of Packet Dropping Attacks In Wireless
Ad–Hoc Networks
GRADUATE PROJECT PROPOSAL
Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Computing Sciences
Texas A&M University– Corpus Christi
Corpus Christi, Texas
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Computer Science
by
Sai Krishna Vudepu
Fall 2015
Committee Members
Dr. Mario A. Garcia____________________________
Committee Chairperson
Dr. Thomas____________________________
Committee Member
ABSTRACT
There have been a lot of situations where we have seen loss of packets while transferring data. Therefore, multi–hop wireless ad hoc network has

identified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where as, in the multi–hop wireless ad hoc networks, one or more intermediate nodes are present, which receive and forward packets through the
wireless links. These networks' have several advantages as compared to the single local wireless links like improved connectivity, extended coverage,
less power and energy, cost effective higher data rates and more efficiency.
In such type of networks, nodes usually communicate using wireless channels instead of common control. These nodes help each other by relying and
forwarding each others packets, involving several such nodes throughout the path. However, this cooperative effort to launch attacks can be exploited
by any possible rival. This can further result in destroying the network's performance. But, there are also certain drawbacks, if the rival continuously
attacks the system. Firstly, it is easy to detect high any sort of packet loss rate at the malicious nodes and secondly, after these are detected, they can
be weakened easily.
For instance, in a case where the attack is detected but no one is able to identify the malicious nodes, randomized multi–path routing algorithms

Developing Wireless Communications to Space Essay
A big potential problem in the future is developing a wireless communications network in outer space. In this paper we will discuss the problems
presented with this and the potential solutions to these problems using existing and some futuristic technology. We have broke this into two main parts,
one being earth to satellite to planet and back, and the other being planetary ground transmission to and from astronauts to rovers to space stations.
The solution has already started being implemented and will continue rapidly into the near future. It is called the Interplanetary Internet. As of now it is
an array of floating 'nodes' or satellites scattered around in space that can communicate with each other. In the future a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the earth we are only separated from one another by fractions of a second. From earth to mars the average transmission time is 30–45 minutes. That
would feel like light–years trying to download tracks to your iPod.
In order to make this work a massive system of satellites needs to be implemented. These satellites will serve as 'net gateways' with the purpose of
conveying data packets. Each piece of equipment will have its own IPN address, or .mars domain name. They will serve as nodes, operating on a
packet switched network.
Some major possible problems include lag, weak signal, and reduced bandwidth. The solution to all of these lies in a new IPN protocol being
developed. This protocol, along with high precision equipment, will help to eliminated all of these. The protocol has changed in two major ways
from our own TCP/IP protocol. This first is a packet delivery scheme that won't clog the system by resending missing packets. IPN instead keeps track
of arriving packets and then requesting missing ones at the end of delivery. The second is the packet headers will use only one tenth as much
bandwidth as TCP/IP. Back on earth there will be gateways to translate.
Another big problem with the Interplanetary Internet is speed. Using our current technology the top speed for sending data from a satellite orbiting
mars to earth is 250 kbps. Down on mars, in a dusty unknown atmosphere with not much power, this is more like 10 kbps. The solution

Project Paper On Datagrams
First of all, in the project, I cannot use any transport protocol libraries, such as TCP. Therefore, I construct the packets and acknowledgements, and
interpret the incoming packets by myself. A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet–switched network. Datagrams are typically
structured in header and payload sections. Datagrams provide a connectionless communication service across a packet–switched network. The delivery,
arrival time, and order of arrival of datagrams need not be guaranteed by the network. subsection{Design the packet format} Like in Project 1 I need
to design fields for packet type, ACK number, window size, data etc. Each byte of data sent as in a TCP connection has an associated sequence number.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
if send is called twice with data sizes 1000 and 2000 then two packets will be sent of sizes 1000 and 2000 (assuming the MTU size for the network is
large enough). If send is called with a data size larger than the MTU value, the packet will be fragmented. When the remote host calls receive twice
with sizes 100 and 150, the first call will return the first 100 bytes of the 1000 byte packet and throw away the last 900 bytes. The second call will
return the first 150 bytes of the 2000 byte packet and throw away the last 1850 bytes. The client on either side of a TCP session maintains a 32–bit
sequence number it uses to keep track of how much data it has sent. This sequence number is included on each transmitted packet, and acknowledged
by the opposite host as an acknowledgement number to inform the sending host that the transmitted data was received successfully. When a host
initiates a TCP session, its initial sequence number is effectively random; it may be any value between 0 and 4,294,967,295, inclusive. However,
protocol analyzers like Wireshark will typically display relative sequence and acknowledgement numbers in place of the actual values. These numbers
are relative to the initial sequence number of that stream. This is handy, as it is much easier to keep track of relatively small, predictable numbers
rather than the actual numbers sent on the wire. section{ different configurations of netem} Network emulation

Case Study Of CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd
Every company have their own business goal. First CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's business goal is improve telecommunication services and provide to the
groups. Next, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd' wish to using a new operating model for greater efficiency. Third, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to scaling
their next–generation offerings for proven results. Forth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to rationalizing their portfolio for reduced risk and faster
impact. Fifth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to provide harness word–class industry IP for more innovation. Sixth, modernizing their delivery network
for cost effective consistency. Seventh, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to collaborating seamlessly for greater client satisfaction. Eighth, CSC
Malaysia Sdn Bhd's want to improve their staff efficiency and eliminate their problems. Ninth, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish to reduce cost spend
on the network. Last, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd's wish they able to protect the network from intruders. For CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd, their have no
technical goal. But for advice, they should have some of the technical goals. First, CSC Malaysia Sdn Bhd should able to offer a network that... Show
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All the devices will be connects with a switch. In computing centre server room, there have multiple switches which connected with multiple servers
and PCs. All the switches from various department will connect to the switches which located in computing centre server room. Let say, a staff want to
print some document which from File/Printer Server, his/her computer will connect to the switch which locate in particular department, the
department's switch will connect to the switch which locate at computing centre server room and connect to the File/Print Server. After he/she selected
document which want to print, the documents from server will send the document to the printer through switches and print

