Problems Faced By The Asian City Of Beijing

Problems Faced By The Asian City Of Beijing
Conflicts in Measuring Progress
The intention to step after the Western growth model can lead the Asian cities to the crisis (Heather,
2012). However, recently, China and India have managed to ensure the economic progress and
significant living standards improvements for their economically unstable social groups of the
population. At the same time, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) pointed out the rising inequality
which can "soon undermine the very basis of these countries' economies success" (Heather, 2012).
Furthermore, according to the ADB, the gap between the poor and rich has not been reduced
(Heather, 2012). This gap has increased and keeps rolling up. The closer analysis of the problem of
poverty in the city of Beijing gives the solid reason to claim that the Western model of economic
development should not be applied as such to the Asian context.
Beijing is one of the largest cities of China characterized with a wide gap between the rich and the
poor. According to the Chinese latest five–year plan, the current purpose pursued by the government
is to ensure a more equitable economic growth at a slower pace as the strategy to narrow this gap.
The difference between the poor and rich should be narrowed in terms not only of the social and
political necessity but also with regard to the economic aspect. The growing income gap may
ultimately have the political consequences for the country. For instance, Beijing is the home for
hundreds of thousands of poor rural people
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Literature Review On Urbanization In Dhaka
Literature Review
The paper by (Bird, 2013) first sets out the theory of expenditure assignment with respect to
decentralizing infrastructure expenditure, and then considers how practice around the developing
world appears to differ from what that theory appears to suggest. The paper suggests several ways in
which theory and practice might be brought closer together. distinguish four categories in terms of
the functions served by such investment: (1) Redistribution (housing, recreation, social protection),
(2) Public Goods (defense, environment, order and safety, general public services), (3) Hospitals and
Schools (health and education), and what they call simply (4) Infrastructure, that is traditional public
works projects, of which transportation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The notion of extreme urbanization inaugurates some difficulties as different type's challenges
breakthrough in altered atmosphere. The literature review implied the trend of urbanization growth
worldwide & smudges the light on present scenario of unplanned urbanization in Bangladesh, both
positive and negative consequences of Urbanization on sustainable development.
Studies reveals inadequacy of infrastructural services, basic amenities and environmental goods,
environmental degradation, traffic jam and accidents, violence and socio–economic insecurity are
the major challenges in terms of unplanned urbanization in megacity Dhaka. The reviews suggested
Dhaka as the subject of study included not only the reasons that enforce unplanned urbanization of
Dhaka but also on the mega problems that megacity Dhaka is experiencing.
To develop a planned urbanized city Bangladesh Urban Planning forum (BUF), Dhaka City
Corporation (DSCC, DNCC) must come up with a new urban structure to assure better quality of
living to residents of Dhaka. The studies conclude decentralization can be a dynamic form of
planned urbanization which targets sustainable development of the

Ap Human Geography Research Paper
"Times and conditions change so rapidly that we must keep our aim constantly focused on the
future". This is a quote by one of the most successful and innovative men to ever live, Walt Disney.
He was successful because he constantly kept looking to make a better future for himself and others.
He did this through interactions with the world and everything around him. Interactions such as
these can push mankind forward. They lead to innovations that revolutionize the world we live in. It
only takes one great idea to change the world and make it a better place for everyone. Human
geography deals with how human actions influence and impact other humans and the world's
environment. Human geography teaches us that everyday people's actions impact ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tools include demographics, development, urbanization and culture. These tools must be
understood by geographers in order to be used properly. They can help with this understanding
through the organization and use of space. In the article Geography Strikes Back claims are made
that tools such as these help geographers to understand global conflicts. For example the article
poses the questions, "Why does President Vladimir Putin covet buffer zones in Eastern Europe and
the Caucasus...?" and then goes on to answer saying that it is, "Because Russia still constitutes a
vast, continental space that is unprotected by mountains and rivers... [Putin] expresses a deep
geographical insecurity" (Kaplan 1). Geographers can organize space on maps to come to
conclusions such as these. These conclusions in turn help geographers to understand development
and culture in areas of impact. As the global population explodes human geography becomes
increasingly important. Using statistics and data to show demographical shifts and urbanizations has
led to many claims of future problems such as megacities. Megacities are cities with a population of
10 million or more. Using population growth trend lines and progressions, James Canton in his
article is able to claim that, "By 2040 most of the world's population will be living in megacities."
(Canton 1). He also

UST Critical Thinking
UST Critical Thinking Essay All countries want go have growth and often aim to be a Westernized
such as the United States or more specifically like New York and London. A city like Beijing is
pretty developed and has a "similar" lifestyle as New Yorkers, however there are still significant
differences such as the value in taking care of the environment. Pollution has always been a big
issue in big cities, but the Western world has noticed that pollution has a bigger impact than just the
weather, but it also affects the economy as well. Asian megacities like Beijing have not yet noticed
how much of an impact that pollution can cause. The city of Beijing has been haunted by natural
hazards such as droughts, floods, and earthquakes (Beckel, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Earlier this year, the Chinese government announced that they would ban the construction of new
oil–refining, steel, cement, and thermal power plants starting in March in hopes of improving the air
quality (BBC). Seth Doane of CBS news says that China is planning to take millions of older cars
off the road to reduce emissions. There has recently been serious criticism from residents of larger
cities like Beijing, saying that the choking of smog can last for days or even weeks. The World
Health Organization stated that Beijing has reached 40 times the exposure limit of fine particulate
matter. The latest plan of removing all high–polluting "yellow label" vehicles in Beijing that were
registered before the end of 2005 from the roads by the end of 2015, and the same for all of China
by 2017 (NY times). Another part of the action plan was to reduce coal consumption from around
67% last year to no more than 65% of energy use in 2017 (NY times). This part of the plan was
criticized for not having specific limits of coal consumption by region, instead allowing local
government to set those limits on their own which means the goals will be more

