Controlling Asthma

Controlling Asthma
About one in 15 people has asthma and it still continues to grow each day. Asthma is a condition
where people experience and struggle breathing issues. The breathing issues affect the human' lungs.
Asthma is not curable, but most people able be to control the condition. Controlling asthma could be
a struggle or easy lead in a person's life. There is many different things that set off asthma attacks.
The definition of asthma is a respiratory condition that has complication located in the lungs where
the airways are inflaming and swelling causing the person difficulty to breathe. Asthma has no slang
term, but it does have a Greek verb form, aazein. Aazein translated means to breathe hard. Rumors,
whether it's false or true that the discovery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The types and doses of asthma medications a person needs will depend on their age and symptoms.
Asthma medication have types: long–term medications and quick–relief medications. Long–term
medicine are taken regularly to control the symptoms and prevent attacks. While quick–relief
medicine are rescue medications and its taken as needed for rapid, short–term relief of symptoms,
it's used to prevent and treat an asthma attack. The main goal of the treatment is to control it. The
doctor will decide which asthma medicines the person should use. The medicine comes in several
brands and various forms such as sprays, pills, powders, liquids and shots, but most are taken using
an inhaler. An inhaler allows the medicine to go directly to your lungs. Here mention are some
medication/devices for asthma: bronchodilators, Cromolyn, nedocromil, metered–dose inhaler, dry
powder inhalers, and nebulizers. As an example of how one of the devices, dry powder inhaler in
this case, are used. Simply slide the lever away from until a sound of a click is heard. Meanings the
medicine has been released. Then place the inhaler in your mouth as you next seal your lips tightly
around it. Next take a quick, deep breath in for 10 seconds, and then exhale out. Finally they rinse
their mouth with water and spit water
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Pathophysiology Of Asthma
Introduction:
Asthma comes from the Greek meaning of short of breath which the world has come to known as
asthma which is shortness of breath. Henry Hyde Salter was the first person to describe asthma in
which he stated: "airways narrow due to contraction of their smooth muscle." William Osler known
as the father of medicine described asthma as a "spasm of the bronchial muscles, swelling of the
bronchial mucous membrane, the special form of inflammation of the smaller bronchioles, similar to
hay fever, runs in families, begins in childhood and sometimes lasts into old age, can induce a
paroxysm." Asthma was understood about around 1980s when they figured out how the specific
allergen exposure causes a cascade of triggered chemical mediated ... Show more content on
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The mucous metaplasia is caused by production and storage of mucins increasing in secretory cells
and club cells. MUC5B and MUC5AC are types of bronchial epithelial cells mRNA which help
mucous clearing and protect against airway infection. This has been thought to be a major player in
airway problems in asthma. IL–13 binding causes mucous metaplasia. This is caused by the binding
of IL–13 which leads to Jak kinases activation and then phosphorylation of transducer and then
STAT6. This STAT6 pathway deals with calcium–activated chloride channel one which is also
known as CLCA1 and is the gene related to the airway epithelial cells. In asthma, however, this
channel doesn't function as it normal function which is an ion channel but goes through secretion
and cleavage. This channel can induce MUC5AC through MAP kinase MAPk13. The inflammation
aspect of asthma occurs from a cascade of events usually is a type 2 inflammation dealing with
types of CD4+ T cells like Th2 cells. This pathway deals with a lot of mediators that cause
inflammation, IgE, mucosal surfaces, smooth muscles, and mast cells. When the IgE is created in
the body, it is circulated through the bloodstream.

Allergic Asthma
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Introduction of Allergic Asthma
Asthma is a common long–term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. Asthma The
typical pathophysiological features of asthma include chronic eosinophilic inflammation of the
airways, mucus overproduction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and eventual progression to
airway remodeling. As the most common type of asthma, Allergic asthma is characterized by
irreversible obstruction and chronic inflammation of the airways.
The Pathogenesis of Allergic Asthma ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of animal models of asthma has dramatically increased our understanding of the underlying
mechanisms of allergic asthma. The importance of Th2 cytokines have been highlighted by
numerous studies in mice. Specifically, Th2 lymphocytes produce various proinflammatory
cytokines that have important roles in the development of allergic asthma, including a unique profile
of interleukin (IL)–4, IL–5 and IL–13. What's more, they can also induce secretion of
allergen‑specifc immunoglobulin (Ig) E, chemokines , and eosinophils, as well as mucus production.
Ovalbumin Induced Asthma Model
Mouse models for allergic asthma have been developed that depend on exposure to environmental
factors, such as ovalbumin (OVA), house dust mite (HDM), cockroach, birch pollen, and Alternaria
alternata, among which the most extensively used one is the OVA–induced

Essay on Asthma
Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable air to pass into and
out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This
narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death.
Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is
also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a
complication of heart failure. This article focuses on bronchial asthma.
More than 17 million Americans suffer from asthma, with nearly 5 million cases occurring in
children under age 18. In the United States, asthma causes nearly 5,500 deaths each year. Asthma ...
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Asthma Attacks
Asthma attacks occur when the bronchi and bronchioles become inflamed, reducing the space
through which air can travel through the lungs. This causes the asthmatic to work harder to move air
in and out of the lungs. Asthma attacks usually begin with mild chest pressure and a dry cough. As
an attack intensifies, wheezing develops and increases in pitch; breathing becomes difficult; and
coughing produces thick, stringy mucus. As the airway inflammation prevents some of the oxygen–
rich air from reaching the alveoli, the cells of the body start to burn oxygen at a higher rate, actually
increasing the body's demand for oxygen. The frequency of asthma attacks varies considerably
among asthma suffers. Some people have daily attacks, while others can go months or even years
without having an attack.
Inflammation of the airway occurs when an irritant–such as pet hair or cigarette smoke–comes into
contact with the airway walls. Upon detecting the irritant as a harmful invader, the body's immune
system sends special cells known as mast cells to the site of irritation, in this case the airway walls.
The mast cells release histamine, a chemical that causes swelling and redness in a process called the
inflammatory response. Histamine also causes bronchospasms, in which the muscles lining the
airway walls contract repeatedly, causing the airways to narrow even more. In addition, cells that
lubricate the airways with mucus–called

Asthma In Australia
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition, ranked as the highest cause of non–fatal burden in
Australians aged 5 to 14, and the seventh highest overall in 2010, according to the Institute for
Health Metrics and Evaluation (cited in the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013). In
addition, a 2014 report of Australian health conducted by the Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare shows that in 2011–2012, asthma affected 10.2% of the Australian population, double that
of the prevalence of heart disease and diabetes (5%) but on par with hypertension (10.2%). What is
more, an Indigenous person is twice as likely to report having asthma than a non–Indigenous person
(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014). Hence, asthma is ... Show more content on
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What might explain these statistics, or at least serve as correlations, are the determinants of health. If
the reader is not familiar with the determinants of health, the World Health Organisation (WHO)
provides an explanation of them. In essence, these health determinants are factors that have
significant impact upon one's health. The main determinants for health are: socioeconomic status,
where the rich and upper classes tend to be healthier; education, where low education is linked to
stress, lower self–esteem and poorer health choices; environment, where purer air, cleaner water,
healthier workplaces and better housing contribute to being healthier; health services, where access
to services and proper equipment all contribute to health; as well as gender, genetics, culture and
social behaviour (WHO, 2016). As there are so health determinants, where essays can be written on
one alone, it is not within the scope of this essay to critically analyse each determinant for
Indigenous Australians. With this in mind, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2014)
documents an extensive list of data for Indigenous health, most of which discusses issues which are
out–of–scope for this analysis. What is relevant, however, is outlined next. Across the board, in
2011, the Indigenous population was younger than the non–Indigenous population due to high
fertility and mortality rates with those

