Ecology Essay

The Importance Of Human Ecology
Human ecology is an interdisciplinary field, and it includes the interactions among humans and their
natural, social, and built environments. In order to understand fields such as sociology,
anthropology, psychology, home economics, etc., one must understand the different facets of human
ecology. Eco–psychiatry, for example, attempts to integrate ecology and psychiatry and explores the
effects of one's environment on mental health. The environment can be biological, social, or cultural
in nature. Several facets of human ecology can be linked to mental health including microbial,
social, and urban ecology. The diversity of microbiota is important for mental well–being in that
microbes directly influence aspects of mental health such as anxiety and stress, and the social
environment is important in that adequate and quality resources are necessary for the physical and
mental health of an individual. Research has shown that microbial ecology has a direct influence on
the mental health of individuals. Macro–biodiversity in the external environment has been shown to
influence mental well–being, and microbial diversity as a byproduct of this external biodiversity can
have effects on immune function and mood. Microbes have made many genetic contributions to the
human body including but not limited to protection against pathogens, nutrient absorption, and
manufacture of chemicals necessary for survival. Lack of microbial diversity and dysbiosis, or
microbial imbalance, due to
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Deep Ecology Essay
Whether its watching a whale jump up in the air and seeing him crashing back into the water, or
looking at all of the trees leafs changing colors in the fall time; nature is a beautiful thing. In the
past, traditional Native Americans once cared about the land. The grass, trees, rocks, and everything
else had value. Nowadays most people are moving away from these ideas and moving towards a
capitalist mindset, only caring about their own personal gain. Deep ecology is defined as "an
environmental movement and philosophy that regards human life as just one of many equal
components of a global ecosystem" (Google). Arne Naess was a Norwegian philosopher who
coined the term Deep Ecology. It may seem very similar to traditional Native...show more content...
This could potentially lead to the human population becoming extinct. I'm not saying this is going to
actually happen or be an immediate result of our actions but this is what the world is coming to. The
companies are the indirect problem in this issue. It's the population's demand that keeps these
companies going which makes us the direct source to the problem. Almost everyone is caught up in
the capitalist mentality, only caring about themselves and seeing how much money they can make.
And when that happens they go out and buy more products which have negatively affected the
environment. It's a vicious cycle that doesn't seem like it is coming to a stop anytime soon.
In the story "Creations" written by Linda Hogan, Hogan talks about her travels to the YucatГЎn.
Hogan is a Chickasaw poet, novelist, essayist and an associate professor at the University of
Colorado. She is traveling there to search out her Chickasaw roots according to elders. She explains
how in traditional native American thought everything on the land has value and is considered
sacred; everything is living .She says "the mud people of the first creation did not endure; when it
rained, their bodies grew soft and dissolved". "In the next

Sustainability And The World's Ecology
While Sustainability and the world 's ecology are a well–known topic in most countries these days
we are nonetheless a long way from achieving the measures of progress needed to gain a big
difference to the universe. There are many factors that contribute to this lack of progress, such as low
government funding or personal struggles with financial issues that prevent the use of more
sustainable options and a generational gap of knowledge and education. These are some of the
contributors to the limitations of education on this subject that will be looked at more in–depth
further on. Benefits to ecological education now and into the future are that it aids to create critical
thinking and empathy towards our surroundings. It gives thought to...show more content...
When you book a plane ticket they call for you to pay more money to help render the trip more
sustainable, but why would you do that as its cheaper not to pay that extra money, things like this
should be the contrary of what they are and you would discover more people willing to be
sustainable if it is not costing them extra. This is where government funding should be stepping up
helping the average person realize the modification. Schools call for funding to make sustainability
an everyday function not just a topic they learn in a schoolroom. Their whole environment needs
a makeover to replicate how we want our sustainable world to look, edible gardens need to be
carried out so the children have a responsibility to care for and produce food for themselves,
recycled and reused resources should be the foremost to be chosen, it necessitates to be second
nature and easily accessible for schools to be ecologically literate and while we accept these
limitations stopping us making this outcome we cannot truly go ahead. In the Australian Curriculum
the cross curriculum priority is sustainability, however there is a vastly restricted depiction of
unequivocal explanation of training that will ensue in the specified national objective of effective,
educated people who work for

