Anti Terror Laws

Anti Terror Laws
The most contentious invocation of anti terror laws by Australian authorities did not involve the case
being tried in court. Mohmed Haneef an Indian doctor working in Australia, was arrested in July
2007 and detained for 12 days before being charged with intentionally providing resources to a
terrorist organisation. Australian federal police were able to detain Haneef for 14 days ( detained for
12 days) to allow time for questioning the terrorist suspect in pt IC of the CRIMES ACT 1914 (Cth).
These provisions, originally inserted by the ANTI TERRORISM ACT 2004 (cth), allowing the
authorities investigating to apply to a magistrate to suspend or delay questioning time during the
investigation of a terrorist offence. This has the effect of extending ... Show more content on
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The media coverage at the time was highly critical of the government's position and lack of evidence
in the case, and there was much analysis and attack of the impact of the governments new anti–
terrorism laws. It caused the government at the time to re–examine many of its anti–terror laws by a
parliamentary committee on more than one occasion. Laws have also been examined by the
following reviews: review of sedition laws by the Australian Law Reform Commission (July
2006);114 review by the Security Legislation Review Committee ('Sheller Committee') (June
2006);11. review of security and counter terrorism legislation by the Parliamentary Joint Committee
on Intelligence and Security (December 2006);116 inquiry into the proscription of 'terrorist
organisations' under the Criminal Code by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and
Security (September 2007);117
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The Representative Democracy of Australia
Australian government takes the form of a representative democracy. Encompassing a political
system which allows eligible citizens to vote to elect candidates to govern the nation on their behalf.
In conjunction, there are numerous principles Australians consider democracy must embody, if the
nation is to be considered a democracy at all. At the heart of Australian democracy are the core
defining values of: freedom of election and being elected; freedom of assembly and political
participation; freedom of speech, expression and religious belief; the rule of law; and other basic
human rights. Such as those proposed by The Honourable Aharon Barak, President of the Supreme
Court of Israel, who having noted that all democracies share common characteristics, suggested
these included public safety and security, the democratic values of the State and its very existence.
The premise of terrorism has expedited the initiation of integral changes to the legal system,
reducing the rule of law and eroding established civil liberties and legal protections. The counter–
terrorism measures introduced in Australia confer a power to compel submission to interrogation, a
power to detain and interrogate without charge, and a power of preventative detention. In doing so
these laws jeopardise the rule of law, expand executive power, diminish existing rights, endanger the
separation of powers, and undermine judicial procedures. Further the legislative definition of
'terrorism' provides for the

Speech Forms And Outline : Speech Features Of Australian...
UNIT NAME : RESEACH FEATURES OF AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT
TASK 1
1 The constitution of austria
2 they control; the government of austria by dividing the power
3 Legislative , executive judicial
4 the legislative
5 The executive and judicial
6 Commonwealth level state level , local level
7 The commonwealth government do in , funding , medicare drag control , funding post –secondary
, highways , railways , airport ,air safety
8 the state government do public hospital , nursing services . about education funding primary and
secondary , about transport some railways and buses roads
9 the local government do, meal –on–wheel,garbage collection, childcare ,about transport footpaths ,
street signs .
10 peter cosgrove
11 malcolm turnbull
12 daniel andrews
13 robert doyle
TASK 2

1 Green party , Labour Party , LIberal party , National party
2 4 years
3 campaigning or campaign
4 18 years or over
5 as soon as everyone has finished voting or as soon as the polling booth close
6.1 the governing pasty must announce that there will be on election
6.2 all the party start ad
6.3 on election day , everyone 18 years old or over
6.4 the counting of the votes begins
6.5 the party that has the most votes wins
7 No it can be secret
8 the fist secret ballot was held in 1856
9 could was how employee voted , and apply pressure to vote for a particular candidate , a running
tally was also kept , and if a candidate saw that he was losing he could round up

Social And Political Issues In The 1970s
Discuss why Aboriginal deaths in custody happened and the importance of the Royal commission.
In the late 20th century, Australia?s indigenous peoples were 29 times more likely to be put in jail
than other Australians; 20 times more likely to be picked up by the police; less likely to receive bail
or have legal representation in the court; and more likely to plead guilty. At the same time,
indigenous peoples were less likely to be called up for jury duty than other Australians. The
Aboriginal Legal Service (1970–97) provided access to legal advice and assistance for people who
could not have otherwise afforded it, but it could do little to overcome injustices indigenous
Australians suffered under the Australian legal system.
Government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other ongoing problems were the failure of prison staff to provide adequate medical care for these
prisoners and the inability of police to identify the particular cultural factors which may have placed
these prisoners at greater risk.
? The role and significance of the Tent embassy In 1971, The Aboriginal Advancement League
asked the United Nations to support its claims for land rights and compensation. Protestors
pressured State and Federal Governments to respond to the injustices of indigenous peoples having
been disposed of their land. On 26 January 1972, the Liberal Party Prime Minister, William
McMahon, announced that ?land rights would threaten the tenure of every Australian?. He said that
his government would grant neither land rights not compensation to Australia?s indigenous peoples.
They could lease land but only for what his government considered worth while economic or social
purposes. McMahon also said also said that his government would allow mining on Aboriginal
reserves.
That afternoon four Aboriginal activists ? Michael Anderson, Tony Coorey, Billy Craigie and Gary
Williams ? came up with a daring scheme to express anger at the prime minister?s attitude. They set
up an Aboriginal embassy in a tent on the lawns of Parliament House in Canberra. Australia?s
indigenous peoples united in their support for the Aboriginal Tent Embassy and the land rights issue
it sought to publicise.
The

Counter Terrorism Actions Of Australia And France
1.1 Aim
The aim of this report is to discuss counter–terrorism actions in Australia and
France and demonstrate their effectiveness.
1.2 Parameters
This report will be focused on actions and reactions of two countries, Australia and
France, after the 9.11 terrorist attacks in America. Background knowledge and
information will be discussed and analyses of two countries' strategies and
responses will be given, too.
1.3 Definitions
Terrorism is the illegal use of violence against governments and the public
and cause panic.
1.4 Thesis
Terrorism attacks are occurring every year and have caused large numbers of
casualties. Despite governments around the world trying to suppress and
prevent terrorist attacks, it seems to that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2 Australia
On 15 to 16 December 2014, 18 people were taken as hostages by an Iranian–born
man called Man Haron Monis with a shotgun in the Lindt Chocolate Cafe in center

Sydney for 17 hours (BBC, 2014). The hostage–taker commanded the manager of Lindt
Cafe, Tori Johnson, to phone 000 and told that they are under attack (The Australian,
2015). During the negotiation with the police, Monis ordered hostages to hold flags
which were written a creed in Arabic letters on against windows and he demanded to
speak to the Australian Prime Minister, but the demand was rejected (ABC, 2015).
Fortunately, three hostages escaped from the fire doors around 3:37 pm, followed by
two hostages escaped from the front entrance around 4:58 pm (ABC, 2015). At 2:14 the
assault happened after Tori Johnson, the manager, was executed by Monis and
confirmed died by a sniper (ABC, 2016). Equipped with M4A1 carbines, commandos
threw 11 flashbangs as they breached in, firing 22 bullets which 7 of them hit on Monis
and fatal (News, 2015). Unfortunately, fragments of bullets killed an innocent hostage
during the fire (News, 2015).
2.3 France
On 13 November 2015, three terrorist teams of ISIL initiated six distinct attacks: two
suicide bombings and four shootings. One of the bombings exploded near the Stade de
France, a football stadium where the president of France was watching the game in and
another one exploded in a restaurant (Reuters,