Asthma Essay
Asthma is a condition of the bronchial tubes characterized by episodes of constriction and increased
mucous production. A person with asthma has bronchial tubes that are super sensitive to various
stimuli, or triggers, that can produce asthma symptom.In other words, asthmatics have special
sensitivity that causes their lung tissue to react far more than is should to various stimulating factors
or triggers. For this reason, people with asthma are said to have "twitchy airways."Some
symptoms that people with asthma commonly experience are chest tightenings, difficulty inhaling
and exhaling, wheezing, production of large amounts of mucous in their windpipes and
coughing.Coughing can be frequent or intermittent, and can be ... Show more content on
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To make matters worse, mucous enters the narrowed bronchial tubes and plugs them up, causing a
further decrease in air flow. The bronchial tubes seem to close down, and air moving through these
narrowed breathing passages can cause wheezing which is a high–pithched–whistlelike sound.
Wheezing can be loud enough to be heard across a room, or it can be so slight that is takes a
stethoscope to hear it.
Airflow obstructions leads to air trapping in lungs. Once trapped, stale air builds up in the
lungs.Asthma attacks can be so mild they're hardly noticed or so severe that asthmatics can feel like
they're suffocating. Although more attacks seem to occur at night, they can virtually happen
anytime. Attacks may come on very suddenly, or they may develop slowly over a period of hours or
days.Among other contributing factors, asthmatics have an imbalance in their autonomic nervous
system that controls the reactivity of their windpipes. The imbalance causes their windpipes to
become over reactive to many different stimulating factors, or triggers.
An asthmatic trigger can be any stimulus that brings about or sets off asthma symptoms.Asthma
triggers vary widely among asthmatics. The most common triggers are allergies, irritating
substances such as dust, fumes, odors and vapors. Environmental factors, including weather changes
and air

Asthma Outline
Chronic Disease: Asthma Outline
Kyle S. Leister
SCI–162
08/12/2012
Dr. John Wallman
Chronic Disease: Asthma Outline
I. Introduction: Looking at Asthma and breaking it down to fully understand the chronic disease.
II. Description of Asthma: A. Meaning of Asthma 1. Asthma as a word means, "To breathe hard."
Just as the definition of the word, people with asthma have a hard time breathing, tightness in the
chest and wheezing can occur. It is also a chronic disease of the respiratory system, which the
respiratory passages in the lungs become oversensitive and overactive. (i) B. Frequency of Asthma
Occurrence 1. Nearly 25 million Americans suffer from asthma (over 8% of adults, over 9% of
children), and 60% of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do not stop any of your asthma medications before checking with your doctor first. (7) B. Mind
Risk Factors 1. Educational level– Those with less of an education will tend to have more problems
with understanding all that has to do with Asthma. They will not be educated enough to take care of
themselves or others. 2. IQ– If differences in IQ across the world are largely due to exposure to
infectious disease during childhood, then reducing exposure to disease should increase IQ.(8) C.
Social Risk Factors 1. Single family household varies to home to home due to the fact of different
type of environment the family is living in. For example; smoking, pet in the home (especially in the
bedroom and/or bed), school, day care, or work environment, moisture, dampness, and humidifier
us, mold and musty odors in any part of the home, and even cockroaches in the home. Those are
some of the things that need to calculate for the percentage of increased risk. The more of the
examples increases then the higher the percentage. 2. Family size also plays a role. The bigger the
family, the higher the risk will be for the family. D. Environmental Risk Factors 1. The bigger the
population and the more it is crowded will increase the risk factor. Just like in section C, social risk
factor it rather goes hand in hand. 2. There were significant differences between geographic

Asthma And Its Effects On Asthma
Tammy is 17 years old who has been diagnosed with asthma. She has been having trouble
controlling her asthma. Here is information on how she can understand asthma and control it and
also help prevent asthma flare ups.
Asthma is a chronic long term lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes
periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and coughing. Coughing usually occurs at
night or early morning, can occur during the day if allergies flares your asthma. The airways are
tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who are diagnosed with asthma have inflamed
airways, inflammation makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways react strongly to
certain inhaled substances, when the airways react the muscles around them tighten. This causes the
airways to narrow and less air is able to flow into the lungs. When the swelling becomes worse the
airways become even narrower. The cells in the airways then make more mucus than usual. Mucus
is a sticky thick liquid that can narrow the airways even more. This is a chain reaction that can result
in asthma symptoms. The symptoms of asthma can happen each time the airways are inflamed. The
symptoms can be mild and go away on their own, or after minimal treatment with asthma
medication. If the symptoms get worse or more intense and get worse you are having an asthma
attack. Asthma attacks are also called flare ups or exacerbations.
The signs and symptoms of asthma: Coughing is often

Asthma Relief
Top Tips for Asthma Relief
Asthma health tips are important; people can be diagnosed with asthma symptoms at a very early
age. Of course, victims of asthma generally complain about how annoying and sporadic attacks can
be while out in the real world. Additionally, most assume that there lungs are perfect enough to not
be bothered. However, everyday living––with asthma related symptoms––proves that owning
irritated lungs is a common and detrimental experience for the unexpected ones.
Asthma and Allergy are accepted conditions that involve both genetics and environmental bothers
(contributions). Also, this type of condition is a disease striking the cells of the human body's
immune system; however, it is inflammatory response to a normally ... Show more content on
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This type of cure can work for you; luckily, there are additional ideas and methods that secure a
more positive outcome overall. Furthermore, to avoid blue lips, extreme drowsiness, and losing air
to the extremes take certain steps to improve your 'breathing' health.
Top Asthma Health Tips
Get rid of your drapes and replace them with venetian blinds. On one hand, drapes hold more mites
and dust, which is detrimental to your overall health. On the other hand, blind are easier to clean and
dust with the right tools (soap, water, and a sponge; and a custom made dusting tool).
2. Use the HEPA filter and run your indoor air cleaning system. Ensure to set your budget to
positively affect your overall health requirements.
3. DO NOT expose yourself to smoke and annoying perfumes. Even secondhand smoke is
dangerous. Chiefly, there are substitutes to enjoying nicotine and other tobacco flavors that are
readily available in today's market. In relation, there are perfumes that cause lung damage. Shop for
your health.
4. Follow your doctor's orders. Whether taking long–term drugs over–the–counter prescription
relief, make sure that the directions are being complied by completely before moving on with your

