Fictive Kin Essay

Fictive Kin Essay
Fictive kin are people that have no blood or marriage relationship. Fictive kin purpose is to provide
a kin responsibility and relationship to individuals. These new members are important because they
help out to make the group stronger. This can be what the person stated on top by their skills and
technique. It also can help to fill gap in kinship if there is a position that is empty the fictive kin can
come in and play that role. One of the skill that they do have is that they are able to go around and
talk to other people, making them kind of a middle ground for other group to interact. Also it is
stated that Fictive kin since they have gone around and been more places can help to teach kinship
groups social norms that will help them create
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Roman Kinship Societies
Kinship societies are those in which family is the basic and most important guideline for the way
people live. The authors of "The Words of Our Ancestors: Kinship, Tradition, and Moral Codes"
differentiate between kinship and non–kinship relationships as "not only in the amount of
cooperation one is likely to observe (Palmer and Steadman 1997), but in the duration of the
relationship" (Coe and Palmer, 4). As mentioned in the text, in kinship societies, families maintain
traditions, connections, and values throughout generations. At the time of Rome's establishment in
753 B.C. kinship societies dominated most of the world. Rome consisted of many outsiders from
different ethnic groups and societies coming together, which is why it may seem strange ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome was a pivotal moment as it went through a cultural revolution. Plutarch's novel "The Life of
Cato the Elder" displays many of these changes from early Roman life. To fully understand these
cultural changes, it helps best to understand Cato's life. He was a wealthy farmer, but he lived a
minimalist lifestyle. He would eat the same food and drink the same wine as his servants and even
work on his farm. This lifestyle choice set him apart from others as he was a wealthy man with land
and servants, doing manual labor. In early Rome, Romans favored those who came from noble or
aristocratic families for public office and senate. "The Romans used to call men who had no family
distinction, but were coming into public notice through their own achievements, "new men," and
such they called Cato" (Plutarch, 303). Cato changed this way of thinking. He first gained public
recognition through his neighbor Valerius Flaccus. Flaccus persuaded him to go into public office.
The beginning of Cato's public career showed another cultural change in Rome, imperialism in the
Punic wars. Imperialism in Greece lead to the spread of Greek language and philosophy. Maybe one
of the biggest changes of this time was the introduction of Greek philosophy. Cato took the more
traditional stance and even spoke in Latin to Athenians even though he could speak Greek. He even
"mocked at those who were lost in admiration of anything that was Greek. 5 For instance, he poked
fun at

Preconceived Notions of Western-Europe
Preconceived notions of Western–European forms of kinship and societal relations influence
anthropological studies of kinship in different cultures (Schneider). Morgan theorized that a sexual
relationship between female and male constituted marriage. In addition to this, Morgan considered
the biological reproduction of offspring the key determinant in kinship classification as parents of
said offspring. This paradigm has influenced the viewpoint of anthropologists' studying other forms
of kinship in different cultures. Rather than examining what kinship is to those being studied,
anthropologists attempt to classify it into familiar categories. Two ethnographies that attempt
eliminate this Western–European bias are "Biology Unmoored" by Sandra Bamford and "Sport of
Kings" by Rebecca Cassidy. "Biology Unmoored" examines the Kamea, an indigenous people of the
Papa New Guinea Highlands. The Kamea do not solely base kinship on reproduction; rather, kinship
and societal relations are based on the human relationship with the plant environment. Using the
viewpoint of the Kamea, Bamford analyzes the biological paradigm proposed by Morgan, which has
influenced many anthropological studies. In the ethnography "Sport of Kings" Rebecca Cassidy
examines the British racing industry in Newmarket, the international headquarters of horse racing.
Cassidy claims that by analyzing the relationship between humans and animals we may better
understand kinship and social relations between humans. By

The Idea Of Ladies Being Culturally Better Than Men
The Moso People
The Moso are an ethnic gathering of around 40,000 people living in the highlands in southwestern
China who rehearse matrilineal drop. Their essential exercises are agriculture and angling. They
have their own religion, Ddaba, which is a mixture of nature love, soul love, and genealogical love.
They talk their own dialect, Naru, which has a place with the "Yi limb of the Tibeto–Burman
subfamily of the Sino–Tibetan family" .In Moso society, ladies are socially better than men. The
idea of ladies being socially better than men is so engrained in their way of life that they don 't really
have words for relatives on the male 's side of the family . The household economy is managed by
the head of house, which can be from either gender, and property is collectively owned by the
(matrilineal) household .
They have a fascinating sexual access framework too, called `tisese`, wherein accomplices don 't
cohabitate (rather living in their matrilineal family unit) however rather express agree to each other.
That assent is effortlessly given and effectively disavowed, does not influence their social standing,
and is not lawfully tying. Guys visit females for a night in this framework, and come back to their
own particular home the following day. In the event that a tyke is conceived it stays with the mother
's family unit, and by no means is a youngster illegitimate.A tisese relationship is additionally not
influenced by class or salary level, significance initiative level

The Importance Of Kinship In Cultural Anthropology
Kingsborough Community College
Importance of Kinship in cultural anthropology
Student: Amulang Mantsynov
Professor: Igor Pashkovskiy
Kinship has traditionally been one of the key topics in social and cultural anthropology. There are
two primary reasons for this. First, although not all communities are constituted on the basis of
kinship, all humans have a kinship as individuals and are related to other individuals through it.
Second, for the sorts of "tribal," classless, economically unspecialized societies that anthropologists
have mostly – though no longer exclusively – studied, kinship has appeared to be the main or even
sole form of social organization. These observations led various theoretical approaches, especially
the schools of functionalism and structuralism within social anthropology, to focusing on how social
groups are formed. They got interested in studying of how individuals are related to one another
through kinship, and what kinds of mutual rights and duties they have as a result. (R. Parkin.
Kinship)
Parkin (2012) also points out that unlike the functionalists and structuralists, cultural
anthropologists, elected to focus more greatly on the symbolic rather than socio–practical aspects of
kinship. They are interested in the meanings attached to being a particular sort of relative. They also
study how symbols of and perspectives on an individual, the body, and gender tell kinship ideas and
practices. In broad terms, a study of kingship from the symbolic standpoint has prevailed in America
since the beginning of the twentieth century and periodically has been reinvented and by the 1970s
become more influential in world anthropology, especially in its poststructuralist phase. The field of
study of a kinship can be divided into three major categories: descent (that is, relations between
generations); affinity (marriage); and siblingship. However, the siblingship hasn't been studied as
widely as the first two categories. (R. Parkin. Kinship).
By the definition provided in the New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, kinship is "a relation between
two or more persons that is based on common ancestry (descent) or marriage (affinity)." In his work

