Seasonal Changes Within Reproductive Behavior

Seasonal Changes Within Reproductive Behavior
Jillian Greenwood
ADS 4613
10–24–2016
Seasonal changes in reproductive behavior and spermatogenesis in the stallion
Horses are polyestrous, seasonal breeders with mid–summer foaling and mating seasons in late
spring. Breeding occurs when the mare experiences photoperiod, which is the exposure to daylight
within a 24 hour period. As a result, the mare becomes receptive, and the stallion becomes more
dominate. Testosterone increases which promotes increased reproductive behavior, spermatogenesis,
and libido. Thus, photoperiod, reproductive behavior, and spermatogenesis influences fertility and
sexual behavior of the stallion.
Photoperiod is a key player in the reproductive system of the horse. Increased daily light exposure
has been shown to hasten the onset of the ovulatory season in mares (Sharp and Ginther, 1975)
increase total scrotal width and sexual behavior in the stallion (Clay and Clay, 1992). In the stallion,
LH concentrations increase at the arrival of the breeding season and begin to fall again as the winter
months approach (Irvine and Alexander, 1982; Johnson and Thompson, 1983). Stallions under
photoperiod during the winter months experience an accelerated seasonal increase in LH
concentrations and increased testosterone concentrations (Thompson, 1977). Similarly, mares
display increased LH concentrations during spring and summer months because of exposure to
constant light for 28 d during the winter (Freedman et al., 1979). This exposure increases daily LH
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Essay about Discuss the Male Reproductive System
Discuss the Male Reproductive System
The reproductive system is questionably the body system that is the most important influence on life
as we know it. It is the w ay in which we procreate and ensure our existence as a species. However,
the penis is only one part of the male reproductive system, which constitutes of a series responsible
for generating, storing, and transporting the genetic material contained in the sperm cells. The main
organs include: testicles (or testes), the epididymides, the vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct, the
urethra, and the penis. Others are the scrotum, urogenital opening, and the prostate gland.
The penis is a male organ, responsible for transporting urine and semen outside the body. It is a ...
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Testes are kept in the scrotum sac and are two oval shaped glands, about 8,5cm long and 2.5cm
wide. A midline septum divides the scrotum into two halves and each testical is covered in two
tunics; the Tunica vaginalis from the peritoneum and the Tunica albuginea which is a deeper tunic
and a fibrous capsule. The septa from this layer then divides the testes into 250 – 300 wedge shaped
compartments or lobules. It is in these lobules that seminiferous tubules are found, where sperm is
made. Each lobule contains about 1 – 4 seminiferous tubules. The network into which seminiferous
tubules empty is called the Rete testis. After which, the epididymis receives sperm from the rete
testis network.
The scrotum is a loose sac of skin and superficial fascia outside the abdominopelvic cavity, fascia,
and smooth muscle that encloses and supports the testes outside the body at an optimum temperature
for the production of sperm, about 3 degrees below body temperature. When the temperature is too
low, the spermatic cord (This cord is surrounded by skeletal muscle and suspends the testes) tightens
thus pulling the testes closer to the body. When the temperature is too hot, the cord relaxes resulting
in the testes moving further away from the body. The muscles responsible for this are Cremaster
muscles, which extend from the internal obliques and elevate the testes. Most men might have
noticed that when this happens, the scrotum skin wrinkles. This is due to the smooth muscle in the

Similarly to the male reproductive system, the female...
Similarly to the male reproductive system, the female reproductive system is an intriguing and
complex system that contains internal and external structures. Its external structures consist of the
labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and bartholens glands which all make up the vagina. These
structures all work together to protect the vagina as well as lubricate it. The vagina is an elastic,
muscular canal through which a baby can pass through during childbirth. The system's internal
structures are the vagina, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The uterus is responsible for holding
and nourishing a fetus while it develops during a nine month term. The ovaries are the structures
that make it possible for a woman to reproduce; they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated the process through which follicles enlarge and release a mature egg into the
fallopian tube is most commonly known as ovulation. The ovulation cycle is divided into two parts
with the follicular phase being the beginning part in which the egg matures. The ovulatory phase
then begins during the middle of a female's menstrual cycle in which cervical fluids increase and
become more fertile. An increase in the LH hormone levels affect the ovarian follicle causing a hole,
or "stigma" to appear on the surface of the follicle. At this point in the course of ovulation, the egg is
pushed down the fallopian tube into the uterus where it will wait 12–24 hours to be fertilized by a
sperm cell before it disintegrates. The series of changes in the female reproductive system that
include producing an egg and preparing the uterus to nurture it for nine months is called the
menstrual cycle. This process begins during the pubescent years of a female and ends when said
female goes through menopause. The menstrual cycle is commonly divided into four phases:
follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase and menstruation phase if the egg is not fertilized.
During the first phase of the cycle (follicular phase) estrogen, a female hormone, causes the
endometrium to grow and develop in order to prepare for a possible fertilized egg. The spike in the
estrogen levels cause FSH

Human Improduction And The Process Of The Human...
Human Reproduction is a process in which a new human is created. It is essential because it is
needed in order to sustain our population and ensure our species survival. The male reproductive
system contributes sperm, the male sex cell, this sex cell contains 23 chromosomes. The male
reproductive system is also in charge of releasing the sperm into the female's vagina and make sure
that it reaches the female's egg. The female reproductive system is in charge of creating egg cells,
the female reproductive sex cell containing 23 chromosomes. The female reproductive system is
also in charge of making sure fertilization, implantation and that the embryo successfully develops
and is born. The male reproductive system is in charge of making healthy sperm(male sex cell) and
making sure that it successfully reaches the egg of the female. As most systems are, the male
reproductive system is a combination of many components. It all starts at the seminiferous tubules
within the testes, where the sperm is created, however, the testes create hormones that regulate the
production of sperm. Surrounding the testes is the scrotum, a sac of skin that keeps the sperm at
about 3 degrees Celsius below body temperature. After the sperm matures, it is stored in the
epididymis until ejaculation occurs, during ejaculation, the epididymis contracts, releasing the sperm
into the vas deferens, a long tube that connects the urethra and the epididymis. The sperm then
passes by 3 glands, the seminal vesicle which provides sugars, the prostate gland which provides an
alkaline fluid for protection and finally the Cowper's gland which provides a lubricant for the sperm
to travel in. This mixture of substances, called semen is ejaculated out the urethra and finally the
penis and hopefully into the female's reproductive system. However the penis must be erect for the
sperm to successfully enter the female's vagina, this is where erectile tissue comes in, the tissue is
inflated with blood, keeping the penis erect and ensuring that the sperm enters the vagina. The
female reproductive system is in charge of creating eggs and ensuring the development of the
embryo into a fully grown fetus. Just like the male reproductive system, the female

Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Blessing
As science and technology advance, new ways of life become easier and can be found at any
individual's fingertips. Reproductive technology is a broad topic, which can be broken down into
using any type of technology to treat infertility. Couples who are, in fact, unable to have children
turn to the form of technology to assist in producing offspring. There are many procedures that can
be done to treat and give women a chance to conceive a child. Women seeking pregnancy use,
according to Reproductive Technology and Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Blessing? Curse?
Both? : In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), In Vitro Maturation (IVM), Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
(GIFT), Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a variety of issues with the process of artificially creating a fetus. The most popular
procedure, IVF, is a process where sperm and egg are fertilized outside of the body and then injected
back into the woman. At the beginning of the IVF process, there is precautionary medicine which
needs to be taken to balance the hormone levels needed to conceive a child. "There are other health
concerns as well. According to Our Bodies Ourselves, one quarter of women who inject fertility
drugs – a necessary part of ART treatment – experience Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome which
causes the ovaries to temporarily swell and become painful" (Assisted Reproductive Technologies:
Blessing? Curse? Both?). Although this is a temporary syndrome, researchers are still unsure of the
long–term health effects that can arise from ART processes. For example, the article Assisted
Reproductive Technologies: Blessing? Curse? Both? represents how reproductive technologies are
having favorable and inauspicious effects on women's/fetus health, as well as explains that couples
that use ICSI technology seem to put the fetus at a very high risk of developing autism and delayed
developmental function in multiple cases. There is no guarantee in a fully healthy baby, so why risk
using hazardous scientific

The Bats Reproductive Technique And The Evidence For An...
The New Zealand Lesser Short–tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is an endangered bat, endemic to
New Zealand. It diverges into three subspecies, of which two are endangered and one is at risk
(Department of Conservation [DOC], 2012). It is one of three original native bat species in New
Zealand with only two of those species still found today. The Lesser Short–tails are microbats, with
pre–foraging adults weighing between 10 to 22 grams (Carter & Riskin, 2006). An adult body length
can extend up to 70mm and with an average wingspan between 280–300mm wide (Carter & Riskin,
2006). They have a brown–grey coat colour that lightens in the ventral areas and similar skin colour
(Carter & Riskin, 2006).
Due to its endangered status, understanding the Lesser Short–tailed bats reproductive cycle is
essential in helping conserve the species and stabilize the population. This essay will explore the
bats reproductive technique and the evidence for an annual cycle, which can be seen to make
anatomical, behavioural and physiological changes to the bats (Racey & Entwistle, 2000). The male
anatomical and physiological changes have not had a sufficient in depth study, however their
behavioural changes a can clearly be seen (Krutzsch, 2000). On the other hand female anatomical
and physiological changes have been explored a little more and there is more information available
on those changes. Changes include behavioural courtship, anatomical and physiological fluctuation
(with emphasis on

Comparing The Reproductive And Urinary System
Reproductive and Urinary Systems The reproductive and urinary systems are just two of the eleven
body systems that make up who we are. Each of these systems is comprised of certain organs,
muscles and nerves. The reproductive system contains organs that are found on the inside and
outside of both males and females and they work together to create babies. The reproductive system
is an important system in the body. The male reproductive system is made up of several parts. These
parts are the penis, scrotum, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands and the bladder (WebMD, 2015). Each one of these
organs performs a certain function within the reproductive system. ... Show more content on
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Muscles in the ureter walls constantly tighten and relax to move urine away from the kidneys. Tiny
quantities of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters every ten to fifteen seconds
(LiveScience, 2015). The bladder is a hollow organ found in the pelvis and held in place by
ligaments and the pelvic bone. The bladder holds urine until the brain tells the bladder that it is
ready to be emptied. A healthy bladder can hold up to sixteen ounces of urine comfortably for two to
five hours (WebMD, 2015). . To avoid drainage muscles called sphincters close firmly around the
opening of the bladder into the urethra, the tube that allows urine to pass outside of the body. The
only difference between the male and female urinary system is the length of the urethra. In females
the urethra is about one and half to two inches long and sits between the clitoris and the vagina
(LiveScience, 2015). In males, it runs the length of the penis and is about eight inches long and
opens at the end of the penis (LiveScience,

Reproductive Rights : Women 's Fight For Control
Reproductive Rights: Women's Fight for Control
Women having been fighting for equal rights for many years. Because of our genitalia, we will be
paid less, we will be judged more, and we will have to fight to protect our basic human rights. Most
women are born with the amazing ability to carry life; this is a blessing and a curse. Because of this
ability, some people believe that a woman's body is not completely her own, but that the government
has rights to that body as well. We have been fighting to control our own bodies for many years. All
women must understand that fighting for our reproductive rights is not just a simple pro–life or pro–
choice battle, but a complex fight to teach proper sex education, maintain women's health facilities,
and protect our essential human rights.
The battle for reproductive rights began well over a hundred years ago. At a time when families
were producing more children than they could afford to feed, many women were seeking primitive
forms of birth control and undergoing abortions. It was in the 1860s that a postal inspector turned
politician named Anthony Comstock, in partnership with the Young Men's Christian Association, set
out on a crusade to condemn all forms of birth control and any kind of abortion by claiming they
violated "anti–obscenity laws" (Baer). These men eventually succeeded and created the Comstock
Laws in 1873 that prohibited all "sales, advertising, or information on birth control" (Baer).
As long as there have been

Reproductive Rights And Human Rights
Reproductive Rights Are Human Rights In 1973, the US Supreme Court declared abortion a
nationwide fundamental right through a trial called Roe vs. Wade and protected this right underneath
the Fourteenth Amendment, more specifically, the right to privacy. A basic human right, especially
one outlined by the Supreme Court, must never run at risk or threat chiefly because not everyone
agrees with it. Under no circumstances should a pregnancy ever adjudge mandatory. Abortion is a
Constitutional right and as a nation we must fight to give the right and freedom of safe abortions to
women all around the nation, make birth control and sex education accessible to women, and raise
awareness about the topic itself. (LawCornell)
In the United States, per year, twenty million unsafe abortions and sixty–eight thousand deaths from
them occur, (Odyssey) while the average death risk for a safe abortion is less than .01 percent. An
illegal and unsafe abortion should never result as the last resort, but it tends to because of a lack of
access to safe ones. Morals, usually drawn from religious beliefs, tend to play a part in one's opinion
towards abortion. More than three fourths of Americans consider themselves as Christians. This
means that more than three fourths of Americans believe that it is morally wrong to undergo an
abortion and a person should not hold the right to take someone else's life away. While a moral
belief, based on religion, is something all people are free to have,