Essay What are the factors behind the rise of megacities
What are the factors behind the rise of Mega Cities, and to what extent are these urban areas
sustainable?
Megacities, defined by population, have at least 10 million inhabitants. In recent years, megacities in
the developing world have grown rapidly with little or no planning. As a result, they face cries of
infrastructure, poverty and unemployment. The driving force for the rise of megacities is mass
urbanisation between rural – urban areas, as well as rates of natural increase that are higher in urban
than rural areas. An example of a megacity is Mexico City, population estimates range between 16–
30 million depending on where the boundaries are drawn. Either way, Mexico City is now
considered the world's 3rd largest city and still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many projects have been created to make sure that the mega cities remain sustainable. For example
in Dhaka, the Bangladesh Environmental Network works on reducing the high levels of arsenic in
Bangladesh's water supply and combats the countries severe flooding problem. Another example of
how megacities are environmentally sustainable is the Blue Skies Project in Jakarta, Indonesia. This
project is pushing towards a completely natural gas conversion and is working towards the
installation of dedicated filling stations, establishing a fleet of natural gas–fuelled passenger busses,
supplying conversion kits for gasoline fuelled cars, and creating suitable inspection and maintenance
facilities. Economically, megacities thrive. Most of the time mega cities are also world cities, which
mean they are resource and learning centres. This strongly suggests that business and global trade is
strong between other countries (that they have high levels of synergy). Regarding how socially
sustainable megacities are, lots is being done to make sure that they are socially sustainable. For
example, in Jakarta there are traffic problems but they are being faced to rid the city of pollution and
congestion. The city has launched a 'three to one' policy, demanding that every car on major
thruways carry at least three passengers when passing through special zones between 4:30pm to
7:30pm. The city has also undertaken the construction of a nearly 17–mile

Future Megacity Operations Summary
In his article, "Future Megacity Operations – Lessons from Sadr City" Major Christopher O. Bowers
argues that future conflicts will meet the challenges of megacities. The purpose of the article is to
show that present lessons from Sadr City can be scaled up and used by U.S. commanders to solve
upcoming challenges in a future conflict in a megacity. The article was published in Military Review
May–June 2005. Major Bowers served in Sadr City, Iraq, from 2005 to 2006. In the first part of the
article Major Brown discuss development in the world were people constantly are moving into
cities. Major Brown explains that the growth of cities and megacities in general will happen in their
slums, and that future conflicts will take place were

Megacities: New York City Vs. Big Cities
Megacities have been becoming a reality to billions of people around the world. These are defined
as cities home to more than 10 million residents and many megacities are even more than twice as
large as this base population. These cities are home to a few very wealthy individuals with a much
larger group of poor or underpaid citizens creating slums in and around these cities. For these few
elites, it is not a question as to why they chose to live in a place like this. They are drawn to these
cities because, large cities are home to more culture, more efficient transportation, luxury, and they
are typically the centers of a country's economy. However, if you are not one of these people, there
are still reasons as to why living in a city with such a large population would be beneficial for you.
Megacities, more so than the country or small cities, have more efficient and cheaper ... Show more
A major reason for this is that cities tend to have more public transport and this tends to be healthier
for commuters than driving a personal car in large cities. A study in New York City, New York found
that commuters using public transport are on average healthier and lose unhealthy body fat at a
faster rate than those who drive themselves to work (Alfredo, Mirer, Amstislavski, Eisl, Werbe–
Fuentes, Gorczynski & Markowitz, 2010). Public transport requires that the commuters walk to the
stops/stations and that alone is enough to increase the average health of the population. Another
advantage that the average citizen receives in terms of public transport is the overall short distances
to and from work, which produces less air pollution. The commuting time might be longer due to
traffic but many citizens can ride on a single shuttle or they can have the choice to walk or bike to
work as well. These options are not as easily available outside of large

What makes asian growth so phenomenal Essay
Asian cities have been tended to grow more quickly than Western cities, so what makes their growth
so phenomenal? The accelerated rate may be attributed to population dynamics, economic markets
and or/socio–political conditions, poor planning and disregarding environmental hazards like flood
plains have held them back. Many primate cities in Asia have grown to become megacities, and
some more are rapidly increasing in size to assume such a status by the end of the century. This is a
remarkable phenomenon fraught with various implications, favorable or unfavorable. In 1960 there
were only two megacities in the region, which were, Tokyo and Shanghai. In 1970 Beijing was
added, and Asia had three of 10 megacities in the world, or two of five ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, even using standardized death rates, we can conclude that there has been a marked mortality
decline in Asian countries. Particularly remarkable is the decline in infant mortality. The former
infant mortality of 200 per 1,000 for India has now been reduced to half. In almost all countries it is
far below the 100 per 1,000 levels. Burma, however, with an infant mortality rate of slightly more
than 100 per 1,000 is an exception. Also, while observing mortality rate, birth rate is considered in
why Asian population growth is phenomenal. The birth rate in boys is 9.17 births per 1,000
population and for girls 8.39 births per 1,000 population giving it a total of 17.56 births per 1,000
population, being much higher than the United States which is at 12.7 per 1,000 population.
Other Factors
Being that there are many other factors that could have been chosen as the reason Asian growth is so
phenomenal, I truly did not believe any of them really stood up to par as population did. The first
that I would like to examine is economic market. Although the economic market is doing extremely
well I do not believe it determines why Asia is growing so quickly. "The three largest Asian
countries, China, Indonesia and India, place 89th, 122nd and 133rd respectively in the World Bank's
'ease of doing business rankings.' In order to sustain the growth, physical infrastructure will need to
be prioritized: the Asian Development Bank estimates that $8 trillion is needed for infrastructure

The Earth's Need for Population Limitation Laws Essay
Earth's population is increasing, and areas which are already home to millions are continuing to
expand. As these cities continue to grow, when the population reaches a certain point it is referred to
as a megacity, a megacity is a metropolitan area with a total population of 10 million plus. These
megacities are so large that they are becoming out of control settlements, cities like Los Angeles and
Tokyo are being forced to expand upwards due to having to accommodate for the thriving
population. These cities are also faced with the issue of not having enough resources such as food
and water to support the demand required. With megacities rampant growth with it bring a decline in
the quality of life, to prevent this from getting worse laws ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By doing this not only is it costly, but they must ensure that the water is shared with other smaller
neighboring cities and rural areas.
Just like Los Angeles, Tokyo, Japan is another example of how megacities are out of control
settlements. Tokyo is located in the southern Kanto region, positioned in approximately the centre of
the Japanese archipelago (islands that formed the country of Japan) (see appendix three). Toyko's
population in the metropolis as of 2012 was approximately 37.2 million people (Allianz, 2014).
With such a high population in such a dense urban area these megacities are being forced to expand
upwards in order to accommodate for the citizens (see appendix Three). However by doing this
many risks are associated, for example, Tokyo sits on fault lines that make up a part of the Ring of
Fire, meaning that there are high chances of natural disasters to occur at any time (The telegraph,
2011). Megan Linkin, a natural disaster expert from Swiss re states:
This quotation is stating that due to Tokyo's geographical placement that a natural disaster like
earthquakes, tsunami's or volcanic activty could occur at any given moment. So when a natural
disaster does occur it is likely to result in a high number of collapsing buildings and other
infrastructure which were designed for large numbers of residents. This will result in a large number
of casualties' and because of the