Advantages Of Political Dynasty In The Philippines
An Argumentative Essay About a Phillipine or Local Issue
Topic: Political Dynasty
Despite not being an economically rich state, Philippines is known for having people who deeply
value their family members. Family–oriented Filipinos give importance to even to their most distant
relatives as long as they have the same blood running through their veins. In this practice also,
Filipinos tend to seek advices from the elders of the family before making a huge decision. Thus,
decisions are made not by one for himself but by a group for the entirety of the family. (Agoncillo,
2012, p.6)
There is the saying that goes "blood is thicker than water." This old saying can be implied to
anything, moreover when it is already concerning politics and elections. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This statement did not just come from us but from the research and survey we have conducted.
Political dynasty has already been long present in the political structure of the Philippines. It can be
manifested when a family member runs, and most often than not, wins the election and his position
is soon succeeded by one of his family members as well. This cycle goes on and on and the scope of
the family's territory becomes wider and wider every election for the members can run on different
places. This is often practiced by rich and influential families; families who have been political since
their forefathers and have followed the tradition as well.
Political dynasties started to emerge just after the Philippine Revolution happened. It was also when
the First Republic of the Philippines was established.The Philippine Revolution was the fight
between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonizers. According to the book The
Making of a Filipino which is written by Renato Constantino, political dynasty was believed to be
first recorded way back in the pre–Magellanic period where the rulers where the datu, raja, and
maharlika. They passed on their title to their male

Essay Slavery: Negated Familial Ties
Even though slavery is a state of bondage, it has to do with relations between people. Most scholarly
discourses that exist surrounding slavery recognize that bondage leads to a loss of identity as it
curtails the ties of the slaves to their heritage. Sociologist Orlando Patterson's definition of Slavery
is applicable here, as he delineates slavery as "...a permanent, violent domination of natally alienated
and generally dishonored persons." Thus, Slavery banned slaves from all formal, legally enforceable
ties of "blood," and from any attachment to groups or localities other than those chosen for them by
the master. Slavery at the rudimentary level erased basic factors that defined one's identities. The
slave was always at the mercy of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Buyers moved slaves from the area in which they captured them for fear of escape. Bradley states
that slave captives often suffered from "shock of cultural disorientation as they journeyed from a
familiar to an alien environment." The African slaves in the Ottoman Empire were uprooted from
their homes in Ethiopia, Sudan etc, which meant that they were disconnected from their lineage and
traditions geographically inhibited any chances of access to their birth place. Furthermore, even
within the slave society familial relations hardly existed as members of were sold to different buyers
to ensure complete loyalty to the master alone. The Circassian agricultural slaves in the Ottoman
Empire are a good example of this because their masters split them from their families to ensure the
slave girls' undivided loyalty. Furthermore, the slaves' interactions within one another even within
one home were extremely surveilled and reprimanded to hinder interactions between them, often
through threats and violence (such as flogging).
Naming:
A slave's new generated name also functioned as another aspect that stripped his or her identity. As
Martin Klein mentions, a master or a buyer instantly renamed the slave after purchase: "A slave
could regain a previous name only by escaping and returning to an area where his or her family
lived." By losing his or her inherited name, the slave lost a fundamental marker of a human's

Trobriand Society: The Meaning Behind The Kula
The Kula is one of the most complicated aspects in Trobriand society. Throughout anthropological
history, two anthropologists, namely Bronislaw Malinowski and Annette Wiener, have successfully
given people a look into the intricate works of the Kula. While no anthropologist is more right than
the other, one can see how two different ethnographers can give two very different analysis of one
ceremonial gift giving ritual. Malinowski studies the Kula through the lens of an individualistic
functionalist while Wiener studies through a structural functionalist lens. Malinowski studies the
causes and affects of this Trobriand gifting on the individual, while Wiener gives the people a look
into the overall cultural meaning behind the Kula. Located ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A man that wants to strengthen his matrilineage must grow yams in order to connect with others that
are outside his matrilineage. A man also gives some of the yam he has grown to his sister's husband
and receives yam from his wife's brother. Malinowski claimed that the woman's brother was the
commanding figure in a child's life, and a father had no role in their life, because of the matrilineal
descent. However Wiener observes that a father does indeed have a role in his children's lives. The
ultimate role is linking his child to resources of a different matrilineage. The child then has an
obligation to his father as a part of the overall tradition of giving and receiving. This obligation is
carried on even after the father's death, in which the child must support his father's matrilineage. A
woman is said to be pregnant because a spirit child, known as waiwaia, from the island of Tuma
where the spirit of the dead ancestors are, enters her body and impregnates her (Wiener, 55). This
concept of conception is similar to the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary with Jesus, in the
Christian religion. A woman's job is to care for and nurture the child, but ultimately the economic
care of the child falls on the father. He is also in charge of decorating the baby in order to enhance
their

Review Of ' The Interlopers '
Katelyn Lindsay Mr. Titherley World Literature Honors Period Five 25 September 2017 First Draft
of Interlopers
Blinded by Beliefs Saki, in "The Interlopers," says that because our family plays an important role
in who we are, we choose to see only evil in our enemies for the sake of our kin, our blood, until the
threat of death opens us to more options. We choose to imitate certain individuals whose beliefs we
associate with more than others. More likely than not, the individuals we choose to imitate are our
close relatives; they often have a bigger impact on our mentality than someone merely acquainted
with us. Because we are raised with them frequently present in our lives, we tend to inherit the same
qualities and
interests, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beliefs that we adopt, excluding those crafted with a significant purpose in mind, limit our
perspective and blinds us from seeing other possibilities. Once we adopt a vision or belief, whether
it be about a person or event, we tend to refrain from all other perspectives that have the power to
contradict our own. Ulrich and Georg were brought into the feud as enemies at a young age. Even
"as boys they had thirsted for one another 's blood," and this disposition stuck with them for "as men
each prayed that misfortune might fall on the other," (6). Their families' view of each other, being
such a prevalent part of their childhood, had influenced them to show the same hatred as well.
Instead of outgrowing the childish behavior they developed by watching their families quarrel, the
men continue to see themselves as enemies, even developing a stronger dislike for them. While
searching the strip of forest for Georg, Ulrich finds himself "face to face with the man he sought,"
and now they stand, "glaring at one another for a long silent moment" until they are pinned
underneath a fallen beech tree (7). The men physically see each other, glare at each other, but neither
is given time to speak. Their long silent moment interrupted by a chaotic act of nature leaves Georg
"blinded with the blood which trickled across his eyes" and
Ulrich "wink[ing]

The Iroquois
The Iroquois
Vonda Matthews
Cultural Anthropology
July 7, 2013
Instructor: Rebekah Zinser
Kinship is the cornerstone for how people within a society relate to others and race lineages. Many
societies trace their lineage through the father, which is called patrilineal, or through the mother
which is called matrilineal. The Iroquois nation traced their kinship through the matrilineal decent
lines. Kinship directly relates to how family groups think, act and live along side each other. The
culture of the Iroquois can also be compared to how many American families relate to one another
as well.
Iroquois Lineage The Iroquois nation traced their lineage through the female sex; this is called the
matrilineal line. Women of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often times there are couples that get married but have chosen not to stay with one another because
of a difference in opinion, this is called divorce.
Iroquois and divorce Often time's couples marry only to find out that they have a difference of
opinion or one spouse has caused serious marital strain on the other. Since the Iroquois couples lived
matrilineally, this makes it easier for the woman to dissolve the marriage, keep her children and
continue to live at home with her family. "If a woman no longer desired to be married to her
husband, all she had to do was pack up her husband's belongings and leave them on the steps of the
longhouse. When he came home, the husband would find them, realize his wife had terminated the
marriage, and return to his home village and his own patrilineage." (Nowak, B. & Laird, P.
2010 chapter 4.5 Divorce) In the American culture it is more difficult to obtain a divorce.
Americans and divorce Americans divorce for the same reasons the Iroquois divorced for however,
in the American culture it is harder to divorce. Many times couples divorce because of infidelity of
one or both of the spouses, or from irreconcilable differences. In order to obtain a divorce in
America many states require the couple to attend counseling to see if they can fix their marriage.
Sometimes this is successful and the couple will stay together and often times it is not possible for
the couple to stay together so they will then obtain a divorce

