The Arctic Apple

The Arctic Apple
The Arctic Apple was brought into development in 1996 by a Canadian fruit company, Okanagan
Specialty Fruits (OSF), that hoped to engineer conventional apples to be nonbrowning and bring
them to the markets for consumers. Currently, 40% of the apples being produced are wasted and
much of this is a result of superficial bruising and browning (Lehrman, 2014). The company's goal
is to reduce apple waste while still maintaining the apple's great taste and healthfulness (Arctic®
Apple, 2016). In essence, the Arctic Apple has the potential to increase apple consumption in North
America by encouraging consumers to eat healthier by making apples more appealing and
convenient.
The enzyme Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) belongs to a family of about 10 closely related genes that
are mostly responsible for the browning of apples. The genetically modified (GM) apple is
nonbrowning because it expresses less PPO by preventing the enzymatic/oxidative browning
reaction from occurring (Arctic® Apple, 2016). This reaction is initiated when there is superficial
damage to the apple's cells, such as when the apple is sliced, bitten, or bruised. Colorless
polyphenols are oxidized as they come into contact with the PPO and result in colored polymer
compounds consisting of quinones (Xu, 2013); therefore, this reaction is the core of why apples
brown. By increasing the amount of PPO being suppressed, researchers were able to conclude that
high percentage reductions (90–91%) in PPO activities of mature fruit
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Nt1310 Unit 2 Project Work
LEVEL 3 Credits 10 Version 7
ELEMENT TWO: Project work
Assessor to complete
Result Competency Achieved Further Evidence Required
Assessors Name Signature
Revisit Assessment Date:
Result Competency Achieved Not Yet Competent
Signature
Student declaration I declare that all work is my own. Information used from other source is
acknowledged in the reference page.
Signature of student:....................................................... Date
.......................
Student declaration
I declare that all work is my own Signature of student
ID Date
Element 2
Twenty common horticultural weeds are identified either in situ or ex situ, excluding previously
collected or uniquely photographed specimens ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the flower spikelets is narrow and consists of a pair of bracts and 2–7 florets. Flower head
erect with dense and uniform, having fluffy and bright purple–fading to dirty brown. It flowers on
January to March.
Fruit: The seed–head (25–100 cm long) is large, plume–like, feathery in appearance and initially
white, cream or silvery in colour.
Leaves: Leaf base are very hairy and has no white waxy surface. Leaves with conspicuous midrib
which does not continue into leaf base. It has no secondary veins between midrib and leaf edge.
Both leaf surfaces are dark green, it snap readily when tugged. Dead leaf bases with spiral like wood
shavings.
Stems:The relatively thick flowering stem up to 3 cm across is erect or upright direction and grows
2–6 m tall. They are hollow and greyish–green to yellowish–green in colour.
Roots:
Habitat: Commonly found in terrestrial. Forest light gaps, slips, margins, disturbed sites, open
habitats, riverbeds, cliffs, inshore and offshore islands, fernland, herbfield,

A Deadly And Morose Short Story By Edgar Allen Poe
In a deadly and morose short story by Edgar Allen Poe, "Cask of Amontillado", Montresor leads
Fortunato to his death through the bribe of a pipe of amontillado, a rare find during the height of
carnival. Wine is very important to many traditions and cultures still today, and the winemaking
process is considered by many to be a form of art (Stein 149–163). This beverage is produced
through a complex, but structured, process broken down into several distinct steps that are affected
by many variables, such as climate and location, tradition, and techniques evolved throughout
human history. Most important to the process is the vine and the grape themselves. Without quality
vines or grapes, the wine will suffer. The vineyard the wine is grown in and the environment it is
immersed in is also extremely important to the grapes and vines, affecting many aspects of the wine.
The grapes also contain tannins, a compound that contributes to the wine's mouthfeel and flavor.
The process by which the wine is produced is the final factor that decides whether a wine will be
sought after or not. Tied in with this is the history, culture, world market, and traditions, which
usually decides what wine will be produced in a location. The whole world of winemaking, and the
first step to determine the taste and quality of a wine, stems from the grape and vine. With a deep
root system and gnarled trunk, grape vines are a standout feature of any winery. These vines have
three main categories of