Essay about The Ecosystem of the Coral Reef
The Ecosystem of the Coral Reef
Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive communities on Earth. They are found in the
warm, clear, shallow waters of tropical oceans worldwide. Reefs have functions ranging from
providing food and shelter to fish and invertebrates, to protecting the shore from erosion.
Although many corals resemble plants, they are actually members of the animal phylum Cnidaria.
Most corals are colonial, which means that each coral is made up of many individual polyps
connected by living tissue (the coenosarc). Each polyp has a cup–like shape with a ring of tentacles
around a central opening (pharynx) that functions as both mouth and anus. The tentacles are tipped
with stinging cells called...show more content...
The more famous coral forms huge deposits that take on the shape of small, underwater mountains
of calcium carbonate. Corals are benthic organisms in the fact that they are stationary for the most
part, and do not swim or drift in the ocean. All coral feed on plankton. Soft coral are filter feeders,
filtering out plankton as the current passes through the porous structure of the coral. Hard coral have
tiny "critters" located inside a limestone shell that rely on plankton that float by as their food source.
Since they are very sensitive, coral require a very specific environment in order to survive. They are
found generally in warm, shallow areas of the tropical oceans. Although they are best developed in
temperatures from about twenty–three to twenty–five degrees Celsius, coral reefs can be found in
temperatures as low as eighteen degrees Celsius. Corals are restricted to seawater with a salinity
ranging from thirty to forty parts per thousand. They also require a concentrated amount of calcium
carbonate to assist in the process of forming their skeleton. The shape, size and structure of the
coral are directly related to their location in the ocean, and depth. Coral located near the surface
tend to be flexible in order to flex and sway with the wave action and tidal currents. The water
currents and wind can also play an important role in the

The Importance Of Deep Ecology
Deep ecology is about always asking questions about human life, nature, and society.
Deep ecology is more meditative and goes beyond the factual scientific level, to the level of self and
Earth wisdom. It goes beyond a shallow approach to environmental problems. It articulates a
comprehensive religious and philosophical worldview, along with ecological consciousness.
Ecological consciousness and deep ecology contrast the technocratic–industrial societies that isolate
humans from nature.
Over time Western culture has been obsessed with dominance. Humans over non–humans,
masculinity over femininity, wealthy over poor, western over non–western cultures. Deep ecological
consciousness allows us to see through the perception of this dangerous illusion. A dominant world
view is centered around maximizing and using natural resources for our destructive consumerist
habits. Deep ecology is about minimizing and finding harmony with nature.
Deep ecology means reflecting on ourselves. The search for deep ecological consciousness is the
search for an objective consciousness and state of active deep questioning and meditative process as
a way of life.
Arne Naess said that deep ecology is "The shallow and the deep, long–range ecology movement"–
This quote describes the deeper, spiritual approach to nature. This deeper approach allows us to be
more open and sensitive to ourselves and nonhuman life.
Arne Naess developed two ultimate norms which were brought by deep questioning and reveal

Ecology And Plant Ecology
In this article examples are going to be discussed of the application of molecular biology in the
field of plant ecology, what molecular biology is as well as what plant ecology is. Plant ecology is
one of the branches in the scientific field of ecology that mainly focus on plant population and their
surroundings (McMahon, 2016). Plant ecologists also look at other factors that have an impact on
the plants and their environment. According to the MIT Department of Biology, plantmolecular
biology is the study where biological data such as plants genetics, genomes, biochemical and the cell
biologics is inserted into computers to understand the development, growth and physiology of plants
at a molecular level. The examples that is going to be...show more content...
Researchers do not just look at the plant but keeps in mind how the plants interact with each other
and their environment. A Plant ecologist do not just look at plants but also the soil conditions,
animals and other influences that might have an impact on the plants environment. According to
McMahon (2016) plant ecology is not just a plant itself but, is everything from understanding the
plants environment functions as well as the interaction of humans with the natural environment.
The area most focused on in plant ecology is topics like climate change, plant diseases and the
symbiotic relationship between plant species and how plants spread in nature (McMahon, 2016).
Plant ecology involves a lot of field work because the plant needs to be viewed in their natural
habitat to understand why the plant looks like it does. Plant ecology covers a wide range of
research for instance the study of plants growing in a specific ecosystem for example the
rainforest, or a specific area that is of interest, like a population of plants that is growing next to a
polluted river or dam. It can also help researchers to study endangered ecosystems and plant
populations including not vascular plants like mosses. Plants make up a very large part of the
natural environment. Plants do not just provide people and animals with food but also with shelter
for animals, prevents erosion and the most important part is that plants provide us with oxygen
(McMahon,

