Immanuel Kant Morality

Immanuel Kant Morality
Immanuel Kant argues that morality is based off of rationality. A maxim, or a moral code, that can
be universalized without falling apart would be considered rational and therefore morally just. Kant
urges us to make moral decisions using maxims that can be universalized, think about the act in and
of itself instead of the potential consequences, and also to never treat anyone as a means only, but as
an end. In making moral judgments that can only be universalized we are given a formula to guide
us. Not only does this protect against favoritism it also emphasizes rationality instead of emotional
preference. For example, using the maxim "do not lie," society would have trust and honesty and
would flourish. Now using the opposite "everyone lie," ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a lifeguard jumping in to rescue a child that is slightly fatigued in the water, while they
mean well, actually robs the child of pushing and strengthening him or herself to reach the side of
the pool. There are many instances of which the "right" thing to do actually interferes with human
development. Kant again offers no resolution to when our duties do conflict. He argues that we must
act purely from whether the act in and of itself is moral, giving no thought to the
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Immanuel Kant On Enlightenment
In 1784, Immanuel Kant states that Enlightenment is the human being's emergence from his self–
incurred minority and the courage to utilize your own discernment.
Minority is inability to make habit of one's own understanding without guidance from another. This
minority is self–incurred when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolve and courage
to utilize it without guidance from another. Have courage to build habit of your own intellect! Is
therefore the motto of enlightenment. Kant draws a very profound argument by saying that
enlightenment may only be made through a proactive personal exploration of one's own opinions
away from the confines of social dogma.
According to Immanuel Kant, enlightenment is when a person arises

Philosopher
Immanuel Kant
A Famous Philosopher
10/21/2012
Kelley Huttar
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804):
Immanuel Kant was a modern day German deontologist from Prussia and became one of history's
most famous Philosophers. A deontologist is someone who believes in acts that are strictly right or
wrong. Kant was an influential thinker and one of the last philosophers of the Enlightenment era.
However his work in epistemology (the study of knowledge) and theology (the study of religion) are
still influential to current philosophers of our time. He was also known for his beliefs in ethics and
his knowledge in astronomy.
Kant was an independent person, meaning he did not let others influence his way of thought. He
created his own moral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of this would be our duty as humans to tell the truth, this would be considered a perfect
duty. Lying on the other hand would be considered an imperfect duty, because no one benefits from
lying. (Kristina)
The categorical imperative has different formulations; however there are three famous formulations
per my readings. The first is "act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time
will that it should become a universal law". This is describing an action based on perfect duty and
imperfect duty. A perfect duty is an action that would be blameworthy if the duty was not met and
imperfect duty would be an action that would not be considered blameworthy if not met because you
made the attempt for the better good of the universe and should be praised for taking on this action
on your own. An example of this is a police officer who is killed in the line of duty, he cannot be
blamed for not completing his duties as an officer because he died while doing his job; however the
officer will be praised and honored by his family and peers for doing his duty as an officer and
doing his best to uphold the law. (Driver, 2006).
The second is "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person in the person
of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means". This formulation is
based

Immanuel Kant's Metaphysics
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), was born in a Lutheran family in Konigsberg, Germany. He went to
the University of Konigsberg, where he studied under Martin Knutzen and read the works of Leibniz
and Leibniz scholar Christian Wolff. The Prolegomena to any future metaphysics thesis is, Kant
addresses the question of "whether such a thing as metaphysics be at all possible" (818). He is
addressing this topic to correct Hume's skepticism. He also asks, "If it be a science, how come it that
it cannot, like other sciences, obtain universal and permanent recognition" (818)? To begin the
answer to these questions, Kant addresses David Hume's attempt at metaphysics, and explains where
Hume did not present a conclusion to the questions he had brought up. ... Show more content on
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This question would be useless, and there would only remain that other question, 'How is the
science possible, and how does reason come to attain it'

Good Will Immanuel Kant
In this essay, I will show that Immanuel Kant is wrong to think that the only thing good without
limitation is the good will. My first step in defending this thesis will be to review Kant's argument
about how the good will is intrinsically good. I will then try to undermine his view by showing it
supports implausible claims. For example, the premise of Kant's claim is that good will is
unconditioned. However, the good will may depend on outside factors to bring about good in a
person. Thus, I argue that if Kant's theory were true, it would be very difficult to be a good person as
utilitarianism do not allow for acts that go beyond duty. Kant's argument suggests that good will is
the only thing good without qualification. First, Kant begins to distinguish between things that are
good without qualification and things that are good only under certain qualified conditions. For
example, gifts of nature such as understanding, wit, and judgement, or gifts of fortune such as
power, riches, or honor may be used for the good or bad, and they also have limited ... Show more
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The person decides that he must jump in and save the person from the river because he believes it is
the morally good thing to do. Although he did not have to jump in and save the person, he decided to
because there was a morally good reason to do so, and it was an act that went above the call of duty.
Consequently, if one wants to be a good person in the world, it would be implausible for someone to
put their own duty above feelings in their intentions, as that would seem to make the act insensitive.
Therefore, if someone does a kind act for someone else, they are doing it because it is a morally
good action and in contrast to Kant, not necessarily because it is a morally right action, as people do
good for others because they feel positive towards the end

Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
Immanuel Kant Categorical Imperative Essay
I. Introduction
My name is Diamante Sullivan and today I will be dissecting Immanuel Kant's Categorical
imperative, and explaining what it is to act from a good will. I will also explain the differences
between the categorical imperative, and the hypothetical imperative. I will do this in order to
execute a reasoned and justified critique of Immanuel Kant's ideas and also illustrate alternative
philosophical arguments.
II. Synopsis of the categorical Imperative
Immanuel Kant a philosopher who lived in the 17th– 18th century, created a standard to which we as
rational beings should live by known as the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative is a
stringent set of guidelines to which we must operate by in order to ... Show more content on
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Immanuel Kant was stringent in his philosophical beliefs that we as autonomous beings should per
sue universal maxims as law, in order to be virtuous and live a good life. The main difference
between the categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative is the hypothetical imperative ethics,
incorporated ideas such as things are situationally right and wrong actions (Johnson). While
hypothetical imperative views considered principles such as means to ends, it did not consider the
duty aspect in which Kant believed was the most important ideological principle in maximizing
utility. Kant believed the duty in itself should be sacred, in which we as rational beings overcome
our physical presence and perform actions for the ends in themselves. In a hypothetical imperative
situation it would be permissible to tell a lie to a murderer, to protect a fellow family member. While
Kant stated it is never okay, as we lesson the murderer's humanity. Immanuel Kant will forever be
remembered for his absolutism mind frame, and while I disagree I commend his work, to achieve
the best life possible for