Spanish Wine Industry
Marieshka Barton Wines of Spain Prof. Newton June 15, 2015
Spanish Wine Marketing and Sales Sonoma State University's Wines of Spain 2015 summer class
introduced students to Northern Spain's prestigious Penedès, Priorat, and Rioja wine regions.
Production and marketing professionals from eight wineries hosted our student group and provided
facility tours and insights on production, marketing, and exporting. This paper focuses on Northern
Spain's wine industry's legal regulations, tourism, stewardship, communications, and exports
through the lens of wine business marketing. The paper concludes with marketing recommendations
relevant to new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the 1990's, Spain has entered the global market to claim its position as a high–quality value
wine producer (www.winesfromspain.com). Spain's rich wine history together with it's relatively
new global market entry and cost leadership strategy makes an interesting blend of old world and
new world characteristics. State of the Industry Wine is a significant part of Spain's cultural identity
and economy. The sector represents Spain's third largest agriculture crop after cereals and olives,
and it leads the world in vineyard land with 1.16 million hectares (www.foodswinesfromspain.com).
However, most the land is arid and sparsely planted. Yet, it holds third position globally in wine
volume produced (Rubio, 2010). Although Spain has a traditional wine and food culture, domestic
consumption continues to decline. The decreased consumption is attributed to strict drunk driving
laws impacting restaurant sales and the rise of alternative drinks such as mineral water (Carrion and
Albaladejo, 2010). Also, millennials tend to not drink wine. In fact, the characteristic Spanish wine
drinker is an older male with a preference for high quality aged DO red wines that drinks at home,
an aging demographic. Spain's domestic market consumes 28.2 liters per capita compared to France
at 50 liters per capita necessitating an aggressive export strategy (Mtimet and Albisu; Minjares).
Exports now

A Votre' Sonte Case Analysis
A Votre Santé Case Analysis
Nic Bekkers
Marketing 611
Dr. Rachel Yon
10 October 2014
Executive Summary A Votre Santé (AVS) is a family owned vineyard and winery in the Napa Valley
California Area. The small independent winery, owned by Kay Aproveche, was started as an
extension of the family's grape growing business. A Votre Santé processed generic white grapes and
chardonnay grapes into three types of wine: regular Chardonnay ($16), Chardonnay–Estate ($22),
and a Blanc de Blanc ($11). In 2010, and 11.1% profit margin was earned on sales of $848,000. Kay
was concerned the 2010 profit margin had declined from the 14% profit margin in 2009.
Contribution, decision, and product profitability analyses were performed to better help ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oak barrels were fairly expensive at an average price of $500 per barrel, but they were resold
after four years at a price of $200 per barrel. Each barrel yielded around forty cases of wine. Kay
mentioned the barrels had been used for four years therefore new barrels had to be purchased for the
2009 harvest. On the other hand, the generic white grape juice was fermented in steel holding tanks
rather than the barrels. The steel tanks produced 2,000 cases of wine per tank. From start to finish,
the process of making wine took about eleven months. A Votre Santé bottled three types of wines.
Chardonnay–Estate was their finest wine which sold a price of $22 per bottle. The fine wine
contained Chardonnay grapes only. AVS sold about 24,000 bottles of Chardonnay–Estate annually.
The second and a little less prestigious wine was their regular Chardonnay. This wine contained
what was left over from the Chardonnay–Estate blended with the fermented generic grape wine.
AVS sold their regular Chardonnay at $16 a bottle. The most basic wine, Blanc de Blanc, was made
from all the remaining generic white grapes. Blanc de Blanc sold for an average price of $11 per
bottle. A Votre Santé bottled all three of their wines on the same bottling line. They bottled enough
of their premium wine, Chardonnay–Estate, to meet sales projections. They bottled regular

What Sets Napa Valley Apart
Much of California's wine regions parallel in their respective histories. However, what sets Napa
Valley apart is its rich collection of individual growers and producers dedicated to furthering the
reputation of the region from the very beginning. Importantly, its unique location provides
ecological serenity for the production of wine from its expansive variety of soils to the balancing
effect of its climate.
The history of Napa Valley and many vineyard growing areas of California are fraught with a
tumultuous history. Economic and ecological disasters from its birth in the mid–1850s through the
21st century have at times ebbed the growth of the region. However, various vineyards and
producers continued their craft regardless of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oftentimes, wineries would re–use empty wine bottles. Shipping was another problem for Napa
Valley and California wine in general. Expensive shipping resulted in higher prices for bottles.
Principal markets in the East Coast preferred wines from France and Italy because they were
cheaper than California wines (Leve).
Today, the Napa Valley Vintners trade association consists of hundreds of wineries working together
to improve the region. This sense of collection has always been a part of Napa's history. During the
late 1870s, Charles Krug, Henry Pellet, and Seneca Ewer created the St. Helena Viticultural Club
where "they agreed to remove the Mission grapes and plant French and Italian grape varieties..."
(Leve). This was greatly improved Napa and California's wine industries. However, a series of
climatic events would soon devastate the region.
The first of these events was the spread of Phylloxera, which had destroyed much of Europe's
vineyards. Napa's vineyards remedied this by grafting local rootstocks to their vinifera vines. In a
way, Phylloxera's devastating effect on Europe, helped Napa Valley and American vineyards in
general. Tariffs "levied against French wine in 1879 coupled with the small production of European
wines, due to the ravages of Phylloxera made California wines more popular than ever." (Leve).
If Phylloxera was not enough, Prohibition, the Great Depression, and WWII severely limited