Economic Growth And Development Of Host Countries
The world has experienced economic growth and development over the past years. As a result of
this, some countries experience high growth of mega–cities and urbanization in general. Wang et al.
(2009) noted that, migration of the world population into the world cities have almost doubled since
20th century. The growth of cities has been associated to high living standards and high social status
of the people. Fujita (2012) in his report realized that, the booming urbanization has led to the
growth of most countries ' GDP.
Even though, there is already massive development in growth of urbanization across the globe, the
growth is projected to continue at a greater rate than before. With the developing countries expected
to experience rising number of megacities. In addition, a greater population is expected to invade the
cities continuously. Moreover, the increasing number of cities has been noted to contribute
tremendously to economic development of host countries. According to Liotta (2012), a booming
political economy within the cities drives the development of developing countries.
However, despite the huge benefits of the growth and development of megacities across the world,
most urbanists and economists have realized that, there is persistent overpopulation and poverty in
most Asia, Africa and Latin America countries. This has incapacitated the urbanization efforts and
strengths of most countries. Kaplan (2012) points out that, most megacities across the globe face

Rural America
Decline of Rural America
In rural and urban areas, corporatization, brain drain, and the impact of mega cities influences
human behavior with poverty. Poverty is a social problem that is difficult to correct related to the
overlap of other social problems like inequality, health, education, and social status. Also, the
growth and decrease in human population is a factor to poverty. The value and norms from society
in the rural and urban areas is self–sufficiency as a picture for work, family, community, and safety.
However, the negative impact with poverty jeopardize society's resources in rural and urban areas by
pressurizing the norms and value for future growth and development. Today, people move to the
cities reducing the size of rural areas for a many of reasons. A shift in rural and urban population
affects the ecosystem, biosystem, microsystem, and macrosystem.
How does the corporatization of farming affect all Americans, not just those living in rural areas? ...
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The areas affected by corporatization of farming are food, economic, health, and environment.
According to article "Corporatization of Agricultural Policy" by Ikerd (2010) reads, "Market
economies have a natural tendency to evolve toward ever greater concentration of economic power
(p. 1)." The economic power is created by the attempt to maximize production at minimal cost. The
economic power with corporatization of farming is harsh treatment of land and animals, reduction of
limited resources, and increase in product cost. Also, risks rise with corporatization from waste.
Waste contains viruses and disease. However, there is more spending in the rural areas than the
cities which boost jobs and business for revenues for schools, health clinics, police, and fire

Seeking Better Educational Opportunities : The University...
encourage young people to move to the megacities to seek better educational opportunities. The
universities in the urban areas of the big cities have attractive facilities, which promote students to
move to the urban areas. They have a highly stander educational system, international purposeful
teaching methods, highly professional academic staff and research institutions for postgraduate
students. In addition, they have unrestricted academic choices; the students can select exactly what
they want to study. For example the University of Glasgow and the all universities in the UK are
committed to provide a high quality of education to the students by excellent learning methods and
good facilities of research culture (University Strathclyde Glasgow, NA). Moreover, Capello,
Olechnicka and Gorzela (2013) suggest that higher learning education activities and scientific
research facilities are unequally distributed within countries; the activities are focused more on
universities of the big cities. This illustrates that the students will join the highly standard and
qualified universities to have their benefits. In addition, the universities in the megacities have
enough relaxing areas which help students to relive stress and achieve their educational goals and a
big campus with multiple entertainment facilities and multiple uses. Karna and Julin (2015) believe
that servicers and facilities in Campus University for students and staff are used to support the main
educational gal

The South American Megacity New York And The Asian...
1.0 Introduction
The world as we know it is experiencing an unprecedented shift for the first time witnessed in
human history. It wasn't even 100 years ago that the world was still overwhelmingly rural with
global urban population rates around 10%. Fast forward to 2015, now accounting for roughly around
53% of the worlds population living in cities and is projected to rise to around 67% by 2050.1 The
comparative analysis sets out to understand the opportunities and challenges among the North
American megacity New York and the Asian megacity of Beijing. The metropolitan area of both
New York and Beijing consist of a population each over 10 million people, which generally defines
as a megacity. A "megacity" can also be coined as world city, global city, megalopolis, metropolis,
conurbation, and agglomeration. Megacities such as New York and Beijing are comprised of a
central core, surrounded by satellite cities within daily commuting distances, separated by
greenspace. Thus, urban agglomerations can be numerous cities and towns when they are linked by
the flows of people, goods, and information, as long as the aggregate population exceeds 10
million.2
Sustainable development of megacities offers a new concept for the world economy in the twenty–
first century. The focus of the paper is to understand the challenges and opportunities of sustainable
development within megacities through urban structure/growth, economic structure, affordable
housing, air pollution, and

Zipf Law Speech
(Attention Getter) Hypothetical Question– What if I told you the words you speak in everyday
conversation have the ability to predict the size of megacities around the globe, the amount of traffic
websites get, the number of phone calls people received, and even the rate in which we forget?
(Personal Credibility) I first stumbled across this topic a couple months back as I was on Youtube.
This video truly fascinated me and encouraged me to research this topic into greater depth. As a
result, i've studied this concept in an effort to get a better grasp of understanding this phenomenon
and the degree to which it influences our lives. (Audience Appeal) This topic is important because it
is prevalent in all of our daily lives. Our simple interactions with people in a given day can be used
to predict a variety of different concepts throughout our lives. According to Gapminder.org, 80% of
the world adult population has the ability to read and write. Approximately only 8 in every 10,000
people are born mute which testifies the magnitude of how words influence a majority of society's
daily lives, WorldAffairsJournal.com (Preview) Today, we will cover the discovery and general idea
of Zipf's Law, examine its influence throughout the world, and analyze the evidence that supports
the existence of this law. [Transition: Now the question likely running through all of your minds is
"What is Zipf's Law and how was it discovered] Discovery and General Idea: Zipf's Law was
founded in 1935