Reproductive System Research Essay
Reproductive System Research Essay Between the two reproductive systems, each contain their
own function to provide for the human body. In the female reproductive system, the different parts
include: the ovary, ovum, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vulva, and the vagina. These different parts
contribute to the female reproductive cycle. The ovaries are two oval shaped organs that contain the
ovas. The ovum are female sex cells that unite with male for fertilization. The fallopian tube releases
the eggs. The uterus allows the baby to grow within it. The cervix forms a barrier between the uterus
and the vagina. It expands allows a baby to pass through it. The vagina is a muscular canal that
enables copulation. The structure of the female ovary is an oval shaped organ that sits above the
fallopian tube and the ovum is covered by a thin membrane. The fallopian tube is a tube extended
from the uterus. The uterus is basically the womb that is hollow in the female reproductive system.
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus. The vulva is the external parts of the female organs that is
the opening for the vagina. The vagina is the elastic tube connecting the cervix of the uterus. To go
in more detail, other parts of the female organs include the labia, hymen, urethra, clitoris, estrogen,
and progesterone. The labia is the inner and outer folds of the vulva. The hymen is a membrane the
closes the opening of the vagina. The urethra is where urine comes out of the body from the

Reproductive Rights Of Men And Women
One of the most controversial topics being discussed in today's society is the concept of
reproductive rights. According to the Salem Press Encyclopedia, reproductive rights provide
individuals with the freedom to make sexual and reproductive decisions (Caffrey, 2014).
Reproductive rights provide both men and women the opportunity to seek reproductive healthcare
and education. Additionally, these rights are designed to provide individuals and couples with the
opportunity to decide whether or not they would like to have children throughout their lives. Some
services available to these individuals are the right to birth control and other contraceptive options,
abortion, sexually transmitted disease testing, and much more. Although reproductive rights do aide
to include the rights of men and women, this paper will focus specifically on the reproductive rights
of girls and women. Studies show there is an importance around the idea of girls and women being
able to have control of their own bodies.
Why Are Reproductive Rights Important? In general, reproductive rights are important to the
individual as well as to our society. Reproductive rights are important because they promote a sense
of equality and personal freedom. They provide individuals with right to a safe, responsible, and
satisfying sex life. A key aspect of reproductive rights is that they allow a person to choose if and
when they are going to have children. They also provide access to education, abortions, STD

Reproductive System
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ➢ The major function of the reproductive system is to
make sure that the human species survives. ➢ It is not necessary for every human being to produce
children, but in order to continue our human species, at least some people have to have children. ➢
The four main functions of the human reproductive system are: To produce egg and sperm cells, To
transport and sustain these cells, To nurture the developing offspring, and To produce hormones.
MAJOR ORGANS ➢ In the human reproductive system, the major organs include the external
genitalia and many internal organs including gonads producing gametes and hormones. ➢ These
hormones are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
➢ In each tube is a sewing needle size passageway. At the other end of each fallopian tube is a
fringed area that looks like a funnel and wraps around the ovary. The fallopian tube does not
completely attach to the ovary. ➢ When an egg pops out of an ovary, it enters the fallopian tube and
tiny hairs in the tube's lining help push it down the narrow passageway toward the uterus. After
intercourse, sperm in the vagina passes through the cervix, the uterus, and then to the fallopian
tubes. If a sperm encounters an ovum (egg), conception occurs. 4. Ovaries ➢ The female has two
oval–shaped organs, called ovaries, that lie to the upper right and left of the uterus. ➢ The ovaries
produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes during the process called ovulation. ➢ Each
ovary measures about 1 1/2 to 2 inches in a grown woman. The ovaries are part of the endocrine
system and produce estrogen and progesterone, female sex hormones. ➢ The ovaries are among the
first organs to be formed as a female baby develops. By 20 weeks, the ovaries have about 6 to 7
million potential egg cells. From that point on however, the number begins to decrease rapidly. A
newborn infant has between 1 million to 2 million egg cells. By puberty, the number of egg cells
remaining is about 300,000. For every egg that matures and undergoes ovulation, roughly a
thousand will fail. During the course of an average

Essay about Stories about Reproductive Justice
1) What are the main ideas and/or issues of the article as it relates to the chosen topic?
Bridgewater (2009) argues that an understanding of reproductive justice and the implications of its
regulations in the U.S requires more than just a deep understanding of the laws that govern
reproductive rights but also a very good understanding of the story of slavery. Slavery experiences
of reproductive oppression, especially towards the Women of Color in the U.S, have fueled the
movement for reproductive rights. The lack of freedom to reproductive rights and decisions has
subjected the Women of Color to racism and sexism, creating stereotyped minds that they cannot be
in control of their reproductive bodies. Bridgewater's methodology was to ... Show more content on
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These strategies continue to undermine the choices that the Women of Color have in deciding
whether or not they want to have children because they do not want to be stigmatized with poverty.
Obviously, the adverse and psychological effects of the various interlocking forms of oppressions
that limits Women of Color's reproductive rights makes it very important to understand them.
3) In what ways are the ideas and/or issues presented in the article related to the textbook reading?
Bridgewater (2009) discusses the relevance of slavery in the pursuit of reproductive freedom.
Silliman et al. (2004) in the textbook advanced the definition of reproductive rights beyond abortion.
Silliman et al. (2004) was more specific in discussing the struggle and efforts of a specific group
(Women of Color) in fighting through the different forms of oppression placed on their reproductive
rights by the White community. Silliman et al. (2004) discussed the roles of federal population
policies in encouraging racism and discrimination against black women.
Both talked about principles of reproductive rights as a concept of human rights, discussing the
topics surrounding reproductive rights, as well as the interconnected relationships between the
rights, entities, viewpoints, and individuals involved in producing reproductive rights. Silliman et al.
(2004) referred to some cultures around the world that females are second–class

Comparing The Integumentary System And Reproductive System
1. Integumentary System and Reproductive System
Several systems work alongside the integumentary system to keep the body functioning properly.
For instance, the integumentary system and the reproductive system are dependent on each other.
The skin, an organ of the integumentary system, protects the organs of the reproductive system, such
as the uterus. The mammary glands, highly modified glands that are part of the integumentary
system, provide milk for an infant after its birth. Skin stretches to accommodate a growing fetus in
the uterus as well. The reproductive system has many functions that aid the integumentary system.
Male sex hormones, produced by the testes, activate oil glands, which lubricate skin and hair, and
gonadal hormones stimulate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respiratory system carries out gas exchange; it provides oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
from the blood. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the
lungs where the carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is put in. The blood then travels back to the
heart where it is pumped throughout the body through arteries. Carbon dioxide in the form of
carbonic acid and bicarbonate contribute to blood buffering so the pH level of the blood resists
changes. The circulatory system delivers oxygen provided by the respiratory system throughout the
body via arteries, such as the aorta. Veins, such as the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava,
transport wastes, such as carbon dioxide, out of the body through the