Australi Pre And Post 9 / 11 Law Enforcement Response
Australia – Pre and Post 9/11 Law Enforcement Response
By Felicity Collins
Prior to September 11, 2001, Australia lacked national anti–terrorism laws, with all but one of the
states and territories handling politically motivated violent actions under various statutes of criminal
law (Williams, 2011). The Northern Territory was the only jurisdiction who held their own specific
legislation making terrorism a criminal offence (Parliament of Australia [PA], n.d.–a). On September
11, 2001, in an incident commonly referred to as 9/11, four commercial planes in the United States
of America were hijacked by members of a terrorist organisation called al–Qaeda (National
September 11 Memorial & Museum, 2014). Three of the planes were intentionally ... Show more
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In 1978, on Monday the 13th of February, Australia faced what is believed to be its first experience
of terrorism, when a bomb hidden in a bin outside the Sydney Hilton Hotel exploded, killing two
council workers and a policeman (Cahill & Cahill, 2006). At the time, the hotel was hosting eleven
heads of government who were in Sydney for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional
Meeting (Cahill & Cahill, 2006). The Australian government reacted by mobilising the military,
which came to be referred to as 'Siege of Bowral', that highlighted issues with the legislation that
dealt with terrorism and how unprepared Australia was at responding to a terrorist event (Hancock,
2002). Over the following years, a range of legislation was enacted to handle matters associated
with terrorism, laws such as allowing for defence to aid to the civil power, aviation and shipping
safety, chemical, biological or nuclear weapons, surveillance and intelligence services (Hancock,
2002).
Much of the Federal legislation was implemented to comply with international terrorism treaties that
Australia was party to (PA, n.d.–a). Examples of this legislation include 'Chemical Weapons
(Prohibition) Act 1994', which complied with the Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of

“What Role Do Minor Parties Perform in the Australian...
The role of the minor parties within the Australian political system can be as their title suggests,
quite minor. On the other hand, a minor party can influence the political proceedings of this country
in more ways than one. Minor parties can highlight socio–economic problems that quite often fly
under the radar of the larger political parties, or simply can broaden electoral debate. Often
spawning from a social, or in the case of the Greens, an environmental movement, minor parties
tend to only last through one election, due to a lack of support and relevance in the mainstream
social fabric. The minor parties can become crucial players come election time, due to Australia's
law of Compulsory preferential voting. Jaensch (1983, p.21) ... Show more content on
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For example, if the Federal Liberal party needed preferences in marginal seats in Tasmania, a deal
could be negotiated with the Greens, which could see protection of the old growth forest areas of the
state. In reality this can backfire, as it did for the Labor party during the 2004 Federal election.
Latham and the Labor party stated they would protect the Old grow forest areas from logging
practices, in an attempt to win votes. This lead to a revolt by the unions, and those involved in the
logging industry, claiming that Labor had abandoned them.
The second rule that Sartori created was, "A party qualifies for relevance whenever its existence, or
appearance, affects the tactics of party competition and particularly when it alters the direction of
the competition– by determining a switch from centripetal to centrifugal competition either leftward,
rightward, or in both directions– of the governing–oriented parties" (1983, p.19). This rule further
highlights the importance of minor party preferences, and the role they have in the Australian
system.
As an extension of Sartori's two criteria for minor party relevance, a third rule is often highlighted
due to Australia's application of preferential voting on the electoral system. This third rule as quoted
by Jaensch (1983, p.21) states that "A minor party can be discounted as irrelevant whenever its
preferences

A Brief Note On The Australian Federal Police
Introduction
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) was formed on October 1979 as a response to bombing on
Sydney Hilton hotel (AFP, 2015). Throughout the decades, Australian Federal Police has evolved
greatly. With emphasis on values like integrity, commitment, excellence, accountability, fairness,
trust, and respect. AFP's main task it to protect people of Australia (AFP, 2015). However, there has
been many cases where police members are acting with no sense of fairness to the people. People of
minority has been on the receiving end of such misconduct for years. This paper attempts to find the
cause of such treatment, discuss of any causes and solutions that have been applied and to produce a
resolution to minimize any unfair police work in the future. The inability to pinpoint the exact
source of the problem has been the dilemma faced by police forces throughout the world. This paper
attempts to deconstruct the factors contributing to the dilemmas and also possible solutions.
History of Police Misconduct
Throughout the history, there had been numerous incidents involving police in many countries.
Australia is not an exception. Most of the time, these incidents involve discriminations towards
certain group of people. Harvey (2012) discussed the mistreatment received by Australian natives,
the aboriginal people, as a result of police discrimination. Historically, Australian police officers
have been poorly perceived by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The

Bali Nine Argument Essay
1. Introduction
In 2005, nine young Australian men were arrested in Indonesia for attempting to smuggle 8.3kg of
heroin out of Indonesia. The group's two ringleaders, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were
sentenced to death by the Indonesian court. With all appeals for clemency rejected, they were
executed by firing squad on the 29th April 2015 ('Bali Nine: Timeline of key events', 2015).
Following the execution, many members of the public questioned whether this decision by the
Indonesian Government was justified. Relating arguments from different perspective including the
Indonesia's sovereign right, debated the effect on the international relationship and the deterrent
effect on the drug trade in Indonesia. Although the men were already executed, it is important to
understanding the rationality of the justification behind this decision, as it determines whether to
support or to prevent similar decision, if and when the same situation happen again.
2. Historical development
In 2005, the discovery of the group was reported to the Indonesian Government by the Australian
Federal Police, resulting in their arrest at the Denpasar Airport in Bali. The media named these men
collectively as the "Bali Nine". However, after Chan and Sukumaran were put ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Secretary–General has urged Indonesia to remove the death sentence on the men awaiting
execution, including Chan and Sukumaran, suggesting that the death sentence on drug related crime
should be permanently removed (United Nations 2015). Furthermore, interviews and documentaries
provided agreeing evidence that Chan and Sukumaran had been rehabilitated and worked hard to
improve the environment for other prisoners; yet, President Joko ignored the evidences and refused
to reconsider ('Joko Widodo: No foreign interference on death penalty', 2015). Consequently, the
justice of the Indonesian law relating to drug crime was

Australian Legal System Research Paper
Australia is a democratic country. It consists of three main authorities: the Queen of Australia (The
Queen of UK), the Senate and the House of Representatives. The representative government is the
people elected members of the parliament to represent them. The lower house (the House of
Representatives) consists 150 members, each is elected from single member constituencies which
are also known as electoral divisions. The upper house (the Senate), consists of 76 members (12 for
each state, and 2 each for the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory). Every 3 years,
the full House of Representatives and half of the Senate is dissolved and goes up for re–election.
There are 3 main authorities in the Australian Legal System which ... Show more content on
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To make laws, the Parliament enacts legislation which is also known as statutes or Acts of
Parliament. An Act of Parliament starts as a Bill in one of the Houses. A Bill is the draft of a
proposed law. Most Bills deal with the management of public affairs and the implementation of
Government policy and are introduced by a Minister, but a member of either House is entitled to
introduce a Private Member's Bill. To become an Act, a Bill must pass through a number of formal
stages. The hierarchy of courts in Australia consists a variety of courts and tribunals in both the
federal and state and territory levels. The High Court being the highest court in the Australian
judicial system. Australian common law is applied in the various Australian courts and ultimately
determined by the High Court now that appeals to the (British) Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council have been abolished. The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is the military organisation
responsible for the defence of Australia. It consists of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), Australian
Army, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a number of 'tri–service' units. The ADF has a
strength of just over 80,000 full–time personnel and active reservists, and is supported by the
Department of Defence and several other civilian

How Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White...
HOW DOES THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM RESPOND TO WHITE COLLAR
AND CORPORATE CRIME?
White–collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an
enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and is a cross–border problem.
White–collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public
associate crime with street crimes such as robbery, burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged
persons who enjoy an elevated social status and who engage in crimes are rarely considered by the
public.
This paper discusses various ways in which the CJS addresses white–collar crime. Firstly, the
definition, types and characteristics of white–collar crime will be examined. ... Show more content
Victims can be an individual, a group of individuals, (such as customers of a bank), or an
organization and any of them may experience astronomical financial losses (Hayes & Prenzler,
2009). Some of the most notorious examples of the harmful effect of white–collar crime is the
collapse of the US company Enron, with losses of over USD$50 billion (Friedrichs, 2004) and in
Australia, the collapse of insurer HIH Insurance with losses of over A$4 billion (HIH Royal
Commission, 2003. cited in Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). Research indicates that crimes of this
magnitude play a vital role in causing or contributing
to a range of psychological disorders, including suicide, among its victims. However, it appears that
the Australian justice system concerns itself primarily with the financial losses experienced by
white–collar crime victims (ABS, 2006).
The public may not perceive white–collar crimes as criminal due to the 'respectability' or the status
of the perpetrators. To establish whether a crime has been committed can be a costly affair as the
crime may be very well hidden or involve convoluted paper–trails. The amount of time and persons
involved in this discovery makes the task onerous. Consequently, it is difficult to measure or
prosecute white–collar crime because it is expensive and is a long drawn out process.
Thirdly, the power and responsibilities of the CJS are divided into three arms that operate
autonomously from each other to

An Analysis of the 2003-4 Australian Budget Essay
This research essay will evaluate and judge certain parts of the 2003–2004 budget put forward by
Treasurer Peter Costello and the Howard Government on Tuesday the 13th of May. It is my opinion
that the budget has not been equitable in some areas of fund distribution. The budget will be
assessed on the three following criteria.
The First Criterion: Is the budget equitable to all the areas of our economy?
The Second Criteria: Is the budget equitable to the majority of Australian Citizens?
The Third Criteria: Does the Government Address the Problems of Medicare and Higher Education?
<b>The First Criterion: Is the budget equitable to all the areas of our economy? </b>
Any budget bought forward by the government will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I am astounded that in a year such as this, with all the Government's chest–beating about our brave
soldiers, they have basically forgotten our veterans again,'' he said.
Along with the $1.65 billion in defense, an extra $411 million has been committed to Australia's
national security. The budget also puts $3 billion to be spent over 4 years on state of the art air–to–
air aircraft refuellers and helicopter technology and $156 million to be spent over 4 years in
increasing our SAS task force by 30 personnel. All in all, the Australian military's ability to deploy
forces to US–led coalitions and overseas terror trouble spots will be boosted by a $15 billion defense
budget.
Let us compare this now with the additional funding given to the higher education department.
$1.46 billion over 4 years which deregulates course numbers and HECS fees up to what could be
30% higher. Minister for Education Brendan Nelson says "We have finally set universities free by
allowing them to set there own fees."
This will be good for universities, allowing them to draw maximum economic return from there
economic strengths based on what they need to be good at and what society perceives to be
academically "good." This is not good for students planning on entering university under the HECS
scheme in 2005 as the fees for popular, high band courses in prestigious universities will rise
significantly with a $2000 annual increase for course in

The Impact Of Technology On The Financial System
Advancements in technology and the exponential rate at which it is evolving has revolutionized the
way the financial system is able to conduct its activities and connect to the public all around the
world. The evolution of technology has greatly contributed to economic developments worldwide,
however, coupled with the increased dependence on technology is the complexity and sophistication
of cyber security threats that has resulted in the rise in cybercrime not just in a technologically
driven country like Australia but worldwide.
Australia's financial industry has been referred to as one of the largest and highest–performing
industries in the country, and according to the Australian Institute of Criminology, it also is one of
the "more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2012) (Computer security threats faced by small businesses in Australia. Trends and Issues in
Crime and Criminal Justice,(433), 1–6.), the increase in such exposure, interconnectedness and
dependency brings about greater risk of criminal activity.
The increased use and exposure to the Internet has created new opportunities for financially
motivated cyber criminals who seek to target unknowing victims. Organized criminal groups have
also been found to take advantage in the advancement of technology to facilitate their illegal
activities, to commit both traditional crimes such as theft and fraud and also new crimes enabled by
advancements in technologies. Furthermore, the anonymous nature of the Internet means that it is
difficult and costly to trace down to the source of these crimes. Online criminal offenders range
from individuals to sophisticated criminal networks driven by personal and financial gain. Over the
years, banks have introduced many customer centric platforms with the aim of enhancing efficiency
and the way their customers conduct their transactions with convenience (Vrancianu and Popa,
2010, Vranci u, M. & Popa, L. A 201 . Considerations Regarding the Security and Protection of E–
Banking Services Consumers' Interests. The Amfiteatru Economic Journal,1228: 388–40.)
According to the Australian Federal Police, the top three Internet banking threats are as follows:
Mobile banking
Mobile banking refers to the use of a mobile phone to

Australian Criminal Justice System : Australia Essay
Australian Criminal Justice System
The Australian Criminal Justice system has an intricate and diverse structure that makes it one of the
most unique systems in the world. The Commonwealth of Australia was approved by the British
Parliament in 1900 and came into existence on January 1, 1901. The federal constitution combined
British and American practices, with a parliamentary government, but with two houses – the
popularly elected House of Representatives and Senate representing the former colonies. This began
the start of a new era of policing. (Findlay, Odgers, Yeo). The Commonwealth of Australia is a
federalist government composed of a national government and six State governments. There are
nine different criminal justice systems in Australia – six states, two territories, and one federal. The
eight States and Territories have powers to enact their own criminal law, while the Commonwealth
has powers to enact laws. Criminal law is administered principally through the federal, State and
Territory police. (Chappell, Wilson, Heaton). In this essay an in depth analysis of the Australian
criminal justice system will be given, along with a comparison to the United States criminal justice
system throughout the essay. As well as an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system and finally a
brief summary of how the Australian criminal justice system structure could be improved to better
suit the evolving society. Australia has a complex and very intuitive system of policing that