Research Paper On Megacity
What is a megacity? A megacity is a densely populated metropolitan area with a total population
exceeding 10 million people. The rise of such densely populated urban areas make for an appealing
community, but with all the fascination and glamour comes many social, economic and
environmental obstacles that can often be difficult to overcome.
An example of such a city is Sao Paulo. Located in the south–east region of Brazil, Sao Paulo is the
12th largest city in the world. The city is not densely populated, with a total population of
21,900,000. Sao Paulo was established in 1554 and became an official city in 1711. The city is
involved in many major industries: business, automotive, pharmaceutical, oil, gas and capital goods
are just a few. An industry that Sao Paulo is mostly associated with is business. It is considered as
Latin America's main business centre with the largest number of multinational offices in the
southern hemisphere and one of the largest stock exchanges in the world. About 64% of the
working–age population (aged 15 and above) is employed, 6% is unemployed and want to work,
while 31% is economically inactive. About half of the working population works informally,
working jobs which are not recognised as normal income sources, and on which taxes are not paid.
Expansion of the city is due mostly to population growth after the discovery of both gold and coffee.
Gold was discovered at the end of the 17th century and coffee was discovered in the 19th century.

Urban Progression In Australia
"In 1800 only 3% of people lived in a city of 1 million or more; by the year 2000, it was 47%. In
1950 there were only 83 cities worldwide with populations over 1 million; by 2007 there were 468.
In April 2008, the world passed the 50% urbanization mark. Cities have evolved into a more
complex space inter–linked by a number of systems and planners generally have failed to read the
'Urban Progression' and thus cities have failed significantly in terms of the 'Quality of Life' of the
urbanites."
This chapter reviews the importance of urban progression and their significance in present urban
context of Queensland. The first section 2.1 tells us about the origin and definition of urban
progression, in section 2.2 we discuss about the present and future urban densities of Queensland
which play an important role is defining the urban sprawl and the changes in the housing forms i.e.
section 2.3. Through these studies we can correlate between density, housing and its types.
2.1 Defining Urban Progression
"It is traditional urbanism − not dense Modernism − that offers the solutions to the planet's
ecological problems."
In general term 'Urban Progression' means – the growth in the rate of population ... Show more
The Oxford Dictionary defines it as the 'closeness of substance, crowded state, and in physics, the
ratio of mass to volume or by quantity of matter in unit of bulk'. In the spatial sciences, density is a
measure of the concentration, grain, tightness of pattern, cluster or intensity of beings or substance
within a defined space or territory. Urban density is a term used to describe the dimensions of
relationships between attributes of urban substance and being; for example, dwellings or person per
hectare. However there is no beset definition of urban area to measure urban density, so it is
generally defined as a community of people of a certain size existing in close juxtaposition to each

The Importance Of Urbanization
Since China is a developing country with a large population, the scale of urbanization is expanding,
and urban structure becomes increasingly complex and the speed of urbanization is accelerating
(Huang & Duan, 2004) since China's reform and opening up. Rapid urbanization is the main driving
force of urban land growth (Li et al, 2015). Moreover, now and in the next few decades, the spatial
expansion of construction land is becoming the main feature of land–use changing (Yi, 2015). The
study of the spatial–temporal characteristics of construction land expansion will further deepen
understanding the nature of the urbanization (Lin, 2007).
A growing body of literature has documented various methods to study the rapid expansion of urban
(Wei, 2017). Remote sensing data and GIS spatial analysis were used to study the spatial expansion
and external morphological evolution of urban or urban agglomerations (Shang et al, 2013; Li et al,
2015; Yi et al, 2015). Urban expansion and surface temperature information on Landsat satellite
images were to study urban expansion and thermal environment changes (Li & Xu, 2014). In
addition, the landscape metrics also could be used to study urbanization and analyze the spatial–
temporal pattern of urban sprawl (Lv et al, 2012; C.Seto & Fragkias, 2005; Zeng et al, 2012).
Recently, urban growth models were widely used to simulation the future development of the city,
such as the SLEUTH model, and the spatial regression model (E.A.Silva &

Flood In New York City
Two of the greatest natural disasters, causing death and destruction, are floods and typhoons. The
contents of this paper will contain an analysis and report on the issue of flooding in the Asian
Megacities of Bangkok and Manila. These cities will be compared to one another and to the
American megacity New York City. The analysis of New York City will contain the cities
vulnerability that occurs due to wind, rain, and flooding, along with efforts in preventing flooding at
the time of a storm coming from the Pacific Ocean.
Causes of Flooding "An estimated 13 percent (around 470 million) of the world's urban population
lives in low–lying coastal areas; most of the world's megacities (i.e., cities of over 10 million
population) lie on coasts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flood risk has increased in New York City due to storm surges and human–caused sea level rising,
such as melting glaciers. The sea level has increased drastically from 850 to 1800 between the years
of 1970 and 2005. "Prior to 1800, a flood that was 2.25 m (7.4 ft) above sea level occurred once
every 500 years. Since 1970, a storm of that size occurs approximately every 24 years" (Worland,
2015). New York City was severely affected in November 2012 by Hurricane Sandy. At least 53
people were killed as a result of the storm and caused $32 billion in damage. A professional
emergency management system has been put into effect in New York City. The city has published
and utilized evacuation zone maps, which have shown effectiveness. Due to the levels throughout
the city, only about 30 percent of the population would have to be evacuated and would not have to
move too far inland to higher areas. Damage and property loss are problems to still deal with,