Assisted Reproductive Technology-Bioethics
Running Head: Assisted Reproductive Technologies Abstract ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) can be very helpful for certain patients, but ethical concerns have been
raised about the inherent nature of specific techniques and the contexts in which many techniques
are used. Physicians play important roles in supporting those who wish to become parents and in
educating patients about impediments to fertilization and ways to promote conception. We discuss
various ethical issues surrounding ARTs, including family relationships, informed choice, gender
issues, embryo status and the commercialization of reproduction, as well as legal and policy issues.
We examine the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of ARTs and suggest ways to ... Show more
In the egg donor process, eggs are retrieved from a donor's ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with
the sperm from the recipient's partner, and the resulting healthy embryos are returned to the
recipient's uterus. A gestational carrier is an option when a patient's medical condition prevents a
safe pregnancy, when a patient has ovaries but no uterus due to congenital absence or previous
surgical removal, and where a patient has no ovaries and is also unable to carry a pregnancy to full
term. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms
such as Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) or Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) to
help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes. Embryo splitting can be
used for twinning to increase the number of available embryos. Others The following Assisted
Reproduction techniques don't necessarily involve IVF. In gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) a
mixture of sperm and eggs is placed directly into a woman's fallopian tubes using laparoscopy
following a transvaginal ovum retrieval. Sex selection is the attempt to control the sex of offspring
to achieve a desired sex. It can be accomplished in several ways, both pre– and post–implantation of
an embryo, as well as at birth. Pre–implantation techniques include PGD, but also sperm sorting.
Artificial insemination (AI) is when sperm is placed into a female's uterus (intrauterine) or cervix

Essay on The Four Principles of Ethics in New Reproductive...
The Four Principles of Ethics in New Reproductive Technology
Jamie Cormier
Health Care Ethics
Baker College
January 14, 2014
How can the principles of ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice) assist in finding a
middle ground on new reproductive technologies? The principles of ethics can assist in finding a
middle ground on reproductive technologies by forcing the healthcare provider to consider first the
patient and their well–being above all else, yet keeping in consideration the benefits and morality of
the care they are giving. More often than not, there are more than two sides to every argument,
especially when it comes to the latest reproductive technologies. "To obtain justifiable resolutions of
these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is what seemingly creates the greatest conflict in how far the medical community should go in
creating life. The principle of nonmaleficence, to do no harm, in reproductive technology can be
applied to the prospective parents and the prospective child–the embryo. The procedures involved in
attempting to impregnate a woman can be physically and emotionally damaging, but rewarding if
done successfully. But the parties must first determine to what extent and at what cost will they risk
to achieve their ultimate goal. It would cause great harm physically to the embryos if there were
multiple unsuccessful attempts, but many would argue that the end outweighs the means, that it is
worth it if the result was a viable pregnancy and healthy child. To consider beneficence, the health
professional and prospective parents must be certain that there actually will be some benefit and
understand that there is a great risk of being unable to produce a child, therefore resulting in no
benefit, and possibly causing harm, both physically and emotionally. They must also consider
whether it is worth the risk, and that solely depends on the details of the situation. Would it benefit
all parties, including the child? If there is a higher health risk to the mother to go through pregnancy,
does the benefit outweigh

Women's Reproductive Rights Research Paper
Under the Trump administration, women's reproductive rights in developing countries have been
dealt a devastating blow. It is our moral and ethical duty to fight regain these rights back for some of
the most disadvantaged and powerless women in the world. Women should be able to have a choice
about what happens to their own bodies, and be the masters of their own destiny. This policy is an
assault on women's health and we need to stand up and fight for the repeal of this unfair and unjust
law.
In one of his first actions as President, Donald Trump reinstituted the Mexico City Policy, which
ceases US aid to international health organisations that offer or promote abortion as a method of
family planning. This policy has been a political tug of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As one expert has said, "Fewer women will now get contraception and be able to have children by
choice, not chance." While this legislation does not currently prevent women in America from
accessing abortions or contraception, Trump's attitude towards women's reproductive rights should
be a frightening wake up call to us all, as it is foreshadows what could easily happen within the
United States. Trump has clearly stated that he supports an abortion ban at home and identifies
himself as "pro–life". Do not be complacent, Trump's anti women sentiments can easily be turned
into policy here in the US, making it more difficult for women to access essential reproductive care.
Join me in standing up and speaking out for women's right to have control over their reproductive
health, regardless of where they live in the world. We will not be silenced or gagged from having a
voice in our own future and that of other woman. Women's bodies are not, and should not be,
something that can be governed. This misguided and outdated law does not decrease the number of
abortions that are occurring, but instead places women's emotional and physical health and
wellbeing at risk. This legislation clearly threatens the health and lives of women all around the
world; we need to unite to support our sisters in the fight to regain our right to control our own

Undue Burden : Obstacles Against Women 's Reproductive Rights
Undue Burden: Obstacles Against Women's Reproductive Rights
Undue Burden: Obstacles Against Women's Reproductive Rights The topic of women's reproductive
rights has become a major, controversial issue in today's society. Grounded in a history of opposition
for religious, political, and moral reasons, reproductive rights have only legally been around for a
short period of history. Specifically, the landmark case Roe v. Wade was the major stride that this
country took towards enforcing women's reproductive rights. The ruling for this case determined
that reproductive rights are legal rights women hold, inclusive of the right to have abortions.
However, many laws today are made in an effort to prevent abortions, acting as "undue burdens"
that aim to create obstacles for women who seek this type of medical procedure. Specifically,
reproductive rights have faced a lot of backlash and backtracking in the past few years, as well as
have become a major topic since the campaigns for the 2016 presidential election began. Beyond the
candidates themselves, the opinions surrounding reproductive rights – specifically in reference to
abortions – are divided greatly between liberal and conservative states, with liberal states more apt
to be in favor and upholding of abortion rights, and conservative states more prominently standing
against abortions. Regardless of the jeopardy that women's reproductive rights are in due to the
upcoming presidential election, the more pressing matter for