Computer Network and Dynamic Routing Protocols
IT220
Chapter 7
1.What's a routing table? Keeps track of the routes to use for forwarding datat to its destination
2. What is the most common static route used in a host computer? Default gateway
3. What command is used to view a PC computer 's routing table? Netstat –r /route prints
4. What is meant by a O.O.O.O network address entry with a subnet mask of 0.0. 0.0. in a PC 's routing table? Default route
5. What is the 127.0.0.1 IP address and what is it used for?loopback, the data is routed directly back to the source
14. What is the difference between a static and a dynamic routing protocol?Static routing protocol is of limited use for campuswide network routing but
is essential when configuring the default route on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An internal routing protocol
c. Used for routing between the same networks
d. Outdated 50. Define the following:
a. Outbound data traffic–data traffic leaving the network
b. Inbound data traffic–data traffic entering the network
Chapter 9
Section 9–2
1. What networking equipment is usually found in the core of a campus network? Switches

3. What is the advantage of using a layer 3 switch in the core of the campus network?uses electronic hardware instead of software to make routing
decisions
5. What is the function of the distribution layer in a campus network?Point where the individual LANS connect together.
7. What is the purpose of the access layer? To connect together networking devices in a LAN
9. Why are routers typically not interconnected at the distribution layer?there are network stability issues when routing large amounts of network data
traffic if the networks are full or even partially meshed together
11. List three criteria for selecting the network media. Which is the final decision factor? Desired data speed, distance for connection, budget
13. Define load balancing in terms of data traffic flow in a computer network.
Is used as tool to control the direction of the data flow when multiple routes are available.
15. Define per–packet load balancing. Load balance is guaranteed for all interfaces, but there is no guarantee that the packets will arrive at the
destination in the proper order.

Nt1310 Unit 7 Exercise 1
DSDV is a proactive, hop–by–hop distance vector routing protocol where the routing table is maintained by each and every network node. The routing
table consists of all the nodes required to reach destination also including the nodes to which packets are not sent. The routing table is kept updated at
every time after each entry. In order to avoid the routing loops, DSDV uses the concept of sequence numbers to maintain the originality of route at all
times. For the network in figure. 1 below, the routing table for node A can be seen in table. 1 which contains information about all possible paths
reachable by node A, along with the next hop, number of hops and sequence number. In any network one route is considered favourable than other...
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Being proactive, AODV doesn't need all its nodes in a network to maintain the routes to destinations rather request a route only when needed i.e.,
only the nodes which are communicating would require to maintain the route. Also AODV uses sequence numbers to avoid routing loops like in
DSDV. Whenever a node needs to communicate with another node, a route has to be found and for that purpose Route Request (RREQ) message
is broadcasted to all its neighbors till it reaches the destination node or route to destination. A temporary route table entry in initiated by the RREQ
messages throughout the network. Once the destination or a route is found, Route Reply (RREP) message is sent back to source by unicasting
along the temporary reverse path of the received RREQ message. RREP message initiates in creating a routing table entries for the destination in
intermediate nodes on its way back to source. After certain amount of time these routing table entries expire. Neighbors are detected by periodic
HELLO messages (a special RREP message). If a node A does not receive HELLO messages from a neighbor B through which it sends traffic, it
assumes that a link is broken and the failure indication is forwarded to its active neighbors. When this message reaches the sources, then either they
request a new route by sending new RREQ messages or stop sending data. HELLO messages and the

Using The Standard Mpls Data Plane
Abstract–The evolution of MPLS networks have made them critically important for ISPs for the various functions of traffic engineering, efficient
network utilization and for providing L2 and L3 enterprise VPN services. All these functions are supported by complex, energy hungry and expensive
core routers with support for a wide variety of control protocols carefully combined with data plane mechanisms. It is observed that the MPLS
data–plane handles simpler functions of pushing, popping–off and swapping labels and are mostly un–affected by any changes to the control–plane
functionalities. This paper discusses the possibility of using the standard MPLS data–plane in combination with a simple extensible control–plane
using OpenFlow, SDN and its applications. A Protocol implementation is discussed to show the simplicity of the approach over existing MPLS control
plane and how more services can be supported with the new control–plane.
Finally, The paper discusses how the introduction of a new map abstraction fits well with the unified control architecture for packet and circuit
networks, making the new control–plane ideal for multi–layer networks.
I.INTRODUCTION
MPLS has evolved as a complex and efficient solution for ISPs for the purposes of traffic engineering and enterprise L2 and L3 VPN services, traffic
engineering in turn serves the purpose of maximizing the utilization of infrastructure while VPNs offer secure connection services to enterprises, this
feature

Information Disclosure and Cybercrime
Information Disclosure. It is essential to protect any condential information exchange during the communica–tion process. Also any unauthorized
access too the critical data stored on nodes must bepossible. In ad hoc networks, such information may contain anything, e.g., the specific status details
of a node, the location of nodes, private keys or secret keys, passwords, and so on. The control data are more critical for security than the trac data.
Forinstance, the routing directives in packet headers such as the identity or location of thenodes can be more valuable than the application–level
messages.Confidential or importantinformation may be leaked to unauthorized nodes present in the network by compromised node. Such information
may contain information regarding geographic location of nodesor optimal routes to authorized nodes in the network,the network topology.Routing
AttacksThere are several attacks which can be mounted on the routing protocols and mayinterrupt the proper operation of the network. Brief
descriptions of such attacks aregiven below:1. Routing Table Over owIn the case of routing table over ow, routes to nonexistent is created by
theattacker. To create enough routes to prevent new routes from being created or tooverwhelm the protocol implementation is the goal.In the case of
proactive routingalgorithms, discovering routing information is necessary even before it is