Critique Of Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in Königsberg, Prussia where he stayed all of his life
(which is now Kaliningrad, Russia). Immanuel Kant was one of the most influential philosophers in
the history of Western Philosophy. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and
aesthetics have brought an impact on most philosophical movement that followed him.
He was the fourth oldest of 9 children in a family of artisans. He was originally named "Emmanuel"
but, after learning Hebrew he changed his name to "Immanuel". In his youth, Kant was a solid,
unspectacular student. The family belonged to the Protestant sect of the Pietists, and Kant went to a
Pietist school. The emphasis on reason in Kant's philosophy is sometimes interpreted as a reaction
against his religious education.
Kant was only 5 feet tall, and very thin when reached old age which he attributed to his strict daily
routine. He got up at 5 o'clock every day and spent the next hour drinking tea, smoking his pipe and
meditating. From 6 to 7 o'clock, he prepared for lectures he gave at home until 9 o'clock. He then
worked in his study room until 1 o'clock and spent the next three hours dining, usually with his
friends. After his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Critique of Practical Reason, linked human freedom, to the moral law while attempting to
reconstruct the most beloved ideas of traditional metaphysical belief. The Critique of the Power of
Judgment brought the different topics of aesthetic and teleological judgment into Kant's system but
also struggling to refine and even substantially revise some of Kant's most basic ideas about
theoretical and practical reason and the relation between them. The critical philosophy was soon
being taught in every important German–speaking university, and young men flocked to Königsberg
as a shrine of

Immanuel Kant's Universal Law
Immanuel Kant is searching for moral laws that all people can follow. Kant wants these laws, or
moral principles, to be universal and necessary. He believes that we should not be looking at how
people currently behave, but how they 'ought' to behave (78). All humans have a will (83). Kant
believes our will is not always good and we have to ensure that our reason is commanding our will
to be good by fulfilling our duties (78). We should know the moral worth of our actions by how
much we have followed our duty, not by our individual desires and inclination (78). However, we
must do our duty because we want to and not because we should.
The command of the will through our reason is moral principle. The formula for a moral principle is
called an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believes that each person has absolute worth and deserves respect. We should not be using others
or ourselves as only instruments to gain something else (86). However, this applies to people and
not animals since Kant believes that rational beings are the only creatures that could follow a
rational and universal law of nature. We can use animals, or any 'thing' in nature as instruments to
gain something else (like raising a cow to drink its milk). He would like to believe that one day a
"Kingdom of Ends" would exist. This 'kingdom' would be where all people treat themselves and
others as ends in themselves and not merely as means, but, even Kant admits, it might be impossible
to achieve that goal fully in a society

The Critique Of Judgement : Immanuel Kant
Derek Marth
Meaning of the Arts
M. Jared Martin
4/23/15
Final Essay In 1790, Immanuel Kant created a piece of work known as the Critique of Judgement.
In his work, the Critique of Judgement, Immanuel Kant moves his attention to focusing on
aesthetics and what truly makes a piece of art beautiful and pleasing to the eye. Up until around the
1780s Immanuel Kant did not particularly worry or concern himself with aesthetics and how that
judges an object or piece of art. It was only in the 1780s that Kant started to take an interest in the
aesthetic value of objects and pieces of art. According to Kant, for an object to truly be called
beautiful there are four "Moments" in which that particular object must go through. In the book, The
Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, Crawford tells us, "It is divided into four "Moments,"
corresponding to the headings of the table of judgements in the Critique of Pure Reason: quantity,
quality, relation and modality" (Crawford 52). Kant's theory of these four moments that an object
must go through in order for it to be called beautiful are a very elaborate but quite easy concept to
understand. Crawford does his very best throughout this particular reading to try and make the
theory as easily understandable as possible due to the somewhat hard to read language Kant uses in
his original work. Immanuel Kant's four "Moments" of quantity, quality, relation and modality, do
an exceptional job of explaining what makes an object beautiful. The First

The Philosohpy of Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant is referred to as the "father" of deontological ethics, which is also colloquially
referred to as Kantianism, which provides a sophisticated explication of deontology. His philosophy
embodies capitulating to one's maxim, which he beliefs that to be good, however, only if one's
motives are unconditional and irrespective to external reason. The maxim is referred to as the
individual's intrinsic duty or obligation to one's self or to others, which if applicable to everyone
than it is congenial to the universal law. John Stuart Mill is an advocate of the utilitarian theory,
which believes that happiness is the manifestation of pleasure and the absence of pain. These
pleasures that Mill speaks of is divided into two forms, that ... Show more content on
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Mill believes in the praxis of pleasure to accumulate the zenith of happiness, but with the absent of
pain. Motivation is irrelevant when regarding morality, because the result of one's actions
determines the morality, which is why utilitarianism is often referred to as consequentialism. This
philosophy is synonymous to a democracy in the sense that the majority hold the moral weight,
"One should act so as to promote the greatest happiness to the greatest number of those who will be
affected by the act." There are two parts which constitute pleasure by mills standards, intellectual
and bodily. Bodily pleasures are those that are stimulating to animals, because it does not involve
the intellect. Humans, however, have facilities that are more evolved than that of nonhumans, so the
intellectual pleasures are more appealing to humans. Intellectual pleasures are of more value than
bodily. He compares the stimulation from the intellectual pleasures to that of an ethereal plant,
meaning that one can easily adulterate the culmination of the aesthetic appreciation, due to societal
influences