Megacity Vs New York-Oldark A Megalopolis
A megacity is a relatively new term that stands to be defined. A megacity is more elaborate than an
average city in my areas of interest. It exceeds the characteristics of an average city in population,
infrastructure, culture, and poverty. Although megacities may look rather attractive to an individual
that resides in a rural area, megacities come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages.
They may seem like modern day utopias yet they also have their flaws. Even so, megacities have
dominated this planet and we can surely predict the growth of more megacities to come.
There have always been large cities in the world that had large populations but it wasn't until the
1950s when the emergence of megacities actually began as New York–Newark ... Show more
A megacity can be just seen as a massive city, meanwhile a megalopolis was formed by the fusion of
two or more cities to collectively make one vast city. French geographer, Jean Gottman, was the first
to use the term "megalopolis" and he attributed it to the Mid–Atlantic region that stretches from
Maryland to New York. It was the perfect location for a megalopolis as, "The middle Atlantic
Coastal region provided early settlers with numerous opportunities for the development of deep–
water, ocean–oriented port cities" (The Mid–Atlantic). Although, this was the first use of the word
megalopolis, megalopolises are still common today and continue to grow.
Megacities have their advantages and disadvantages, however, it depends on who you ask. For some
better–off individuals, the megacities are a dream come true. For an impoverished person, the
megacities may be a failed destination. The typical advantages are those of job opportunities,
entertainment, and comfortable amenities. The disadvantages of living in a megacity are the crimes
and the higher cost of living. Nonetheless, the future for megacities is bright. With the rapid
advancement of technology, megacities will continue to flourish and reach new levels of

Impact Of Physical Geography
Impact of Physical Geography and Development: Physical geography plays a significant part in the
development and success of different people and countries. A country's location can greatly affect
how that country does economically. For example, country's near water typically do better
economically than landlocked because water unlocks more trade opportunities. However, some
landlocked countries can still do well because of it's neighboring countries that may be located near
water. Another example is the type of environment you're located in. People in countries with a
more agricultural based environment will live very differently than a country surrounded by desert
that may focus on oil or minerals. Yet, some countries, like the U.S, are so big that they have many
different climates, ecosystems, and environments; allowing for many different types of ways to
make money, trade, and live. A countires location can also affect how people live. Anything from
climate to where the country is located compared to the equator can completely determine how
someone lives. A place with a rainy climate that may rely on industry will be completely different
that one with a more mild climate that relies on agriculture. A countires location from the equator
will also drastically affect how people live. A country like Brazil that is right next to the equator will
focus their industries on different things than a country like Russia, who is far away from the
equator, will rely on different types of industries. A country's location can also determine how it is
affected by natural disasters.For example, Thailand has a risk of tsunamis, California is greatly
affected by earthquakes, and places like Hawaii are affected by volcanos. All of those things can
affect a country's economy and development.
Core–Periphery Model or World Systems Theory: In "The Power of Place" Harm De Blij divides the
world into two parts; the core and periphery. Core countries are often successful economically, have
a dominant military, and have overall better health. Periphery countries are often poor, don't have
much power, have more diseases and overall worse health, and low standards of living. Global cores
are places like the U.S.A, China,

The Factors That Make Asian Growth So Phenomenal
The Main Factors That Make Asian Growth So Phenomenal
Amber N. Sands
Cleveland State University
In this essay, the author explains the essential parts of Asia's phenomenal growth. Asia is the poster
child for the saying, "slow and steady wins the race". Asia has been growing since the early 1900s.
This paper breaks down the growth of Asia into three core factors and explains which one has been
the most influential on that growth. Graphs are used to highlight how certain factors, such as
population age, and birth rate, affect Asian megacities. Influential aspects of the Asian culture and
how they affect growth are also demonstrated. A greater understanding of what factors influence the
phenomenal growth of Asia and which one has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Issues such as migration, population age, and birth rates are the biggest influences on the
phenomenal growth in Asia. These issues can be considered part of the population dynamics, which
will be explained in more detail along with the economic markets and sociopolitical conditions.
Population Dynamics Population dynamics looks at the biological and environmental factors that
influence change amongst a region. Migration, Population Age, and Birth Rates among Asian
Megacities
Asia has been a growing force since about 1960. With population dynamics being the biggest
influencing factor. Population dynamics looks at the long–term and short–term changes in the size
and age of a population, with three factors being analyzed: migration, population age, and birth
rates. Castles and Miller (2009) state that "In 2005, Asian countries housed 53 million of the world's
191 million migrants". (para1). Migration throughout Asia is nothing new; it dates back many
centuries. Some people migrated from Asia because of political struggles while others either
migrated within Asia or were indentured workers who were forced to work in other countries such
as China and Japan. According to Castles and Miller (2009), between the years 1921 and 1941,
Japan recruited 40,000 people from its then colony, Korea. Taking into account what Castles and
Miller had noted, with all the internal migration happening,

Urbanization Of China 's Urbanization
Urbanization in China
Urbanization is all around us. Every day somewhere along a route that someone takes to school or
work, they will likely pass a construction site constructing a new apartment complex or housing
community or even the building of a new shopping centre. All of these are ways urbanization creeps
in on our daily lives. We may think of urbanization as something that benefits our world but it can
also have many negative consequences such as traffic congestion which is the number one factor of
air pollution. China is known as a very highly developed country with over 1 billion people.
Urbanization has greatly impacted China in many ways. There is a huge demanding population for
communities in these largely populated cities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These cities are often called megacities because they have a high density of population. Between the
1950's to the 1960's China's government had implemented the Five– Year plan, this plan was the
government's way of initiating population growth, which resulted in high rates of urban in–
migration (Shin, 2015, pg.3). This was the spark of urbanization in the megacities. A few decades
later the "urbanization population ratio has skyrocketed in the past two decades from 26% in 1990 to
50% in 2010... with more than one billion people" (Song, Chen, 2014, pg.485). In this instance,
China's population has rapidly grown in a short amount of time creating many megacities within
their country, after the first spark called the Five–Year plan between the 50's and 60's. With the
creation of these megacities comes the factor of urbanization. Many of these cities will be flooded
with large amounts of people that need the basic necessaries of life and therefore these megacities
will become urbanized. Urbanization of these cities means the building of many resources such as
housing, transportation routes, health services and shopping centres. With the becoming of
urbanization this also comes with many other factors that can be both positive and negative.
Many factors of urbanization can cause environmental impacts. One of the factors being "motor
vehicle traffic which is a major source of air pollution in the megacities" (Mage,

Population Growth And Immigration
Isidore E. Sharpe
Professor Kenneth Yelverton
SSC – 101
April 16, 2016
Population Growth and
Urbanization
Immigration has had a major impact upon the United States population growth, while the less
developed countries, such as Africa and Asia have nearly all the population growth. By 2050, India
will become the most populated country (Mooney, page 440). The world is expected to increase in
population by 2.3 billion individuals, between 2009 and 2050; it is projected by the 2009 report of
United Nations, a population of 9.1 billion in the world. The Industrial Revolution aided in the swift
growth of world population, and it improves the standard of living conditions, such as better food,
clean drinking water and better housing.
Urbanization