Asthma Attack
Are you an ''Asthmatic Patient"? An overview of asthma.
Tobacco smoke and environmental factor like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, hydrogen
cyanide, ammonia, cold, ozone, temperature variation, humidity and nitrogen oxides are the leading
cause of respiratory disorders. Smoke produce irritation in pulmonary tract and other harmful
pollutants implement bad effects to lungs. Prevalence of respiratory disorders is increasing
tremendously (300 million people) and in future the ratio is expected to be high.
Asthma is one of the pulmonary diseases and is characterized as an inflammation of the bronchial
tubes (air ways) that causes swelling and constriction of the airways. This results the problem in
breathing. . During asthma attacks muscles in the bronchi constrict, the airways become inflamed
and swollen, and breathing become difficult. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This causes the airways in the bronchioles to tighten, due to which there is lack of oxygen and
problem in breathing. This phenomenon is "asthmatic attack''. This attack can be life threatening –if
the internal organs become deprived of enough oxygen.
Inflamed bronchioles may become over sensitive to allergens or irritants. The airways may become
irascible this is called hypersensitive phase of asthma. Asthmatics and allergic individuals have
higher risk of bronchial hyperactivity than non–asthmatic and no allergic people. In sensitive
individuals, there are 2 times more chances of airways swelling and constriction when they come in
contact with triggers such as allergens, cigarette smoke and level of physical activity. In asthma
patients, some may have lenient symptoms while other may have critical and drastic symptoms.
Asthma affects people differently. Each trigger has different reaction to each individual. So
prescription of medication may vary from one individual to

Eliminate Asthma
How to Eliminate Asthmatic Symptoms with Natural Remedies
There are over 300 million people in the world who suffer from asthma. The inflammatory disease
of the airways affects both young and old and there is currently no cure for the illness. However, this
doesn't mean symptoms cannot be alleviated and managed in many different ways. If you're
suffering from asthma, you have hope.
Research has not yet been able to determine the exact causes for asthma. In an asthma attack the
airways to long overacts to allergens or other irritants and become inflamed and constricted. Since
you need these airways for carrying oxygen to your body, the constrictions makes breathing more
difficult and the airways will eventually start making mucous, which in ... Show more content on
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Avoid drinking more than three cups of coffee a day and ensure you don't drink it during the latter
part of your day.
Honey
You can also eliminate asthmatic symptoms with the help of honey. Honey has plenty of ethereal
oils which reduce irritation in your airways making it easier to breathe. Furthermore, honey has a
cleansing quality, which can help remove the irritants from your lung and shorten the inflammation
period.
Consider combining a teaspoon of honey with a bit of cinnamon powder. Swallow the mixture
before going to bed and you will remove phlegm more efficiently and you'll sleep better as a result.
Now, when it comes to the above benefits, you need to buy organic products. You don't want any
pesticides or harmful chemicals to be in the products – organic foods have more nutrients and
therefore, are better for your health. If you're worried about the cost of organic ingredients, you can
find discount deals through OZCodes.com.au. Organic retailers often have special offers and
introductory deals which are great for stocking up your cupboards with healthy

Adherence To Asthma
As I jogged in early February, my chest tightened and I felt like each breath I took was more and
more painful. It was happening, an asthma attack. The cold had made my breathing almost
impossible and each step I took felt worse and worse. My asthma had always affected me since I
was a child but now as an adult I felt like everywhere I went I had to carry around my Ventolin,
which didn't make me feel socially accepted. When others were running in the cold, I felt left
behind, needing to rely on a device in order to breathe. This feeling of incompetence and rejection is
felt by those affected by this chronic illness. Asthma is defined by the National Heart, Lung, and
Blood Institute as a chronic disease that affects the lungs by inflaming and ... Show more content on
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Although asthma medications are available, many patients chose to not adhere to the medication.
Statistically, 30–70 percent of asthmatic patients do not adhere to the medication they are prescribed
(Bailey and Apter, 2015). Symptoms become worse and a patient's overall quality of life is also
hindered. Bailey and Apter (2015) explain that many patients do not adhere to their medication
because they are not educated on how to utilize the medication, costs of the medication are too high,
the presence of negative side effects, and even sociocultural factors, among various others.
Nonadherence also causes problems in healthcare economics as with more emergency visits due to
sudden asthma attacks, healthcare costs rocket making it harder for patients to pay and causing
overall economic problems. With the existence of these factors, adherence becomes extremely
difficult for adults and consequently their health is put at risk. Negative symptomology such as
increased asthma attacks and even fatality can

Pathophysiology Of Chronic Asthma And Acute Asthma
Introduction
Respiratory disorder, mostly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract, however bacterial or viral
infection are the causative agent and the disease is common in all ages. In addition, the lungs and the
bronchi can also be affected, causing inflammation and obstruction of the airflow resulting in
wheezing, chest tightness, stridor, low grade fever, cough, and hemoptysis due severe damage to the
lung tissues. Most common diseases of the respiratory system include; pneumonia, croup, asthma,
bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis, affected disease location determines the signs and symptoms.
Hereditary and environmental factors such as allergens and other irritants can be a contributory
factor, especially in children. However, respiratory compromise occur as a result of incomplete
airway development among this vulnerable population predisposing them to chronic asthma
(Huether & McCance, 2012).
The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology of chronic asthma and acute asthma
exacerbation, with explanation of arterial blood gas pattern during an asthma exacerbation. Also,
explain how ethnicity might impact pathophysiology of asthma and asthma exacerbation. The
diagnosis and treatment plan needed to relieve the presented signs and symptoms will be reviewed.
Lastly, constructs two mind maps for chronic asthma and asthma exacerbation including its
epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms Of Asthma
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the lungs in which inflamed airways are prone to constrict. This
causes episodes of breathlessness. Wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness that range in severity
from mild to life threatening degrees. Asthma causes a variety of symptoms that can worsen at any
time, which makes breathing difficult. Asthma cannot be cured, but it can definitely be managed.
Some days victims may have symptoms, and other days they won't. However, not having symptoms
of asthma does not mean your asthma has gone away. Asthma doesn't necessarily slow victims body
energy down, there are many things you can do to prevent attacks and control your asthma. Millions
of people suffer from asthma including adults and children. People with ... Show more content on
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Some inhalers that are popular in the United States are Symbicort or HCP. Inhalers should be used
by asthma patients before the attack (when you start to feel the early symptoms of an attack). Some
patients also have a daily inhaler that is necessary for everyday activities, some are used for sports
or other activities that may make breathing difficult. There are different inhalers for attacks in
particular. If the attack is severe you can use the longer–acting inhalers to keep the airways open, or
an oral steroid. Millions of families and individuals have to deal with the severity and expenses of
having asthma. The estimated cost of asthma in 2002 was $6.1 million. $11.5 billion indirect
medical expenses and 4.6 billion in lost earnings because of the disease and deaths. In addition to
medical costs, working parents of children with asthma lose about $1 million a year in productivity.
There are some websites you can go on to donate to the asthma organizations to help with the
expenses of asthma. Fortunately, asthma isn't as life threatening as other incurable diseases, but it is
still affecting millions of lives negatively