Cultural Influences On Nutrition
Nutrition
Maria agrees that her culture influences her nutrition intake. She loves to include refried beans,
whole grain rice, and homemade tortillas with every meal prepared. Her family likes to make their
own spices instead of buying them premade off of a grocery shelf. Food and eating connect with her
culture, and source of survival/nutrition. A person needs to eat breakfast, lunch (largest meal), and
supper. Each meal will be eaten with family if at home or together at that moment in time. A healthy
diet includes water, vegetables, meats, and calories consumed.
Social Factors
Maria is very socially orientated with her family and friends. She loves to get on Facebook to share
her family's photos and family's accomplishments. Her friends mainly consist of people she sees
every Sunday and Wednesday. She calls her sisters her best friends. She speaks to her sisters,
mother, and grandmother at least once a day. The women are socially connected on a deeper level
than the men. All family members will be present when a relative is sick, and supportive in any way
possible. At the end of the day, health care decisions are made as one by the whole family. There is
no influence from any cultural organizations that keep them from receiving health care.
Religious Factors
Spirituality is a factor when it comes to health and illness. Jesus Christ is the ultimate healer. If a
relative does not live a religious life with the Lord, they are looked at as spiritually weak or ill. It is
said if one does not believe or attempt a relationship with God, trials and tribulations will be coming
there way. Religion is a key factor when it comes to health and illnesses. Prayers to the Lord will
work in a way heal the problem that day or 15 years down the road. Patience is a key when talking
to the Lord, also. Things he might do at that moment of the day may not be in your favor, but in the
end, you will be rewarded.
Disease Incidence
Diabetes and uncontrolled high blood pressure are common in the Hispanic culture. The common
illnesses come from a failure to watch the nutritional intake. Alcoholism is a common addiction in
her culture. A beer or shot of tequila is common to consume once a day. Maria believes the Hispanic
culture has

Essay about Anthro Final
Final Exam Review Sheet 1. Formal economic theory is based on assumptions such as: a. the value
of a particular commodity decreases as it becomes more scarce. b. only occasionally do people
maximize their material well–being. c. people, when exchanging goods and services, naturally strive
to maximize material well–being and profits. d. families will compete against each other to assert
rights of ownership and allocation. e. in societies where there is formal market exchange
(commercialism), the market will determine all economic activities of individuals. 2. Rules that
govern the allocation of resources and how they are used are found in: a. very few societies. ... Show
e. relatively equal value between more than two parties that sometimes involves the use of money.
10. What is the primary reason for balanced reciprocity? a. To exchange surplus goods for those that
are in short supply b. To create social networks and political alliances c. To locate marriage partners
d. To develop long–range trade networks that extend beyond the immediate vicinity e. To allocate
resources among various social classes within a society. 11. Tribute is a form of redistribution that:
a. is found only among foraging societies. b. can be found in chiefdoms with no standardized
currency. c. includes the Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islands. d. is found in all market economies. e.
can be found in all societies. 12. All of the following are functions (or consequences) associated
with bridewealth except: a. legalizing marriage. b. legitimating children. c. creating bonds between
relatives. d. maintaining equitable distribution in society. e. increasing divorce rates. 13. Today there
are two fundamentally different types of markets. What are they? a. markets that use standardized
money and those that include barter b. geographically–bounded markets and those open via websites
(internet) c. markets that focus on

Pros And Cons Of Anti Political Dynasty In The Philippines
6
Balbacal, Mikaella C.
P1B
Anti political dynasty
Political dynasty is a well known method of politicians in the Philippines wherein the members of
the family is made also a member of the government in order for them to not lose power but to gain
more power. This act is an unfair and unjust because the government is not a business that a family
can run by themselves, but the government is for all and other people should be given chances
wherein they can be the one that leads a community. The government or politics is not a business
that can be run by the generation and the generation of a family, the government is a critical part of a
community having different leaders in every generation and not only one leader that has his or her
family in the position of the government, because the system will not change it will just go on and
on and that is not a good thing. People need different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They would want to dominate the society and because of that attitude, it will lead to the fall of the
society and its people. House Bill 3587 or the act prohibiting the Establishment of Political
Dynasties seeks to prohibit relatives up to the second degree of consanguinity to hold or run for both
national and local office in "Successive, simultaneous, or overlapping term." The quote "Successive,
simultaneous, or overlapping term", means that you cannot run as a politician if a member of your
family or relative is still in the politics. An anti–dynasty law would likely have a naturally gradual
impact, given staggered voting in the Senate, varying terms, the probable re–election of many
incumbents, etc. This bill brings potential about real reform. The families that have been voted over
and over again would abuse the people, because they have their trust and would make use of it to
widen their power in their

Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders
An indigenous person is a term used to describe the original inhabitants of a land, the people who
were there before any settlers of a different land came and took over. Indigenous people will have
generally retained their cultural practices and traditions that will differ greatly from that of the
settlers. The term 'Indigenous person' is used to describe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
(Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.)
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are the original land owners of Australia, having lived here for
more than 40,000. They were free to practice a different way of life and culture before European
settlement in the late 1700s.
Aboriginal people originally inhabited mainland Australia and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Things like poverty, drug and alcohol use, unemployment and health problems are high among
indigenous people because they either don't trust the systems in place to get help, or because they
don't understand the processes involved in using them.
(Learner Guide, n.d)
Dreamtime is the beginning, the aboriginal equivalent of the Big Bang theory. According to
aboriginal understanding, The Dreamtime is the creation of the world, the time when their Ancestor
Beings existed. These Ancestor Beings awakened the dark and silent world by breaking through the
earth 's crust, causing the sun to rise from the ground and shine light on the earth for the first time. It
is believed the Ancestor Beings of Dreamtime were half human in form and resembled creatures or
plants. They travelled the earth creating the landscapes of the world on their journeys. They made
the aboriginal people, who are the decedents of the dreamtime ancestors, as well as 'the native
animals and creatures of the land. They are also responsible for the moon and the starts, as well as
the natural elements, water air and fire. Once they had made all of this, they went back to their
sleepy state into the earth. (Aboriginal Art, n.d.)
Now, aboriginals continue the Dreamtime with what is referred to as The Dreaming. The Dreaming
is practiced in stories, song, dance, artwork

Family and Kinship (Sociology)
Presented by,
Shailendra Kumar Nitish Singh Amit Dogra
FAMILY AND KINSHIP
What family means... The family forms the basic unit of social organization and it is difficult to
imagine how human society could function without it. The family has been seen as a universal social
institution an inevitable part of human society.
FAMILY
Defining "FAMILY"
Various sociologists "family" in various ways:  G.P Murdock defines the family as a social group
characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of
both sexes at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more
children own or adopted of the sexually co–habiting adults.  According to Burgess and Lock, the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consanguine family which consists of members among whom there exists blood relationship–
brother and sister, father and son etc.
KINSHIP
Kinship is the relation by the bond of blood, marriage and includes kindered ones. Kinship includes
Agnates (sapindas, sagotras); cognates (from mother 's side) and bandhus (atamabandhus,
pitrubandhus, and matrubandhus).
Definition of KINSHIP

The network of social relationships which link individuals through common ancestry, marriage, or
adoption. Kinship is a term with various meanings depending upon the context. It is usually
considered to refer to the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most
humans in most societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated.