A Research Study On Abstract- Vehicular Networks Essay
Abstract– Vehicular networks or VANET announce as the communication networks of the future, where the mobility is the main idea. These networks
should be able to interconnect vehicles. The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer roads and more effective in the future by
providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. They are therefore vulnerable to many types of attacks among them the black hole
attack. In this attack, a malicious node disseminates spurious replies for any route discovery in order to monopolize all data communication and
deteriorate network performance. Many studies have focused on detecting and isolating malicious nodes in VANET. In this paper, we present two
mechanisms to detect this attack. The main goal is detecting as well as bypass cooperative black hole attack. Our approachs has been evaluated by the
detailed simulation study with NS2 and the simulation results shows an improvement of protocol performance. .
Keywords– VANET; AODV; Black Hole;Ad Hoc; NS2
I.INTRODUCTION
Ad hoc networks consist of a set of self–organized of mobile nodes which cooperate using a routing protocol to facilitate the communication. They have
become very popular in recent years due to their characteristics: easy deployment, lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, mobility and minimum
commissioning costs.
A VANET network is a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped with communication

Offering Anomymity Protection with Anonymous...
The high cost exacerbates the inherent resource constraint problem in MANETs especially in multimedia wireless applications.To offer high
anonymity protection at a low cost, we propose an Anonymous Location–based Efficient Routing protocol (ALERT). ALERT dynamically partitions
the network field into zones and randomly chooses nodes in zones as intermediate relay nodes, which form a no traceable anonymous route. Thus,
ALERT offers anonymity protection to sources, destinations, and routes. It also hasstrategies to effectively counter intersection and timing attacks. We
theoretically analyze ALERT in terms of anonymity and efficiency. Also, ALERT achieves comparablerouting efficiency to the GPSR geographical
routing protocol. The DADCQ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the current approaches are limited by focusing on enforcing anonymity at a heavy cost to precious resources because public–key–based
encryption and high traffic generate significantly high cost Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) use
anonymous routing protocols that hide node identities and/or routes from outside observers in order to provide anonymity protection. However,
existing anonymous routing protocols relying on either hop–by–hop encryption or redundant traffic either generate high cost or cannot provide full
anonymity protection to data sources, destinations, and routes[7].
The high cost exacerbates the inherent resource constraint problem in MANETs especially in multimedia wireless applications. To offer high
anonymity protection at a low cost, we propose an Anonymous Location–based Efficient Routing protocol (ALERT). ALERT dynamically partitions
the network field into zones and randomly chooses nodes in zones as intermediate relay nodes, which form a no traceable anonymous route. In addition,
it hides the data initiator/receiver among many initiators/receivers to strengthen source and destination anonymity protection. Thus, [8] ALERT offers
anonymity protection to sources, destinations, and routes. It also

Cisco Activity
Task 3: Interpreting Debug Output.
Note: If you already configured IP addressing on R1, please remove all the interface commands now before proceeding. Furthermore, R2 and R3
should be configured through the end of "Task 2: Basic Router Configuration".
Step 1 – On R1 from privileged EXEC mode, enter the debug ip routing command.
R1# debug ip routing.
IP routing debugging is on.
The debug ip routing command will show when routes are added, modified and deleted from the routing table. For example, every time you
successfully configure and activate an interface, Cisco IOS adds a route to the routing table. We can verify this by observing output from the debug ip
routing command.
Step 2 – Enter interface configuration mode for R1's LAN ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)# interface serial 0/0/0
Configure the ip address as specified in the Topology Diagram.
R1(config–if)# ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 is_up: 0 state: 0 sub state: 1 line: 0 has_route: False
As soon as you press the enter key, Cisco IOS debug output informs you that there is now a route, but its state is "False". Since R1 is the DCE side
of our lab environment, we must specify how fast bits will be clocked between R1 and R2.
Step 6 Enter the clock rate command on R1.
You can specify any valid clocking speed. Use the ? to find the valid rates. Here, we used 64000 bps.
R1(config–if)# clock rate 64000
Step 7 Enter the command necessary to insure the interface is fully configured.
R1(config–if)# no shutdown
After you enter the correct command, you should see debug output similar to the following:

is_up: 0 state: 0 sub state: 1 line: 0 has_route: False
%LINK–3–UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down
Unlike the LAN interface, fully configuring the WAN interface is not always enough to have the route entered in the routing table even if your cable
connections are correct. The other side of the WAN link must also be configured. /u>
Step 8 If possible, establish a separate terminal session with R2. Click on R2
This will allow you to observe the debug output on R2 when you make changes on R1. You can also turn on debug ip routing on R2.
R2#debug ip routing
IP routing debugging is on
Enter

Routing Algorithms For The Network
Routing Algorithms
Routing as we can say is selecting the best path in the network to transfer data from one point to another. And Routing algorithm on a router in
computer networks decides on which incoming line a packet should travel and thus creating the routing decision. It depends on various factors like
stability, robustness, simplicity, correctness, fairness and optimality.
Routing algorithms are based on two classes namely. Adaptive : In this the routing process is adapted based on any changes made to the topology or
traffic.
Eg: Hierarchical, Link State, distance vector, broadcast and multicast. Non Adaptive: In this process the routing decisions are mostly computed in
advance and will be downloaded to the routers at the boot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a level 2 routing system and we can use 3–to 4 level of these kind of routings aswell.
2. Link State Routing Protocols: It calculates the best paths to network by constructing the topology of the entire network area and then map the best
path from this topology or map of all the interconnected networks. The inputs of LS algorithm i.e network topology and the link costs are known
before hand. This can be achieved by having each broadcast link–state packets to every node in the network and thus each link–state containing the cost
of its attached links. This is termed as link–state broadcast.
In LS algorithm, every router must do some the following things, Find the clients and record the IP address Gauze the delays and cost of every client.
Build a LS packet to send this packet to each and every the router on the network. And then find the shortest path on every router.(Sink tree)
3. Distance Vector Routing: DV algorithm is distributed as it receives information of one or more nodes which are directly attached to it and
distributes the same back to its neighbors. It is said to be asynchronous because as it does not need all of the nodes to operate in lockstep with one
other. And it is iterative because as this process continues as long as there is no information to be exchanged between the neighbors.
In this routing there are two vectors called a delay node and a successor node, so router ihas
Di =[di1...diN]T and Si=[Si1...SiN]T dij = current estimate of