Propagation Methods By Seeds And Vegetative Methods
2.1.5. Propagation Methods Sapota is propagated by seeds and vegetative methods (Rajan and
Markose, 2007). Due to slow growing nature of seedlings vegetative propagation is widely used at
present which include air–layering, budding, grafting and rootstocks. In western India, air–layering
is a popular method, but it takes longer time and also has high mortality rate. Budding is practiced in
coastal regions of India. Most popular method of vegetative propagation in India is grafting which is
done by two methods viz., soft–wood grafting and approach grafting. In grafting, rootstocks play an
important role for rapid multiplication of desirable forms. Due to slow growing nature of seedling to
attain the graftable size, several rootstocks have been used for grafting namely Rayan or Khirni
(Manilkara hexandra), Adam's apple (Madhuca kauki), Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Mee tree (Bassia
longifolia), star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) and Miraculus fruit (Sideroxylon dulicifolium).
However, among them, Khirni has been found to be the best suitable one for sapota. 2.1.6.
Flowering and Fruiting From germination, the sapota tree normally takes five to eight years to bear
fruit. Economic yield can be obtained from seventh year onwards. There are two flowering seasons
(October–November and February–March) and two harvesting seasons (January–February and
May–June). The sapota trees generally yield fruits twice a year, though flowering may continue year
round. 2.2. Arbuscular

How Kava Is An Herb Of The Western Pacific Islands
Kava is an herb found in the western pacific islands. Kava is a sacred plant that had been used in
multiple varieties of ways, particularly ceremonially and medicinally, in the western pacific for
centuries. Kava is used to "relieve anxiety, restlessness, sleeplessness, and stress–related symptoms
such as muscle tension or spasm. Kava may also relieve pain". Kava comes in many forms, the
traditional one being tea, but also "as a dietary supplement in powder and tincture (extract in
alcohol) forms".
Does it work? Well, according to WebMD (not the greatest source, but it is the source for many
Americans on basic health information so I am using it in my paper as a baseline for American
understanding of kava) kava is known to have, "a calming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the United States though, kava is fully legal in every capacity.
The most serious concern about kava is the effect kava has on those who take it and then try to
operate a motor vehicle. One study published in the Journal, Public Library of Science investigated
the, "the association between kava use and the risk of four–wheeled motor vehicle crashes in Fiji".
This study was a, "population–based case–control study. Data was collected by structured
interviewer administered questionnaires of self–reported participant data on demographic
characteristics and a range of risk factors including kava use and potential confounders". This study
found that, "overall, 23% and 4% of drivers of case and control vehicles, respectively, reported
consuming kava in the 12 hours prior to the crash or road survey. After controlling for assessed
confounders, driving following kava use was associated with a four–fold increase in the odds of
crash involvement (Odds ratio: 4.70; 95% CI: 1.90–11.63). The related population attributable risk
was 18.37% (95% CI: 13.77–22.72). Acknowledging limited statistical power, we did not find a
significant interaction in this association with concurrent alcohol use". This study concluded that,
"in a setting where recreational kava consumption is common, driving following the use of kava was
associated with a significant excess of serious–injury involved road crashes. The precautionary
principle would suggest road safety strategies should explicitly