Types Of Kinship
Affinal Kinship
Kinship due to marriage is affinal kinship. New relations are created when marriage takes place. Not
only man establishes relationship with the girl and the members of her but also family members of
both the man and the woman get bound among themselves. Relation by the bond of blood is called
consanguineous kinship such as parents and their children and between

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Political...
Political dynasty is evident when a person runs for an elective office who has an incumbent elective
official occupying a position in the government (Pamaos, 2012). Political dynasty in the Philippines
is very prominent due to the numerous lines of families governing a specific area. Filipinos are
known for their close relationship with their families. Such is the familial love in Philippine society
that some clans have made politics their family's line of work (Santos, 2010). From the Aquinos, the
Marcoses, the Estradas, and to the Binays that is currently handling the city of Makati. Political
dynasties here in the Philippines are prohibited as it is stated in the Constitution (Article 2, Section
26) that: "The State shall guarantee equal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They documented the historic and geographic patterns in the evolution and profile of political
dynasties. According to Mosca, even when political positions are open to all, a family tie to those
already in power would confer various advantages. They conducted the research by creating two
indicator variables to characterize political dynasties. The first one is called Postrelatives which is
equal to a legislator who has a relative entering congress after he did. And the second one is called
Prerelative which is equal to a legislator who had a relative entering congress before he did. The
results showed that the prerelative legislator had the chance to occupy a position in the congress
compared to the postrelative legislator. This indicates that the more relatives that entered in the
congress before the candidate running for a position, the more likely he will succeed compared to
the other legislator who has no relatives inside the congress. An implication is that the political class
is partly shaped by the luck of previous politicians, and that holding political power reinforces the
effects of other potential sources of elite persistence such as differing dynastic traits (Bó, Bó, &
Snyder,

Geoffrey Chaucer's The Shipman's Tale
The structure and characters of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Shipman's Tale warp the traditional in order
to create a thriving network for exchange. Stylistically, this particular tale utilizes common
conventions of the fabliau: sex, trickery, and poetic justice. That being said, The Shipman's Tale is
completely void of an overall moral message–a key element in the genre. Instead, there is a focus on
the presence of male and female characters who work to fulfill an individual agenda, and on the "
[exploration of] each other's intentions in cloaked terms... [and the avoidance of] direct
commitment" (Finlayson 342). Chaucer rejuvenates the fabliau's structure, which allows the
Merchant, his wife, and the Monk to each "assume the mercantile roles of borrower, lender, seller
and purchaser of goods" without seriously harming their relationships (Finlayson 343). As a result,
the meaning of the tale is not embedded in the fulfillment of norms of this genre, but in its
displacement of these conventions by focus on the exchanges between the characters. John
Finlayson points out that since "licit and illicit sex are paralleled with honest and dishonest trade...
[The Shipman's Tale] only recognizes the non–ideal world of suspended moral laws, lustful
hedonism and deceit", thus establishing the immoral series of events between the Monk, the
Merchant, and his wife as an "acceptable reality" (349). This common ground between the three
characters creates a community where the interchangeability of

Examples Of Loyalty In Hachiko
Friendship and Loyalty
People can't live alone. As social being, people always need someone to consider as their friend.
Aside from human, most people prefer dogs, cats, rabbits, or others as their bestfriend. These are
social creatures that accompany people to play, exercise, and perform any other activities together.
To pet owners, dogs provided physical health through exercise motivation; comfort and
companionship; an avenue for dog owners meet new friends, support and love as family members; a
listening ear as therapists, and a feeling of protection and safety when out walking (Knight &
Edwards 2008).
Adapted from the true story of an unwavering loyalty and devotion Hachiko's journey, the film
Hachiko (2009) is a heartening and moving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually, family members communicate with each other, and having similar communication with
pets is part of viewing them as family. Pets respond through vocalizations and gestures, which are
understood by their owners, sometimes in special ways. Some people prefer the intimate
communication they share with their pet over conversations with humans.
There are different levels of affection and respect that people have for their pets, but the term
"family members" is used quite often. Cohen (2002) explores this trend in three different ways: "(a)
Pets are like human family; (b) pets are part of a broader social network system but not family; (c)
pets are family members only in a linguistically playful way." (621).
Whether people joke about their pets as children or not, the idea of companion animals as specific
kin or generic family members is becoming much more accepted in western cultural systems, and
we have to pay much more attention to it. If we do not recognize the intense emotional bonds people
have with animals, we risk damaging both the human and the pet's well–being when they are forced
to separate for various reasons (housing, illness, family disputes). Beyond psychological issues, if
we discount or ignore the importance of pets in the kinship network in anthropological studies, we
risk missing out on a rich area of human relations, which will enrich the field of cultural

Mosuo : A Matrilineal Society
Mosuo:A Matrilineal Society
A society where people are recognised as matriline descedants.A matriline is a line of succession
from a female ancestor to a successor(of either sex). There are many matrilineal societies standing in
contrast to the general pattern of paternal lineage in the world. 'Mosuo of China ' is an example of
matrilineal society which is famous for its strong resemblance to a matriarchal society. The Mosuo
are a small ethnic group living in the mountainous terrains of southwest China. Mosuo culture defies
classification within the known conventional definitions. It can be said that Mosuo has some aspects
of martriarchy,like women are the chief of houses,inheritence of property is through female line,and
women make the business decisions but political power stays in the hands of males, which
disqualifies them as true martriarchy. More accurately Mosuo is a matrilineal society but
matrilineality does not indicate the entire truth. Approximately 2000 years ago Tibeto–Burman
ancestors of existing Mosuo culture devised a family and kinship system that is not based on
marriage. They have no husbands and wives. Instead of marrying and sharing family life with
spouses, adult Musuo children remain in their extended, multigenerational household with their
mother and their blood relatives. The elder female("Ah mi") is the head of the house. "Ah mi"
makes all the household and economic decisions