Enlightenment By Immanuel Kant
In the Essay "What is Enlightenment?" writer Immanuel Kant expresses that it is often troublesome
for individuals to emerge out of adolescence. He says that individuals would frequently stay content
in a condition of immaturity. As indicated by him, guidelines and formulas tie individuals to a
condition of immaturity. A man, he says, who might set out to resist the standards and equations
would just make a little stride towards development since he is unaccustomed to this sort of free
development. Just a couple of individuals, as indicated by Kant, have prevailing with regards to
rising out of immaturity. He says that such individuals have done so by developing their minds. Kant
characterizes enlightenment as "man's emergence from his self–imposed immaturity" (Kant,
Enlightenment 1). One should first comprehend what Kant implied by "Enlightenment" and
"Maturity". The essential qualifier for enlightenment isn't finding reality, yet hunting down it. To
accomplish this, man should essentially practice his point of view without influence. In the written
work Kant characterizes maturity as "the inability to use one's understanding without the guidance
from another" (Kant, Enlightenment 1). Maturity more specifically means the lack of resolution and
courage. Also, instead of taking your own decisions, you rely on authority, parents, relatives and
government. The writer believes that one doesn't allow themselves to think openly and from others
point of view. In his essay Kant

Immanuel Kant On Free Will
Do humans truly have free will or are their lives completely predetermined? This question of free
will has and will always remain to be a place for argument in philosophy. Many of the great
philosophers attempted to answer this question, but none did as well of a job as Immanuel Kant. He
lays the basis of his argument in his Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics. Kant writes this
prolegomena in response to David Hume's of skepticism, and therefore, Kant is attempting to more
firmly ground metaphysics. In the introduction Kant says, "I openly confess my recollection of
David Hume was the very thing which many years ago first interrupted my dogmatic slumber and
gave my investigations in the field of speculative philosophy a quite new ... Show more content on
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When broken down Kant is appealing to both his thesis and his antithesis; he is agreeing with both.
Kant agrees that humans are beings of nature and therefore they follow the rules of nature, but he
also is accepting his thesis by saying that they are free. "But in the former case reason is the cause of
these laws of nature, and therefore free; in the latter, the effects follow according to mere natural
laws of sensibility" (Prolegomena). Instead of rejecting the laws of nature and saying that humans
are free of all ties, he is agreeing that certain things do govern the way in which humans act.
Furthermore, he suggest that "Freedom is therefore no hindrance to natural law in appearances:
neither does this law abrogate the freedom of the practical use of reason, which is connected with
things in themselves, as determining grounds" (Prolegomena). Regardless of natural law humans are
free and neither one interferes with the other. His prolegomena is not the only work where Kant
addresses free will. In his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant suggests that
morality is based on the concept of freedom. He states, "A rational being must always regard
himself as law–giving in a realm of ends that is possibly only through the freedom of the will, and
this holds whether he belongs to the realm as a member or as sovereign" (Groundwork). Therefore
mankind must

Immanuel Kant Deontology
Deontology
The decisions of deontology may be appropriate for an individual but does not necessarily produce a
good outcome for society. Deontology (also known as nonconsequential), by contrast, is dependent
on moral laws, duties, rules and intuitions and centers on the principles of 18th century philosopher
Immanuel Kant. These moral laws and duties declare that actions such as lying, murdering and
breaking promises are fundamentally wrong and we have no duty to partake in these actions. (CRI)
This moral theory stems from the Greek works "deon" and "logos", which mean the "study of duty."
Deontology states that an action's morality holds great value, and therefore the result of a wrong
action does not make it's outcome ethical. In other words,

Immanuel Kant'sWhat Is Enlightenment?
An essay written by philosopher Immanuel Kant answers the question, "What is Enlightenment?"
Through his own observations and he concluded "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self–
incurred immaturity... the inability to use one own understanding without the guidance of another
(Kant)." Kant also recognized that he lives in an enlightened age however not in the age of
enlightenment. The same can also provoke thoughts about the current state of the world now. In
Kant's eyes, although he provided the blueprint to enlightenment, no one seems to follow it (Kant).
In this paper, I will argue that Kant not only stood correctly about the enlightenment, but society
chose not to follow his instructions; precisely, through the unrestricted use ... Show more content on
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With strong opposing views between the church and science, how can one express the theoretical
findings of science while working in the church at the same time? The revealing of the truth will
always go in favor of the profession of the scholars that speak of it. The loyalty will always go to the
superiors before promoting personal agendas in risk of losing employment.
At this point of time, Kant believed that less obstacles would be in the way of universal
enlightenment, possibly a lot less in the world. Just in the last 50 years, the United States granted
equal rights to not only African Americans but to women as well. With this change, America
witnessed the first African American president in office. In terms of enlightenment, little progress
has come to fruition in this day of age. Ignorance still radiates very much today. Unfortunately,
today, ignorance somehow connived their way into the Oval House. A businessman by the name of
Donald Trump enslaved a large following with his unorthodox practices and beliefs into electing
him into office. "This immaturity is self–incurred if its cause is not lack of understanding, but lack
of resolution and courage to use it without the guidance of another (Kant)." A perfect example of
how Kant felt guardians utilized their power.
Tommy Gun of Mother of all Rallies preached on stage to a pro–Trump rally while simultaneously
inviting the Black Lives Matter activists on stage,
"[the rally is] about freedom of