Essay on Ecology
Ecology An organism has several ways to avoid being prated upon. One way to avoid this is to
practice crptis. Crypis is the action of organisms avoiding predation by blending in with their
backgrounds and matching the color pattern of a bark, twigs or leaves. Palatable animals often
utilize this strategy as well. Another type of defense is aposematism or warning coloratio. Organisms
that produce noxious chemicals or accumalate them from food plants, advertise the fact that they are
harmful with conspicous color patterns. Mimicry is the resemblence of an organism toward some
other organism or an object inthe enviroment, evolved to decieve predators or prey into confuding
the organism with that which it mimics. The prey involved within...show more content...
These hypothesis are based on the assumption that the birds realized that the red larvae are more
tasteful , while the blue and lime larvae were often distasteful. The focus of this experiment is to
find out whether or not mimicry developed and whether the birds either learnt from the effects of
mimicry or caught on to the color pattern.
Materials and Methods
The procedure that was utilize from this experiment was very time consuming and involved an
assortment of small procedures. The first step was to decide upon the different colors of the food,
and which speculate on whch colors would be most efficient for the experiment. In our case we
choose red,which represented a kind of dangerous color, blue which was still dangerous but a
little more attractive than red and lime which seemed like a nice friendly color. After than the
ratios between the models were agreed upon based upon what we thought the colors would
represent toward the birds. The pattern that was used is pattern A. The red color had 100%
mimicry, (palatable) and 0% for models (unpalatable). The blue color had 75% mimicry (palatable)
and 25% for models (unpalatable). The lime had 25% mimicry and 75% for models (unpalatable).
After that decision making the class broke up into different groups to facilitate the larvae making
process. The class divided into mixers, cutters,those that

Environmental Science Essay
Environmental Fundamentals
Laura Jackson
Env/100
April 8, 2013
JOHN ENSWORTH
Environmental Fundamentals
Introduction
Environmental science is defined as the study of the environment and the interconnecting systems it
contains, furthermore, the way people interact with their natural surroundings and use natural
resources (wise geek, 2013). Scientist in this field is highly interdisciplinary and extremely diverse,
for example, a scientist might study volcanoes or climate change. This essay will cover the
following; the definition of environmental science, the relationship between science and technology
and how it affects environmental problems; the concept of environmental sustainability and why it
should be studied; how human...show more content...
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the
environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible
based on ideal–seeking behavior (Wikipedia, 2010). What makes environmental sustainability so
important is that it demands that society designs activities to meet human needs while indefinitely
preserving the life support systems of the planet (Wikipedia, 2010). Human consumption can only
use the nature's resources at a rate that can be replenished naturally.
Human Values affecting Society
The most devastating environmental change of all is the loss of biodiversity. The rate of species
extinction has remained at one species per million per year, furthermore, the accelerating destruction
of habitats throughout the world leads to projections of the loss of two–thirds of all species on earth
by the end of this century, and millions of years to recover from the Cretaceous period
(mindfully.org, 2013). As individuals, we obtain our food, directly or indirectly from plants, for
example, plant our primary use of medicines. Biodiversity also determines the properties of
communities and ecosystems, which capture energy from the sun. The world is less resilient, more
homogeneous, less interesting, and with fewer opportunities for our descendants and ourselves:
where the process reaches