Description Of An Energy Efficient Multi Channel Routing...
Multichannel approach for LEACH
B.Brahma Reddy, ECE, VBIT, Hyderabad, India, reddybb@hotmail.com
K.Kishan Rao, Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Warangal, India, prof_kkr@rediffmail.com
Abstract: LEACH TDMA schedules of each cluster are built independently. This can lead to collisions among clusters if the samechannel is allotted to
more than one overlapping clusters at the same time. To reduce this type of interference, in LEACH each cluster communicates using different
CDMA codes. Thus, when a node is elected as CH, it chooses randomly from a list of spreading codes and informs all the nodes in the cluster to
transmit using this spreading code. Hence all clusters can have intra–cluster communication in parallel. However, in large WSNs, as number of clusters
increases self–noise generated by these codes may cross threshold limit and reach capacity limit. This forces to look at multiple channel use for
improved throughput and energy–efficiency. We present an energy–efficient multi–channel routing protocol (CFCA) for wireless sensor networks. By
computing the size of each cluster and identifying non–overlapping clusters, the proposed method allows channel reuse within WSN. This algorithm
optimizes number of channels required for the given WSN.
Key words: LEACH, Collision–free Multichannel, Cross–layer, Beacon–enabled, Energy–efficiency, Frequency reuse in WSN
I.Introduction
The main goal of communication protocols in WSNs is to maximize energy efficiency in order to

Micro Electro Mechanical Frameworks And Low Power And...
Introduction
Late advances in micro–electro–mechanical frameworks and low power and exceedingly incorporated computerized hardware have prompted the
improvement of micro–sensors. [3]wsn is a developing data innovative progressions in micro–hardware and system correspondences. It structures a
sagacious network13 application framework comprising of a huge number of minor vitality constrained and ease hubs. Sensor hubs self–rulingly sense,
transform and impart by means of the radio medium shaping a sorted toward oneself out system design. Ordinarily, sensors report sensed information to
an outer base station for further processing.[2] WSN can be characterized as an issue of gadgets, meant as hubs, which can sense the Environment and
convey the data gathering from the checked field (e.g. a region of volume) through remote connections.
Steering in sensor systems is extremely difficult because of a few qualities that recognize them from contemporary correspondence and remote
specially appointed systems. Above all else, it is unrealistic to assemble a worldwide tending to plan for the arrangement of sheer number of sensor
hubs. Hence, traditional IP–based protocols can 't be connected to sensor systems. Second, in spite of average correspondence organizes practically all
applications of sensor systems oblige the stream of sensed information from various areas (sources) to a specific sink. Third, produced information
movement has huge excess in it since different sensors may

Limiting Ip Spoofing Through Bgp & Idpf Essay
Limiting IP Spoofing through BGP & IDPF
Mr. A.K.Kadam, Devadkar Kirti Rajaram, Ankita Kumari,Arunima
Mr. A.K.Kadam, Professor, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Devadkar Kirti Rajaram,Student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Ankita Kumari, Student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Arunima,student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––***––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract – IP Spoofing is a serious threat to the legitimate use of the Internet. By employing IP spoofing, attackers can overload the destination network
thus preventing it from providing service to legitimate user. In this paper, we propose an inter domain packet filter (IDPF) architecture that can
minimize the level of IP spoofing on the Internet. A key feature of our scheme is that it does not require globalrouting information. IDPFs are
constructed from the information implicit in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route updates and are deployed in network border routers. We establish
the conditions under which the IDPF framework correctly works in that it does not discard packets with valid source addresses. We show that, even
with partial deployment on the Internet, IDPFs can proactively limit the spoofing capability of attackers. In addition, they can help localize the origin
of an attack

Network Design And Organizational Goals
Network design and organizational goals are and will always be intertwined. The success of the network design team and of the organization is a
burden they both share. I was tasked to design a network for a client, who recently bought an existing building to house a medium size business.
This building has five floors, each floor has twenty thousand square feet totaling one hundred thousand square feet overall. The business will
initially employee two thousand employees and within the building, my client will need a medium size data center. The focus of this paper is to
show what items to consider, how I would plan it and new considerations based on what I have learned in the course. Hopefully, I will have
demonstrated the necessary considerations in designing a network from the ground up. I will use PPDIOO approach for networks. The six phases of a
networks life–cycle are as follows Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate and Optimize. My design considerations will be based on the customer's
needs; therefore, the customer's success rest solely upon the attention to details about organizational goals and constraints. During the prepare phase, I
will learn the short–term and long–term goals as well as the customers expectation of the design's outcome for the company. My analysis of the
organization should show activities, products, processes, services...etc. that will strengthen the network design, increase the success of the project and
confirm the cost of network design

Different Cooperative Communication Schemes Like Relay...
Abstract
In this survey, we will discuss about different cooperative communication schemes like Relay communication and Node cooperative system. Later on
we will perform comparison between conventional communication system and cooperative relay scheme based on power efficiency. We will also
discuss about various factors that will impact the efficiency of cooperative systems. We will conclude with applications of cooperativecommunication
in LTE advanced.
Cooperative communication
Technological convergence in telecommunications and networking has made it possible to bring voice, data (internet) and other multimedia services
over single channel. This has led to significant increase in network resource demands especially for wireless networks. To address these tremendous
network demands we need to use communication resources efficiently i.e., through Cooperative communications.
Cooperative communication system uses intelligent nodes or base stations that can consciously help other nodes to transfer information from the
source to the final destination with increased spectral efficiency and extended coverage in case of Cellular Base stations.
Cooperation in the communication networks can be realized using Relaying and Node Cooperative systems [1].
Relay communication system
In Relay system, first transmitter sends the data to the relay node and information received by the relay node is forwarded to next node and finally to
the destination receiver by following cooperation

To Design Mpls Vpn for a Company
PROJECT REPORT
ON
TO DESIGN A LAYER 3 MPLS VPN (Multiprotocol Label Switching Protocol Virtual Private Network ) FOR A CUSTOMER WITH DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS
C O N T E N T S
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ABOUT THE PROJECT
в–є Problem statement в–є Proposed solution в–є Objectives
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
в–є Multiprotocol Label Swithcing(MPLS) в– Architecture в– How does it work в– CEF Switching в– Advantages
в–є Virtual Private Network(VPN) в– Terminologies в– Implementation Techniques в– Features
в–єMPLS VPN в– What is it ? в– Working в– Security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, a router builds a table (called routing table) as how a packet should be forwarded through which interface, by using either statically configured
statements (called static routes) or by exchanging information with other routers in the network through a dynamical routing protocol, Control plane
maintains contents of the label–switching table (label forwarding information base, or LFIB).
Data plane has a simple forwarding engine. It is a very simple mechanism.It does not involve any tables.