Immanuel Kant's Good Will
It is difficult to credit just one philosopher as the most influential. Thomas Hobbes Social Contract
Theory may very well be responsible for the relationship between rulers have forged with its people,
as he believed man should submit to authority for without a leader to govern the people, man would
live in disarray. Immanuel Kant suggests an act of "Good Will" should be considered a moral
obligation not a desired gesture. He understood in "an unconditional moral obligation that is binding
in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose" (Philosophy.com).
Although each of these philosophers make compelling arguments, one has to wonder, who inspired
them? Since the dawn of time, men behaved like beasts with no concept of morality, no political
conviction or even the perception of happiness. One philosopher above all others may have
singlehandedly designed societies' way of thinking, and may have also inspired the aforementioned
philosophers– Aristotle.
Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher born in 384 BC. He was once an apprentice to the legendary
Plato himself. However, Aristotle's wisdom accorded him a reputation that would one day rival that
of his mentor. He lived in a time when men regarded life with little value, ... Show more content on
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Many believe it is simply seeking a pleasurable end, Aristotle also believed it to be so. In
Nicomachean Ethic, he asserts, "Happiness, then is found to be something perfect and self–
sufficient, being the end to which our actions are directed." Happiness is one of man's greatest
pursuits; it is, after all, within our nature to seek pleasure; but at what cost? Seeking pleasure at the
expense of others is immoral to say the least. However, one may also argue that it is also immoral to
deprive a man of certain pleasures for it may affect someone else. Aristotle believed in virtue and
justice. A just man would not seek pleasure for his own personal gain and would put the need of
others before his

Enlightenment Vs Immanuel Kant
Enlightenment is described as a period of intellectual growth. Immanuel Kant is a German
philosopher and a leading figure of modern philosophy. In 1784, Kant released an essay titled,
"Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" The essay was written during a period of
intense political and social changes in Prussia. The essay is a plea for society to think autonomously
and with free will. In the essay, Kant asserts that one must have an enlightened approach to life.
Kant describes enlightenment as "man's emergence from his self imposed immaturity" (Kant 41). He
goes to describe immaturity as, "the inability to use one's understanding without the guidance of
another" (Kant 41). Kant states the motto of enlightenment as ""Have courage to use your own
understanding"" (Kant 41). In the essay, Kant also outlines the obstacles of enlightenment. The
author provides the definitions of private and public use of reason to further elucidate the concept of
enlightenment. The aspect of public and private reason can be easily muddled. Immanuel Kant uses
the essay to distinguish between the act of collectively deciding on a course of action and the act of
implementing those collective decisions privately. The distinction is critical: public reason is a
matter of acting in accordance to oneself, whereas private use of reason is a matter of submitting to
authority. To provide this distinction, the author uses various examples of how public and private
use of reason is evident I all

Immanuel Kant Empiricism
Unlike most philosophers, Immanuel Kant believed both rationalists and empiricists were partially
right. He saw a need for both reason and belief in your senses for a balanced mind and thought
process. The latter being said, he disagreed with this quote and the idea that it is only one or the
other. As an explanation, Alberto had Sophie try on a pair of red tinted sunglasses to convey how
they alter her perception of the world around her. She may have seen a chair that was maroon but
she knew her perception had now changed with the glasses because the chair was previously beige.
It is known that milk is creamy– not sweet or salty, but if my senses don't sense anything different
than normal, yet my cup of milk tastes sour, I should use my reason

Immanuel Kant's Formalism Theory
Kant's Formalism Theory The theories of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, have had an
impact on the formulation and shaping of ethics today. Immanuel Kant graced this earth from 1724
to 1804. During his eighty year life time, he formulated many interesting ideas regarding ethical
conduct and motivation. Kant is strictly a non–consequentialist philosopher, which means that he
believes that a person's choices should have nothing to do with the desired outcome, but instead
mankind simply goes about doing good because it is morally correct. Kant theorizes that moral
reasoning is not based on factual knowledge and that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles
of morality. Ideas contemplated and developed and theorized by ... Show more content on
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If you want to reach a specific goal, then you will accomplish these tasks. On the other hand,
categorical laws apply to everyone. Regardless of goals or desired outcome, the categorical
imperative commands unconditionally. (Shaw, 67) Kant developed another idea which exemplifies
that of the categorical imperative. The principle of universal acceptability states that as rational,
moral beings, individuals are bound by logic and its demands. Because logic is consistent,
individuals all live by the same moral law. in order to determine whether a rule is a " moral law, we
can thus ask if the rule commands would be acceptable to all rational beings acting rationally."
(Shaw, 67) Kant's view of universal acceptability appears to be intertwined with echoes of the
"golden rule." Another famous theory developed by Kant further explaining the categorical
imperative is the idea of humanity as an end and never merely as a means. Individuals should never
treat someone a special way in an effort to get gain. In other words, Kant developed the theory we
hear in nursery school of, "treat others as you would like to be treated." Logically, this theory states
that rational beings recognize their worth and the worth of others. As a rational thinker, one would
not want to be used as a means to an end. Immanuel Kant's formalism theory poses many
compelling and interesting points of view. On the surface, the categorical imperative seems to be a
great measuring device

Immanuel Kant's Argument
Bryan O. Jimenez Professor Anthony Kammas Phil 141g/ Section 49329 April 29th, 2014 Trust
Your Own Inner Voice The exercise of one's reason is what Immanuel Kant promotes in What is
Enlightenment (1997) by creating two main environments: the public and the private space. The
public sphere is a place to exercise the public reason where individuals are free from obligation of
their occupations or vocations. Specifically, individuals are free to write or speak critically, and act
freely without any restrictions. Principally, in the public space, individuals have no conditions or
hierarchies who tell them to you act in a certain way, so everyone can perform independently.
Nevertheless, the public sphere is not the way you act in public; it just ... Show more content on
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The public domain is a place to exercise the public reason where men are free from obligation of
their professions. Likewise, the private domain is a place where men have an actual obligation to
restrain their actions based on their profession and the role they play in that institution. Kant's
argument is certainly the practice of one's reason, but Kant's private reason principle says that in the
private domain one needs to obey. In the private domain, men are somewhat confined to a
conformist loop created by an institution to manipulate its residents while closing their natural
human don of considering and thinking for themselves. Moreover, the state had previously formed a
structure for their residents to conduct in a specific way. If anyone aims to oppose against these
structural standards, the state that has a legitimate consent from its residents is permitted to
communicate with the use of power to uphold this configuration. As an alternative, I think that the
private domain is missing the use of integrity; integrity is preserving your principles and desires
together without hurting innocent others; thus, your principles and actions must be united in the
private domain when accepting a decision. You ought to think for yourself and choose whether or
not to obey which discards Kant's idea of "think for yourself, but obey" since it falls within ethical
limitations and sets up inconsistency where your opinions might conflict with your actions in the
private