Population Ecology
INTRODUCTION
" The growth of a large business is merely the survival of the fittest : it is merely the working out of
a law of nature" John D Rockefeller
Population ecology is a perspective that seeks to explain the factors that affect the life cycles of
organizations. It also suggests why some organizations survive for longer than the others. Earlier
theories such a the such as the strategic choice theory argued that organizations try to adapt to
changing environments and the ones that do it successfully survive. The population ecology
perspective states that it is the environment that selects organizations that will survive over time and
organizations have no say in this matter....show more content...
The concept of species identification is one of the central problems in this complex model.
c> Niche Width Theory One of the strong points of the population ecology perspective is that it
analyzes populations of organizations rather than individual organizations. All organizations within a
particular population tend to draw from the same resource pool. Hence competition must exist within
the same population when they fight for survival. This is the basis for the niche width theory.
Simply put, a niche may be defined as a domain of unique environmental resources to support an
organization. Populations of organizations are said to occupy the same niche to the extent that they
depend on identical environmental resources. Based on the width of the niche, there may be two
types of populations that exist: specialists and generalists.
Generalists tend to have a wide niche (in other words, a broad range of products/markets). They thus
maximize exploration although they increase their risks at the same time. This kind of strategy is
not suited to any single situation. Specialists have a narrow niche (or a narrow range of products
/markets). They thus maximize exploitation and security. This kind of strategy is suited to particular
situations.
According to the perspective, depending upon the В‘distance' between two states in the environment,
variations may be divided into fine–grained (short–term

The Bible And Ecology Essay
"More science and more technology are not going to get us out of the present ecologic crisis until
we find a new religion, or rethink our old one..." Those words were written by a man, Lynn White,
who in 1967 brought to our attention a crisis we continue to face today. Christians tend to view our
relationship with nature as a take as needed relationship where God's creations are present for our
survival. It can be hard to blame them when their evidence comes from the Bible but the problem
isn't the Bible, the way it's being read is. Bauckham's, author of "The Bible and Ecology",
approach to the interpretation and reading of the Bible can change the way Christians view their
relationship with nature and the false dominion they feel they have over God's creations. Humans
must recognize the significance nature has related to our lives and changing our perspective on
the Bible can help us learn to appreciate and acknowledge the importance of nature and all
creations. We can accomplish this by reading verses such as Genesis, Job, Colossians, and Isaiah
by taking them as a story than literal. It's crucial we recognize our arrogance and false superiority
before we destroy this beautiful Earth and understand this world can work with or without us.
Bauckham gives a road map in his book on how Christians can change their way of reading the
Bible and see how much love God has for all His creatures. Hubris's definition is excessive pride or
confidence in oneself. Bauckham uses this

Ecology And Architecture Case Study
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
Acknowledgment
List of figures
Chapter 1 – Introduction to ecology and architecture
1.1 – A brief on ecology and architecture
1.2 – Research Questions
1.3 – Aims and Objectives
1.4 – Outline of the study
1.5 – Focus and challenges
1.6 – Methodology
Chapter 2 – Ecotecture towards sustainability
2.1 – Ecology and architecture
2.2 – Ecotecture – Less bad approach
Chapter 3 – Paolo Soleri – early 20th century principle
3.1 – Brief of Paolo Soleri
3.2 – Understanding the principle – Arcology
3.3 – Case study 3.3.1 – Cosanti in scottsdale 3.3.2 – Arcosanti 3.3.3 – Lean linear city
3.4 – Design for the city of future
Chapter 4 – Ken Yeang– later 20th century principle
4.1 – Brief of Ken Yeang
4.2 – Understanding the principle – eco architecture
4.3 – Practice of Ken Yeang...show more content...
Since ancient times "designers" looked to nature for "solutions" to their common problems; they saw
nature as the perfect model to follow. Ecotecture is the art and science of designing human systems
that are integrated, functionally and aesthetically, with natural ecosystems. The word "ecotecture" is
a combination of the words "ecology," meaning pattern of relations between living organisms and
their environment, interactive with