MPLS CONTROL AND DATA PLANE COMPONENTS
[pic]
в– HOW DOES IT WORK
MPLS works by prefixing packets with an MPLS header, containing one or more "labels". This is called a label stack. Each label stack entry contains
four fields: в—Џ A 20–bit label value. в—Џ A 3–bit Traffic Class field for QoS (quality of service) priority (experimental) and ECN (Explicit
Congestion Notification). в—Џ A 1–bit bottom of stack flag. If this is set, it signifies that the current label is the last in the stack. в—Џ An 8–bit TTL
(time to live) field. These MPLS–labeled packets are switched after a label lookup/switch instead of a lookup into the IP table. As mentioned above,
when MPLS was conceived, label lookup and label

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ( Lan )
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.INTRODUCTION The network that is built impulsively as device connect that is said to be a Local Area
Network (LAN). The network is a type which does not rely on base station for the coordination to implant the flow of messages to each node,
whereas this network is inspired by the activity of forwarding packets among individual network nodes to and fro. That's why conventionally "ad
hoc" literally known as "for this special purpose" in Latin. Moreover MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) is the trendy inheritance of it. In this
technical era, each and every organization which belongs to various business operations and corporate levels. They strongly rely on easy, reliable
and secured sharing of information. But in the past technological period everything was done through wired networks which had certain transmission
and privacy risk. In that case MANET incorporating wireless culture became a boon in disguise for satisfying the drawbacks of wired networks.
MANET has become one of the most promising fields for research and development in the area of emerging network and connectivity. If it is to be
explained in a laymen phrase, the MANET is a technology that enables users to communicate without any special physical infrastructure not
considering the geographic location. They have a proliferation of most cheaper, compact and powerful devices which made their progress a hike.
MANET also faces some vulnerabilities, challenges, security issues. Here the

A Survey On Secure Cooperative Bait Detection Approach For...
A SURVEY ON SECURE COOPERATIVE BAIT DETECTION APPROACH FOR DETECTING MALICIOUS NODES IN MANETS
Abstract: In Mobile Ad–hoc Networks (MANETs), the main problem is the security as well as formation of communication amongst nodes was must
work together with each other. Avoiding or sensing malicious nodes initiation grayhole or collaborative blackhole attack was the main challenges. The
collaborative bait detection approach mixes the advantages of both proactive and reactive defense architecture. Here it use the technique of
transposition for implementing security and the CBDA technique out fit a reverse tracing method to help in attaining the specified aim. The
demonstration in the occurrence of malicious–node attack, the CBDA outperforms the DSR, and Best–Effort Fault–Tolerant Routing (BFTR) protocol
in relations to packet delivery ratio and routing overhead. In that transposition method we use the key which was the key value of the character which
was encrypted at sender side and decrypted at receiver.
Keywords– Collaborative Bait Detection Approach (CBDA), collaborative black hole attack, grey hole, black hole, malicious node
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) falls in the category of wireless ad hoc network, and is a self–configuring network. Each device is free to move
independently in any direction, and hence will change its link with other devices frequently. Each node must forward traffic which is not relatedto its
own use, and therefore be

Data Center Network Design Using Metrics And Their Results...
Abstract– Data centers are physical or virtual repositories for storing, managing and accessing data. Data center network (DCN) is the interconnection
between the data centers. There are several existing architectures for the interconnections between these data centers. Several aspects are taken into
consideration while designing data center network architecture. This paper shows analysis of several data center network architectures using metrics
and their results on different network topologies. For security and routing data centers can use a hardware approach called Forwarding Unit or deploy
middleboxes in the networks.
Keywords–component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)
I.INTRODUCTION
Conventional systems were too complex to operate and maintain. Many cables were required to connect all the components, and methods to
accommodate and organize the data. A single mainframe required a great deal of power, and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security became
important and computers were expensive. Data centers were then introduced where collectively data was stored and maintained. Data collection
increased rapidly over years, which led to an increase in data centers. Communication between these servers became difficult and complex. For an
efficient communication between the servers many architectures were proposed. Data center architectures and requirements can differ significantly.
With data availability and security at stake, managing and storing

Nt1310 Unit 1 Exercise 1
3.6.3 Location–Based Routing:
In the location–based routing, sensor nodes are distributed randomly in an interesting area. They are positioned mostly by utilizing of Global position
system. The distance among the sensor nodes is evaluated by the signal strength obtained from those nodes and coordinates are computed by
interchanging information among neighbouring nodes. Location–based routing networks are;
Sequential assignment routing (SAR)
Ad–hoc positioning system (APS)
Geographic adaptive fidelity (GAP)
Geographic and energy aware routing (GEAR)
Greedy other adaptive face routing (GOAFR)
Geographic distance routing (GEDIR)
Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF): Geographic Adaptive Fidelity is an energy–aware location based routing algorithm planned for mobile ad–hoc
networks but has been used to WSNs. Geographic Adaptive Fidelity conserving energy by switching off redundant sensors nodes. In this routing
protocol, the entire network is classified into number of static zones and a virtual grid is made for the covered region. Every node utilizes its
GPS–indicated location to link itself with a point in the virtual grid. Nodes linked to the same point on the grid are assumed equivalent with respect
to packet routing costs. Nodes within a zone cooperate by choosing one node to show the zone for a period of time whereas the rest of the nodes
sleep. A sample situation is considered from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was observed that as the number of nodes increase, so would the network lifetime. There are three states in the defined in GAF. These states are:
finding in which neighbours are decided in the grid, active for reflecting the participation and sleep in which radio is turned off. The transitions of state
are shown