Counter Terrorism In Australia Essay
Introduction:
Australia's first anti–terror laws were enacted in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11
(Prof Andrew Lynch 2010). In recent years, increasing Australian involvement in international
conflict has seen these laws shift to accommodate alarming trends in home grown terrorism
(Australian Security Intelligence Organisation 2014). Sydney's 2014 terror raids prompted the most
significant changes to Australia's counter terrorism legislation in the last decade (Commonwealth of
Australia Department of Defence 2015). Amendments granted law enforcement and intelligence
agencies new and somewhat controversial powers, in the name of national security.
Yet, with no foreseeable end in sight to Australia's 'war on terror', counter ... Show more content on
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In particularly Section 116, preventing the Commonwealth government from passing laws that
'prohibit free exercise of religion.' Despite religious motivations behind recent terror attacks,
Commonwealth Parliament has actively implemented mechanisms to decrease the likelihood of
unjustified religious discrimination. Notably, cabinet recently proposed the introduction of a
Minister for Muslims. Devising such a position, accommodates principles of equality before the law
embodied in the rule of law by 'encouraging institutional participation, and representation of Muslim
needs in policy development' (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 2014). Establishing counter–
terrorism initiatives in consultation with Muslim communities reflects democratic principles by
incorporating the needs of individuals and groups into political

Women's Rights In Australia
Australia was the first country to give women rights in a federal election and also the rights to be
elected to parliament a natural basis. South Australia was first in 1895, the first voting day for South
Australia in 1896. In 1877, in South Australia Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman to stand
as a political candidate. Then it was Western Australia in 1899 to vote for woman. In office from 1
July 1947 to 24 May 1971. The Honourable Dame Annabelle Rankin was the second woman
member of the Australian Senate and first woman from Queensland to sit in the Parliament of
Australia. Henrietta Augusta Dugdale was an Australian feminist who started the first female
suffrage society in Australasia. Her campaigning resulted in women's rights ... Show more content
Other roles include the Advisory Board of the John Grill Centre for Project Leadership at the
University of Sydney.
Christine Nixon was the first female Chief Commissioner in the Australian state police force. But
not all doing that she has risen from Constable to Assistant Commission in the NSW Police to Chief
Commissioners of Victoria Police, she was also on the Chair of the Victorian Bushfires
Reconstruction and Recovery Authority for 18 months and now works as a volunteer.
Professor Fiona Wood AM is the 2005 Australian of the year but as well as that she is a burns
surgeon and researcher for 20 years and is the Director of the burns Service of Western Australia,
Consultant Plastic Surgeon at Royal Perth Hospital and Princess Margaret Hospital for Children,
Co–founder of the first skin cell laboratory in WA, Winthrop Professor in the School of Surgery at
The University of Western Australia, and Cofounder and Chair, of the Fiona Wood Foundation
(formerly The McComb Foundation). In 2002 she invented spray–one–skin for the Bali bombing

Afp In Australia
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the State Police are the major forces that facilitate for the
enforcement of law in Australia. The two forces operate under the jurisdiction of The Police
Federation of Australia, which facilitates for the provision of a lobbying capacity and an additional
research for the bodies. The AFP force investigates crimes against the Law of Commonwealth that
occur across the nation, while the state police force enforces state law in their respective states.
Additionally, the AFP undertakes roles similar to the State Police, such as community policing in
Commonwealth jurisdictions in Australia. However, despite the distinction and specification of roles
within the two policing forces in Australia, law enforcement ... Show more content on
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The Commissioner of Police is the director of SAPOL, who reports to Australia's Minister for
Police. Concurrently, the Australian Police would be in a better position to undertake their duties to
the country, if they appreciate and acknowledge their historical foundation, and the foundation of the
entire policing body in the country (Murray 2007). Therefore, the agency's appreciation of the
historical fact that it is the oldest within Australasia, and that it initially employed former convicts or
soldiers who volunteered to join, would evoke a sensation of willingness to perform in the current
policing body of South Australia (South Australian Police Historical Society 2011). The current
body would regain the past spirit of working as volunteers, and working for among the best–
organised policing agencies in the world, which would steer them towards effective facilitation of
law and order in the region (Coumarelos, et al. 2012). Additionally, an appreciation that the current
policing agencies, including the South Australian Police, draws from the United Kingdom's model,
would promote willingness to establish cooperation with UK and other agencies in the country, in
order to ensure law and order in in Australia (DeKeseredy & Dragiewicz 2011). Furthermore, an

People With Disabilities In Australia
People with Disabilities
Mental and physical disabilities are often not well understood. With lack of understanding comes
discrimination against people with disabilities. However a growing trend of awareness from the
media, advocate groups and development of legal mechanisms have helped provide justice to these
people and continues to improve the situation. 18.5% of Australia's population (4.2million
Australians) has a disability. This is a surprisingly large number, however only about 6% of the
population has a severe disability. According to the World Health Organization "Disabilities is an
umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions." In the past
we have had trouble understanding disabilities, particularly mental ones, causing a lot of
discrimination and stigma against people. Education and the workplace are areas in which legal
mechanisms have proven to be effective when providing justice for people with disabilities.
Although an area which is still improving is law enforcement surrounding people with mental
illness.
Mental illness covers a range of illnesses involving a person's mental state. Even with increased
knowledge and understanding today people with mental health issues may still be discriminated
against and, as a result, many cases are undiagnosed as people are afraid of being stigmatized.
Despite this approximately 1 in 5 Australians will experience a mental illness each year. With mental
illness covering a

The Rudd Government
'Recent Commonwealth Parliaments have confirmed that the ability of governments to implement
their mandates is more a function of the will of the Parliament than the will of the people.'
In recent years, the ability for governments to implement their mandates has shifted from being a
function of the people's will to that of parliament's. A mandate is the authority provided by voters to
a successful political party to pursue its policies in parliament. Governments can justify their
dominance of the lower house by arguing the will of the people is expressed through elections. The
government's electoral victory produces a 'majoritarian mandate,' and gives them the right to
implement their policies. In recent years, minor parties who hold the ... Show more content on
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Firstly, a government's claim to a majoritarian mandate can reduce Australian politics to an 'electoral
democracy.' The opposition might be able to criticise government policy but according to this theory
they have no right to amend, block or delay government legislation. This reduces the role of
members of parliament, pressure groups and the media to simply channel public opinion. Broader
participation in the political process is limited by the government's claim to an all–powerful
mandate. Furthermore, in recent parliaments, the will of the government has been frustrated by the
parliament. However, it is because of this fact it can be argued parliament produces better legislation
due to poor legislation being blocked. Australia's two–party dominance, reflecting the majority of
people's will in the lower house has been proven effective and the Senate that is designed to act as
the 'house of review' is an effective check on the people's will. Despite this, the 'review' function of
the senate is becoming increasingly a reflection of the 'will of the parliament' and this is contributing
to parliament becoming dysfunctional. The Turnbull government hopes to resolve this through a
double dissolution later this

Arguments Against The Counter-Terrorism Laws In Australia
Australia's counter–terrorism laws
"Our focus is on the human rights of Australians who are threatened by home–grown terrorism... We
have to do all we can to prevent young Australians from taking up arms to fight with these terrorist
organisations."– Foreign Minister Julie Bishop. The Australian government is constantly making
changes to keep up with new demand for protection. New laws are constantly being introduced to
keep Australians safe and stamp out home grown terrorism. Over the last few years preventative
detention orders and control orders have been introduced in an attempt to reduce the risk of attacks
on Australian soil. Stricter anti–terrorism laws have made the wider community feel safer, however,
is it possible that these laws have compromised human rights of certain individual?
Ever since the September 11 attack on the world trade Centre, the western world has been fighting a
war against terror. In 2016 alone there were 25,621 deaths that resulted from terror attacks
worldwide. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terrorism is not limited to carrying outa plot but also includes planning, financing, or associating
with extremist groups. New legislation has given police the power to detain suspected terrorists for
an extended period without charge. The Anti–Terrorism Act 2004 introduced special powers for the
Australian Federal Police to question terrorism suspects without charge into Part 1C, Division 2 of
Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) ('the Crimes Act'). These powers mean that upon arrest for a terrorism
offence a person can be detained and questioned without charge for a time period of up to 24 hours
with an extention from the magistrate under 23DA. (Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) s 23CA)