A Study On Aquatic Ecosystems
Title
Aquatic ecosystems such as the one created in this report help convey the simple yet complex
processes that are required in order to establish a stable and thriving environment.
Abstract
In this study a freshwater ecosystem was created to observe the changes that would take place over
the period of 5 weeks. This included creating a food web to outline the trophic levels that would take
place in the ecosystem as well as developing a hypothesised outcome. Over the course of the
experiment measurements and observations were recorded once every week which included how
well the ecosystem was thriving as well as trends depicted through chemical data testing. At the end
of the 5 weeks it was found that the ecosystem created was fairly...show more content...
(Rawi et al., 2014)
Three major groups were included in this aquatic ecosystem. One is the ecosystem's primary
producers, in this case vallisneria gigantean and duckweed. They are submerged freshwater aquatic
plants which support all other trophic levels by creating energy via photosynthesis, acting as a
nutrient filter and providing shelter for other organisms in the system (Wigand et al., 1999). Its
survival is integral to the flourishing of the ecosystem with availability of light being a primary
deciding factor. The second is the primary consumer in which aquatic snails are used. They are
herbivores which eat plant material and algae and ultimately keep the food web in balance. The third
is the decomposers in which macro invertebrates are used which consume nutrients from the water
and some can also act as decomposers to consume decaying material. They effectively are able to
recycle nutrients in the system to sustain the food web and provide nutrient uptake for other
organisms (Ribas et al., 2006).
Based on these assumptions the hypothesis was made that the plants would photosynthesise and
repopulate providing food for the herbivore consumers while others would die off and decay
providing food for the decomposers. Ultimately this would be affected by the biotic and abiotic
factors as they influence chemical processes such as

Ecology Personal Statement
My decision to pursue graduate study and research in the field of ecology comes from my
aspiration to become a leading researcher. I feel that the knowledge what I have gained in this field
is little. Therefore, to help me acquire a better understanding of this multi–faceted field of ecology, I
would like to pursue my doctoral degree major in ecology.
During my undergraduate level, I have been fascinated with the field of biotechnology. It is why I
choose this field as my MS thesis research. However, after deliberate thought and careful study, I
changed my mind and have decided to build my career as an ecologist. My aspiration to pursue a
research–based career in the field of ecology, and climate change, comes from my visits of the
world's...show more content...
I was among the top performers in these courses in my class. After completion of my undergraduate
level, I started my steps towards research by joining the plant breeding and biotechnology lab where,
I completed my thesis entitled "Agrobacterium–mediated genetic transformation of potato (Solanum
tuberosum L.) for the development of fungus resistance variety" under the supervision of Professor
Dr. Rakha Hari Sarker. During my undergraduate and graduate studies, I have been involved with
several field studies. These studies included the flora of the world's largest mangrove forest
(Sundarban), ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by native and tribal people, inventory of the
plant diversity (herb, shrub, climber and tree) in an area adjacent to the University of Dhaka and
on Saint Martin Island. In addition, as part of my course requirement I have studied the flora of
Lawachara rainforest, Dulahazra Safari park and Remakelanga wildlife sanctuary. I have also
presented a seminar presentation on the effects of tannery wastes on the ecosystems of the river of
"Buriganga". Field experiences provided me with the opportunity to explore real examples and to be
involved, physically, in a real world setting, which further reinforced my desire to explore the natural

Ecology Lab Report
Ecology is the study of interaction between living organisms and nonliving environmental factors.
The objective of the study is to determine the forest ecology of the Manor House by calculating the
density, size, and diversity of the woodlot (Biology 214 Laboratory Handout). Diversity is the
degree of the variability among the living organisms. It is important to study diversity because a
larger variability of within a community will promote the productivity of an ecosystem. In addition,
the knowledge of the number of individual organisms present in a population is important to
ecologists.
Many methods exist to quantify the numbers of individual organisms in a specific area. It is
important to chose a measuring method that is most practical for the sampling area. The
point–quarter technique, developed by Cottan and Curtis, is widely used to estimate the area
covered by an organism based on random samplings on specific areas. The sample area is chosen at
random along a transect, relying on the random distribution of organisms in the area. From the
random point, the area is divided into four quadrants and the point–to–plant distance is measured.
From this measurement, species density, diversity and importance value can be calculated. Khan and
his colleagues (2016) investigated the discrepancy and accuracy of...show more content...
I hypothesize that the forest woodlot will have moderate density, size, and diversity. Before
measuring the characteristics of the woodlot, I observed that the forest was not densely populated
and the organisms were spaced apart evenly throughout the forest. However, I predicted that the
transects deeper into the forest, 50 feet, would show more diversity than the transects at 25 feet
because the forest centralizes deeper into the forest and is less disturbed, which results in a wider
diversity of the