The Yanomamo of the Amazon Basin Essay
Yanomamo Paper Assignment
Napoleon Chagnon has spent about 60 months since 1964 studying the 'foot people' of the Amazon
Basin known as the Yanomamo. In his ethnography, Yanomamo, he describes all of the events of his
stay in the Venezuelan jungle. He describes the "hideous" appearance of the Yanomamo men when
first meeting them, and their never–ending demands for Chagnon's foreign goods, including his
food. There are many issues that arise when considering Chagnon's Yanomamo study. The
withholding of genealogical information by the tribesmen, and how Chagnon was able to obtain his
information is an interesting and significant aspect of this study. Why did Chagnon feel that this
genealogical information was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He even increased the reward given to villagers who were willing to give genealogical information
and therefore created a rapid craze of helping villagers. This way, they were competing to give him
information for their eventual rewards, not plotting against him. It took him months to compile his
accurate collection of genealogical data, and even after gathering most of it, he still needed his
friend, Rerebawa, to double–check most of it for him. He even went so far as to seek out other
villages who had bad relations with Bisaasi–teri to break the "name taboo" and give away names.
Chagnon felt that the most important aspect of his research in Bisaasi–teri was to collect
genealogical information and organize the marriages and relations between the villagers. This turned
out to be his most difficult task, but nonetheless the most useful. He tells in the very beginning of
the ethnography that the Yanomamo are considered a very "primitive" societal organization of
human beings. The most obvious sign of primitive human life is simply the way the dress. In
addition, their fickle nature, lack of industry, methods of hunting and gathering, and political
organization, contribute to their primitive nature.
As proved by anthropologists, primitive human life is essentially based on genealogy, marriage
practices, kinship, settlement arrangements and political affairs. It was through

Mbuti Culture
Mbuti Culture
Micheal Smith
ANT 101
Prof. Tracy Samperio
September 24, 2012
Mbuti Culture Mbuti primary mode of subsistence is Foraging. A forager lives as hunter and
gatherer. The Mbuti hunt and gather food from the forest, and they trade as well for survival. They
are referred as hunter–gatherer. They are a small band of kinship groups that are mobile. All
foraging communities value their lifestyle. The Mbuti show how their kinships, beliefs and values,
and economic organization are the key for their forager culture. In the forager societies kinship is
one of the key importance of the lifestyle. Mbuti are called the people of the forest, who believe they
are the children of the forest. Their beliefs and values are very ... Show more content on
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They work hard to feed their families. They value the idea of a family and working together. That is
why their leisure time is so important. Leisure time is used to spend time with the kin and friends,
the foraging societies believe (Nowak and Laird, 2010). They work hard to find food and hunt for a
couple of days and rest of the time is for leisure activities. The Mbuti have ritual that they do during
their leisure time. They have a ceremony called molimo. It is performed by the men and is
associated with singing and the use of a trumpet called the molimo (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The
molimo ceremony used the molimo, a strictly forest institution, which young men are initiated after
they have become successful hunters (Lee, pg. 244). This is how most of the leisure time goes to,
the family. The forager culture has high value for working together and sharing (Nowak and Laird,
2010). Those values show how their economic organization works wells. They see economic
importance as cultural tradition. This is how they survive also. It is easy for forager to move place to
place because they don't have many material items. That is what makes the exchange process so
easy also. The reciprocal economic systems are a form of exchange of goods and services that
occurs between members of a kinship group (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Foraging societies has a
similar way of using this system. The amount of food and other resources occur

Aboriginals Are The Indigenous People Of Australia
Aboriginals are the indigenous people of Australia. Australia was invaded by the British in 1788 and
forced the Aboriginals off their land and into training camps and reserves (Murray, 2001). The
Aboriginal population greatly declined due to diseases introduced by the British and the lack of
nutrition; the invasion also disconnected nations from one another (Murry, 2001). There are over
five hundred nations in Australia, and many of them are still hunter–gathers living in remote areas of
Australia (Altman, 2007). All of the nations articulate through different languages (Riley, 2014).
Every nation trades, marries, and shares resources with other nations; in order to communicate with
the other nations, many aboriginals are able to speak multiple ... Show more content on
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Aboriginals believe that people and the environment are split into two halves: one half mirrors the
other which represents land, air, water, and geographical features (Riley, 2014). They also believe
that to understand the universe, the two mirror images must come together. In traditional nations and
languages, they have their own guidelines for moiety (Riley, 2014). Children will either inherit the
mother's or the father's moiety and can only marry someone with a different moiety (Riley, 2014).
People who have the same moiety are considered siblings and support one another (Riley, 2014).
When support is provided by someone, it is to be paid back by either the person receiving the
support or by someone in the family (Riley, 2014). Aboriginals don't have cousins comparable to
modern cultures; they have brothers, sisters, mothers and fathers (Riley, 2014).
Totems
Totems comprise the second level of the kinship system; they create a balance among the nations
(Riley, 2014). Every person receives their own totem which becomes their responsibility, and each
person has four totems that represent their nation, clan, family and individuality (Riley, 2014).
Totems link a person to the universe and symbolize their strengths and weaknesses (Riley, 2014).
The totems from the nation, clan, and family are predetermined, but the individual totem is given by
an elder in the community; it can be received at a young age or later in life when their identity is
determined (Riley,

Lucinda Ramberg Kinship
Approaching "Kinship that Is Not Kinship"
Imam Subkhan
Lucinda Ramberg has reignite the kinship studies through Given to the Goddess which had declined
and got less attention from anthropologists in the last two decades. Kinship as a subdiscipline
became increasingly marginal to anthropology partly because its debate had been removed from the
actual lived experiences of kinship (Carsten, 2013). They often failed to apprehend what made
kinship such an important aspect of the experiences of those whose lives were being described.
Furthermore, as Ramberg indicates in her book, "anthropological accounts of kinship have all
centered their analyses of human relatedness on the conjugal pair" (12) and excluded other
categories which do not follow this assumption.
Ramberg claims that the available methodological tools in anthropology are not able to capture the
complexity of the kin making which is practiced by devadasi, kinship with the goddess, Yellamma.
She argues this form of kin making exceeds: (1) the logic of kinship chart, (2) the liberal ... Show
The kinship system she explains for instance, "Devadasis are described, recognized, and related to
as persons who are both women and sons. They are not either women or men, either daughters or
sons. They are both women and sons" (198). Their position in natal families as sons does not affect
their embodiment of sex or gender or their recognition as women. In short, devadasis are wives to
Yellamma, sons in their family, fathers to their children, mother's brothers to their sister's children
(206). From these categories, again, Ramberg does not deduce the definition of kinship in her
ethnography. She just notices that the kinship she takes is to be systematic, as structuralist
approaches have (Lévi– Strauss 1969), and inventive, as culturalist accounts do (Schneider