A Votre Hone Case
A VOTRE SANTÉ: PRODUCT COSTING AND DECISION ANALYSIS IN THE WINE
INDUSTRY
Priscilla S. Wisner
Department of Accounting and Information Management College of Business University of
Tennessee 638 Stokely Management Center Knoxville, TN 37996 Phone: 865.974.1714 Email:
pwisner@utk.edu
Case: A Votre Santé Page 1 of 17
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1659912
BACKGROUND A Votre Santé (AVS) is a small, independent winery owned by Kay Aproveche.
Kay has a relationship with a grower who grows two types of wine grapes, a Chardonnay and a
generic white grape. AVS buys the grapes at the point that they have ripened on the vine. AVS is
responsible for harvesting the grapes and all further processing of the grapes ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The materials cost associated with the bottles, corks and labels are estimated to be $2.50/bottle.
Direct Labor Harvest labor is paid an average of $7.25 / hour. It is estimated that 80 pounds of
grapes can be harvested each hour. Crush labor is paid an average of $8.00/hour. It is estimated that
it will take 300 hours to crush the grape harvest. Overhead Expenses Administrative rent and office
expenses – Estimated to be $20,000 / year. Depreciation is charged based on the following
equipment schedule:
Case: A Votre Santé Page 4 of 17
Equipment Tractors Crushers Holding Tank Bottle Lines
Cost $15,000 $6,000 $40,000 $10,000
Est. Life 10 years 10 years 20 years 10 years 5 years
Other Production Equipment $15,000
Indirect Materials – Part of the wine–making process involves introducing yeasts and other

Case Analysis In The Wine Industry
ISSN 1940–204X À Votre Santé: Product Costing and Decision Analysis in the Wine Industry
Priscilla S. Wisner University of Tennessee BACKGROUND The Aproveche family owns and
operates a small independent winery located in the Napa Valley California American Viticultural
Area (AVA).1 À Votre Santé (AVS), which means "to your health" in French, enjoys a reputation for
producing small amounts of quality wines. AVS was started by Jerome Aproveche in 2005 as an
extension of the family's grapegrowing operations and as a means to involve his children in the wine
business. This path is not an unusual one in Napa Valley, where there are more than 600 grape
growers and over 500 wine producers and blenders, many of which are small family–owned ...
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The materials cost associated with the bottles, corks, and labels averages $2.50/bottle. DIRECT
LABOR Harvest labor is paid an average of $9.00/hour. An average of 80 pounds of grapes can be
harvested each hour. Crush labor is paid an average of $10.00/hour. The crushing process typically
takes 300 hours to complete. OVERHEAD EXPENSES Administrative rent and office expenses:
currently $20,000 annually. Depreciation is charged based on the following equipment schedule:
Equipment Cost Est. Life All three wines are bottled at AVS using one bottling line. In a typical
year, AVS bottles enough Chardonnay–Estate to meet the sales projection, and then bottles the
regular Chardonnay after blending all remaining Chardonnay wine with the necessary amount of
generic grapes. The Blanc de Blanc is the last wine to be bottled, using all remaining generic white
grapes. ADDITIONAL OPERATIONAL AND COST DATA CHARDONNAY GRAPES 2009
harvest: 100,000 pounds purchase price: $85,500 expected loss in volume through fermentation:
10% GENERIC WHITE GRAPES 2009 harvest: 60,000 pounds purchase price: $38,500
expected loss in volume through fermentation: 5% WINEMAKING Chardonnay grapes are
fermented in oak barrels; each barrel results in the production of 40 cases of wine. Barrels cost $500
apiece. Because the barrels lose some of their oak flavorings each use, AVS

Case Study Questions: Questions And Questions On...
Question 1
1.1
In Silica gel chromatograph silica gel is used in chromatography as a stationary phase. In this type
of column chromatography, the stationary phase is most often composed of silica gel particles. The
silica gel particle sizes can be changed for the achievement of a desired molecular size. Silica gel
chromatography separates molecules based on their relative attraction to silica, which is generally
greater for more polar molecules than for less polar molecules.
Sephadex chromatography (gel–filtration chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their
size. It is a form of column chromatography in which the stationary phase consist out of cross–
linked gel particles. The gel particles are usually in bead form and consist of agarose. Molecules of
varying size move through a bed of permeable beads, diffusing into the beads. Small molecules are
able to diffuse further into the pores of the beads, thus these smaller molecules move through the
bed slowly. Large molecules do not enter or enter less and thus move through the bed faster or
quickly. Sephadex chromatography may be used for the determination of molecular size, for the
separations of specific components in a mixture, or for preparation of macromolecules.
1.2
Column chromatography
Requirements:
The column chromatography requires a vertical column (preferably glass ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rooibos tea is also an alternative health beverage because it contains no harmful stimulants and no
caffeine. The health properties are mainly due to the low tannin content and the high levels of
minerals and the free–radical capturing properties of the unique flavonoids; C–glucoside
dihydrocharcones asphalathin and nothofagin. In addition to the antispasmodic activity the rooibos
tea also has antioxidant, anti–mutagenic and anti–aging