Legal Studies Assessment: Human Trafficking and Slavery
Jamie Fitzgerald | Legal Studies Assessment | Human Trafficking & Slavery |
3/26/2011 |
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is as described by Wikipedia as the illegal trade in humans for the use of sexual
exploitation or forced labor.
Human Rights is considered as modern–day slavery. The responses and effectiveness of legal &
non–legal responses have varied.
The exact extent of the growth of the industry is unknown due to the illegal methods of trafficking
and differentiation in methods.
Human Trafficking is illegal in Australia under Division 270 of the Criminal Code
(Commonwealth). An amendment was made in 1999, and it implemented the Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This included * dedicated Australian Federal Police teams to investigate people trafficking
operations * a National Policing Strategy to Combat Trafficking in Women for Sexual Servitude *
visa arrangements for potentially trafficked persons * victim support measures to assist victims of
trafficking * Senior Migration Officer Compliance positions in Thailand, China and the Philippines
to help prevent trafficking at its source * a targeted Communication Awareness Strategy providing
information about trafficking and the help available * improved legislation to combat trafficking in
persons * increased regional cooperation to combat people smuggling and trafficking in persons *
support for the Commonwealth Director to Public Prosecutions to prosecute trafficking matters,
including funding and training * research into trafficking trends in our region, including labour
trafficking, and * return and reintegration support for victims of trafficking returning to their
countries of origin.
Below is a table of trafficking visas issued over the past decade
The response to victims was the 'visas' system. The Federal Government also the "Support for
Victims of People Trafficking Programs" This was integrated into the visas system, this program
provides individualized case management. A person is identified as eligible by the

The German Shepherd Dog Essay
German Shepherd Dog
The German Shepherd is not only one of the world's most popular companion dogs, but also
probably the most widely used breed for service work. The development of the German Shepherd
Dog, along with a number of existing breeds, helped pioneer the modern use of dogs for service and
community work that we can see today. For a breed of dog that has only been officially recognised
for just over 100 years, it has made an outstanding contribution to mankind worldwide.
The origins of the breed came from various sheep dogs found in Germany during the last century. In
the second half of the 19th century, dog breed fanciers began to fix the type of sheep dog found in
Germany that would eventually form the basis of the modern ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The success of guide dogs has since been proven worldwide. The United States also later formed a
Seeing Eye Dog School using German Shepherds. This occurred in 1929 in the US State of New
Jersey. Although the Labrador retriever does the majority of guide dog work in Australia, the
German Shepherd remains one of the most popular choices for this type of work worldwide.
During the 1920's, canine movie stars such as Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart made the breed extremely
popular outside of Germany. Great harm was caused as unscrupulous breeders, keen to cash in on
this newfound popularity, introduced poor breeding practices which, along with some irresponsible
owners, worked against the founding principles of the breed.
Anti German sentiment following the First World War, caused the British to re–name the breed as
the Alsatian Wolf–Dog. Although all dogs are thought to have evolved from wolves, the name
Alsatian Wolf–Dog led some people to believe the German shepherd had been directly bred from
wolves. The truth is that the German shepherd carries no more wolves' blood than any other breed.
The year 1925 saw the breed's official Australian history begin with the importation of Crufts
winner Ito of Fallowdale into Australia. Also on the same boat was Pinkerton Rhoda. As a number
of further importations followed, graziers and pastoralists in Australia began to express concerns
that the breed was dangerous. This was partly based on the

Identity Theft and Fraud: A Major Threat to the Australian...
Identity theft/fraud is becoming a major threat to the Australian community as technology advances.
This section of crime produces substantial profits for offenders and causes considerable financial
and emotions harm to the victims (Australian federal police, 2014). With this increasing alarm
around identity theft/fraud in Australia, there has to be strong legal actions available to counteract
the issue. Identity theft/fraud can be defined as a crime of obtaining the personal or financial
information of another person for the sole purpose of assuming that person's name or identity in
order to gain benefit (investopedia, 2014). This essay will extensively discuss the current
laws/legislations implemented for identity theft/fraud, the key stakeholders involved in the issue and
an overview around the effectiveness of the current laws/legislations. After thoroughly analysing the
current legislations used to counteract the threat of identity theft/fraud, it will be clear which aspects
of the legislations are working efficiently and which aspects are proving inefficient for the
Australian government.
Identity Theft is the assumption of a person's identity in order to obtain credit cards from back
account and retailers; the crime varies from stealing money from existing bank accounts; renting
apartments or storage units; applying for loans or establishing accounts using another's name (legal
dictionary, 2007). Identity theft and identity fraud are terms that are often used

Australian Federal Police Department: Case Study
LLB101 – Assessment Material Facts On the 7th of October 2010, the Australian Federal Police
(AFP) received a tip off from the American Drug Enforcement Agency that a ship (the Edelweiss)
containing narcotics had sailed from South America and was planning a rendezvous with an
Australian vessel, the Mayhem of Eden, on the evening of the 8th of October 2010 , at an identified
location off the coast of Australia. In anticipation, the AFP in coalition with the Australian Customs
and Border Protection Service, began covert surveillance flights over the area of the suspected
rendezvous. On the night of the 8th of October 2010, one of those flights observed two vessels
sailing toward each other from a distance of about 2 nautical miles. The next morning, another
surveillance flight relocated the two vessels, about a quarter of a nautical mile apart, and not far
from where they had first been observed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two applicants, Elfar and Golding were the sole occupants of the Mayhem, which was
registered under a company of which Elfar was the sole director. Their journey on the Mayhem had
originated in Port Macquarie in early October 2010 where Elfar had paid for mooring and fuel. Elfar
and Golding were observed disembarking the Mayhem on the morning of the 12th of October, each
carrying a large duffel bag. They left the marina at 11.45am, having placed both bags in the boot of
a waiting taxi, which took them to a local shopping centre about five minutes away from the marina
Both men were seen carrying the bags into the shopping centre just before 12am. Once inside the
shopping centre, Golding was observed using his mobile phone near the exit, while Elfar sat at a
table with both bags at his feet. Later Golding returned to the table where Elfar was seated and they
were subsequently joined by two other men, identified as Triplett and

Policing In Australia Essay
The inherent goal of the police is to ensure the security of the community. As the population changes
so must the police. This reactive response by the police, allows for a predictive analysis on how the
police will evolve, if at all, in the future. This paper will briefly examine the predictive
demographics of Australia including increase in the population and crime as justification for a
stronger police force in the next 20 years. These factors argue, from the perspective of the police,
that a stronger police force means a larger capacity and more militarised weapons and tactics. This
paper will prove that this change is not only likely but policing in Australia has already shifted in
this direction. Events including the Global Financial Crisis, the increase in transnational crime and
terrorism highlight the need for a stronger national police force to manage high–risk situations. The
benefits outlined in this essay, while offering a benefit to the community are also beneficial to the
police in their role protect and security the community. The United States will be used as an
example of this shift, increasing their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current trend indicates that the population of Australia is increasing. It is estimated that by 2075
the population will almost double to 46 million. As the population grows so should the capacity of
the police. Capacity building means expanding the number of police in states and follows with a
guarantee that they will be equipped with the necessary training and materials. By following the
population trend this means doubling the New South Wales police and staff from the 16,636 to over
33,000 by 2075. By continually building the capacity of the police it will be less likely that police
will be overworked, tired or stressed, enabling them to act to the best of their abilities at all