Women’s Reproductive Rights Are In Danger Essay
The battle for women's reproductive rights is similar to the struggle for African Americans to have
"the full liberty of speech in public and private" as Dredd Scott found out in 1865 when he
petitioned for his personal freedom from slavery and lost. Moreover women's reproductive rights are
akin to defending the rights of racial equality, civil rights, desegregation, same sex marriage, and
universal human rights. Every individual should have the right to choose how to live his or her
private life in today's society without governmental interference or control.
Abortion had been illegal since 1880 in the United States, unless it was "crucial in saving the
woman's life." According to the Boston Women's Health Book Collective, by the ... Show more
On one hand, the cost to have an abortion was extremely high during that tumultuous time and most
women could not afford it. So, Planned Parenthood was formed in part to help alleviate the costs
associated with abortions for low–income, women of color who needed the medical help.
(feminist.com) This allowed these women in crisis to afford to have these procedures done in a safe
manner with the supplement of Medicaid. But, many pro–lifers object to the use of taxpayer money
to provide abortions to these individuals, even though white women during the 1970s and today had
more abortions than anyone else. (U.S. Statistical Abstract 2009)
During the 1995 United Nations World Conference on Women activist and Woman's Movement
leader, Bella Abzug, wrote in her 'Contract with Women of the USA' calling for among other things
"economic, social and political equality for women. Other principals included affordable health care
and reproductive rights; ending discrimination against women and inclusion of women in the global
peace–making process; protecting a health environment; more importantly, a long–term plan to
achieve equality. (Contract with Women of the USA ) These founding principles are the basis of the
feminist movement's push to maintain Roe v. Wade and keep if from being reversed.
Unfortunately, the landmark Roe decision is perilously close to being overturned by opponents and
conservative Christian groups who want the states to limit women's

The Female Reproductive System Essay
The Female Reproductive System parts are gametes, which is a mature haploid male or female germ
cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in several reproductions to form a zygote.
Egg is a person possessing a specified quantity. Ovum is a mature female reproductive cell
especially of a human or other animal that van divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after
fertilization by a male cell. Vaginal is a muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the
cervix of the uterus in women and most female mammals. Labia is the inner and outer folds of the
vulva, at either side of the vagina. Clitoris is a small sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals
at the anterior end of the vulva. Urethra is a duct by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Semen is the male reproductive fluid, containing spermatozoa in suspension. Sperm is a male
reproductive cell. Prostate is a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and
releasing prostatic fluid. Urethra is a duct by which urine is convey out of the body from the
bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen. Penis is the male genital organ of higher
vertebrates, carrying the duct for the transfer of sperm during copulation. Glans is the head of a
penis. A shaft is the cylindrical part of the penis between the scrotum and head. Seminiferous
tubules is any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where
spermatozoa mature. Seminal vesicles is each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near
its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen. Bladder is a
membranous sac in human and other animals, which urine is collected for excretion.
Structures
The Female Reproductive System structures are the egg / ovum. Its created and stored inside the
ovaries. The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior
of the body. The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear–shaped organ located posterior and superior to
urinary bladder. The Fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular tubes that extends from the left and right
superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. The ovaries are a pair of small glands about
the size

Assisted Reproductive Technology
The policy that will be mainly discussed is the state and federal laws toward the use of Assisted
Reproductive Technology(ART). The government should provide funding to allow all states to pass
infertility insurance laws. In order to give infertile couples a chance to create their own family with
a healthy baby.
First and foremost, an introduction for those who are not familiar with the topic assisted
reproductive technology. Loosely based on the definition provided by 1992 Fertility Clinic Success
Rate and Certification Act, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is any laboratory procedures
that involve removing eggs from a woman's womb and combine them with a male sperms to make a
zygote ("What is Assisted Reproductive Technology?" par. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
When the woman is unable to carry the baby, the couple would normally consider hiring a surrogate
to do so. This method has helped plenty of heterosexual couples and gay male couples to reach
parenthood(Asch and Marmor par. 18). If we look at the data, in 2001, only 571 surrogacy contracts
were reported and less than 1% of them knew about ARTs(Asch and Marmor par. 18). Only a very
few states accept gestational carrier arrangements. Many states in this country straight out ban the
use of surrogate mothers. Even states that allow surrogate motherhood would most likely to refuse
to approve the contract if any disagreements develop among the parties(Asch and Marmor par. 18).
As a result of the strict regulations on surrogacy in the United States, many couples begin to seek
help overseas(Asch and Marmor par. 18). The president of PlanetHospital, located in California,
sates that they send about 100 couples to India every year for surrogacy. Many people chose to do
this also because it costs less. It costs about $50,000 to have a surrogate mother in the United States,
however, surrogacy in India can be easily managed between $10,000–$12,000(Asch and Marmor
par.

Female And Male Reproductive Systems
The resources available in this course for the week 3 readings of The Female and Male
Reproductive Systems were helpful. The resources were beneficial and in–depth and provided
detailed information about the reproduction process for males and females. The three resources I
found helpful this week in learning about the puberty and the reproduction system were the
interactive glossary, anatomical images, and the self–care assessments to check for any unordinary
signs or issues. The resources helped to enhance the learning and provided a better understanding of
reproduction for both genders.
The reproductive process is a natural part of life. It signifies that body is in the process of
transforming a girl or boy into young women and men and eventually into adults. The interactive
glossary was a great resource to use for multiple reasons. It contained a dictionary for students to
type the word needed defined and view the meanings as well as show where what part of the Human
Sexuality book the term originated. The interactive materials such as anatomical reviews, interactive
reviews, flashcards, resources, links, practical quizzes, self–assessments, and web exercises provide
in–depth knowledge on an important topic.
The anatomical images as well as the text explaining the reproduction process was enlightening. The
images identified areas affected during the reproduction process and anatomical positions of the
genital areas as well as different parts of it that play a crucial

Cultural And Religious Perspective On Women's Reproductive...
Cross Cultural Health and Ethics:
Cultural and Religious Perspective on Women's Reproductive Health and Motherhood
In many parts of the world as well in the United States, many women continue to feel pressured in
having children due to societal, cultural, and religious beliefs, but are experiencing cultural barriers
in seeking out reproductive health care services in addition to lacking access to health care services.
The lack of access to health care and cultural barriers has resulted in women experiencing
reproductive health problems and health disparities in the United States. In many cultures, the role
of a woman is childbearing and motherhood and some women may feel inadequate and worthless if
they have not produced a child. Others simply may not have access or have religious barriers in
obtaining contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies. These issues and beliefs are evident
among the Latino, African, and Middle Eastern cultures and religions, and it is having a negative
health impact on the women and is producing poor health care outcomes.
Women of color are experiencing reproductive health disparities in that they are less likely to
receive adequate reproductive health care despite the advanced health care services the United
States is known to provide (Webb, 2004, p.1). The minority women are unable to receive adequate,
quality reproductive health care because they are less likely to have access to reproductive health
care in addition to contraceptives,