Asthma Allergies
When it comes to Asthma some allergies are just one of the factors that can trigger asthma attacks.
Not all people with asthma have allergies and there are many people who have allergies but do not
have asthma. Some ongoing health problems can trigger asthma symptoms or make them worse.
These include obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, acid reflux, stress and depression. Let your allergist
know if you have one of these conditions so you can discuss the best approach to control both your
health problem and your asthma symptoms. Colds and sinus infections can also worsen your asthma.
Asthma triggers frequently include the following Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, cockroaches,
molds and animal dander's, Irritants in the air, such as

Asthma
As far as asthma goes, triggers for asthma are: allergies, family history (because there is a genetic
influence) dust mites, pet dander, dust, cockroaches, pollen, mold, anything like that, pollutions and
factory immetions can trigger some allergies. And often your patient will give you a history of
GERD and exema (especially when they were a kid).
In asthma we have reversible narrowing of the bronchioles. When they narrow they swell, so it gets
hyper responsive, the airway tends to remodel, and they tend to look differently when you look at
them. This is due to all the chemical mediators at are released. And because these mediators are
released it is how we look at the meds. Chromin is for you mask cell. Singular is your ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yellow, they should take a short acting rescue inhaler. If they are in the red zone they need to go to
the ER and call their physician immediately. They need to get help. It is also good to keep a diary to
keep track of what triggers these episodes of asthma attacks.
There is a component of stress involved as well with asthma. So is you get upset you tend to
breathe, faster, you get excited and their vessels constrict.
Some complications that can occur with asthma. The meds are the same: albuterol, atrovent, advair,
they tend to get the same type of meds. Steroids with a severe attack, same thing. And if they are a
bad asthmatic, or bad enough COPD person they get chronic steroids meaning PO. They are
basically always on steroid inhalers either combo or individual.
The most severe thing they can get is status asthmatics. This is a severe, persistent asthma attack that
you can't break. They give them back to back meds, they give them steroids and they are wheezing,
and they are wheezing, and they are wheezing. The pulse ox is dropping, they are getting more and
more SOB, and they are getting more and more fatigued, you can't break the treatments. You might
give epinephrine SQ, but one of the things you need to watch for (as the nurse) is those breath
sounds. If you listen to an asthmatic, and you don't hear good air exchange, you want to hear
wheezes, do don't want to hear a quite chest. If their breath sounds change to quite you want to call

Pathogenesis Of Asthma
A plethora of both genetic and environmental triggers contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma, one
of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in the world (Burney et al, 2015). Studies have found
environmental, physical and allergic triggers lead to exacerbation of disease in suffering
populations. Similarly, in the last decade, advances in genetic research has lead to studies linking
variation within specific genes and a vulnerability to developing asthma. Understanding asthma
associated triggers has the potential to contribute to successful disease management and treatment
and is critical to uncovering the pathogenesis and etiology of asthma.
Understanding the genetic etiology of asthma is critical not only to the development of successful

Effects Of Asthma On Children 's Asthma
As children grow, so does their need to develop a feeling of self–worth and a sense of self when
compared to other children in physical appearance, academics, athletics, and social interactions
(Ball et al., 2015, p.208). The effects of asthma can play a direct role on how the child develops in
these areas. Factors that affect asthma are being exposed to triggers and the medication
management. The child is dependent on parents' for initial management education of asthma
treatment (Silva–Mendez & Barros, 2013, p.1002). The parents' beliefs about the adherence of
medications have shown to have an influence on the child receiving the medication as prescribed
(Yilmaz et al., 2012, p. 285). Parents most common concerns were about the amount of medication
and the possible long–term effects (Gilchrist et al., 2012, pp.553–554). Often parents' are aware of
their child's asthma problems but seem hesitant or unwilling to voice their concerns to a physician
(Orrell–Valente, Jarlsberg, Rait, Thyne, Rubash, & Cabana, 2007, p.388). The inability to
communicate with the physician can leave the parent with a lack of knowledge and preconceived
notions: "The lack of knowledge about asthma has been associated with decreased adherence to
prescribed treatment plans" (Silva–Mendez & Barros, 2013, p.1003). When inhaled medications are
not adhered to, children with asthma have an increased rate of exacerbation (Yilmaz et al., 2012, p.
282). The symptoms can be very frightening for both the child

Essay On Asthma
Asthma
Pathology a paroxysmal, often allergic disorder of respiration, characterized by bronchospasm,
wheezing, and difficulty in expiration, often accompanied by coughing and feeling of constriction in
the chest. Also called bronchial asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition, and there is no cure for it.
You can consult with your doctor about how to manage it. Knowing as much as you can about the
condition, can help you understand how to live with it. Asthma affects people of all ages, more than
22 million people are known to have asthma, and about 6 million are childrenSigns and symptoms
of asthma is shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing chest tightness. People that have allergies,
eczema, or parents that have asthma are more at risk. In children more boys have asthma than girls,
but in adults more women have it than men. You want to make sure to get a lung function test done
to determine if you have asthma for sure. The symptoms are the same as to other things also, such as
the flu or pneumonia.
The cause of asthma is known. Some researchers think genetic and environmental factors interact to
cause asthma. For example, if asthma or atopy runs in the family, exposer to irritants may make your
airways more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your doctor may diagnose the condition based on your medical and family histories, a physical
exam, and some test results. The doctor will also find out the severity of your asthma, such as
intermittent, mild, moderate or severe. The levels will determine what treatment is best to use. You
might need to see an asthma specialist if you need special test to help with diagnosing you have
asthma, had a life threatening asthma attack, if you want to get allergy treatments, or if you need
more than one medication or higher doses to control your asthma, or if you can't seem to get your
asthma under control. Your doctor may ask you a few questions. Be sure to let them know how
often, when and where your asthma symptoms

Diagnosis Asthma
Asthma is a chronic airway disorder marked by inflammation. The inflammation affects multiple
structures involved in the respiratory system of the body. These structures include the trachea, the
bronchi, and the bronchioles. Bronchoconstriction is the main response that occurs during an asthma
attack. The bronchoconstriction can be attributed to many different factors including edema, an
excessive amount of mucus, muscle damage and bronchospasms. Bronchospasms are "... sharp
contractions of bronchial smooth muscle" (Lynn & Kushto–Reese, 2015). The muscle damage can
lead to severe airway impairment and a perforated epithelium which then allows easy entry of the
allergens and triggers.
A major detectable feature of asthma is hyper–responsiveness. ... Show more content on
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If triggers can be identified and eliminated or exposure can be reduced, the child's symptoms will
arise less often and their overall quality of life will improve. Another huge teaching point for parents
and patients is recognizing the signs and symptoms of an asthma attack. There are specific signs and
symptoms associated with asthma, if patients and family can recognize and effectively respond to
these, there is a better chance of controlling the asthma and reducing the risk for complications. A
third priority patient education topic is how to use spirometers and inhalers. Asthma requires devices
to measure the airflow and the medications must be properly administered to facilitate the
effectiveness of