Australian Legal System
The Australian Legal system has a common law system. In the Australian Legal system there is two
main sources of law; Case law otherwise referred to as 'common law' and it arises out of court
judgments. The second source of law is known as Statute which is passed by the parliament of
Australia. Early Australian law was heavily influenced by the United Kingdom (UK). [2] As the
years went on, the English law continued to influence Australian law. With each passing year, the
amount of influence from English law was decreasing up until 1986 when the influence had ended.
Australia had adopted the Constitution in 1901, where it gave the Commonwealth power of
legislation in certain areas only. Through the years, the Constitution has been edited and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hierarchical structure of Australia's Legal System and the Madayin Clan political system are
vastly different. Authority of a clan is normally given to the eldest member of the clan, regardless of
knowledge, merit etc. of that individual, in the Australian system, authority is given by Parliament,
courts and Judiciary members as well as public society. Legal disputes in Madayin law are solved by
individuals who are from Dalkarra and Djirrikay descent. Any member of Dalkarra and Djirrikay
clans are able [5]. In the Australian Legal System, members of political parties, leaders etc. have to
be over the age of 18 in order to become a member and is usually selected by Parliament, Courts or
Judiciary or members of public through voting. [7]. both Legal systems have Separation of Powers,
but are structured and operated a bit differently to each other. Australian Separation of Powers all
work towards the law and how it is enforced, the Parliament makes and amends the law, the
Executive enforces it, and the Judiciary makes verdicts about the law. [9]. The Madayin Separation
of powers, there are four branches, Ŋärra', Dalkarra Djirrikay, Djuŋgaya and the Milak, and Gäpan.
The Ŋärra' are the Parliaments, they maintain the acts of the Wäyuk, where there is great respect
between all members. The Dalkarra Djirrikay start legal processes, to

Australian Federal Police Plan
VALUES OF THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE CORPORATE PLAN
Name/ Ali
ID/
Table of Contents
Contents page
Introduction 3
Purpose of AFP corporate plan 4
Vision of AFP corporate plan 4
Mission of AFP corporate plan 4
Values of AFP corporate plan 5
Conclusion 8
References 9
Introduction In the following research, the Australian Federal Police( AFP) is going to be discussed
emphasizing the importance of its seven values. Also purpose, vision and mission of the Australian
Federal Police plan will be clarified , showing its impact on the country as well as the individuals.
The AFP plan will be analyzed according its main roles in the Australian ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
a true obligation to the success of individuals.
. absolute truthfulness and sincerity in all commitments with people.
. high standard of individual behavior and personality at all times.
. entire responsibility when handling belongings, money and information.
Commitment: what is especial in commitment is the devotion of everybody in the AFP to
accomplish something and add a value . on the individual level, the AFP demonstrates commitment

through:
. achieve each task or do their job enduring responsibility.
. insist on doing every task or activity as soon as it is logically possible.
. do their best willingly to fulfill the vision and the mission of the AFP>
. try hard to attain individual, team and mutual benchmark.
Excellence:
Australian people and the government of the country expect all the time improvements from the
AFP in strategy , plan , support and strength.
The AFP thinks that there is constantly an opportunity for perfection . excellence is displayed
through the following:
.encourage everyone who work in the AFP to provide a good service to all citizens.
.improve and train employees rather than manage and direct

Evaluation of Bali Bombings Legal Responses
TERRORISM: LEGAL AND NON–LEGAL RESPONSES
Evaluate the effectiveness of the legal and non–legal responses to the Bali Bombings
The 2002 Bali Bombings were a series of suicide bombing attacks on the popular western tourist
district of Kuta, Bali – an island of Indonesia. The attack occurred on October 12, 2002 and took the
lives of 202 people; 88 of which were Australian nationals. This response will evaluate the legal and
non–legal responses to the Bali Bombings according to the following criteria: resource efficiency,
accessibility, enforceability, responsiveness, protection of individual rights, meeting society 's needs
and the application of the rule of law, and aims to answer the question that, in this case, has justice
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following days, the AFP conducted thorough forensic investigations into the source of the
bombings, as well as the scenes of the crimes. The forensic material was then processed in Australia
after an emergency amendment to the Crimes Act, 1901 (Cth) was passed. This speedy response
from the nations federal politicians allowed the processing of forensic data from offshore (Bali) in
the highly sophisticated labs located in Australia. This quick response is what ensured the integrity
of the forensics and ultimately what allowed the bombers to be arrested. With the support of forensic
examination, the investigation progressed quickly. This led to the arrest by the INP of the first
suspect, Amrozi bin Nurhasyim (Amrozi), on November 5, 2002, and the subsequent identification
of other suspects. A second joint INP and AFP investigation team was formed to pursue the
remaining suspects, which led to the arrest of Imam Samudra and a number of other suspects on 21
November 2002. This was followed by the arrests of Ali Ghufron (Muklas) on December 4, 2002,
and Ali Imron on January 12, 2003. The rapid legal responses from the AFP and the Parliament is
what allowed the arrest of the bombers, in what was a greatly effective response.
Not only was the AFP 's response a legal one, but also a non–legal one. A major operation was then
undertaken

Employment Issues : Employment Contracts
Employment Issues Employment contracts Awards Awards are law–enforceable documents outlining
the minimum terms and conditions of employment for a particular industry. Awards in the workplace
cover two main forms: Modern awards Award–based transitional instruments The modern award
system covers entire industries, which provides a safety net including ensured minimum pay wage
and employment conditions. The Fair Work Commission (FWC) has the responsibility of creating
awards in the workplace relations system. Some common clauses in modern awards include wage
rates, holidays, sick leave, overtime and other minimum conditions for a whole industry or type of
job. Award based transitional instruments refers to the industrial instruments that include pre–reform
federal and state awards. These only apply if one is calculating the balance of leave of an employee
whose employment began prior to the beginning of 2010. Enterprise agreements An enterprise
agreement is a negotiated deal regarding the conditions of employment between an employer and
employee. The FWA regulates enterprise agreements to ensure fair terms and conditions for
employees. There are 3 forms of enterprise agreements: Single enterprise agreements– one or more
employer in a single enterprise (single interest employers) Multi–enterprise agreements– two or
more employers (not single interest) Greenfields agreements– new enterprise with one or more
employers who have no current employees (can be either