Abortion : A Choice And A Part Of Reproductive Justice
In history, women have demanded for women's rights on numerous occasions whether it was for
their voting rights, fair treatment in the workplace and more. Reproductive freedom is talked about
in "How It All Began: I Have Had an Abortion" and "What is Reproductive Justice?" by Loretta
Ross. These articles discuss abortion as a choice and a part of reproductive justice. "How It All
Began: I Have Had an Abortion" talks about abortion in a direct way by talking about anti–abortion
law and Project 218 being one of many responses to the law. Loretta Ross states what reproductive
justice is and how the right to abortion falls into the framework for fighting reproductive oppression.
However, they are linked together by their points of being able to have abortions as a woman's right.
In the first article, "How It All Began: I Have Had an Abortion", she begins by talking about the
anti–abortion law (Article 218) which was the stimulus for the campaigns and movements to fight
against that law. Taking away the right to not have a child adds more to the expectations of a
woman's role. Society expects the woman to hold a job, be a wonderful wife, fantastic lover and an
exceptional mother. The author discusses the movements and campaigns for women who publicly
announced that had abortions after having them. The author talks about how abortions have always
occurred even though it was illegal doesn't mean that it didn't occur. It is sad to know that women
had illegal abortions like black

The Issue Of Reproductive Rights
The topic of reproductive rights surrounding women in Texas has been a hot buttoned issue since the
closing of many reproductive centers across the state. Recently damaging abortion restrictions were
passed and therefor encroach on women's reproductive rights even more by decreasing access to
abortion care. Texas' 84th Legislature, both passed HB 3994 as a law and had it Governor Abbott
make it effective with his signature on July 8, or this year. This law complicates access to abortion
services for mistreated and neglected minors and for those who do not possess specific identification
cards in Texas.
Specifically HB 3994 has four requirements of the bill that would explicitly hinder Latina minors.
The first provision it that the bill will make it harder for a minor to demonstrate that she needs a
judge to approve her for an abortion because the level of evidence that the minor must acquire is
much more encompassing. Secondly, it revises the requirement that a judges rule must be made
immediately, expanding the decision time from two days to five and prolonging the process. The
third provision withdrawals the requirement that in the case the judge cannot make an immediate
rule, then the minor's case was automatically granted. This third provision along with the extension
of the ruling time, could lead to a number of rules not being made and to the possibility of the
minor's application being denied. Fourthly, the new bill brings limits on who can have their appeals
heard

Women's Reproductive Rights and Freedoms
Women's reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms pertaining to reproduction and
reproductive health. One can expect reproductive rights to include the following topics: the right to
birth control, the right to legal abortion, the right to education and access so that properly informed
choices can be made and the right to access good–quality reproductive healthcare. The women's
reproductive rights and freedoms movement move far beyond the topic of the abortion movement
alone, there are also debates that include forced sterilization abuse and population control when
looking at the subject of reproductive rights. Throughout history, women have had their right to
abortion taken away and have even been sterilized without their permission because they were
mentally handicapped or just because they were not the "dominant" race because eugenicists wanted
greater procreation by the middle–class women of European descent. Women have had to endure an
abundant amount of abuse to their reproductive rights and freedoms, from having their right to
abortion taken away to being wrongfully sterilized; women have had to fight for their rights that
should have never been abused in the first place. This term paper will outline the history of the
reproductive rights movement, the abortion movement, as well as discuss how women have been
wrongfully forced into sterilization.
In the past, women have had to use an astonishingly large variety of fertility control methods, which
allowed

A Summary Of The Human Female Reproductive Structure
Chapter 47
1. Part 1) Describe either human male or the human female reproductive structures and their
functions.
Part 2) Define the hormones involved and the events that take place during the human female
menstrual cycle.
The human female reproductive systems function is for human reproduction which is made up of
internal and external sex organs. The human female reproductive system includes the breasts,
vagina, vulva, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and mammary glands. Each of these organs play a
unique part in the production and transportation of gametes and the production of the sex hormones.
The process that the human female reproductive system undergoes to carry out the role in the
process of pregnancy and birth is sexual maturation. Let's start with the ovaries. The ovaries are a
pair of small glands the size and shape of grapes that are located on the left and right sides of the
pelvic body cavity lateral to the superior potion of the uterus (The ovaries are highlighted in the
image above). The ovaries have three main functions. The first function is that they shelter and
protect the eggs until they are ready for use. Second, the ovaries produce female sex hormones
called estrogen and progesterone. It also produces lesser hormones called Relaxin and Inhibin. There
are three different types of estrogen. They are called estrone, estriol, and estradiol. Estrogen are
hormones that are important for sexual reproductive development. It controls the development of

Reproductive Anatomy Essay
Reproductive Anatomy
Female and male reproductive organs fully develop during puberty.
Puberty is a stage of adolescence that is marked by the production hormones
involved in reproduction, such as follicle–stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH).The female reproductive system produces ova, or
egg cells, and provide a place where a fertilized egg can develop. The male
reproductive system produces sperm cells and deliver them to the female
reproductive system.
Reproductive Processes
Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones. The
menstrual cycle is a series of monthly changes in the reproductive system that
include producing and releasing an egg and preparing an uterus to receive ... Show more content on
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Fine body hair thins and scalp hair grows in. Bones are growing and
hardening. Synapses between neurons form in huge numbers. Lungs
complete development. Fetus turns to head–down position.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) The first well–recorded European outbreak of what is now
known as
syphilis occurred in 1494 when it broke out among French troops besieging

Naples in the Italian War of 1494–98. STDs are infections that are commonly
spread by sex. These diseases are passed from one person to another during
sexual contact. It can affect fertility and overall health.
Bacterial STDs include chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea. Viral STDs
include hepatitis B, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), human
immunodeficiency (HIV), which causes AIDS. Symptoms and signs of this
disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around
the genitals, and pelvic pain. Most parasitic and bacterial STDs can be treated
with antibiotics. Although medications can control these diseases, but there are
no cures. Vaccines can that protect against some viral STDs, such as Hepatitis
A, Hepatitis B, and some types of HPV. People can avoid STDs by using
condoms or

Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay
Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted Reproductive technology (Art) is a technology used to make babies in artificial way. This
technology gave hope to a lot of people all over the world to have children. Statistics show that
almost Three million infants have been delivered using Assisted Reproductive Technology in the last
30 years, all over the world. This procedure enables couples to achieve pregnancy, for example
women or men who are infertile; also singles that want have babies, and gays and lesbian. Basically
the (Art) process of intercourse is done by insemination (Like, artificial insemination) or
fertilization, and this procedure is done by taking the Oocyte and fertilizing it in the laboratory (For
example, in vitro ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The male infertility can be linked with a wide range of semen anomalies, such as number of sperms,
motility and morphology. (McElreavey 1)
Since 1978 the first child was born outside a woman's body through Reproduction Technology
(IVF), her name was Louis Brown in England. Reproductive medicine and the test–tube baby has
been highly advertized in the western world. This technology is "miracle cure" for infertility (Klein
1) Infertility can be treated in different ways; one of them is Assisted reproductive Technology. ART
contains different techniques to treat infertility. This technology is basically taking the egg from the
mother and the sperm outside the couple's body, and fertilizing it in a laboratory environment to
make the embryo. As I mentioned, there are a lot of types of ART. The main procedure is the in vitro
fertilization. This procedure means that the egg and sperm are fertilized outside the couple's body to
create the embryo; Studies say that this procedure is the most successful and effective one in
Assisted Reproductive Technology. Its can be effective when the woman's fallopian tube are blocked
or the male is producing not too much

Selecting The Female Reproductive System Essay
Selecting the female reproductive system to present was slightly awkward with me being a male. In
addition to having to have a presentation in a public forum having to provide visual aids of the
female reproductive system to my fellow classmates. I didn't look forward to that at all. With that
being said, I moved forward with my research on the pathologies of the female reproductive system.
I did not take long at all to recognize some familiar terminology related to the pathological
anomalies of the female reproductive system that I was familiar with. Pathological terminology such
as Fibroids (tissue overgrowth) and Endometriosis (pain in the uterine lining). I had a few people
close to me who have suffered from complications of those pathological disorders which led to the
loss of pregnancy. At different moments in our life at one time or another will have someone close to
us experiencing some issues of the female reproductive system. Having the knowledge of the
causes, symptoms, complications and treatments will enable us to not only understand what they are
going through but with that knowledge we can comfort them as well. Having a working knowledge
of the female reproductive system is beneficial in many areas. In addition to helping those close to
us, as a radiology technologist we can better assist or patients.
The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and
breast. The breast is not a primary organ in the female

Pig Reproductive System Research Paper
The Reproductive System: The reproductive system of a male pig includes: the testis, the scrotum,
seminiferous tubules, urethra, epididymis, and ductus deferentia. In a female pig, the reproductive
consist of: oviducts, uterus, vagina, vaginal vestibule, and the oviduct. The reproductive systems are
located between the hind legs in both male and female pigs. The Cardiovascular System: The
cardiovascular system includes: the heart, thymus gland, coronary artery, septum, right and left
atrium, pulmonary trunk, trachea, and systemic circuit. The veins and arteries that help move blood,
are located throughout the body. The other major parts of the cardiovascular system are located
around the chest area, and between the rib cages. The Respiratory System: The respiratory system
includes: the lungs, alveoli, nares, glottis, trachea, bronchi, larynx, the esophagus, and diaphragm.
Oxygen is inhaled and carried throughout the body through all of these parts of the body and
released using the same parts. The location of these parts are primarily between the throat and ribs
with veins being used to carry oxygen throughout the body. ... Show more content on
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In the cranial region, there is the thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum cerebrum, and corpus callosum.
In the lumbar region of the pig there is spinal nerves, and axons. The spinal cord extends from the
bottom of the cranial region, through the cervical region, to the lumbar

Reproductive Rights Book Report
The book, Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice, was published by
the South End Press and written by Marlene Gerber Fried, Loretta Ross, and Elena Gutierrez.
Ultimately, due to the lack of inclusivity and representation during the mainstream reproductive
movement in the 20th century, this book highlights the bravery and activism done by women of
color and their grassroots organizations in order to combat racism and stereotypes as well as to
broaden and redefine the meaning of reproductive rights and reproductive justice, so as to ensure
that all women, not just middle class white women, had their voices heard and addressed. With a
thorough look at the various grassroots organizations as well as the various women of color behind
them, I believe this book does an exceptional job at not only analyzing the historical contexts, but
also analyzing the grassroots ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the mainstreaming of the reproductive rights movement, white women and their reproductive
needs were constantly highlighted and addressed, while the women of color and the countless
reproductive injustices that they faced were either overlooked or ignored. Therefore, had it not been
for this book, many of us would still be under the impression that the overrepresentation of white
middle class women as well as the emphasis on pro–choice was normal and the only necessary facts
to know about the reproductive rights movement of the 20th century. Moreover, because of the
emphasis placed on grassroots organizations and their significance, it can also be argued that another
purpose for writing this book was to show the importance and necessity of grassroots organizations,
as they played a major role in impacting public policy in relation to reproductive rights and justice
for women of

The Struggle For Improving Reproductive Rights
Her Body, Her Rights Throughout American history, women have faced many challenges to earn
equal rights in almost all aspects of life. Although changes have been made, today there are still
battle to be won. One of these issues is the struggle for improving reproductive rights. Women are
often judged for their maternal decisions, whether that is in choosing surrogacy, abortion, and even
those who choose different forms of contraception. Over the years, Planned Parenthood and other
health services have recieved a negative connotation for what services they provide, especially on
the basis of providing abortion services. With our new president in office, women are concerned that
their reproductive rights, such as the right to have an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes for a major divide in what should be done in the case of women having an abortion. In
Paula Abram's The Bad Mother: Stigma, Abortions, and Surrogacy, she talks about how stigma is
placed on both surrogacy and abortion because conservatives view them both as unnatural ways of
maternity. What people on this side of the argument fail to understand is that women seek a
surrogate when they are physically incapable of carrying a child, but want to start a family. Stigma
is tied heavily into surrogacy, because not only are women seeking this service, but gay and trans
people seek to start families, and use surrogacy to do so. Stigma is also placed here because others
believe that surrogacy disrupts the traditional expectations regarding pregnancy. But because of
recent laws that allowed gay couples the right to marry, this opened up the opportunity for gay and
trans couples to start families. This is not to say that gay and trans couples weren't already starting
families through surrogacy and adoption, but the right to marry allows them the opportunity to make
for a more traditional process of marriage and family. Surrogacy has allowed married couples,
unmarried couples, and even singles to raise children and families, which may seem untraditional to
some, but a way of life for others. On the spectrum of abortion, most conservatives view abortion as
the murder of an unborn child. Most conservatives will