Asthma In Michigan
Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The United
States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Michigan was 9,928,300 on July 1, 2016, an
increase of 0.45% from 9,883,635 recorded at the 2010 United States Census. Michigan is the
leading auto–producing state in the US. There are many factories located in Michigan, which likely
leads to a higher air polluted area. Due to being a high polluted state, there are many sufferers from
the chronic disease asthma. Chronic diseases and injuries are the biggest contributors to rising health
care costs in the state of Michigan, killing more Michigan residents, causing more disability, and
robbing more people of quality of life than any other group of ... Show more content on
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By age group (in years), those of the ages 18–24 have the highest prevalence of asthma which is
13.3% and ages 45–54 have the second highest prevalence of asthma that is 11.3%. Those of the
ages 25–34 have a 9.8% prevalence of asthma. The ages 35–44 have a 9.7%, the ages 65–74 have a
9.6%, the ages 55–64 have a 9.4%, and lastly the ages 75 and older have an 8.2% prevalence of
asthma. For gender, females have a higher prevalence of asthma (12.5%) than males (7.7%). By
race/ethnicity, those who are black have the highest prevalence of asthma which is 11.8%,
individuals that are defined as other than white, black, or Hispanic have the second highest
prevalence which is 11.6%, Hispanics have a 11.5% prevalence, and white individuals have a 9.9%
prevalence of asthma. Based on household income, those who make less than $20K per year have
the highest prevalence of asthma, however; there is no trend of high to low asthma prevalence based
on income. With an income of $20K per year, the asthma prevalence is 11.3%, and with an income
of $35K it is a 6.6%. However, after $35K the asthma prevalence percentage begins to ride. A
household income making $50K per year has a 7.4% asthma prevalence, and an income of >$75K
has an 8.8%. After the >$75K there is no further information on higher incomes. Additionally,
individuals who suffer from a disability

Asthma
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma.
The pathophysiology of Asthma includes inflammation of the airway. The way in which this works
is from an irritant which can include dust, pollen, cedar, or cat hair. When a reaction occurs, the
airways become inflamed and narrow. The narrowing occurs because once the inflammatory
response is triggered by an irritant, histamines, immunoglobulin E antibodies, and leukotrienes are
released. Because of this, mucous production occurs. Since the bronchioles are inflamed and narrow,
breathing becomes difficult. Wheezing sounds can be heard due to the lack of air being able to
easily move in and out of the narrowed bronchioles.
2. Discuss the educational points that should be included when ... Show more content on
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Breathing techniques such as inhaling through the nose and breathing out from the mouth slowly
can be helpful for a patient to be aware of. Last, the patient should always have the physician's
information if asthma attacks become more frequent or they believe their inhaler to not be helping.
3. What components of the patient's asthma management plan should be monitored during a home
visit?
When visiting an asthmatic patient at home, it is important to monitor their environment. The home
is a place where people spend the majority of their time and therefore can easily contribute to the
exacerbation of asthma. While in the home environment, monitoring for mold, dust, pets, cigarette
smoke or plants is important. The cleanliness of the home along with the sleeping environment can
be good indicators as to the reasoning behind the patient's condition. This is a good moment to teach
the patient and family members ways to manage asthma based on the home environment.
Explanation as to what irritants are is important. Visiting the home would also be a good time to
observe the way in which the patient uses their inhaler along with other medications they may be
using. 4. Explain the stepwise approach and how it is utilized in care of the asthma patient.
The stepwise approach is used to adjust the treatment of asthma. Based on the patient's condition,
the medication can either be increased or decreased. This is known as either

The Pathology Of Asthma
A major health problem for nearly 26 million Americans is asthma. This total includes more than 7
million children. Asthma causes millions of lost school and work days every year and is the third
leading cause of hospitalization among children. There is no cure for asthma, but the good news is
that it can be managed and treated, allowing you to live a normal, healthy life ("Learn About
Asthma", 2016). One out of ten children and one out of twenty adults are diagnosed with asthma
(Bryan, 2004). Asthma is noted as one of the most common chronic disorders among children under
the age of 18. In addition to the millions of lost school days, it is also the third leading cause of
hospitalization for children. It is also noted to cause limited daily ... Show more content on
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In 1816, a French physician named Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope, which allowed
physicians to listen to the lungs of patients with asthma. Laennec was convinced that the muscles
involuntarily contracted the airways. The spirometer became an important medical tool in 1846. It
allowed physicians to measure the strength of a patient's lungs, as well as how much air could be
inhaled. In 1860, Henry Hyde Salter, an asthmatic English physician, penned his research on several
hundred patients, and his realization that asthma tended to become worse when the patients were
sleeping. His recommended treatment for the asthma attacks: drink strong black coffee. He also
found that asthma responded to belladonna, known as deadly nightshade, which, of course, is very
poisonous. But, a chemical known as atropine, which is combined with belladonna, helped to relieve
asthma attacks. In 1892, Sir William Oster, an English physician, described three mechanisms of
asthma, which has formed the basis of today's treatments of asthma. Sir William Oster proposed that
asthma was caused by muscle contractions, inflammation and abnormal nerve activity within the
airways. By the early part of the 20th century, scientists were able to produce a variety of different
drugs that were able to relieve the muscle

Asthma
Asthma
Describe the Disease:
Asthma is a chronic disease of the lungs that affects the airways and causes them to become very
swollen and sensitive to the air that you breathe. With this disease you can get what is called an
asthma attack, this is where your airways become narrower, making it difficult to breathe. You may
notice that someone is having an asthma attack if the person begins wheezing, getting a tight chest/
chest pains, breathing problems, and coughing. There are different types of asthma depending on
your age and what causes you asthma to get worse. There is Child–Onset Asthma, Adult–Onset
Asthma, Exercise–Induced Asthma, Cough–Induced Asthma, Occupational Asthma, Nocturnal
Asthma, and Steroid–Resistant Asthma. Asthma ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although none of the above treatments can help you in a serious asthma attack, it can help you
control your asthma, it is not recommended to stop using your asthma medication while doing any
of the CAM treatments, for it may worsen your symptoms.
Overall Personal Choice:
My personal choice, because I have asthma is very simple for me. I use the doctor's choice and take
all the medication that he prescribes for me. With that I also go to a chiropractor, for it has helped
me a lot when trying to control my asthma. I find that using both my medication and the treatments
from the chiropractor has helped me a lot, though this is not for everyone. I would strongly
recommend that anyone with asthma try to see a chiropractor and see if that helps at all with your
symptoms. My chiropractor sat down and discussed my asthma and together we found that when he
places my back in the right position, it clears up my airways and it makes it easier to go through
what are supposed to be the "tough months" for asthmatics. The medications on top of going to a
chiropractor have helped a lot, and with it I can live a healthier life with fewer complications.
Submitted To: Mr. Carlson
Submitted By: Morgan