We Use A Weight Search Heuristic
We use a weight search heuristic similar to the one used in the failure free case, and we adopt the cost function. Our goal is to find a weight function
for each configuration, so that the cost of routing the needs through the network is as small as possible after any link failure. However, evaluating for
a given weight setting is a complex task because it involves recalculating the load on all links in the network. In order to get a method that scales to
large networks, we identify a limited set of critical link failures.
We then optimize the link weights taking only the critical link failures into account. We want to avoid that the failure of heavily loaded links results in
large amounts of traffic being recovered in backup configurations with a sparse backbone. Instead, this traffic should be routed in a rich (well
connected) backbone, where we have abetter chance of distributing it over less loaded links by settingappropriate link weights.To implement this
load–aware algorithm we calculate the potentialof each node in the network and the potential of each backup configuration.
To evaluate our load aware construction algorithm, we computethe worst case load on each link after a link failure, andcompare it to the results
achieved by the original algorithm. Note that the optimizations described here will only havean effect if the network topology allows more than one
possiblebackup path after a failure. We have also run our optimizationson less connected networks than

Nt1310 Unit 5 Paper
maximization of network lifetime [8]. This protocol is also divided into two phase: 1. Clustering and 2. Routing of aggregated data. In clustering
phase, a fixed topological arrangement is done by sensor nodes. In the data aggregation phase, heuristic is proposed. The advantage is that it provides
energy efficiency and network lifetime also be increased.
G. TTDD Protocol
The Two–Tier Data Dissemination (TTDD) assumes that the sensor nodes are stationary and location aware and sinks are allowed to change their
location dynamically [9]. When any change is sensed by sensors the source node will generate the reports. Then the source node chooses itself as a
start crossing point and sends data to its adjacent crossing points. This is also used in which nodes are stationery for multiple mobile sinks. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Utilize a cluster head to cluster head routing to transfer data to base station.
I. MIMO Protocol
In the Multihop Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) the data are collected by multiple source nodes and transmitted to a remote sink by
multiple hops [11]. In this, the cluster head sends message to sensor nodes in the cluster. Next the sensor nodes encode the data and sends to cluster
head in the next hope according to the orthogonal Space Time Block Code [STBC]. It saves the energy and provides QoS provisioning.
J. HPAR Protocol
The Hierarchical Power Aware Routing (HPAR) is a power aware routing protocol that divides the network into a group of sensors called zones [12].
In this, the cluster zones are formatted, then the decision is made that how message is routed so the battery life can be maximized. This protocol
provides an approximation algorithm called max–min ZPmin algorithm. In this algorithm by applying Dijkshtra algorithm the path who consumes less
power is found. Then the second path is found that maximizes the minimal residual power. The advantage is that it provides both transmission power
and maximizes battery

Implementing Complex Protocols On The Network System
Introduction:–
In the present computer networks are being built by implementing complex protocols on an array of network devices such as routers, switches and
middleware like ISD intrusion detection systems and firewalls systems. In order to allow the network to be modified to the changing environment, the
network Administrator have to manually configures all new configuration policies by converting them into the low level commands that are supported
by the system. Companies need to depend on the network vendors in order to deal with the problems related to security, scalability, manageability and
other issues. Many efforts have been done to make the network programmable even before the SDN. Some of those are Forces (2003), Routing Control
Platform (2004), Ethane (2007), and Open Flow (2008).
Main body:–
Network technology passed many stapes to reach the advance level it is now a days. The first step was how to control a packet–switched network
which started the project Forces which was implemented in 2003. It has Protocols for multiple control elements and forwarding elements, the project
failed because it requires standardization, adoption, deployment of new hardware. After the failure of Forces a new project have been applied called
Routing Control Platform (RCP) which was implemented in 2004.The RCP computes routes on behalf of routers, the RCP uses existing routing protocol
(BGP) to communicate routes to routers. The RCP Convert the best route of internal routing

Of PEGASIS : Power-Efficient Gathering In Sensor Data...
change in term of energy utilization and network life time over LEACH protocol. With a little network distance across, vitality utilization of the
network is practically same when utilizing diverse clustering protocols. 3.2.11 PEGASIS: Power–Efficient Gathering in Sensor Data Network By this
creator proposed calculation PEGASIS that is a chain based protocol give change over LEACH calculations. In PEGASIS, every node discusses just
with a nearby neighbor and alternates transmitting to the base station, along these lines decreasing the measure of vitality spent per round.
Utilizing eager calculation, the nodes will be sorted out to shape a chain, after that BS can figure this anchor and communicate it to all the sensor nodes.
Vitality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the hierarchical structure, base station (BS) is the focal point of a circle. The BS will predefine the quantity of levels and each node's separation to
BS chose the level which it has a place with. Each node gets the flag from the BS, at that point as indicated by the signal strength to recognize the
separation to BS. PDCH outflank to PEGASIS calculation and it is additionally helpful for large networks.
3.2.14 CLUSTER : CLUSTER clustering algorithms in view of clustering algorithm that gives adaptable and proficient packet routing for huge scale
WSNs. Just a few sections of total number of sensor nodes take part in arrangement of CHs. In this, CHs are masterminded in a framework way and
primary sink (One of the sink), dynamically and randomly manufactures the cluster network. . Greed Seed (GS) is a node inside a given span from
the essential sink. Any questions from sink to nodes are engendered from avarice seed to its CHs et cetera.
3.2.15 EECS: Energy Efficient Clustering Schemes Authors proposed a algorithm in which cluster arrangement is not the same as LEACH protocol. In
LEACH protocol cluster arrangement happens on the premise of a base separation of nodes to their relating CH.
In EECS, dynamic estimating of clusters happens which depends on cluster separate from the base station. The outcomes are a calculation that tends to