Ecology And The Climate Change
Ecology is a branch of environment or natural science that has to do with how living things interact
with each other in the nature and to be specific in the same environment. Ecology dates back since
Aristotle and Hippocrates, it also content some of the observations of Earth science, genetics and
biology. Ecologists can apply their skills to the following fields such as forestry, urban renewal,
health science, and agriculture as well as climate change. Climate change relates to changes in the
world 's temperature, as you know it global warming is an example of climate change, and in addition,
the effect of climate related events, for example, heat waves, hurricanes, droughts, rainfalls,
earthquakes, and tornadoes. This essay is about ecology and the climate, and the relationship
between the two, within the context of sustainability, which is the capacity of the planet to keep up
itself despite the natural occurring changes within the Indian Society and the rest of the world.
(Smith, T.M., Smith, R.L. (2012)).
Ecology
Ecology, in the Indian society, is especially rich in vertebrate fauna. This is a consequence of its one
of a kind biogeography, and, transformative and social histories. It contains faunal components from
different civilization such as the Afro–tropical, Indo–Malayan, and palearctic areas. For instance,
There are 226 extant carnivore species on the planet, 52 species – going from lions, hyenas, tigers,
wolves, snow panthers, panthers and 3 types of bears –

Essay about Deep Ecology
Deep Ecology/Ecosophy The ideas behind deep ecology have major implications today. They allow
people to think more profoundly about the environment and possibly come to a better understanding
of their own meaning. People are intensely concerned about the world’s technological
adolescence, massive consumerism, and overpopulation. A man named Arne Naess, former head of
the philosophy department at the University of Oslo founded an idea that can direct
people’s anxiety away from their "shallow" notion of the problem to one that is much
"deeper." "Deep ecology goes beyond the limited piecemeal shallow approach to environmental
problems and attempts to articulate a comprehensive religious and philosophical worldview." (EE
...show more content...
Governments need to make even greater efforts and more drastic goals for the future. One key point
they argue is that most effort should go into lowering population growth in developed industrial
societies. Obviously, these people’s lifestyles have far more negative influence on the
environment. This ties into the principle that human interference with the non–human world is out of
control and getting worse. Naess and Sessions concede humans do and can modify ecosystems,
just as other species do the same. Just how far we go with that ability remains the concern.
Preservation, is the key, specifically ‘large wilderness’ areas because they allow
and promote speciation of plants and animals. It is important to note that these deep ecologists do
not specifically address pollution problems. They do this because they feel it falls in the context of
shallow ecology. They think that worrying about pollution face value is really just a Band–Aid
solution. Naess gives an example that show how anti–pollution implements could increase "evils of
the other kinds," (EE p.135) by somehow increasing the price of vital needs, resulting in greater
class differences. This is somewhat abstract, but it allows for new and interesting perspective. The
next principle demands a major change in the policies that effect economic, technological, and
ideological norms. They