Acute Asthma
According to Valkonen et al. (2015), there is a co–existing relationship between asthma and
bacterial infection. Antibiotics are a group of drugs that focus on a various range of infections
entailing fungal, viral, bacterial and even protozoan infections. More so, the use of antibiotics drugs
in the management of asthma is still disputed. Most physicians have found there selves use
antibiotics in the management of asthma in the pediatric population as viral upper respiratory tract
infections are closely associated with asthma exacerbations in children (Kloepfer et al., 2014).
National and international guidelines of practice suggest that antibiotics should not be used in the
treatment of chronic asthma or acute asthma exacerbations, but can ... Show more content on
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Regarding the case study, the patient presents a BMI of 24.96 kg/m2– the risk of being overweight
with normal blood oxygen saturation level of 94%. Additionally, the patient presents a shortness of
breath and wheezing which is associated with acute asthma exacerbations.
My Asthma Action Plan will entail the use of Albuterol MDI. Xopenex®, four puffs every 20
minutes. These medications are bronchodilators that relax the muscles in a patient's airway and
increases air flow to the lungs. Additionally, cases of acute or chronic asthma can be managed by
using Combivent Respimat® for the patient, prescribed 1 unit inhalation four times a day (Perriello
& Sobieraj, 2016).Furthermore, after utilizing the action plan, I would recommend the patient to see
a physician since acute asthma exacerbations are fatal (Szefler,

Asthma Stepwise Management Of Asthma
Asthma Stepwise Management Asthma is a life–threatening inflammatory ailment of the upper
airways that distresses approximately eight to ten percent of the populace, about seven million of the
populace distressed with asthma are essentially the children (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013).
Arcangelo and Peterson demarcate asthma as a chronic inflammatory ailment of the airways
branded by airways blockage, inflammation, and hyper–responsiveness. The American Academy of
Allergy and Immunology {AAAAI}, (2016), indicated that the mainstream children acquire asthma
prior the age of five. The impact of asthma on the society is enormous related to arrays of trips to the
emergency room, hospitalizations, work and school days absents, and mortality. ... Show more
The luminal expansion aids to lessen airflow impediment that aids easy breathing and relief of acute
bronchospasm within 5–10 minutes interval. The rife medications amidst this group comprise of
Levalbuterol HCL, Tiotropium Bromide powder, Ipratropium Bromide, and Albuterol Sulfate, the
opposing effect of these medications comprise tremors of the skeletal muscles, tachycardia, cough,
dizziness and nervousness (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013; Conner & Buck, 2013). The utilization of
quick relief systemic corticosteroids are rife, the corticosteroids lessen airways inflammation, and
the usage is for short–term with about one to two week, provided as intravenously or in oral form,
the utmost rife medication comprises of Dexamethasone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone and
Prednisone (Alangari, 2014). According to Arcangelo and Peterson (2013), the utmost operational
and frequently utilized long–term symptoms preclusion, subjugation, rheostat, and volte–face of
inflammation is the usage of the inhaled steroids; with approximately two weeks interval for the
medication to attain the greatest efficacy. Mapel and Robert (2014), the Inhaled corticosteroids labor
to disperse medication bluntly into the lungs with the occurrence of acute asthma exacerbation to
decrease inflammation and

The Pathophysiology Of Asthma
"Asthma is a common disease that affects approximately 300 million children and adults
worldwide" (Arshad, S. H., & Babu, K. s., 2009). It leads to rising healthcare costs and reduces the
quality of life in a person due to the restrictions that a person has depending on the type of asthma.
Doctors who can treat asthma are called "Pulmonologist," and an "Immunologist." It is important to
know the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation and medical management to properly treat the
disease.
Pathophysiology
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs.
(Arshad, S. H., & Babu, K. s., 2009). Asthma is sometimes referred to as "bronchial asthma." With
asthma, the airways are inflamed, therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not everybody's body responds the same to medications. Medications for asthma are categorized in
three categories: anti–inflammatory, bronchodilators, and leukotriene modifiers, (Types of Asthma,
n.d.). Anti–inflammatory agents, suppress inflammation. Bronchodilators relax smooth muscle
contraction which helps with the narrowing of the bronchial tubes. Leukotrienes interrupt the
chemical signaling inside the body that can lead to inflammation and constriction. One kind of anti–
inflammatory is a corticosteroid. This the most potent and effective kind. A anti–inflammatory that
is commonly prescribed to children is called "Cromolyn Sodium and Nedocromil (Types of Asthma,
n.d.)." Inhalers are also used in the treatment of asthma. Two types of inhalers are long term and
quick relief. Long term inhalers help for longer periods of time and quick relief is a in the moment
type of thing. Providers recommended decreasing being around allergens that can trigger asthma.
When patients are taking medications, sometimes they begin to feel better and show no symptoms
for some time, but this is confusing to them. They see it as "oh I'm better I can stop taking my
medication." That is not the case because asthma can flare up

Treating Asthma
Asthma treatment is consistent with care along a continuum which may change at any time to
accommodate the individual's current symptoms. The clinical based guidelines consist of step by
step guidelines with varying treatments arranged by age and organized by the severity and the
addition of pharmacological therapies (NAEPP, 2007). The process of treating asthma has been
proven most successful with the NAEPP clinical guidelines. The NAEPP guidelines provide a
holistic approach to caring for individuals suffering from asthma. Treatment consists of assessing
and monitoring the severity of one's asthma, the provision of patient education to assist with self–
management, assisting with the need to control one's environmental risk factors, the ... Show more
Follow up treatment or assessment has been identified as the single most beneficial aspect to
ensuring one's asthma is well controlled (Axelsson et al., 2015). Follow up with individuals should
take place between 2–6 weeks of acute exacerbation and between 1–3 month intervals regularly
(NAEPP, 2007). Evaluation and changes in treatment are recommended based on assessment of
one's adherence to medication regimens and management of environmental factors (NAEPP, 2007).
Once it is established if the individual is maintaining adherence and controlling environmental
factors but the individual's asthma that is not well controlled a one step up method of treatment is
recommended and a two step up approach for very poorly controlled individuals (NAEPP, 2007).
Asthma well controlled should be evaluated and concluded controlled for 3 months prior to changes
in medication regimens (NAEPP, 2007). After 3 months of well controlled asthma, an individual's
medication regimen may be stepped down by 1 step and the dose of ICS's may be reduced by 25
percent every 3 months until the lowest control dose is reached (NAEPP, 2007).
In the event asthma is no longer manageable by a primary clinician the need for a referral may be
require. Referral to an asthma specialist for management is recommended if there are complications
achieving or maintaining control of asthma. Also, if the patient required more than 2 uses of oral
systemic corticosteroids in 1 year or has required hospitalization it is imperative for the individual to
be referred for further management (NAEPP,

Asthma Definition
The Asthma severity is determined by lung function values and asthma symptoms. However there
are essential issues involved in asthma severity that include symptoms and objective measures of
lung function on the same scale. For example, frequent symptoms have the exact significance as
(FEV1 below 60% predicted). This makes sense to the clinician .However it is difficult to support,
as studies have shown that there is poor relationship between asthma symptoms and objective
measures of lung function.22,23
Therefore, patients cannot predict changes in their lung function based on the experienced
symptoms,24even physicians cannot precisely predict the lung functions examination of them .
Another major concern regarding the various guidelines is that they are based more on the concept
of asthma control rather than asthma ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One study30 randomized severe asthma patients to a treatment strategy based on either clinical
categorization or with methacholine inhalation challenge studies as a measure of bronchial
hyperactivity. Bronchial hyperactivity was used in this study as an index of underlying airway
inflammation.
The patients treated according to measures of bronchial hyperactivity received higher doses of
inhaled corticosteroids, but had significantly fewer episodes of asthma exacerbation.
Higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids can only be justified if patients with more severe asthma can
be identified. National guidelines on asthma management tried to lecture this problem by proposing
the asthma severity. However, despite serious efforts to publish these guidelines, database have
shown that current asthma care around the world fails to adhere to these guidelines.31 This is a
disturbing observation because it increases in the morbidity and mortality in these patients.32
Studies have shown that methodologic flaws, if patients are managed, it would significantly improve
patient