The Australian Criminal Justice System Is Shaped Largely...
The criminal justice system is the system the Australian public look to for protection and justice
against those that disregard the law but there are mixed opinions from the general public that the
justice system is too lenient and that the public opinion isn't taken into consideration when assessing
crime and punishment. In this essay, I will argue that the Australian criminal justice system is in fact
shaped largely by our society because if it doesn't reflect social conscience, the justice system would
fail. I will discuss this firstly by explaining how the criminal justice system works in Australia, how
the justice system reflects community values and how it relates to today's society, the budget and
staffing levels of agencies of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We have also witnessed recognition of women's rights in marital rape and domestic violence as well
as technology crimes, and updates to the criminal law involving terrorism since the September 11
Twin Tower bombings in New York (Hayes and Prenzler, 2012). Although law makers can be slow
to respond to social change, this proves that as society evolves, so does the criminal law and our
opinions and attitudes are taken into account and laws are changed for our best interest.
A factor that the public don't take into consideration when judging the justice system is budget and
staffing levels. The different arms, although part of the criminal justice system, work independently
to serve the community but can be affected by budgeting, staffing levels and space restrictions, in
turn affecting public perception. In 2007–2008 approximately 70% (majority of this being salaries)
of the justice system expenditure was spent on the police force showing that the majority of the
budget is being spent on the investigative arm (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2009). The
corrective services sector made up 24% and the criminal courts administration took up a tiny 6% of
the budget. There has been a dramatic increase in prisoners which shows that police are
apprehending criminals and Judges are providing suitable sentences but prisons are chronically
overcrowded (Martin, 2010). The Government listened and announced that new prisons will be
constructed, but this would take

Aviation Security And Airport Management
AVIA 2701
Aviation Security & Airport Management
Individual Essay
Name: FUNG, Ching Yan Zara
Student Number: Z5054510
An efficient and secure aviation system is essential within Australia's aviation industry since it
connects cities and Australia to the rest of the world. Aviation security refers to the prevention of
terrorism and acts of unlawful interference and help safeguard Australia's aviation transport system.
The Australian Government regulates the Australian aviation security environment through the
Aviation Transport Security Act 2004(ATSA) and the Aviation Transport Security Regulations 2005
(ATSR).
Pre–Flight Security Checks
After the events of 911, security in airport has been heavily strengthened in Australia. Passenger and
luggage security screening has become the most visible and strong deterrent layer to prevent
unlawful acts. Passengers and their cabin baggage must be screened prior to boarding aircrafts. "It
ensures items such as explosives, firearms, prohibited items (e.g. items with sharp edges or points
capable of injuring people) and weapons that have potential to be used in an attack on the aircraft
are prevented from being taken onboard." ("What You Cannot Take On Board | Security | Prepare |
Sydney Airport", 2016) To protect against the threat of liquid explosives, quantity limits rules for
Liquid, Aerosol and Gels passengers may take onboard were introduced and apply to all passengers
arriving on international flights who are transiting in

12 Year Old Cancer Case Study
Title: Federal Police Grant an unusual wish for 12–Year Old Cancer Patient
Category: News & Opinion
Tags: wish foundation, granting wishes
Teaser: Australian federal police "Make–A–Wish" come true for a young boy in remission from
leukaemia – and it was a blast!
Article: A young cancer patient had an unusual wish granted, thanks to the Australian Federal Police
(AFP). AFP's Specialist Response Group joined forces with the Make–A–Wish foundation and
organized a day at a training village so that 12–year–old Declan's wish to "blow stuff up" could
come true.
Declan's wish – blow stuff up!
Declan, who's in remission from leukaemia, had one wish. Now, thanks to Australian Federal Police,
his wish to "blow stuff up" came true. His day began with a personal escort from the Federal Police's
Close Personal Protection Team, motorcade. He was then whisked away to the AFP's special
response team's headquarters. At the training village Declan participated in various scenarios,
including a hostage–taking. But Declan's real dream was to blow stuff up. And it looks like he had a
blast! But it didn't end there. Declan's trip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the clear majority of wishes involve taking vacations, meeting celebrities or going to
Disneyland, some kids – like Declan – choose the path less taken.
Take for instance, 17–year–old Allan. Allan has been designing sports cars since he was four. After
battling leukemia, the Design Team at GM Tech Center, in conjunction with Make–A–Wish
Foundation, invited Allan to present his best designs at their headquarters near Detroit.
Not only did Allan have the opportunity to sit and ride in some of GM's specialized cars from the
executive garage, but he also received advice on college, the industry and GM's internship program.
Ellie and Brynne had one true

Essay On Aboriginal People
During my interview with Margaret West of Bourke, NSW – I was able to gain first–hand
knowledge and understanding of the issues (healthcare, safety and education) that were faced by
some indigenous people during the 70's and 80's. After the interview concluded, I had enough
information to compare the policies of her generation in contrast to the modern policies that deal
with the same issues that were discussed in the interview. During the interview I was told about the
challenges faced in the 70s, which included poor health services to indigenous. Aboriginal Medical
Services (AMS), National Aboriginal and Islander Health Organisation (NAIHO) were then formed
to tackle the poor health issues. And when it came to education, it was also a problem ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example the universal health insurance system, Medibank was introduced to allow mainstream
health services more affordable in 1975. Even though it was terminated in 1978, it was then
reintroduced as Medicare in 1984. In the early 1970s Aboriginal people were commonly confronted
with intolerance, prejudice and racism at every level of the nation's criminal justice system.
Aboriginal adults were eleven times more likely to be imprisoned than other Australians, and youth
twenty times more likely to be detained. In 1972 the Whitlam government eradicated the white
Australia policy and introduced a policy of self–determination, and in 1975, the racial
discrimination Act was put in effect and it was designed to acknowledge the prior ownership of
Australia by the Indigenous people. In January 2011 Australia was reviewed by the UN Human
Rights Council and in June 2011 Australia provided its response to the 145 recommendations made
by the Human Rights Council and amend their policy towards the indigenous people. The Racial
Discrimination Act 1975 has been fully reinstated in relation to the Northern Territory Emergency
Response December 2010. Putting of indigenous women in decision making positions for more
recognition and to improved there

Bankruptcy Case Study
Mr Sawlwin It has now been a while since you were requested a supply a competent Solicitors
details , Contact information that my Legal representatives can communicate with your legal
representative directly Thru past experiences with you and your interesting attitude to Legal matters
, We have decided it is better in the interests of seeking Law applied to deal direct with your
Solicitor and cost effective We have decided that we will not entertain any direct dealing with you
We have engaged Private investigators to secure your and Penelope 's residential location so that
Court related documents can be served on you and your ex–wife You both have been given ample
time to satisfy and service the debt that you owe and the debt is ... Show more content on
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with you regarding Threat to harm ABC Director's that reside in Queensland and for other elements ,
they were not clear on what the matter was related about You have also breached Bail conditions and
Domestic Violence Protection Order that the SAPOL had placed on you SAPOL seek my Digital
Audio recordings where you seek my and others involvement to cause harm to persons that you
have issues with You further Travelled and attempted to track down Penelope's partner at that time a
Stewart when you were on bail and Domestic Violence Conditions applied to you You further made
comment that you were to harm Department of Corrections officers Mr Sawlwin I have had it with
you and your continued false representations that you have been feeding to Beverly Joy Sawlwin ,
my ex mother which you seem to be getting a real kick out of causing continued trouble towards
myself the following is just a snippet of what you entertained to cause me trouble , just to get you
out of paying money that you owe me You have contacted the Australian Federal Police You have
Contacted the Australian Taxation office You have Contacted the Child Support Agency You have
Contacted the South Australian Work Cover Authority You have contacted the Queensland
department of Corrections For many years I have been feeding you false information and that false
information was stated to me by My ex mother Beverly Joy Sawlwin , your mother It has been
represented to me to inform you to STOP