Reproductive Freedom And Its Impact On Women 's Rights
Faye Wattleton, world renowned author of women's reproductive rights once said, "Reproductive
freedom is critical to a whole range of issues. If we can't take charge of this most personal aspect of
our lives, we can't take care of anything. It should not be seen as a privilege or as a benefit, but a
fundamental human right." In many traditional societies around the world, women's rights regarding
their own reproductive choices may seem as limited as their opportunities for them. Cultures in
which that deny women 's rights and lessen the degree of equality of their gender compared to men,
often present reproductive options as a "taboo" to discuss. This can lead to misperceptions and
ignorance about healthy reproductive choices such as birth control and prevention of disease which
should be universally acknowledged by women. As expressed by Perez (2015) class notes, "every
culture defines and understands health differently...we tend to see the world through the prism of or
expectations." This is true in the sense that more conservative Middle Eastern cultures may be
taught to view health issues differently than most Americans would. Healthcare between cultures is
significant to understand; Iran 's healthcare market is continuing to expand and assists in the
awareness of women 's health. This paper will explore the comparisons and contrasts of the Iranian
women 's reproductive choices and how different aspects of health in the general population affect
health in Iran and in the

Center For Reproductive Rights
The Center for Reproductive Rights is an organization that dedicates itself to the advancement of
law to protect and ensure that women globally have "access to the best reproductive healthcare
available; where every woman can exercise her choices without coercion or discrimination."
("About Us.", n.d.) Furthermore, the Center for Reproductive Rights works in more than fifty
countries to bring awareness to and advocate for a verity of topics ranging from safe and affordable
contraception and abortion, healthy pregnancy, and the protection of those in vulnerable positions
such as young people and those with communicable diseases. ("Our Issues.", n.d.) The organization
has achieved a myriad of policy and legal accomplishments in the twenty years

The Importance Of Reproductive Rights
Women's rights have always been, and will most likely continue to be, an extremely controversial
issue. There are many individuals that, still to this day, do not believe that men and women are equal
and therefore, shouldn't be treated as such. However, despite the constant opposition, women's rights
have come a long way over the last several decades. During the 20th century alone, women gained
some of their most monumental rights, in my opinion. Some of these rights include, but are not
limited to having the right to; vote, be payed the same amount as men for equal work, and not be
discriminated against due to their sex, religion, race, etc. Also during the 20th century, women were
granted reproductive rights, which I will be focusing on for the duration of this paper.
According to the United Nations, reproductive rights are defined as "the basic rights of all couples
and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children
and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual
and reproductive health". The definition also includes "the right to make decisions concerning
reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence" (United Nations 20). Reproductive
rights are recognized human rights under both national and international laws. Even though
women's reproductive rights are documented by laws, violations of these said rights still occur very
frequently. These violations can

The Female Reproductive System For Ovarian Cancer Essay
Abstract
The female reproductive system is one of the most vital to obtaining new life. It is important to keep
healthy and get checkups that can help detect anything abnormal to be able to treat any cancer as
soon as possible. Being able to find ovarian cancer at an early stage can make all the difference.
Fortunately stage one of ovarian cancer has a very high survival rate.
Ovaries are about four centimeters long and hold about one million eggs in each of the ovaries when
a female is born. They are found on each side of a female's uterus in the pelvis. Both ovaries are
held by ligaments right above the fallopian tubes. They are the female reproductive gland that
produces ova, which are also known as the eggs. They also produce sex hormones, which is the
second most important job of the gland, called estrogen and progesterone that help control a
woman's menstrual cycle. Androgens are produced also but in very small amounts. When a female
hits puberty about four to five hundred thousand follicles are left over after half of the follicles were
absorbed into the body during childhood. After a females starts their menstrual cycle, once a month
in the ovaries about ten to twelve egg follicles, which are sacs filled with fluid, develop the eggs
then only one of the ovaries will release an egg that will go down the fallopian tube. Tiny finger like
structure help the eggs move into the fallopian tube before it goes down into the uterus. After about
two weeks

How Reproductive System Work
Reproduction
How does the reproductive system work?
During sexual intercourse sperm is ejaculated from the penis and into the vagina. The sperm swim
through the cervix and uterus, then finally into the fallopian tubes looking for an ovum to fertilize.
After approximately 24 hours the ovum will be fully fertilized. For the next three days the zygote
will move down the fallopian tube, growing and dividing quickly. When the zygote reaches the
uterus it will attach itself to the endometrium and the pregnancy will begin.
Cells in the reproductive system
Sperm – Sperm is made up of a spherical shaped head containing the 26 chromosomes that are part
of a persons genetics, a neck and a tail that helps the sperm swim into the female genital tract. ...
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It is shaped like an egg so that that is can move down the fallopian tube easily. Zygote – The zygote
is a one celled organism containing 46 chromosomes that has the potential of human life.
Endometrium – The endometrium is the mucous membrane lining the womb. The endometrium
protects the baby during its growth in the uterus.
Difference between a normal pregnancy and an ectopic pregnancy
In a normal pregnancy the zygote travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus where it lives
until birth. But in an ectopic pregnancy the zygote stops (usually in the fallopian tube) and tries to
grow there which results in possible death of the mother and definite death of zygote.
Treatment for an ectopic pregnancy
There are different ways to treat an ectopic pregnancy. The most common treatments and procedures
are Methotrexate by injection or by mouth (Trexall), dilation and evacuation, salpingostomy and

Male Reproductive System
Male ID:
Penis
The penis is apart of the male reproductive system and functions to penetrate the vaginal cavity
while depositing sperm to create an embryo. The Penis is located in the Pelvic Cavity.
Scrotum:
The Scrotum is a sac that contains the Testes, located outside of the body in the Pelvic Region, to
maintain a stable temperature for sperm to live steadily.
Testes:
The Testes produce sex hormones such as testosterone and produce sperm. The testes are located
outside the body in the scrotum and function for gamete formation.
Prostate Gland:
The Prostate Gland functions to secrete a protection agent for sperm (alkaline buffer) in the acidic
environment of the vaginal cavity and also nourishes the sperm. The ... Show more content on
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The Epididymis is a tubule lying outside each teste.
All Photos of the male organs are credited to Marie Luppino and her Cat from BIO–211–01.
Female ID:
Uterine Body & Uterine Horns:
Uterus:
The Function of the Uterus is to maintain maternal conditions for the placenta, grow embryonic
development, nourish the fertilized ovum, contractions, and fluid (mucus, sperm) transportation and
excretion. The Uterus is located in the abdominal cavity proximal to the Rectum.
Uterine Horn:
The Uterine Horns function to, transport sperm to the ova, where the placenta then develops and

first attaches, while producing sex hormones. The Uterine Horns are located in the abdominal cavity
adjacent to the kidneys leading distally towards the pelvic cavity to the Uterine Body.
Ovary:
The Ovaries are located at the top of the Uterine Horns. The Function of the Ovaries is to produce
Oogenesis and female sex hormones.
Vagina:
The vagina is located outside the pelvic cavity. The vagina maintains an acidic PH to prevent
infectious bacteria a, the menstruation flows outward of the vagina, and receives the penis during
intercourse which is allows for sperm

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