Asthma Treatment
Asthma Treatment
Asthma is best described as a chronic inflammation the pulmonary lower airways because of
hyperresponsiveness of lower airway obstructions that is usually reversible (Fireman, 2003). Asthma
is triggered by cold air, exercise, viral upper respiratory infections, cigarette smoking, and
respiratory allergens. One in 12 people in the United States has been diagnosed with asthma which
is approximately 25 million people which accounts for 8% of the total population (AAAAI, 2016). It
is estimated that the average cost for care of asthma in the United States is about $3,300.00 yearly in
related medical expenses, missed school, missed worked days and early death (AAAAI, 2016). The
purpose of this paper is to describe the long–term treatment ... Show more content on
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An effective asthma plan should include: knowing the triggers of the patient's asthma attacks, taking
the prescribed medication to control asthma and being able to recognize the early signs of an asthma
attack (AAFA, 2015). Being able to understand and identify triggers reduces the use and need for
medication and prevents asthma attacks from occurring. Educating patients on the regular use of
prescribed medication and the importance of compliance is a key factor in asthma management.
Prescribing patient with meter dose inhaler is a beneficial option in the management of an acute
asthma attack for patients. An important goal to set for patients with asthma is the use of a peak flow
meter that can help the patient detect early narrowing of the airways hours or even days before an
asthma attack

Etiology Of Asthma
1.3 Etiology and risk factors: There are different heterogeneous phenotypes for asthma that vary in
presentation, pathophysiology and etiology. The risk factors for each recognized phenotype of
asthma include genetic, host, environmental factors and family history.[23] Factors that can
contribute to asthma or airway hyperreactivity may include any of the following:
1– Environmental allergens: (e.g., house dust mites, animal allergens, especially cat and dog,
cockroach allergens and fungi).
2– Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD): The presence of acid in the distal esophagus, mediated
via vagal or other neural reflexes, can significantly increase airway resistance and airway reactivity.
Asthmatic patients are three times more likely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7– Irritants :(eg, household sprays, paint fumes).
8– Various high– and low–molecular–weight compounds (eg, latex, gums, di–isocyanates,
anhydrides, wood dust, and fluxes; associated with occupational asthma).
9– Emotional factors and stress.
10– Occupational factors : Associated with 10–15% of adult asthma cases. More than 300 specific
occupational agents have been associated with asthma. Farming, painting, janitorial work, and
plastics manufacturing are considered to be high risk jobs .
11– Exercise–induced asthma (EIA), or exercise–induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), is an asthma
variant defined as a condition in which exercise or vigorous physical activity triggers acute
bronchoconstriction in persons with heightened airway reactivity. It is observed primarily in persons
who have asthma (exercise–induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic persons). Exercise–induced
bronchoconstriction is often a neglected diagnosis, and the underlying asthma may be silent in as
many as 50% of patients, except during exercise. [36, ]
Factors that contribute to exercise–induced bronchoconstriction symptoms include the following:
Exposure to cold or dry air
Environmental pollutants (eg, sulfur,

Benefits Of Asthma
It's scary to think that working out could bring on an asthma attack, but the asthma patients should
exercise in asthma. Asthma makes it hard to breathe, so it's not surprising that many people think it's
wise to skip physical activities that lead to being out of breath in order to avoid the constricting
airflow of an asthma attack. But that also means missing out on the major benefits of exercise,
including getting better control of asthma.
In addition to helping improve your asthma control, the short– and long–term benefits of exercise
include boosting your mood, improving your balance, strengthening your bones, and lowering your
risk of cardiovascular disease.
That doesn't mean you should launch into an intense workout routine, especially

Asthma Patient
11.0 DISCUSSION ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT
We all know the ABCs of resuscitation, but for asthma patient A doesn't for patient. Asthma is a
respiratory problem not an airway difficulty. Unless the patient arrives in arrest, there is no reason to
intubate immediately.
The fast action is to start oxygen and bronchodilators. Give both albuterol and ipratropium bromide.
Also, stick to nebulizers for patients.
a)Oxygen: Asthmatic patients generally do not require a lot of supplemental oxygen. Dr ordered
nasal prongs because it is going to be replaced with a nebulizer.Definitely , nebulizer with oxygen.
b) Albuterol : Patient given 5mg doses frequently or run a continuous nebulizer at 10–20mg/hr.As
long as patient get as much beta–2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epinephrine can be safely given to asthmatic patients of any age (Cydulka 1998).
Nebulised epinephrine
0.5ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine
5ml of 1:1000 L–epinephrin
Systemic epinephrine
IM 0.5mg
IV infusion – start at 5mcg/min and titrate to effect
Quick epinephrine drip: 1 mg of epinephrine in a 1L bag of saline. This results in a concentration
of 1mcg/mL. Therefore a 60ml/hr infusion will give 1 mcg/min
Ketamine (+/– Delayed Sequence Intubation)
Patient feeling appearing probably secondary to hypoxia ketamine is agent of choice, theoretically
as part of a delayed sequence intubation. Ketamine is used to treat the psychological state, allow for
proper pre–oxygenation of the patient and get the rest of the medications on board. Non–invasive
positive pressure ventilation can be used as part of this pre–oxygenation. The plan is to use ketamine
to pre–oxygenate and buy time to provide for a safe, manage intubation. All intubation equipment is
prepared for patient. If the patient condition is not better with maximal medical management,in this
situation to start intubation.
Goals in the ED for preoxygenation should include:
Achieve an 02 saturation of

Asthma Analysis
Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by acute episodic exacerbations against a
background of chronic persistent inflammation associated with structural changes that may produce
persistent symptoms and impaired pulmonary function (Martinez, 2011).
Asthma severity and asthma control are different terms but related pathogenesis. Asthma severity
describes the underlying disease process in absence of concurrent treatment to determine the initial
step of therapy. Asthma control describes the clinical status of disease in response to interventions.
However, the individual parameters which determine asthma severity and asthma control overlap
significantly (Yawn et al, 2006).
Assessment of asthma control has become a key element in asthma management. Asthma control is
assessed from two domains: symptom control and risk factors. Pulmonary function is an important
measure of asthma control and future risk and can be used as a monitoring tool in children.
According to the level of asthma control, patients are categorized into well–controlled, partly ...
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Asthma treatment has been adjusted mainly on the basis of symptoms and pulmonary function.
Biomarker can be used to monitor the response to treatments, optimize corticosteroid dose and act as
prognostics for exacerbation risk and longer term asthma outcomes (Brisk, 2016)
Airway inflammation and tissue injury with subsequent abnormal repair may lead to structural
changes in the airway of asthmatic subjects that defined as airway remodeling. Airway remodeling
contributes to irreversible airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness, and it has been
associated with increased disease severity and impaired pulmonary function. [5] Reversal of
remodeling gain therapeutic importance, and mechanisms responsible for airway remodeling has
become an important target for asthma treatment (Shifren,