Aborigistralian Rights And Civil Rights
"Reconciliation is about unity and respect between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and non–
Indigenous Australians. It is about respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage and
valuing justice and equity for all Australians".(Australian Government, 2017) From the late 1950s
both Aboriginal and non–Aboriginal activists came together to fight for the civil rights of Aboriginal
Australians and change the laws which disadvantaged Aboriginal Australians of civil liberties. There
were indisputably hundreds of Australians both Aboriginal and white all working together to help
create a more just society for Indigenous Australians in the after World War II period. This consists
of Aboriginal people who are trying to speaking out for their tribes and as well as all Indigenous
Australians. It includes church people, doctors, scientists, politicians and public servants. Civil
rights was a big focus in the 1950s and 1960s because in that time people realised that changed
needed to happen.
By the 1950s, having lost land and livelihood, many were paupers, living in 'humpies'(National
Museum Australia, 2014) which were small shelters that where located on the edge of town right
near rubbish dumps and Aboriginals earring what money they could make as fruit pickers. They
were not eligible for any state benefits or any form of dole which many white British received. State
laws in Australia told Aboriginal Australians where they could live, where they were allowed to

The Apology Of The Holocaust
On February 13th, 2008, indigenous and aboriginal people across all of Australia were deeply
moved and in tears; The Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, had finally apologised the Stolen
Generations in his 'sorry' speech. The Apology was an important step towards rebuilding respectful
and new relationships between indigenous and non–indigenous Australians, and to honour and
apologize to stolen generations. Many Australians believe that respectful relationships are essential
if we are to solve persistent problems. But poll results can sometimes show otherwise. We will see
how the media saw the 'sorry' apology, how aboriginal and non– indigenous people felt and how
they received the apology and also check out poll results. We will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, in 1995, the Keating labour government established the national inquiry into the
separation of aboriginal and Torres Strait islander children from their families through the human
rights and equal opportunities commission. It took 535 aboriginal and Torres Strait islander peoples
and groups as well as 56 church and government organisations to get a federal response.
1997 was the year the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander
children from their families released its findings in its Bringing them home report. Its findings
revealed that many officials and organisations of the time believed that they were doing the right
thing by removing children forcibly, that some institutions provided caring institutions for the
custody of children. Although, it is also recognised that most children were severely traumatised by
the forced removal. Abuse, neglect and cruelty was just some of the conditions faced by these kids
and their experiences have effected their adult lives, including having trust in police, schools and
government welfare. The bringing them home report found that these conditions have had a lasting
impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander Peoples. The Bringing them home report
recommended an acknowledgement of the government responsibility and formal apology from
Australian parliaments, non–government organisations, police forces and churches should be made
for their roles in the

Redfern Riot Shouldn't Be Prosecuted
Editorial: Redfern riot shouldn't be prosecuted
THE POLICE criticism toward residents of a small inner–city Sydney suburb of Waterloo must
signal the end of society and media depictions that has created an inability to deem the residents'
constant claim of police harassment and violence. It is time we should accept the grim fact that
many existing attitudes towards the most disadvantaged people, Indigenous Australians, are part of
this mayhem–like problem.
The public intensely curved its attention toward what happened in NSW on February 15. A 17–year–
old Indigenous boy, Thomas Hickey – the most common being "TJ" – died in hospital, a day after
injuring himself whilst chased by the police. This was enough to trigger the community to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They, indeed, got arrested. The court prevented them from attending the funeral on February 24. It is
essentially – if all allegations are correct – no necessity of prosecution toward this people, as we all
know; they were taking decisive action on the prospect of protracted conflict.
One must realize, whether or not the allegations are true, and so yet there is no evidence they are
not, there is no excuse that Indigenous had points of defence. A point of being neglect: Why do they
have to feel neglected in their motherland? And a point of suffering: Why should they suffer in
Australia – a birthplace of their ancestors? Until these questions are precisely challenged, Australian
should still believe the grim fact that many existing attitude toward most disadvantaged people are
the main roots of the problem. A fact that if you asked any non–indigenous Australian about the
worth of Indigenous, they will tell straight to your face: they do not have knowledge, they have no
contribution to this land; for example in an army – they do not defend Australia. Some of these
manipulations might be true, but, lets me take you back to history when first European boat arrived
at the west coast of Australia; Aborigines stop them from getting on to the land. But, their human
nature of feeling the pain of what will happen later in decades – even millennia – didn't depart, they
refuse to let them in. So,

How To Promote Animal Rights In Australia
Australian animal right laws are primarily monitored by the RSPCA working in correlation with
Australian legislation, however this level of upkeep largely differs between countries due to the
diversity of governance systems. (Do I need to add more here for my opening sentence?)
In Australia, the Federal Parliament, Council, and state and territory parliament set the animal right
laws. The regulations specific to each location are established by the local council to adhere to the
specifications of the community. These laws are enforced by the Federal Executive Government
which consists of Prime ministers in charge of federal law. To pass a law, approval is required from
the federal executive, if it is granted, the suggested regulation is given to the government
department, before ultimately being delivered to parliament (South Australian Current Acts, 1985).
There are a multitude of non–profit organisations in Australia that regulate and enforce animal right
laws; these consist of state, territory, and local executives, the ... Show more content on
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The RSPCA is the principle administer of animal law in Australia with over 100 Inspectors
nationwide to prevent cruelty to animals by reinforcing legislation (RSPCA, 2010). They promote
laws for the humane treatment of animals that reflect scientific knowledge with regards to
maintaining a healthy and safe entertainment institution for all involved parties (RSPCAAustralia,
2013). Animal welfare laws are enforced by RSPCA inspectors that are delegated under state and
territory law to investigate animal cruelty reports. To undertake this action they are bestowed
sanctionary consent to enter property, confiscate animals and evidence with the purpose of issuing
fines and prosecutions for violations of animal welfare legislation (RSPCA, 2015). Due to the vast
amount of remote locations

Justice Systems Compared2 Essay example
Abstract
The United States and Australian laws of criminal procedure show many common features which
originate from their common English origin. These include the presumption of innocence, the
neutral role of the trial judge, and the use of the jury trial. However, between the jurisdictions there
are also significant different approaches especially in relation to the treatment of illegally obtained
evidence, improperly obtained confessions and entrapment. The transparency of the jury is also an
important distinguishing feature of the United States' system not evident in Australia.
Introduction Australia and the United States of America share a common heritage, close ties to their
mother country of England, the same language, and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australian courts have also stopped short of adopting the "fruit of the poisoned tree" doctrine
applied by their U.S. counterparts. There has to be a direct relationship between the illegal or
improper conduct and the evidence adduced to justify its exclusion from the court. However, there is
some overlap between fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine and the discretion to exclude confessional
evidence for unfairness, especially where the search and seizure was accompanied by an unlawful
arrest.
Thus although Australian courts tend to strictly read statutory provisions enabling search and
seizure, they often fail to exclude evidence from criminal trial that breaches the scope of those
provisions. This reflects a realistic view that police investigation should not be overly observed if it
produces appropriate outcomes. In Australia, the need to maintain law and order is given priority
over individual rights to privacy.
United States
The bases for the criminal procedure process in the United States are, in some ways, quite similar to
those in Australia. As in Australia, the U.S. criminal justice system also is overwhelmingly state
oriented, with relatively few crimes prosecuted in the federal courts. Those cases that are

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