Wireless Sensor Network: Link Quality Based Hierarchical...
Link Quality Based Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for 6LoWPAN
INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the fastest growing areas in networking world today. In order to convert WSN from personal area
network (PAN) into low power personal area network (LoWPAN), IEEE standard 802.15.4 was introduced. However, future WSNs would consist of
thousands of nodes and these networks may be connected to others via the internet. Hence, IPv6 over LoWPAN (6LoWPAN) is defined by Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a technique to integrate internet capability into WSN. 6LoWPAN provides a WSN node with IP communication
capabilities by putting an adaptation layer above the IEEE 802.15.4 link layer for the packet fragmentation and reassembly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are total of 27 channels defined in the PHY layer. These channels are allocated into different frequency bands with varying data rates as showed
in Table 1. At MAC layer, it specifies when the devices may access the channel for communication. The basic tasks provided by the MAC layer are
beacon generation and synchronization, supporting PAN association and disassociation, managing channel access via Carriers Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism, and etc.
The application of 6LoWPAN ranges from home to military application to medical field. It is also used in smart metering and for industrial automation,
energy efficiency, better security systems and vehicular automation. One interesting example application of 6LoWPAN is in facility management,
which is the management of large facilities using a combination of building automation, asset management and other embedded systems. The devices
in the 6LoWPAN network need to have a appropriate routing mechanism in order to be able to route keeping in mind the constraints in the devices such
as memory and power. The protocols should try to minimize the energy usage and improve the lifetime of the entire network. When the concept of link
quality is combined with the routing protocols the lifetime of the network is always greatly enhanced. There are many protocols of which hierarchical
routing protocol introduces hierarchical routing in 6LoWPAN. Thus, we

Replacing Conventional Layer 2 Vpns
I.Introduction:
Numerous endeavors are considering replacing conventional Layer 2 VPNs, for example, Frame Relay with MPLS–based administrations. For giving
virtual private network (VPN) administrations, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) turning into a more across the board innovation, MPLS
building design security is of expanding concern to Service Providers (SPs) and VPN clients.
MPLS is being utilized to accomplish the accompanying results: to specialist the core network all the more effortlessly and proficiently (customary
MPLS and MPLS activity building), to give VPN administrations (MPLS–VPN), and to encourage nature of administration (QoS) over a network core
(MPLS–DBP).
In this research paper, the principle aspect is about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Briefly:
пѓ VPN whichever is considered must have the capacity to utilize the same location space same as the other VPN has.
пѓ VPN whichever is considered must have the capacity to utilize the same location space as the MPLS core.
пѓ Between any two VPNs, routing must be free.
пѓ Between any VPN and the core routing must be independent.
MPLS permits distinct VPNs to utilize the same location space; the space can be private address. By including a 64–bit route distinguisher for every
IPv4 route this can be accomplished, making VPN–special addresses additionally exceptional in the MPLS core. The word "extended" address is called
as "VPN–IPv4 address" and is shown in Figure 1. In this way, clients of a MPLS administration don 't have to change current addressing in their
networks. Figure 1: VPN–IPV4 address
There is a way for Routing partitioning between the VPNs. For every associated VPN each PE router keeps up a different Virtual Routing and
Forwarding case (VRF). Routes which are populated from one VPN for every VRF on PE router, the routes are statically configured or run between
the PE and CE router with help of routing protocols. Since each VPN brings about a different VRF, there will be no impedances between the VPNs on
the PE router.
(ii)Process of hiding infrastructure core:
The main aspect is that internal structure of the MPLS core network (Provider edge (PE) and Provider (P) components) must not be visible to outside
networks (other VPNs). This

The Main Goal Of Geographical Routing
The main goal of geographical routing is to use location information to define an efficient route search toward the destination. Geographical routing is
very fitting to sensor networks, where data aggregation technique is used to minimize the number of transmissions send to the base station by
eliminating redundancy among data packets from different sources. The need for data aggregation is to minimize energy consumption changes the
computation and communications model in sensor networks from a traditional address paradigm to a data centric paradigm, where the content of the
data is more significant than the identity of the sensor node that gathers the data. In data paradigm, an application may send a query to enquire about a
phenomenon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geographical routing approaches does not require saving the state at the routers to keep track of the current state of the topology. It needs only the
propagation of single–hop topology information. The nature of geographical routing eliminates the need for keeping internal data structures such as
routing tables. Thus, the overhead is reduced substantially, just like that improving its scalability in large networks.
The routing strategies of geographical routing is to use the location information to form a more effective routing strategy that does not need flooding
request data packets throughout a network. This achieved by sending a data packet to nodes located in a designated forwarding region. This is also
known as geocasting, where only nodes lie within the designated forwarding region are authorized to transmit the data packet ref. This region can be
statically defined by the source node, or formed dynamically by intermediate sensor nodes to reject nodes that may cause a detour when transmitting
the data packet.
A second strategy used in geographical routing, known as position based routing. A sensor node only needs to know the location information of its
direct neighbor's ref. A greedy forwarding approach is used where each sensor node forwards a data packet to the neighboring node that is closest to
the destination node. The

Reliability Of Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing...
Reliability of Energy Efficient Cluster–Based Routing Protocol for
Wireless Sensor Networks Thottikat, Vishnu K 012629108 Gudapati Supriya 012627938 Vishnu.thottikat@yahoo.comSupriya.gudapati@yahoo.com
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering, California State University Long Beach
Long Beach, United States
Abstract – Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low–cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh
environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing
is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly
dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are
hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the
elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for
becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level,
possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

Types of Attacks in Comnputer Security
This paper is presenting types of attacks in security of TCP/IP protocol and also defense to security problems. Flaws in such system are due to
attackers' access over machine and due to insecurity of machine. Paper proposed solutions to the problems and discuss problems without considering
their implementation.
Attack like "TCP sequence number prediction" where spoofing is allowed on host on a local network. A variant in TCP sequence number attack
exploits the netstat service where the intruder impersonates a host that is down. If netstat is on the target host it supplies the necessary sequence
number information on another port. Defense to this is by randomizing the increment, good logging and alerting mechanisms.
"The joy of routing" This is the simple attack that basically depend on routing protocols that has been used. It is further categorized in different
attacks that can be "Source Routing" In which target host reverses source route in a TCP for traffic that is returning. So facilities can be exchanged
between host and attacker. The idea to protect from attacks is to put gateways into the local net for rejection of external packets that acting as part of
the local net or to do rejection of pre–authorized connections. Another attack is "The Routing Information Protocol (RIP)" attack is mostly used on
local networks like broadcast media. As information here sent is not checked so intruder can change or send modified information due to which
protocols that depends on