What Is The Example Of Nepotism
In Philippine politics, the ultimate goal is to have professional officials in the government so that the
country will be ruled properly and be successful. For this to be achieved, officials who are in high
positions should give power to those who are responsible enough and can prove that they are worthy
of their given position. But in reality, this ideal image is somehow violated because of nepotism.
"Nepotism is defined as favoritism shown by somebody in power to relatives and friends, especially
in appointing them to good positions." Regardless of the capability and capacity to work in the
workplace, officials preferably appoints or promotes their relatives in good positions instead of
appointing or promoting non–related members that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jose Navarro, also a former Isabela board member, as one of the board of directors to the city's
Santiago City Water District (Sanwad) in 2005 is not qualified in the constitutional prohibitions. The
Supreme Court has pointedly stated that members of the board of water districts are government
employees subject to civil service laws and anti–graft laws. Therefore, members of the board of
directors of water districts are covered by the operation of the rules on nepotism as they are not
among the exceptions to the rule. "In April 2013, Coron Palawan Acting Mayor Aljerico S.
Barracoso was accused of nepotism by resident Terencio Obispado for violating the Section 59,
Book V of the Revised Administrative Code of 1987 as well as anti–graft law prohibitions against
appointing relatives in the workplace. According to Obispado, Barracoso appointed Romaliza
Setubal Calica, the common law wife of his brother, to a permanent position as administrative aide
last January 2013." Barracoso was proven guilty because of appointing his relative to a permanent
position on which the Section 59 of the Revised Administrative Code of 1987

Non Biological Families
Biological or non–biological connections between families in all societies are what make kinships.
Whether one has been raised in a biological family or non–biological family, kinship means one is
still oriented to the family they have. In a story where two babies were born in the same hospital,
they were switched at birth. These two women grew up in non–biological families, but still consider
their non–biological family a family. There are many disagreements whether non–biological
kinships are actually real families. However, no one tends to argue about biological kinships, even
though both are of the same classification. While biological kinships are just as important as non–
biological and social kinships, there should to be an understanding ... Show more content on
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In Martha and Suzan's situations they were both different because Mrs. Miller knew Martha was not
her biological child and because of knowing the McDonald's and knowing how they were she didn't
expect much from her like she did from her biological children, and in Suzan's case with the
McDonald's they were fairly lenient with their children but Suzan kept to her own expectations.
These women experienced such different lives and kinships but now have two different kinds that
they can share and have relationships

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Political Dynasty In The...
Political dynasty is a well known method of politicians in the Philippines wherein the members of
the family is made also a member of the government in order for them to not lose power but to gain
more power. This act is an unfair and unjust because the government is not a business that a family
can run by themselves, but the government is for all and other people should be given chances
wherein they can be the one that leads a community. The government or politics is not a business
that can be run by generation and generation of a family the government is a critical part of a
community having different leaders in every generation and not only one leader that has his or her
family in the position of the government cause the system will not ... Show more content on
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The other disadvantage of this is once a family starts having political dynasty they will thirst for
dominance they would harbor more power in their family they would want to dominate the society
and considering of that attitude it will lead to the fall of the society and its people. According to
Angela Casauay, The House Bill 3587 or the act prohibiting the Establishment of Political Dynasties
seeks to prohibit relatives and according to Jan Danelle A. Patindol, up to the second degree of
consanguinity to hold or run for both national and local office in "Successive, simultaneous, or
overlapping term." The quote "Successive, simultaneous, or overlapping term" , means that you
cannot run as a politician if a member of your family or relative is still in the politics. This bill
brings potential about real reform. The families that have been voted repeatedly would abuse the
people, because they have their trust and would make use of it to widen their power in their
community. People are deprived of their right to vote for who they want because a person sitting in
the highest position of the government moreover they will do everything and anything for his family
member to become a part of the government or another is if the family member is to end his term
and his other family member is to run for the position he or she is in the result or the winner in the
end would

Moralism In The Interlopers
Saki, in "The Interlopers," says that because our family plays an important role in who we are, we
choose to see only evil in our enemies for the sake of our kin, our blood, until the threat of death
opens us to more options. We choose to imitate certain individuals whose beliefs we associate with
more than others. More likely than not, the individuals we choose to imitate are our close relatives;
they often have a bigger impact on our mentality than someone merely acquainted with us. Because
we are raised with them frequently present in our lives, we tend to inherit the same qualities and
interests, allies and enemies. Ulrich Van Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym were brought up by separate
families who share "a long series of poaching affrays and similar scandals [that] had embittered the
relationships between the families for three generations," (Saki 6). The way they choose to view
each other– Georg as a petty "forest–thief and game–snatcher" (8), and Ulrich as a greedy
landowner– is not a result of one's wrongdoing against the other, but rather an ongoing hatred for
each other's families. Instead of burying the old quarrel alongside their grandfathers, certain
individuals in their families chose to continue it, and now, "Ulrich had come to be head of his
family" and "Georg Znaeym, the inheritor of the quarrel," (7 emphasis added). Like their family
members before them, Ulrich and Georg choose to continue the feud because neither is willing to
denounce their family's name,

Uri Gurvich
Born in Israel from Argentine parents and now based in New York, alto saxophonist and composer
Uri Gurvich demonstrates a high level of maturity on his new outing, Kinship, the third, and
probably the most accomplished, of his career. Gurvich's previous works, The Storyteller and BabEl,
were released on John Zorn's Tzadik Records, and with them, he proved to possess the remarkable
ability to merge Israeli traditional folk elements with the hard–hitting post–bop current.
Kinship, a very strong and meaningful word, is associated not only with his roots and family (the
record is dedicated to his grandmothers) but also to his reliable longtime quartet, whose members:
Leo Genovese on piano, Peter Slavov on bass, and Francisco Mela on drums, accompany ... Show
Rich in colors and flying with a 6/8 Latin groove, "Dance of the Ñañigos" loses the initial Afro–
Cuban feel when Genovese starts to improvise with a more bluesy feel. Afterward, as the rhythm
section sustains the pressure, Gurvich talks overtly, unveiling his sophisticated technique through a
well–articulated phraseology. The piece doesn't end without a lively conversation between the
bandleader and the pianist as they start trading licks. They repeat the trading scene on "Hermetos", a
vibrant homage to the Brazilian wizard Hermeto Pascoal.
A great part of the tracks on the album is heavily influenced by different cultures, roots, and folk
traditions. For instance, "El Chubut" is a politically–charged, Latin–infused vagary, featuring the
voice and words of the special guest, Bernardo Palombo, while Sasha Argov's "Im Tirtzi" is a tender
and popular Israeli love song that fits between a bolero and a jazz standard. Another song composed
by Argov, "Ha'Im Ha'Im", is introduced by Slavov's bass licks and boasts the pugnacious musicality
of Genovese and Gurvich, who blow everything away with a kick–ass attitude and galloping
resolution. "Twelve Tribes", featuring Mela's chivalrous rhythmic charges in a vamp reserved for his
abilities, as well as "Blue Nomad" are Eastern jamborees offering an array of motivic ideas taken
from the