Fast Food : A Policy Guide For Healthier Kids And Families
Introduction Location is a critical aspect of all operation management process. The driving forces of
location are market economics, communication, supply chain efficiency, government restrictions,
material flow, and labor (Heizer & Render, 2014, p332). By analyzing OM in the News articles
China's New Megacities and Industry Clustering, Where to Locate the Next McDonalds–in Your
Hospital, Using Malaysia to Balance Supply Chain Disruptions, and Airbus Over Alabama it will
make it possible to understand how important location is for an organization to gain a competitive
advantage. Where to Locate the Next McDonalds–in Your Hospital? There is more to McDonald's
than burgers, shakes, and fries. According to the article, Slowing Down Fast Food: A policy guide
for Healthier kids and families, "Another way fast food corporations make sure people visit, buy and
eat their food is to locate stores within easy reach of many people" (Gagnon & Freudenberg, 2012,
p.7). Store location is an important aspect of McDonald's strategy. McDonald's has $28.4 billion in
land and buildings holdings that they lease to franchisees that in primer locations (Maze, 2015).
Hospitals give McDonald 's a strategic advantage over competitors because hospitals have a high
flow of traffic that have time sensitive schedules and a limited selection of food. McDonald's
exclusive access to hospital staff, patients, and their families also gives them a competitive
advantage because they can advertise throughout

Megacities Research Paper
Megacities are populated with Millions of residents; these overcrowded cities cause issues with
inadequate water supply, in many cities. Shanghai, China and Karachi, Pakistan experience scarce
water supply daily; some residents go days or weeks without water because of shortages,
contamination, and high prices. "Around 300 million people are suffering from water shortages
(Tao, Tao, and Kunlun Xin)." Deaths have arisen due to water contamination, killing thousands of
people yearly. Karachi water is being stolen and sold on a daily basis; making low income families
pay extremely high prices to get the essential water they need. Shanghai and Karachi demonstrate
the poor conditions megacities go through when a city is too big for its own good. ... Show more
Protesters burn tires and throw stones requesting to have water once a week. An angry mob of young
man has set fire to trash cans and thrown bricks at cars that are passing. They are frustrated with the
lack of water that is given on a biweekly basis. "The pipelines leading to their neighborhoods have
run dry and the alternative water supply systems through water tankers carrying water from
government–sanctioned hydrants have been inoperative for some inexplicable reason (Kaleem,
Moosa, and Maqbool Ahmed)." No response is given to the protesters from Karachi Water and
Sewerage board. Residents are being forced to drink water from the ground that contains salt. The
city is expected to get worse as it rapidly grows, currently holding 18 million

Physical Geography Power Of Place
Physical geography has a significant impact on the development of countries; hence the title, The
Power of Place. Countries on the coast tend to do better than landlocked countries because they have
more trade opportunities. Landlocked countries usually trade with their neighbors, but if their
neighbors are also struggling economically, then both countries suffer from seclusion. However,
sometimes the landlocked countries have well off neighbors which makes them more likely to do
well. For example, Switzerland's neighbors, France and Italy, happen to be near water, so
Switzerland isn't as negatively affected from being landlocked. Diversity is more commonly found
in larger countries. Small countries usually have fewer cultures and a common ... Show more
Each of these groups impacts the world in their own way. Globals are wealthy people who are
generally found in the core countries. Although globals are only a small percentage of the
population, they tend to be the most successful and often spread their ideas throughout the world.
Globals flatten the world and control the fates of the locals and mobals (de Blij 7). In the 1950s, de
Blij witnessed how the global Europeans interfered in South Africa, resulting in many locals
becoming mobals or globals. Locals live in the same place their whole life and carry on traditions
from hundreds of years ago. An example of a local community are the farmers in China who still
produce rice like their ancestors did a long time ago. Locals are typically found in the global
periphery, and they usually have a rougher life than the globals do. Somewhere in between the two
distinct groups are the mobals. Mobals tend to be locals that migrate to the core countries in hopes
of a better life. For example, the US has a very high immigration rate because of its many freedoms
and education and job

New York Megacity
1.0 Introduction New York is a megacity located in the United States of America. It has a population
of 19.37 million people and an area of 789 km² (Allianz.com top 20 megacities). It is a multi–
cultural society. The life expectancy of people in New York is around 80 years
(worldlifeexpectancy.com). It has a population density of 27, 000 people per square mile (NYC
Planning). This city is well known for some of its tourist attractions such as The Statue of Liberty,
The Empire State Building and Central Park. The cities key industries include health care,
manufacturing and retail trade (Investopedia). With a city like this, New York requires a lot of
infrastructure. 1.1 Mega City Analysis New York has had a major population growth. In the time of
1900–2010 the population has doubled. The total population is around 19.37 million and has now
increased by a number of 400,000 people since 2010 (Wikipedia). The city has a number of major
issues including social, economic and environmental. Some of the environmental issues are air
pollution and garbage disposal (Wikipedia). While some of the economic issues have been
unemployment and wage. Finally, some of the key social issues are immigration, poverty and public
housing cuts. New York has also attracted an enormous number of tourists over the years. They are
expecting an estimate of 61.8 million tourist visitors entering and leaving the city in the coming
years (curbed New

Toxicology Review Paper
Keisha Williams
Toxicology
October 23, 2017
Toxicology Review Paper
Due to the rapid economic development in three megacities in China, there has been a significant
increase in the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in both the gaseous form and in
the form of particulate matter( PM2.5 and PM10). On account of the rise of concentrations of PAHs
in the air, the amount of both seasonal and annual pollution has increased well above the standard
and national averages. Researchers collected a number of samples from the three megacities
including, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and a reference city, Datong. They also collected samples
from four cities that are well outside the perimeter of the megacities to adequately compare ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PAHs can be formed by incomplete combustion of carbon–containing fuels such as wood, coal,
diesel, fat, tobacco, and incense(Zhang, Chen, & Lv, 2016).This study is seeking to determine the
chemical constitution for major PAHs, observe and identify the different seasonal variance in which
there is the most pollution, and identify the source of the PAH pollution in Beijing, Shijiazhuang,
and Tianjin that are believed to cause cancer, mutations and birth defects. In order to answer the
questions of this study multiple resources were deployed and experiments carried out. First air
samples were collected from the following cities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and the reference
city, Datong. Air samples were also taken from four cities, Nanling, Shennongjia, Pangquangou, and
Changbaishan, that were all background sites. The sample sizes are listed in the table below.
These samples were collected at varies times of the year including, spring, summer, fall, and winter
over twenty–three hours for five to seven days for the three megacities and the reference city.
Samples for the background sites were collected over thirty to thirty–six hours on two occasions. A
particulate sampler was used for PM2.5 and PM10 sampling (Zhang et al., 2016). After samples
were collected they were stored at four degrees Celsius. Samples were then analyzed using certain