Pros And Cons Of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
WIRELESS AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Raghav Thirani , Monica Chandil
ABSTRACT: An ad hoc network is a collection of nodes which are dynamically located in such a manner that their inter connections might change on
continual basis. A routing protocol is required, to facilitate communication inside the network by discovering routes between the nodes. This research
paper classifies various protocols and provides an overview about eight different protocols under varied categories.
1.INTRODUCTON:
Since their emergence, wireless networks have become increasingly popular. There are currently two kinds of wireless networks in use, namely
WLAN's and Ad Hoc. WLAN's are called infrastructure networks as they have fixed and wired gateways, whereas Ad hoc are called infrastructure
less networks as they don't have any fixed routers, all nodes in this are capable of movement and can be connected ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It starts by throwing light on Table Driven or Proactiverouting protocols, then moving forward to On –demand or Reactive routing protocols. It further
discusses about Hybrid routing protocols which are a mixture of the previous two. We end the discussion on these routing protocols by introducing the
Hierarchical routing protocols.
2.TABLE DRIVEN PROTOCOLS
Table driven routing protocols are also called as proactive routing protocols. They try to maintain the consistent, up to date routing information from
each node to every other node in the network[1]. Nodes respond to network topology changes by propagating route updates throughout the network.[1]
in this paper we discuss three proactive routng protocols namely: Optimised Link State Routing protocol(OLSR) , Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector Routing(DSDV) and Wireless routing protocol (WRP).
2.1DSDV:
In this routing protocol, every node maintains a routing table which has got entries of all the possible destination nodes and the number of hops to each

of

Unit 1 Comm-3011
The list of tasks to be completed is: COM–3011 Verification; Sample Rate Decimation; VITA
–49 Packaging; Ethernet Transmission; and Software
Functionality. COM–3011 Verification
The COM–3011 operates by first mixing the received signal with 125 MHz, thus the data is now contained on it. The centre frequency is chosen by
mixing a user specified radio synthesiser frequency with the 125 MHz together. For example to obtain a centre frequency of 100 MHz, the user would
specify 225 MHz or –25 MHz. The bandpass filter will reduce the bandwidth to 40 MHz or 20 MHz either side of centre frequency [12]. This sample is
the duplicated and the second part delayed by 90 degrees to form an in–phase and quadrature features. Sample Rate Decimation
For the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This packet contains information such as the frequency of the samples and bandwidth. This is only transmitted once until the information changes. For
the implemented solution, the system will only transmit this context packet at the beginning of the transmission and will not transmit unless the
system is rebooted. Ethernet Transmission
Using the COM–5102, the SDR will transmit the radio signal, this pulg in will add associated MAC addresses and UDP headers onto the project
automatically [15]. The VHDL code has values that can be changed slightly to accommodate UDP or TCP transmission. For the project, UDP headers
will be used. Software Functionality
This is the section of the work being undertaken by the software engineer. The software must contain a custom driver to unpack the VITA–49 packet
outlined before. This driver will be written to work with a Ubuntu Linux distribution. The unpacked data will then be handed to GNU Radio
Companion and the signal processed. The FFT, dynamic peak algorithm, spectrum display and list of signals are default tools that can be downloaded
from the file repository [16]. The module will require a custom module called an "out of the tree module" to use that data brought in from the VITA–49
packet: "out of the tree" modules are custom modules made by a user for the graphical

Analysis5 Questions Answers
Chapter 14
Answer the following review questions. For some questions, more than one choice may be correct.
1. Which of the following routing protocols are considered to use distance vector logic? B, A
a. RIP
b. IGRP
c. EIGRP
d. OSPF
2. Which of the following routing protocols are considered to use link–state logic? E, F
a. RIP
b. RIP–2
c. IGRP
d. EIGRP
e. OSPF
f. Integrated IS–IS
3. Which of the following routing protocols support VLSM? B,D,E,F
a. RIP
b. RIP–2
c. IGRP
d. EIGRP
e. OSPF
4. Which of the following routing protocols are considered to be capable of converging quickly? D, E,F
a. RIP

b. RIP–2
c. IGRP
d. EIGRP
e. OSPF
5. Router1 has interfaces with addresses 9.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c. If PC1 issued a ping 10.1.13.1 command, PC1 would ARP trying to learn theMAC address of 10.1.13.1.
d. If R1 issued a ping 10.1.1.130 command, R1 would ARP trying to learn the MAC address of 10.1.1.130.
5. A new network engineer is trying to troubleshoot a problem for the user of PC1. Which of the following tasks and results would most likely point
to a Layer 1 or 2 Ethernet problem on the LAN on the left side of the figure? C
a. A ping 10.1.1.1 command on PC1 did not succeed.
b. A ping 10.1.13.2 command from PC1 succeeded, but a ping 172.16.2.4 did not.
c. A ping 10.1.1.1 command from PC1 succeeded, but a ping 10.1.13.1 did not.
d. A ping 10.1.1.10 command from PC1 succeeded.
6. The PC2 user issues the tracert 10.1.1.10 command. Which of the following IP addresses could be shown in the command output? A, B
a. 10.1.1.10
b. 10.1.1.1
c. 10.1.13.1
d. 10.1.13.2
e. 172.16.2.4
7. All of the devices in the figure just booted, and none of the devices has yet sent any data frames. Both PC's use statically configured IP addresses.
Then PC1 successfully pings PC2. Which of the following ARP table entries would you expect to see? D
a. An entry on PC1's ARP cache forIP address 172.16.2.7
b. An entry on PC1's ARP cache for IP address 10.1.1.1
c. An entry on R1's ARP cache for IP address 10.1.1.10
d. An entry on R1's ARP cache for IP address 172.16.2.7
8. All of the devices in the figure just booted, and none of the devices has yet sent any data

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