Immanuel Kant And Good Will
Immanuel Kant begins his piece of work by outlining that humans have "desires and appetites" –
(Sommers 1985, p.86). According to Kant, morals are classed very highly due to the fact that
humans have the capacity to function reasoning. The main question however, does the moral reason
have 'absolute' value? A key argument within the text is Good will. Good will enables an individual
to perform an effect. Kant argues that it is important that all acts must be done through the use of
good will. This is because by acting through your good will, you are making sure the action can also
be good. This then can lead to good consequences. Although, personally, this has made me think of
bad actions leading to good consequences, that sometimes it is good

Immanuel Kant's Formula Of Morality
Immanuel Kant argues that suicide is in principle ethically wrong and in order for Kant to
demonstrate his position on the ethical implications of suicide, he presents his formula for humanity.
Immanuel Kant presents a morality–based argument that denies any legitimacy to suicide. His
understanding of the formula of humanity stipulates that the very nature of human free will, as well
as free choice, is generated primarily from the fact that we own our bodies. Kant claims that since
life, as we know it, is solely made possible by the possession of a working body, and in turn our
body is not contingent within our life. Ultimately, freedom of choice is only possible because we
have bodies, and therefore we have no right to abuse our body, the

Kantianism By Immanuel Kant
Kantianism
Immanuel Kant was interested in the meaning of a good life, mostly doing the right thing. He was a
deontologist rather than a consequentialist, meaning that he emphasised intent rather than outcome.
He claimed that the materially best life is not the morally best life and that a morally best life is
favoured to a materially best life. Kant started his own philosophy known as Kantianism.
Even though we consider power, wealth, honour, health, and so on to be good, Kant argues that
these things are not unqualifiedly good as they can be abused. In order to comprehend the meaning
of a good life, it is essential to look for the most basic standard of unqualified good. Kant says that
no matter how hard one might try to guarantee the outcome of their actions, one may never know it;
consequently outcome is not a good contender for unqualified good. He further claims that one must
always be judged on intention rather than outcome or motivation. Therefore his argument is that
only a good will can be unqualifiedly good.
Hume reasons that all practical reasoning is hypothetical, since eventually it is determined by the
desires of the doer. He also says that moral reasoning can only be practical. Kant disagrees with this
and argues that if we think of the conclusions of practical reason as ... Show more content on
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They are grounded in reason and apply to everyone. For Kant, categorical imperatives provide us
with the superseding reasons to act according to what is morally mandatory of us. Kant argues that
morality is sovereign of one's desires, and thus moral imperatives must be categorical imperatives
which apply with complete necessity, and whose truth can be identified through reason alone. Kant
attempts to show how his categorical imperatives can be applied, albeit they are an abstract formula
rather than a set of

The ethics of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) generally emphasize the necessity of morality and reason
when it comes to certain actions. In his Moral Philosophy lecture, he discusses the essential human
action of sexual desire and impulse. When reading Of Duties Towards the Body in Respect of
Sexual Impulse, Kant describes why sexual impulses are immoral and how marriage is the only
condition under which sexual impulses are permitted. Kant is right about certain sexual impulses
being immoral but sex only after marriage isn't as common as it used to be in his day and age. In this
essay, I plan to argue how Kant's views on moral and immoral sexual impulses are still present in
today's society but have changed over time. I am convinced that this is ... Show more content on
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For example, if a man desires a woman as an object of his sexual impulse and not because of who
she is as a person, her humanity is no longer a concern to him. The only object of his desire is sex,
so humanity is set aside. The two will direct all actions towards sex alone, thus sacrificing humanity
for sex. Humanity then becomes a way to satisfy their desires, which is similar to the nature of
animals. Humans are moral beings and our ability to reason distinguishes us from animals, but
sexual desire poses a threat to our humanity. Kant also mentions that it is immoral if people allow
themselves to be used for profit as an object of another's desire. They are disposing themselves,
which makes them a "thing" that the other satisfies his or her appetite with. Ultimately, the person is
surrendering their humanity for the other's sexual impulse, which puts their morality at risk. I think
sexual desire has become more prevalent in today's society simply because sex is no longer seen as a
sacred action. We live in a society where sex is fast, easy and a person does not have to work hard
for it, they can get it whenever they please. Kant's views on immoral sexual impulses have reached
their peak in recent generations and people believe it is okay to have one–night stands, go to strip
clubs or even buy escorts to satisfy their appetites. It is also known as casual sex and the individuals
involved in this lifestyle are looking to fulfill their desires and appetite at the cost of

Essay on Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant 1724–1804
Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia. He was the son of a
saddler. At age 8, he entered the Collegium Fredericianum, a Latin school, where he remained for 8
1/2 years and studied the classics. He then entered the University of Konigsberg in 1740 to study
philosophy, mathematics, and physics. The death of his father halted his university career so he
became a private tutor. In 1755, he returned to Konigsburg where he later resumed his studies. In
1756, he received a degree and was made a lecturer, and in 1770 he became a professor.
Kant felt he had to adhere to a very strict schedule during his years as a professor. He would get up
shortly before five ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1798, the year following his retirement from the University, Kant published a summary of his
religious views. He died on February 12, 1804.
During his lifetime, Kant produced many writings. Scholars usually divide his literary career into
two periods: the Pre–critical period and the Critical period. During the Pre–critical period, 1747 to
1781, he wrote many non–fictional works and criticisms. Some of them were "Thoughts on
the True Estimation of Living Forces", "On Fire", "A New Explanation of
the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge", and "On the Forms and Principles of
the Sensible and Intelligible World". From 1770 to 1780, he mainly worked on preparing
"The Critique of Pure Reason".
The Critical period lasted from 1781 to 1794. During this period, he wrote "The Critique of
Pure Reason" in 1781, and "Foundation for the Metaphysics of Ethics" in 1785.
Following the critical works, Kant published "Critique of Practical Reason",
"Critique of Judgment", and "Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason".
Three main discussions of Kant are Duty, the Formula of the End, and the Kingdom of Ethics. Kant
feels that we act morally when we do our duty, however it is important to distinguish between acting
according to duty and acting from duty. Acting according to duty is when someone else has imposed
the duty. This is an