Urbanization Differences Between The Third World And The...
Urbanization differences between the Third World and the First world would be characterized by
their large which took over nearby towns, along with exertion by way of economic, social, cultural,
and political dominance. Third World cities also have very different histories and characteristics
than the First World cities. According to Gottdiener's text, "The key differences involves factors
such as elite power, state policies, integration into the global economy, and the effects of class
structure capitalism." ( Smith Timberlake, 1993)(p. 284) The developing nations were often seen as
periphery whereas the developed nations are seen as the core. Mainly because the less developed
countries were targeted for their resources. Resources, such as, agriculture, tourism, or a place to
operate a strategic, military base. All this is just another way of saying that the developed nations
were exploiting the developing nations through their people, products and resources both natural and
manmade. All that this accomplished was to make the developing nations more wealthy and the
developing nations were provided jobs but at the expense of people both local and rural and
immigrants in search of jobs that led to over population, lack of housing and shortage of jobs. This
of course leads to more problems that the developed nations have experienced and dealt with and
have almost succeeded in solving completely but the developing nations have yet to find their own
solutions to deal with

Megacity And Megacity
There is no doubt that the world population is growing and growing rapidly but in order for the
world to hold the mass change there is a need for humanity to adapt. According to the UN (United
Nations) more than half of humanity today 3.9 billion people in 2014, today over 4 billion lives in
urban areas (UN 2014, p. 1).This is a profound shift in the course of one century, or within a single
lifetime for some of the longer lived people. Not only is the world's urban population rapidly
increasing, but cities themselves are growing larger and larger, with the number of "megacities"
(population at least 10 million) almost tripling from 10 in 1990 to 28 in 2014 (UN 2014, p. 13). To
first understand how such mega urbanity affects humanity one first needs to understand what a
Megacity is. Once one understands this concept they will be able to indicate what the development
of cities and our urban past have to say for urban future, understand the concept of a city and its
history, be able to explain the urban way of life associated with cities and finally be able to assess
the challenges and changes that cities and urban life face in modern day. Megacities are for the most
part a very modern concept, they are best described as any city that holds 10 million residents or
more. Some examples of modern day mega cities are Shanghai, Paris and London. A city typically
defined as a large settlement of humans which holds extensive systems for housing, transportation,
sanitation, land use

Megacities In The 19th Century
The term megacities is a term from recent years but the phenomenon of big cities is not new at all.
The first cities in human history were built on the plains of Mesopotamia between 4000 and 3000
BC. Rome was the first city to reach a million inhabitants in about 5 BC. This was two to three
times higher than any other previous city. After Rome, London was in 1800 AD the second city with
a million inhabitants and in the 19th century North America followed (Hall, 2010).
The cities that lasted the longest share some same characteristics. According to archaeological and
historical research, settlements that lasted the longest did not grow the most rapidly or had the
highest standard of living. The inhabitants managed their interactions with the land they lived in
such a way that their technologies did not outstrip the ecosystems on which they drew (Sorensen,
2010). The fastest growing cities in the past often 'burned out' over ti

me because they exhausted the
resources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the eighteenth and nineteenth century urban populations grew rapidly through migration from
rural areas to find new jobs in the cities created by the industrial revolution, which led to 6,5 million
inhabitants in London. In the twentieth century cities kept growing and in the 1950's around thirty
percent of world's population was urban. The first mega city in the world emerged, as New York
City broke the boundary of ten million inhabitants around 1930 (Wendell Cox Consultancy, 2005).
In 1990 there were ten megacities that were home to 153 million people which is less than seven
percent of the global urban population. In 2014 the amount of megacities has almost tripled to 28
with a population of 453 million people, which account for twelve percent of the global urban
population. The total urban population in 2014 was 54 percent (UN, 2014). These numbers can be
related to the second important event,

The World Is Becoming More And More Transparent Day By Day...
The world is becoming more and more transparent day–by–day through globalization since people
have begun to shift their perspective, and change their way of thinking and behave accordingly.
Everyone is spectating different types of cultures and the religions that other people follow across
the globe, along with the mix technological advancements which will ultimately shape what people
believe it to be normal or abnormal. Therefore, with the integration of what seems to be normal in
today's world can be in fact abnormal a 100 years from now, and vice versa. Michael Warner
illustrates in his writing, "The Trouble with Normal" that, "People didn't sweat much over being
normal until the spread of statistics in the nineteenth century. Now they are surrounded by numbers
that tell them what normal is: census figures, market demographics, opinion polls, social science
studies, psychological surveys, clinical tests, sales figures, trends, the "mainstream," the current
generation, the common man, the man on the street, the "heartland of America" etcetera."(Warner,
p.53). These are many of the few statistical perspectives that have taken great leaps through
technological advancements and globalization. Similarly, we get to learn more about the human
behavior through cultural and evolutionary perspectives. These methods can help guide the behavior
of normality and abnormality throughout time. It seems pretty obvious from today's world that the
mass migration towards the urban areas