Ecological Restoration Essay
There have been many ongoing debates over the definition of ecological restoration. While there are
still many definitions that people use to define this term, ecological restoration is generally defined
as "the process of returning, as nearly as possible, a biotic community to a condition of biological
integrity" (Callicott, 577). This term, however, means different things to different people. It not only
encompasses the environmental aspects, but the cultural, social, historical, political aspects as well.
Considering how these aspects are different to different regions, it becomes difficult to develop a
term that everyone can agree on unanimously. The campus lagoon, 94 acres in total, is "surrounded
on the north, east and west by the...show more content...
The expanded wetlands have also significantly increased the number of birds, animals, reptiles and
amphibians. Much of Campus Point is covered with an ice plant, Carpobrotus edulis. These plants
grow year round and individual plants compete with native plants by forming mats up to 40 cm thick
and 8–10 m in diameter. Examination shows that this ice plant has a very dense tough root system
concentrated in the upper 50 cm of the soil, and that new roots form at each node as the plant
spreads outward (D'Antonio, 886). In 2006, CCBER planted 2,000 acorns along Campus Point
with hopes that in 15 to 20 years a small oak woodland habitat will be reestablished (CCBER). The
eastern edge of the Lagoon, near San Nicolas Hall and Parking Lot 5, is dominated by Kikuyu grass,
a rhizomatous plant with matted roots. Data from 2009 illustrate that even at that time, the site was
completely covered in non–native Kikuyu grass (San Nicolas Slope Restoration Monitoring).
Kikuyu grass favors moist areas and therefore it occurs in hydric soils. A Mediterranean climate, the
site records rainfall averaging 16–20 inches per year. A myriad of different birds also inhabit the
riparian and coastal sage scrub habitats as seen on wildlife surveys done monthly of the site due to
the Lagoon Survey requirement (San Nicolas Habitat Restoration Plan). If Manzanita Village does
not undergo restoration, the confined underground pipe systems

Predator Prey Paper
The role of predation is critical in shaping ecosystem structure and function (Berger et al., 2001;
Hawlena and Schmitz, 2010). Predator–prey interactions can alter community composition (Kneite
and Chase, 2004), mediate trophic cascades (Mooney et al., 2010), increase biodiversity (Letnic and
Ritchie, 2012), and affect species invasions (Snyder et al. 2004). Furthermore, predators can control
the dynamics of prey populations by influencing such aspects as survival, growth, behavior, size
structure, and distribution (Beauchamp et al., 2007) while prey can likewise regulate predator
populations (Yoshida et al., 2003; Ishii and Shimada, 2010). One of the primary components of
predator–prey interactions is the behavior and subsequent survival of prey in the presence of
predators which we focus on in this study. For decades scientists have studied the behavioral
response of prey to predators. Numerous studies have directly linked prey activity levels (e.g.
Skelly, 1994; McIntyre et al. 2012) and refuge use (e.g. Cowlishaw, 1997; Belgrad and Smith, 2014)
to predation risk, while other investigations have determined that predator avoidance behaviors (e.g.
migration, reduced foraging) can limit prey growth (Werner et al., 1983), development (Skelly and
Werner, 1990), and fecundity (Peckarsky et al., 1993). These behavioral changes also have an
enormous...show more content...
However, ecologists have yet to establish a relationship between predator hunting mode and prey
mortality while incorporating personality. Here, we test this theory and examine the roles prey
personality and predator species play in governing predation risk within a simple food

Ecology Terrarium Project: Study Of Ecosystem
Ecology Terrarium Project–Essay
Ecology is the study of the interaction of living things between themselves, as well as their
surrounding in their environment. It is important to study ecology so we can understand how the
world around us works. The major components of an ecosystem are abiotic factors and biotic factors.
Abiotic factors include rocks, the temperature of the ecosystem, the soil, sand, and the PH of the
water. The Biotic factors are all the the autotrophs and animals that live in the ecosystem. A
biosphere contains all of the ecological levels, and the only biosphere we know of is our Earth. In
our Earth, the biosphere contain all ecological levels, but also the atmosphere. Our model shows a
miniature biosphere because it contains both abiotic and biotic factors, as well as the moisture from
the water input, that represents the atmosphere of the Earth.
Inside our terrarium, there is both abiotic and biotic factors, as well as gasses such as carbon
dioxide, oxygen, water vapor, and nitrogen. The only factors that can enter and exit the glass jar is
sunlight, because it can pass through the glass, but everything else is concealed inside the jar, unless
we open the jar,...show more content...
The water cycle is the process in which water changes states of matter, from a solid, to a liquid, to
a gas, and the cycle continues. You can see this cycle in our terrarium. The condensation on the
glass is the visual representation of the gas for of the liquid water that we sprayed into the terrarium,
that evaporated. Unless it is cold enough, the water will freeze into ice. Photosynthesis is the process
in which plants take sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, and transform them into glucose, sugar,
and oxygen. The plant breaths when it takes in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, but when put in
the dark, or there is no water or carbon dioxide left inside the terrarium, then the plant will die and

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