Interventions with Families: Considerations and...
Interventions with Families: Considerations and Implications for Family Therapists
In the last third of the twentieth century, the nuclear family formed around marital ties and a strict
division of labor based on gender, has changed to a multiple types of kinship relations. The word
that best defines today's family, is the diversity, since the family now has a unique and exclusive
meaning, including single–parent families and families consisting of same sex couples (Walsh,
2011). This new (or as some argue , renewed ) diversity of family forms has generated numerous
comments and controversies about the consequences of these changes in the production of basic
civic values necessary for social order. The changes in the family in recent ... Show more content on
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In the 1950s and early 1960s, before the revolution occurred in gender roles, were frequent
complaints about the precipitation of young people to marry at an early age, the segregation of
women in residential neighborhoods suburb of the city, over dependence of children from their
parents, treatment too lenient towards the young, and the amount of empty marriages of affection.
The family is one of the first social contexts of human development (Coontz, 2000). Today family
therapy is challenged to meet the social expectation to be a reference in the context of beliefs devoid
of credibility that are generally valid (Josephson, 2008). It was argued that these features of the
nuclear family contributed to the growing problem of crime, premarital sex and school dropout
among youth. When the revolution in gender roles finally emerged, it was argued that overly
emotional character of the nuclear family contributed to the dissatisfaction of young people in the
late 1960s and seventies. These criticisms of the family are curious to the contemporaries, but for
academics and social critics of the time were very real. Regardless of the validity of the complaints,
the hegemony of the nuclear family was seen as an advantage and at the same time it was associated
with many of the problems of growing up in American

Essay on The Mbuti Culture
Mbuti Culture
Introduction
The Mbuti people are known as foragers because their main source of survival lies on hunting and
gathering as they move from one place to another. They originated from a region in Africa called
Congo. The Mbuti people even with their fairly decent population prefer to be grouped into smaller
groups or bands which are mostly made up of close relatives. They live in the rainforests of central
Africa, where they have lived popularly for more than 6000 years now.
Different anthropologists such as Nowak and Laird (2010), and Butler (2006), recommended that
these residents of jungles contain an exclusive background; position, morals and everyday life is
entirely through big adjustment. It can be said that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a bird named the Greater Honey steer that flies to the bee hives and demonstrates the Mbuti
where the honey is. The honey steers live on beeswax. According to Kaczynski, (2010), he described
that the Mbuti people constructed their homes from leaves and branches. They dress in small
clothing as it is forever warm in the rainforest. They create their clothing from leaves and objects
they discover in the rainforest. Their techniques of life are in hazard as of the obliteration of the
rainforest that they exist in. The government has attempted to teach them how to farm, however the
Mbuti do not wish to alter the techniques of their lives.
They are conscious about passageway, rivers and valleys. The Mbuti hunts through traps, nets and
arrows. Bend over hunting is masculine issue, at the same time as net hunting is completed by both
sexes; (women and men). The men rest in the traps and the women attempt to redden nature out of
their defeating spot. Some animals they hunt are the antelopes, ants, crawfish, pigs, worms, insects,
snails, monkeys and fishes. The head of the hunters shares all the meat with his grouping. A further
leader technique of achieving food is plundering. This is when women and men explore the jungle
headed in groups gathering every sort of plants: honey, roots, fruits, leaves, wild yams, berries and
cola nuts etc.
Kinship
The system of Kinship in this culture is very important. In the Mbuti culture,

The Musuo Of Chin Matrilineal Kinship
The Musuo of China: Matrilineal Kinship The practice of matrilineal kinship is considered a myth
by some cultures, but it is indeed very real for the Musuo of China. Matrilineality is the practice of
linear descent through the ancestry of females. Many Western civilizations have a misconception of
what is considered normal on a global scale, but many practices do, in fact, differ widely between
different cultures. To illustrate this, the Musuo's traditions and values in regards to marriage and
family are based solely on matrilineal kinship, while America's "melting pot" ideation encourages
unilineal descent, in which the ancestry line can be traced to the wife and/or the husband. In the
paper I will discuss the cultural nature of the Musuo, and the way that marriage and family norms in
Musuo differ from the typical American ideation of family. One indication that Musuo traditions
differ from the American culture in terms of marriage is the lack of a formal union between wife and
husband, as well as the American idea of father and child. According their article "Land of the
Walking Marriage" (2000), Lu Yuan and Sam Mitchell explain that Musuo fathers do not raise their
own children, but instead cater to their sister's children's needs. American cultural norms include the
belief that blood relatives have a biological attachment to each other, which makes this type of
kinship unacceptable to many conservative–minded Americans. Moreover, the dynamics of marital
behavioral

The Mbuti Pygmies in the Ituri Forest Essay
The Mbuti Pygmies in the Ituri Forest
The Mbuti Pygmies in the Ituri forest in central Africa are foragers who use a combination of
foraging, net hunters, and archers. Their kinship, social organization, and gender relations make
them a unique band. Even though they live in the rainforest of equatorial Africa with hardly any
possessions, they are happy, peaceful people. The pygmies are small people who are typically less
than five feet tall.
The Mbuti have lived in the Ituri forest for many thousands of years. They live among the tall, green
trees of the rain forest with its thick underbrush. The trees provide protection from several elements
that may cause terminal illnesses. "The Mbuti's main health hazard is respiratory problems–the ...
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Archers and net hunters clearly are aware of vegetation density differences, and they modify their
techniques accordingly. Archers position themselves in open understory surrounding areas of
obscured visibility, and only beaters and dogs enter to flush game. Net hunters anchor their nets
around re–growth gaps, as the dense vegetation makes setup difficult. (Roscoe, 1993)
In addition they gather and trade with the local villagers for items other than meat. Among the
Mbuti, gathering as a mode of subsistence occupies a place of relatively little importance. But net
hunting, in groups, takes up the greater portion of daily activity time. The Mbuti do not engage in
much gathering of wild plants probably as a result of 400–500 years of contact with the agricultural
Bantu. The Mbuti of today have little need to gather wild plants because they exchange game caught
during their hunts for metal implements and agricultural produce [banana, cassava, sweet potato,
rice, etc.]...The Mbuti divide into two groups; one is a group which uses bows, arrows, and spears as
its basic method of hunting, and the second which uses nets. (Tanaka, 1978) "All individuals help
with the gathering of vegetable foods. There are no unproductive people in Mbuti bands." (Fabbro,
1978) According to Wilkie and Curran, "Mbuti net–hunters could expect to be successful on every
hunt and captured over one–half of the animals

Chinese Kinship Systems Essay
Chinese Kinship Systems
Works Cited Missing
It would be impossible to disagree with the statement that "Chinese kinship is based on male
predominance". In fact this statement may even be under–emphasizing the control and absolute
power that males wield across all levels of Chinese society. Of course, where their power initially
comes from though, is through the family or termed differently the "jia". It is this extended or ideal
family that cultivates the consistent patrilineal form of control/descent and dictates that residence in
said "jia" is primarily patrilocal. That being said, what I hope to be able to create over the following
pages is a clearer understanding of the ideal (Chinese) system of control. This ideal system,based on
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will return to this point later, but before going anywhere further it is best to ask why a son was so
important in the first place? There is, of course, a myriad of strong reasons, one reason being that
surnames were passed down through the male line. This process meant that a male child was needed
to take the surname of their father not their mother. Meaning that surname in China was integral to
creating a kinship system, which placed heavy emphasis on male superiority. It was through this
handed–down surname, that the massive kinship systems such as a lineage or a clan could be
generated and held together over generations and generations. Hereditary surnames were also the
primary form of hierarchical family organization, and were inherently needed to practice ancestor
worship. This type of worship, through a patrilineal method, was exercised even after kinship
members had long since been deceased. The handing of the surname to a father's son (s), then meant
that he now existed to continue not only his present family but the extended family that came before
him, and the "jia" that would surface in the future. Baker's use of a rope metaphor works well here,
depicting a rope (standing for male heirs and descendents) which stretches back into the past and
forward into the future. "The rope at any one time may be thicker or thinner according to the number
of strands (jia) or fibers (male individuals) which exist, but so long as one fiber remains the rope is
there....That is