In the reading, "Concerning a Pretended Right to Lie from Motives of Humanity", by Immanuel
Kant, he discusses a very controversial topic. Is it morally wrong to lie if someone's life is at stake?
Reading this passage, you can clearly tell Kant took this topic to heart since he explained it so
thoroughly with passion and conviction. At the beginning of the text, Kant quotes a passage from
writer, Benjamin Constant, who disputes that consequences would befall those who unconditionally
tell the truth because the moral principal requires you to do so. Constant continues his argument by
using an example of rebuffing the notion to lie to a murderer about a friend being hidden in the
house. He drives his point home when he talks about telling the truth is a duty, but the truth is only
for those who have the right, not those who want to inflict harm. Basically, what Constant is trying
to say is you can withhold information and lie, if any form of harm will come to other individuals.
On the other hand, Kant has a few choice words for Constants argument. Kant stated, "It is to be
remarked, first, that the expression 'to have a right to a truth' is a phrase without any sense." First, to
convey that particular notion is pointless; to say such a statement is the same as saying that I ...
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Kant informs us that as humans it is our formal duty to be truthful when speaking, even though it
may be a disadvantage to him or others. A wrong would be committed upon humanity for justifying
a lie. To Kant, a lie will always hurt an individual and lies always bring consequences which can be
devastating. And adds that truthfulness is the foundation that grounds everyone else and no
exceptions should be made. If an exception is made, then that certain human should be labeled as a
liar since said human thinks they are above the rule of truth that binds everyone

Immanuel Kant Vs Foucault
This piece will begin with the immortal words of Immanuel Kant: "Reason does not work
instinctively, but requires trial, practice, and instruction in order to gradually progress from one level
of insight to another". The definition of reason according to Immanuel Kant is that it is a wave, a
never ending influence that is continually constructing and improving previous perceptions on
knowledge. When referring to the Enlightenment in the following piece, the time period that
involved a massive intellectual and rational movement that took Europe by storm in the 18th century
is to be considered. Both essays written by Immanuel Kant, the 18th century German philosopher,
and Michel Foucault, the 20th century French philosopher, titled An answer ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By observing the Age of Enlightenment, we can see the influence of the added application of reason
that was used to free cities from the historically pressed 'minority' ordeal. Countless scientific
breakthroughs occurred and many new ideas were formulated as a result of individuals making use
of their own reason without direction from someone else, all in a matter of a few years. The
influence of the Enlightenment thinking is shown by Foucault to have travelled much further than its
time period; influencing recent thought processes such as the modernist movement. Therefore, it can
be said that the Enlightenment can be considered the age of reason because, for the first time,
numerous individuals were able to reason for themselves by the loosening of the grip of minority
and as a result, the root of many modern concepts and ideas as well as modes of thinking are found
in this precise point of

Immanuel Kant Research Paper
Immanuel Kant was a man who believed that a man should behave in a manner in which one hopes
others would follow. (Peak, Stitt & Glensor, 1998) Kant's theory explains about the morality of the
actions of a man is judged in terms of the consequences or the results of the action. Under this
guideline, it stresses that people should act in a way to produce the greatest ratio of "good and evil".
Kant informs that if the action significantly contributes to the overall good, then it shall be
considered good. A great example would be the assassination of Saddam Hussein would be
considered "good" under utilitarianism because the action's consequence of removing such a
dangerous person from the world outweighs the act of killing him. According to

Immanuel Kant's Impact On The Enlightenment
In this essay, I will talk about the Enlightenment. I will discuss how Immanuel Kant's concept of it
affected the society as well as politics. I will explain the main ideas that this age introduced and the
impact they had on people. I will also talk about the reasons why it may be difficult for many people
to attain true Enlightenment. Finally, I will examine how Kant defines Enlightenment himself.
Enlightenment was an era from the 1650s to the 1780s. It was an intellectual movement that
noticeably influenced scientific and social ways of thinking of the eighteenth century. It introduced
and emphasised analysis, reason and individualism. It also introduced finding out about the world in
ways that are not based on faith. It was the first time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have shown the Immanuel Kant's concept of it and explained it. I have also shown the way in
which people functioned, how they thought and how they used their reason in the eighteenth
century. I also gave reasons why it might have been difficult for many to attain true Enlightenment
and why many remained immature in that sense. Furthermore, I referred to two different usages of
reason that Kant introduced – private and public and explained them as well as gave examples.
Overall, I have shown that for people Enlightenment was a very big as well as new concept, and that
it took a lot of courage and intellect of many to acquire

Immanuel Kant's Determination
He believed that sound ethical decisions would be made because of these individual character
attributes, not necessarily due to any reasonable decision–making that aids one toward sound
decisions.
Immanuel Kant is often viewed as the focal figure in modern philosophy. Kant describes an
illuminated approach and the basic technique for decision–making. Kant determines that following
up on a theoretical theory has merit if based on a practical reason (Foroushania, Mahini, & Yousefy,
2012). Therefore, this constructs the form of ethics in Kant's determination. An individual's affair
and background knowledge structure the establishment that permits the basic methods that prompts
sound choices.
For English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (Schofield, 1977),