Planet Of Slums By Mike Davis
In the book, "Planet of Slums" Mike Davis discusses, why there are mast migration from the rural
villages to the megacities of the Third World. What megacities are is a city when the total population
in it exceeds over eight million. He also discusses how the treason of the state, international banks
and the ideas thinkers like Hernando de Soto makes the lives of people in the urban south much
worse. Urban south are cities like Mexico City, Delhi, Dhaka, Cairo, Beijing, Lima and etc (Davis 4)
that experience in major increase in population by more than ten times its size from 1950 to 2004, it
is cities in the third world. Mike Davis believed that, the government, international banks and
thinkers such as Hernando de Soto are the one responsible for making the condition in the urban
south terrible for the poor while good only for the officials and the rich.
Mike Davis says that after 1950, people moved from villages to the cities despite knowing that the
condition in those cities are bad. [In urban south people are poor and hungry so they do any job to
make money. Such as, picking up cigarette bud, selling body parts, and etc]An example that, Mike
Davis gives is why the population in the cities at china is increasing.
" It is, instead, the small– to medium–sized cities and recently "city–ized" towns that have absorbed
the majority of the rural labor–power made redundant by post–1979 market reforms. In part, this is
the result of conscious planning: since the 1970s the

Reflection About Metropolis
Cities are the heart of America. They are where people live, work, and play. Cities are where
government is closest to the people and where real change is happening. To secure the ongoing
prosperity and wellbeing of communities, we must assure that cities meet the needs of current and
future generations by fixing the problems within the city. The basis of a sustainable future must also
ensure that economic growth can be sustained and increased without compromising the natural
environment's quality of life. I do believe that mega–urbanity affects humanity as well as the
development of future and present urban life.
Before starting an analysis of the metropolis, it is important to define the term "city". Growing up I
lived in a rural area but I used to take trips to the nearest city which was in Wichita, Ks. It was filled
with thousands of people and it always seemed busy. It was full of people who always seemed to be
going somewhere. A city, however can be understood in a few different ways, physical, cultural, and
mental. George Simmel, a sociologist of the 18th century, was the first person to discover new
aspect of what a city could be by stating, "a city is the form of psychic rather than physical life". He
believed that the essence of the city did not lie amongst the abundance of buildings and architectural
construction. On the contrary, Simmel stressed Prima Facie. The invisible fact that a city forms
human mentality, imagination and thinking. As a result, those who

Urban Transport Problems And Environmental Problems
The term 'megacity' refers to a densely populated, metropolitan area in which the total population
exceeds ten million people. Megacities tend to be thriving centers for cultural and economic
progress with a high rate of economic development. Of the 24 cities worldwide that are currently
classed as megacities, many of them are the capital city of a country, such as Paris, London, Tokyo,
Beijing, and Seoul, (Citypopulation.de, 2014). In recent years, with the rapid development of the
economy, many large cities around the world have been reclassified as megacities, particularly in
developing countries. As megacities develop, a lot of challenges and problems develop too, for
example: high population, urban transport problems and environmental problems. This essay will
describe the main challenges and possible solution. The first challenge is due to high population. A
quick rise in population will cause housing and food shortages and a rise in the price of general
living. According to Yujun, Z. (2011), in developing countries, the fastest population growth rate
will be 7–8% annually; a burden in most developing countries is that there is no population control,
for example, in Beijing, China. By the end of 2013, according to census data in China, the
population of Beijing will be over 20 million. Huge population problems for the city's infrastructure
have brought tremendous pressure, housing and food shortages. Grain yield is lower than the
population growth rate so many people

Global Megacities
How megacities are changing the map of the world In this ted talk by Parag Khanna, How
Megacities are changing the map of the world. The main theme of the talk is about how global
networking civilizations in which the cities are now been compete more than the borders. This
means that we are now moving into the a world where technologies has taken place in most of our
cities, for example the way the infrastructural development and hyper–connected cities are rising to
the top more than the state(page 12.10) due to the rapid growing of the people moving to the cities.
Another point the author Khanna mentioned in his talk is about Connectography. In which he
explain as how people in the world interact with one another, as he continue on this

Big City Sociology
As the world's population is booming, it requires for more cities to be developed and to grow in
order to meet the needs of the population. Megacities are cities in which the population have
surpassed 10 million, such as Buenos Aires. During the English Industrial Revolution, Manchester
was an important city like Buenos Aires. Their population were able to grow fast because of
technology and citizens leaving their rural effect, but these changes harmed society. In Manchester,
many people left their rural homes amidst the start of the Industrial Revolution. The concept of
enclosure was widespread during that time which helped generate more money, but reduced the
needs for large amount of workers. Not only did the farms need less workers, but "better wages were
undoubtedly the greatest attraction of city life" (Griffin). As a result, the movement of urbanization
happened when many people left their homes for the cities. This caused the population to rise
quickly which had a negative effect because of the living conditions that existed in Manchester.
Most of the people who moved to the cities were living in slums ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many citizens have left their rural homes in order to move into the city. Argentina's economy is
stagnating, but it is less visible in Buenos Aires which has attracted people to move into the city.
This city is also known to have many cultures which attracts immigrants to leave their rural homes
and move here. The crowded population problem can also be attributed to the high birth rates they
are having. But like Manchester, citizens of Argentina moved to their capital in search of a job.
Because the environment they are living in is so crowded, "health is another pressing problem in
megacities" (World Bank). This is because in a highly dense city with urban style of living, air
quality is devastated by pollution which can cause diseases to the

Disadvantages Of Megacities
Overview
Cities exist because of the benefits of centralized production and exchange. By living and working
in cities, we achieve a higher standard of living but also put up with pollution, noise and congestion.
(O'Sullivan, 2012)
Megacities are large and highly dynamic systems, and represent concentrated sites of human life as
well as ecological stress and pollution. Due to the combination of pollution and stress as
neighbourhoods grow in size and their resource capacity, the transformation in social–environmental
relations is also observed. Over time more local environmental hazards associated with inadequate
services and sanitation is being replaced by risks that accrue at the city scale. Most megacities are
important nodes in the production of pollution and greenhouse emissions which have negative
impacts on populations at regional and also global scales. Historically coastal megacities have
recorded some of the highest economic losses due to disaster events but megacities are also the
centres of capacity, ingenuity and resources. The management of hazards, vulnerability and
environmental management in megacities is very complex, and governance responses require
special attention to the multiple scales of impact. (Mark Pelling, 2013)
Cities around the world are growing at a never experienced rate. Over the past thirty years the
number of people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Automobiles contribution is reported to account for 40 to 80% of the total air pollution in
megacities. The challenge Megacities face is how to reduce the adverse environmental impacts and
other negative effects of transportation without giving up the benefits of mobility. This becomes
more pressing under conditions of rapid urban growth, which is likely to increase travel demand
significantly. (S. K. Goyal,

Problems Faced By The Asian City Of Beijing

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