Dracula Research Paper
Alexia doesn't recall much of her developmental history.Alexia reports that obstacles that occurred
in her life have caused her to omit essential memories from the past. Alexia was born and raised in
Avoyelles Parish, in Mansura LA. She is the only girl and the youngest of her 5 siblings. Chris,
Bryan, Steven and Chad share the same mother and father. Alexia describes her relationship with her
siblings as being dysfunctional. Her mother name is Louella St. Romaine and her father name is
Craig St. Romaine. Her father was an average type of man and had occasional drinking binges.
Alexia parents relationship was fair , they met at their High School homecoming dance. Alexia and
her siblings are all 2 years apart leaving Alexia to be the youngest. ... Show more content on
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Alexia believes that her alcohol addiction is related to her ex– husband who was an alcoholic and
her father who occasionally drank. Alexia mentioned that her substance abused residing from being
physically and sexually abused by her husband. She describes her abusive as being on of the worst
episode that could ever happend in anyone life. She states that cocaine is a powerful drug and it
erases her thoughts and feeling for a couple of hours. She describes her feeling when she is under
the influence as being " at ease with no worries".Alexia is the only one in her family that she recalls
that has or had a substance abuse

The Main Objective Of This Essay Is To Study The Inheritance
The main objective of this essay is to study the inheritance laws, family structure and the impact of
those laws on the gender dynamics of the Akan community in Africa, mainly in the regions of
Ghana and Ivory coast. The intergeneration transfer of property upon the death of its owner is called
inheritance. There are many dimensions to inheritance like economic dimension, political
dimension, etc. Different communities have different laws of inheritance. However, they are mainly
divided into two main categories, namely patrilineal and matrilineal form of inheritance. Patrilineal
form of inheritance is a common kinship system wherein an individual 's family membership and
inheritance rights are derived from their father 's lineage, whereas ... Show more content on
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There are four types of marriage in Ghana, namely customary marriages, mutual consent, marriage
under the marriage of Mohammedans Ordinance, and the marriage ordinance. Most of the marriages
recorded are customary marriages and they involve an elaborate ceremony and in some scenarios it
includes payments to legalise the union. Polygyny was removed by a marriage divorce and
inheritance Bill of 1961 but it was defeated in the parliament and was legalised. The main aspect in
customary marriages like discussed above is the approval of both the families as according to the
Akans, marriage not only unites two individuals but unites two families.
When it comes to the Islamic marriages they are celebrated under the Marriage of Mohammedans
Ordinance. The men are permitted to marry unto four women in the Islamic law. The transfer of
intestate property in church marriages,islam marriages is regulated by a specific provision in the
marriage ordinance.
The dispersal or delegation of self acquired intestate property among the Akans is followed
according to the customary law. The matrilineal Akans occupy the Western Central, and Ashanti
regions and parts of the Brong–Ahafo and Eastern Regions. They make up more than fifty per cent
of the population in Ghana. According to the customary beliefs it is known that Akan children
inherit their soul from their father and their blood

Oral History In Ella Cara Deloria's Waterlily
"Only so that my people may live!" Ella Cara Deloria dedicated much of her life to helping outsiders
understand Native American life. Deloria was born on a Yankton Sioux Reservation on 31 January
1889. Although her father was an Episcopal missionary, Deloria still grew up learning the traditions
of the Sioux and speaking the Dakota language. Upon graduating college, she served as "a health
education secretary for Indian schools and reservations." But her true passion in life was studying
and informing others on Dakota culture and life. When given the opportunity, Deloria dropped
everything to become a research assistant. This first step enabled her to ultimately become an
ethnologist and write the historical fiction novel Waterlily. Waterlily details the life of two fictional
nineteenth–century Sioux characters: Blue Bird and Waterlily. Deloria's experiences enabled her to
contribute to the study of nineteenth–century Dakota life through the historical novel Waterlily;
especially, the use of oral history in the creation of the novel, gender roles, and kinship dynamics.
Much of the experiences portrayed within Waterlily come from interviews Deloria conducted, thus it
is important to examine the role of oral history in the creation of Waterlily. One of the main
criticisms of oral history is the tendency to assume, "that because someone says something it
automatically contains a truth." Deloria specifically addressed this issue when she interviewed her
subjects. First, she

Unilateral Decent Research Paper
Bilateral decent is a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships through
both parents. Relatives to both parents are equal in importance in this kinship system. Unilineal
decent is a system that relatives use to trace their connection through only one line, patrilineal or
matrilineal. With unilineal decent the line is an importance placed on whatever side has the standing
for tracing kinship relationships. In a Unilineal decent system, the people in the line that are the
most important would be primarily responsible for someone's economic and social welfare. They
also would cooperate and associate themselves with them and their own siblings. An example of this
could be that in patrilineal societies property is primarily

Gender And Kinship Roles In Society
Reflecting upon gender and kinship roles in contemporary United States of America society: Gender
roles are deeply engrained within society, therefore it is no surprise that they would reflect through
into the care work employed in organ transplantations. Within society one is culturally groomed to
reflect a gender role, a person ultimately becomes a cultural construct of what is believed to be their
set gender identity. The creation of gender roles dates back to the European approach to setting up
an economic unit that was a household (Stone 2009). Due to the way society was structured with
males being the recipient of inheritance, he therefore bought more economic recourses to the
marriage than the woman. A woman could bring a dowry but because of the structure of society it
was the only financial contribution she could contribute to the relationship as she was not allowed to
work. Men tended to marry older as it gave them more time to amass their wealth. They then tended
to take a younger bride because she was more likely to be fertile and thusly continuing the family
line (Stone, 2009). Social class also played a role in the persistent gender roles that exist within the
contemporary United States of America. In the past female virginity was prized therefore to guard
her virginity families would sequester her away in the home as a method of protection. There in
itself created a double standard as males could have premarital sex. It further asserted the male
dominance of being allowed to participate in society. The sociopolitical dimension of marriage
relegate the woman to offset her lack of financial contribution due to her inability to participate in
society by performing the household task, thusly proving herself valuable in a marriage. These
values that have spanned time have been embodied by the American people and are reflect into
Laura Heinemann's work on organ transplantation kinship and care networks in the form of
gendered care.
Heinemann's critical engagement as aforementioned with embodiment was not strong. However she
did highlight with her extensive fieldwork the embodiment of the set gender roles within the
domestic sphere. The image she painted of contemporary America illustrated women

Fictive Kin Essay

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