Immanuel Kant Lie
When faced with the temptation to tell a lie, it is often difficult to determine what would be the right
thing and what would be the wrong thing to do. In the eyes of Kant, a German philosopher, lying in
and of itself, is inherently immoral. Contrary to his belief, Mill, a British philosopher, felt that the
actions that were thus brought upon you by telling the lie, determined whether or not it was within
moral nature. Kant believed that the rightness of an action does not depend on the resulting
consequences, rather whether they are made in the sake of duty. When in acting in accordance with
duty, it is done with a motive of prudence or good/sensible judgement. Kant brings up the example
of a tradesman, selling his goods only at a fair price. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To introduce the hypothetical imperative, think about studying for a really hard test. Your grade is
not likely to be considered passing, unless you get an A on this final. You've been studying all week,
but you just can't seem to retain the material. So what should you do? You need to pass this class, so
does it really matter whether or not the actions you take to do so are morally correct? You decide to
cheat. You get the A, you pass the class, and your parents are proud of you. This is the hypothetical
imperative– if you wish to obtain a certain goal, you ought to take certain means in order to reach it.
The categorical imperative states that "act only on that maxim through which you can at the same
time will that it should become a universal law" (Copleston 324). This imperative is the one that
holds moral worth, because it demands that before taking an action, it must first be considered a
universal law. By that, Kant means that it the action you desire to take cannot be taken by the whole
of society, then you shouldn't even be doing it yourself. If it is not an everyday action, that every
person could also do, then it is morally

Immanuel Kant's Beliefs
Immanuel Kant, a philosopher, main goal was to discover the answer to how human beings could be
genuinely good and kind outside of the expectations of traditional religions. He was born in the year
1724. Kant's parents were profoundly decorous. His father was a saddle maker who never made an
excess amount of money. He was very thankful for his family and all things God had him blessed
with. Kant got a late start in his studies, unlike David Hume. It was not until he was in his fifties that
he became a professor that acquired a full salary and received a considerable amount of respect.
Kant's family held him to high standards and made it appoint to practice their religious beliefs. As
Kant grew in age and knowledge he did not have any orthodox ... Show more content on
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He believed that the main duty of government is to ensure liberty, but he sensed there was
something awfully wrong with the ordinary definition of freedom and liberty. It should not be
thought of in libertarian terms as the ability to do just whatever we want. We are free only when we
act in accordance with our own best natures and we are slaves whenever we are under the rule of our
own passions or those of others. Kant put it, a free will and will under moral law are one and the
same, and so freedom is not an absence of government. A free society is not one that allows people
more and to do whatever they happen to desire. It is one that helps everyone become more
reasonable. The good state represents the rationale element in us all. It rules according to a
universally valid will under which everyone can be free. A government is the voiced long–standing
version of the best parts of

Historical Political In Immanuel Wallerstein
Introduction
In this essay I chose to write two topics about 'Historical, Political in Immanuel Wallerstein'.
Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein is an American sociologist, historical, social scientist, and world
system analyst. In 1960s Immanuel Wallerstein gained recognition as an African Expert. The most
important contribution to sociology is his book "The Modern World System" in 1974. The book was
an immediate success. Immanuel Wallerstein develops a theoretical framework to understand the
historical changes involved in the rise of the modern world, the industrial revolution and the
complex relationship between the first, second and third countries (the core, the periphery and the
semi periphery). Multidisciplinary research on the world systems ... Show more content on
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The central region in the 16th century, especially Western Europe, rapidly enlarging his advantage
when the city was growing, evolving industry, and trade becomes important. At the same time each
activity increasingly becoming specials and produced in a way that is more efficient. In contrast, the
suburbs stagnated and moving towards a monoculture society, or undifferentiated, single–focused
society. States in the development of the center. The third stage involves the development of a world
system of political sector and the ways different economic groups using the structure of the State to
protect and prioritize their interests. Absolute monarchy appeared in Western Europe almost
simultaneously with the development of capitalism. From the 16th century until the 18th century the
country was the center of economic actors in Europe although its center is then shifted to the
company. A strong state in the central region plays a key role in developing capitalism and
ultimately provide the foundation for his own death. European countries reinforce themselves in the
16th century, partly by developing and expanding the system of bureaucracy and create a monopoly
of power in society, particularly by building an army and legitimize their activities to ensure the
maintenance of stability in the country. While countries in the central region to build a strong
political system, at the same time build the suburb build a weak

Categorical Imperative By Immanuel Kant
The issue of moral and immoral decisions are something that challenges every person at various
points of their life. A majority of the world's population relies on their religion, and God to guide
them in making those decisions. This however does set up an argument for the issue of being able to
choose the right moral path based on intellect regardless of religion or belief in a God. Immanuel
Kant's Categorical Imperative, arguably what he is best known for can be summed up for an
argument for making the right moral decision, as if they applied to everyone equally. This can be
done using a person's sense of reason, and consideration for others. Likewise these imperatives are
the moral obligations you need to follow, despite your desires. ... Show more content on
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I found this profound because I had come to realize that these men were being punished for the
actions of one individual. Also these men were in majority no older than me at 19, and simply
needed a job or wanted to defend their country. I felt as though there was no need to be
unnecessarily mean to them, and to treat them with such distain. It was at that point I made the
moral decision that I wouldn't treat people like regardless of what was going on around me.
Kant's concept of the Practical Imperative is that "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity,
whether in your own person of another, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an
end", taking this to a modern sense is to recognize the humanity of the people around you and
recognize that other people have their own lives, goals, and deserve to be treated as such. This also
goes to not using people for your own benefit, this is regardless whether or not they are aware of it
or not. Likewise not to deceive or lie, it is a personal obligation to be truthful, regardless of the
consequences. This again can come back to the Christian belief system in that "Love thy neighbor",
the irony is not lost, however with Kant's very strict Catholic upbringing its apparent he took what
he was taught and built upon it which is evident.
Kant's Kingdom of Ends, goes in hand with his idea of the Practical Imperative. This being that all
people have within themselves