Ecology Of Asthma
The Evidence Based Pharmacology of Asthma Management The number of chronic diseases and
individuals suffering continues to rise with the ever–growing population. One of these chronic
diseases which is very common and affects all age groups as well as ethnic groups is asthma. There
are current estimates of the number of individuals suffering from asthma internationally to be 300
million and the chance for the number to reach 400 million by the year 2025 (Alhassan, Hattab,
Bajwa, Bihler & Singh, 2016). The condition is responsible for roughly 250,000 international deaths
yearly with the prevalence of the disease increasing and despite a decline in deaths within the last
decade (Alhassan et al., 2016). Asthma presents more commonly in children ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The etiology of asthma and pathophysiology has been studied extensively throughout the decades.
The condition is one of the most common lung diseases worldwide and is responsible for deaths
with a higher prevalence among black Americans and Hispanics (Anise & Hasnain–Wynia, 2016).
There is a clear definition of asthma and a consensus of the underlying processes which contributes
to the clinical symptoms present in individuals experiencing an acute exacerbation. Asthma is
clearly defined as a heterogeneous condition affecting individuals along the life span which is
triggered by allergens, non–allergens and viral or bacterial sources (Martinez & Vercelli, 2013).
Furthermore, the condition is described as an inflammatory disease of the airway that results in an
immune mediated response creating symptoms that may include, bronchoconstriction, wheezing,
coughing, increased mucous production and airflow obstruction (Alhassan, 2016 ; Barnes, 2016).
The inflammatory response which occurs involves either helper T cells or lymphoid cells depending
on the initial trigger and with recurring episodes affect the respiratory system, creating changes
structurally to the airway (Barnes, 2016). These changes may consist of thickening of the airway
cells, the increased risk of creating mucous plugs within the airway and fibrosis (Barnes,

Asthma Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Asthma is a disease of the lungs that can be influenced by different genes or
alleles. When the epithelial or mucosal barrier is exposed to pollens, allergens, microbes or
pollutants, these can stimulate the underlying antigen presenting cells (APC) which causes an
immune response to occur.17 This can cause a cell influx into the airway that is primarily
eosinophilic or neutrophilic. When the allergens present themselves, they can initiate a breakdown
in the physical barriers, causing further allergic, inflammatory responses.
Epidemiology
According to a 2012 report the incidence of adults with asthma ranges from 5.8–11.1% across the
states.10 According to the report, those reporting asthma have anywhere from a mild to a severe
form of the disease, the latter causing exacerbations or attacks. According to this report, asthma
incidence has increased from 2001 to 2010. At least 4% of the worldwide population is afflicted
with asthma.11 Depending upon how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new guidelines also recommend that if there are adults who are on high doses of continued or
frequent use of oral steroids, that they be referred for specialist care. Studies have demonstrated that
when clients have asthma and are given high doses of corticosterioids, this can lead to bone density
loss, and potentially osteoporosis, so it is important for clinicians to monitor their patients with
moderate to severe asthma for this side

Chronic Asthma
Asthma
Asthma is one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases. It is a chronic condition with recurring,
exacerbations characterized by bronchial hyper–responsiveness and inflammation leading to airflow
obstruction (Cabana, et al., 2014). Over time, the chronic inflammation may cause permanent
damage to the airway (Wenzel, 2012). Asthma affects people of all ages but typically begins in
childhood (Wenzel, 2012). This paper will explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic
asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Additionally, it will cover how age and behavior can impact
the pathophysiology and influence the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Finally, mind maps
will illustrate, visually, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and
treatment of both the chronic and acute phase of asthma.
Chronic vs. Acute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In most cases it starts in childhood or early adulthood. However, it can happen later in life. Unlike
childhood asthma, adult onset asthma often has persistent symptoms (Wenzel, 2012). A large
percentage of adult onset asthma is brought on by allergies (Levy, et al., 2014). Childhood asthma
can lie dormant for a number of years and reappear in late adulthood (Wenzel, 2012).
Asthma may show symptoms of other diseases in an adult such as heart failure, COPD, rheumatic
arthritis or stomach problems (Levy, et al., 2014). Therefore, age will have the greatest impact on
diagnosis. A nurse practitioner must be aware of how adult onset asthma may mimic symptoms of
other expected age related ailments. As a larger portion of adult onset asthma is initiated by
allergies, acute pathophysiology may more closely resemble that of allergies (Levy, et al., 2014).
Treatment for adult onset would be focused on maintaining as it is predominantly chronic in nature.
Additionally, a thorough review of medication to ensure there are no incompatibilities (Levy, et al.,

Asthma Triggers
When asthma strikes, it can be very scary especially when it gets harder and harder to breath every
second. Your lung airways may swell because of some inhaled allergens causing you to feel like
catching your breath every time.
People with asthma knows what can trigger their asthma attack but a big percentage of these people
don't really know their own asthma triggers. According to Asthma UK, people who have asthma
have their own different triggers. Some people gets asthma attacks because of common known
triggers like dust, cat, or smoke and some are getting attacks with uncommon triggers like windy
cold weather.
It would be hard to manage your asthma condition if you don't know what causes your asthma
attacks. Here are less likely known

Essay On Asthma
Introduction – Not double–spaced as required
Asthma is one of the most common health problems in the United States that can not only affect
patients' lives, at school or work, but also creates a significant burden on society. Diagnosis and
management of asthma has traditionally been accomplished by clinical, exam, pulmonary function
testing and patients perceived level of symptoms. The key factor in asthma is airway inflammation.
Until recently, airway inflammation was very difficult to evaluate. It usually required invasive
procedures that in some instances would not give us a complete answer. Without a knowledge of
airway inflammation, clinicians can over or underestimate the severity of asthma and in turn may
not provide the most effective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms can vary from one person to the next, Asthma can be classified as be mild with
intermittent symptoms to severe, with persistent symptoms that can affect a patients everyday life1
Exacerbations can occur at any time and severity of the exacerbation can vary from one
exacerbation to the next.The exact cause of asthma is difficult to know and understand and currently
there is no cure. Management of symptoms is the ultimate goal.
Asthma affects approximately 300 million worldwide.2 Asthma can affects people of all ages,
ethnicity and income levels.2 In the United States the number of people diagnosed with asthma
continues to grow. In 2009, Approximately 24.6 million people had been diagnosed up from 20
million in 2001.2,3 It is estimated that the number of people diagnosed with asthma will continue
increase to over 100 million by 2025. 4 There are significant differences in the prevalence of asthma
among different population subgroups. Asthma tends to be more prevalent in female, children, non–
hispanic black, and Puerto Ricans.There is also higher rates of asthma among those whose income is
below poverty level and those living in Northeast and

Controlling Asthma

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Controlling Asthma