Immanuel Kant Essay
The minority is a weakness to make usage of one's own appreciation without bearing from another.
This minority is self–gained when its cause lies not without seeing, but instead without assurance,
and grit to use it without heading from another. In Kant's article stating "what is Enlightenment"?
Immanuel Kant characterizes enlightenment as man's rising up out of his purposeful youthfulness.
With the goal for us to totally comprehend this definition, we should first comprehend what Kant
implied by Adolescence. In the written work Kant characterizes youthfulness as the failure to utilize
one's understanding without the direction from another. Moreover, Kant trusts that this youthfulness
is deliberate and that it is the individual's blame for without the boldness and set out to have an
independent mind, however rather pay others to think and comprehend for them. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I considerably concur with this thought, be that as it may, his comments on immaturity in connection
to the administration, the way individuals ought to live, and religion is very reckless and
nonsensical. In like manner, I do concur that individuals ought to have the capacity to live
uninhibitedly, and have a problem–solving attitude, in any case, I don't concur that they need to live
without standards, directions or a legislature. With regards to edification Kant trusts that freedom is
an ideal approach to accomplish enlightenment. Opportunity as per Kant is unique in relation to our
typical definition. Opportunity regarding edification implies the capacity to freely utilize one reason
in all

Immanuel Kant On Lying
In Immanuel Kant's view, there are three things a person must avoid to be considered a moral being.
They must avoid lying, avarice, and false humility. Lying involves making false statements in order
to deceive others or the person making the lies. Avarice is the extreme greed for wealth or any
material gain. False Humility involves thinking poorly of oneself and having low self–esteem. This
excerpt focuses on explaining why lying is bad for one's moral being
There are two types of lies that a person can commit. It can be an external lie or an internal lie.
External lies involve lying to other people and making yourself the object of contempt from those
people. Internal lies involve lying to yourself. Kant considers internal lies to be worse

Immanuel Kant Analysis
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Age of Enlightenment dominated European life. This
movement emphasized the use of human reason to revolutionize the political, religious, and
philosophical ways of European life. Furthermore, various philosophers and writers during this era
led this movement, including Immanuel Kant. For Kant, enlightenment is defined as "man's release
from his self–incurred tutelage." He blamed society for forcing ideas onto people, as well as the
individual for remaining captive to the thoughts of others. The point of enlightenment, in Kant's
opinion, was for individuals to emerge from the darkness and break the chains of bondage that
society had put on its citizens. The following is a further explanation of what enlightenment ... Show
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Voltaire compares life in Europe with life in El Dorado, a city in which there is no religion, wealth is
not an issue, and everyone has the same mindset. It is clear that Voltaire believes humanity is
inherently bad and not capable of creating and sustaining a reformed and enlightened Europe.
Voltaire was one of the most influential philosophes during this era and his novel suggested that
enlightenment was attainable; however, much like Kant, Voltaire believes by and large the ordinary
citizen will not reach a state of enlightenment. In conclusion, the Age of Enlightenment was a
crucial period in history because it shifted the way individuals engaged in politics, religion, and
society. Furthermore, during this age, numerous philosophers emerged, including Kant and Voltaire.
Kant encouraged people to abandon their laziness and cowardice and have the courage to challenge
authority and think for themselves, while Voltaire used satire to ridicule European society and
envision what it means to be an enlightened

Immanuel Kant Research Paper
"Kant is the founder of philosophical criticism, which is a turning point in the history of human
thought, so that the whole development of philosophy, if not in content, then in relation to thought,
should be divided into two periods: pre–critical (pre–Kantian) and post–critical (post–Kantian)"– in
the following words the great Russian Philosopher Vladimir Soloviev characterizes the significance
of Kant's philosophy.
Who is Immanuel Kant? Immanuel Kant is the founder of German classical philosophy and one of
the largest directions in modern legal theory. Professor of the University of Konigsberg, Immanuel
Kant, was first in German who initiated a systematic substantiation of liberalism. Kant's doctrine
formed in the early 70's of the XVIII ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many philosophers around the world have studied Kant's philosophy for years. Many of them were
deeply influenced by his concepts and became so say "Kantians" (John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin
etc.). There is also a notion of "Kantianism" which refers to a philosophical school based on Kant's
writings and the philosophies that have arisen from the subsequent study of his writings.
Professor of law Ian Ward in his work Introduction to Critical Legal Theory emphasizes that Kant
was a philosopher, who challenged the received traditions of classical metaphysics. According to
Kant "natural order is not pervasive and reason is limited by the creative power of the individual".
Let us put the following question – what is interesting in Kant's philosophy? Of course, it is a
subjective question, and everyone may answer this question in his/her own way. Kant's moral
philosophy, notion of morality, motive of duty, concept of imperatives are of great interest for me.
That is why my essay will cover the notion and essence of categorical imperative and morality from
Kant's point of view. I would like to note that I support Kant's imperatives and motive of duty.
Before considering the topic of the essay I am going to give a brief general information about Kant
and his main

Immanuel Kant On Good Will Analysis
Immanuel Kant writes about good will and according to him, good will is very objective. He states
that the only thing that is undoubtedly good in the world is the good will itself. Other qualities like
wealth, intelligence and bravery, for example, are characteristics in a person that can be used for
good or evil. Good will, on the other hand, is unquestionably good because even though it might not
bring positive results at all times, the good will in itself was always there and that person was driven
by good and pure motivations all along regardless if the end result was good or not. In addition,
monetary compensation for a good action would not make a good action "pure" because that person
was motivated by external elements instead of his or her own good will. Furthermore, as human
beings we possess obligations of good will and these obligations are called "duties". For example,
all people should help somebody ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless of what the final result might be, good will should always have the intention to do good
without any external factors influencing the person to do a good deed. To a certain extent, this ties
into the utilitarian philosophy because if good deeds cause pleasure, and pleasure leads to happiness,
then that means that the society as a whole is happier and therefore they are more utile and more
prosperous. When it comes to defining "good will", Kant seems to be taking an approach very
similar to the one found in the Bible, "so in everything, do to others what you would have them do
to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets." (Matthew, 7:12) At the end of the day, the
intended purpose of these teachings, is to help us live a better and more fulfilling lifestyle by helping
those in need and understand why we do these actions. What motivates us to do these actions? Why
do we do them? These are all questions that not only Immanuel Kant intend to answer but the Bible
as

Immanuel Kant Morality

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