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Clones
2.3.3 Poisonous or dangerous
The seeds of wax apple are said to be poisonous and harmful for living. An unknown amount of
hydrocyanic acid has been reported in the roots, stems and leaves. An alkaloid, jambosine, has been
found in the bark of the tree and of the roots, and the roots are considered poisonous. (Morton,
1987)
2.4 Marcotting or air layering
2.4.1 Plant breeding method (marcotting or air layering)
Plant breeding methods produce plenty of method for propagation. One method from plant breeding
method is layering. Layering is a form of vegetative propagation where cuttings are made to form
adventitious roots while the cutting is still attached to the mother plant. The stems branches of the
mother plant of wax apple are covered in a growing medium in various ways to exclude light,
increase the moisture level, and stimulate root growth. In the same time, once the roots are formed
the new plant (layer) can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This new plant is called a clone. There are six reasons and advantages to produce clones. These are
with marcotting can get the high yielding by plants propagated as clones are from high yielding
mother trees. By marcotting technique also improve the early bearing which clones are starting to
produce much earlier than trees grown of seeds. The marcotting method can produce the smaller
trees such the trees, even fully grown, stay smaller and so need not as much space in the garden or
block and are easier to harvest. Other than that, improvements for good quality of the fruits of
clones have a better quality than plants from seeds. The trees by marcotting method guaranteed
harvest and can select female trees and so your harvest will be bigger. The last advantage is can give
better care for smaller trees allow easier control of pest and diseases and simplifies orchard
management. (NARI,

Explain What Role Does Passionfruit Play In Horticulture
Passionfruit – approx. 1300 words Scientific name : Passiflora edulis (World Crops Database, 2012)
Passiflora edulis, more commonly known as passionfruit plays an important economic role in
horticulture for Australia. There are over 400 species in the Passiflora family however the 2 most
common and commercially grown varieties of Passionfruit are the purple and yellow varieties of
Passiflora edulis (Passionfruit Juice, 2015; Shaffer Andersen, 1994). Botany Passionfruit vines
are vigorous woody perennial plants (World Crops Database, 2012). They produce round to oval
shaped berries which are approximately 5cm long and have a hard outer casing which is either
purple or yellow depending on the variety (Schaffer Andersen, 1994). The fruit ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If insufficient fertiliser or the wrong nutrients are applied productivity can be compromised. Hence,
it is important farmers undertake regular soil and leaf analysis to determine an appropriate fertiliser
regime for maximum production (Queensland Government Department of Agriculture and Fisheries,
2012). The climate evidently has a huge influence on productivity. For example, temperatures over
30 degrees can limit flower and pollen production, whilst temperatures below 10 degrees can limit
vegetative growth both of which in turn limit yields (Janick and Paull, 2008). Although the extent of
damage may vary depending on the specific variety of passionfruit under production. Hence, the
variety of passionfruit can limit productivity. Different varieties are suited to different climates and
growing conditions. In general yellow–fruited varieties are more productive and produce higher
yields than purple–fruited varieties. However there are a large variety of different cultivars and
hybrids which vary in productivity and yields (Queensland Government Department of Agriculture
and Fisheries, 2012). The presence of ample pollinators such as carpenter bees has significant
impacts on productivity. Without sufficient levels of pollinators to ensure all flowers are pollinated,
production can be severely limited (Bee Aware,

Vina San Pedro
Vina San Pedro
2. Vina San Pedro is part of the 3 largest wineries of Chile. In 1994 Compana Cervecerias Unidas
purchased 48.4 % of VPS shares, gaining partial ownership.
Through several different implementations CCU increased the number of customers and increase
domestic sales, something VPS had been struggling with. In 1997 Matias Elton was appointed
president and was put in charge of growing furthermore the domestic market, increase quality,
expand sales and achieve further economies of scale. How should he go about it and how fast?
3. In order, to come to a decision it's important to first look at both markets the domestic and
international to see where the opportunities lie. Chilean market is said to be mature only 4 % ...
And that is an advantage because by living in the North American market, he knows the cultural
difference and tastes of that area and he also knows the right people. He seems to have a good grasp
of the financial situation. In order to reduce costs he rents harvesting machines instead of buying
them, which allows in saving a good amount of money per year. He's brought in a consultant,
Jacques Lonton from France to develop broader product strategies and adjust final mixing formulas.
Elton has reorganized the company so that everyone clearly knows what their function is and who to
report to. The management know–how of Elton will help VSP keep organized when expanding.
Corporate advantage has thought us; that any successful business begins with a vision. And when a
company's resources are critical to the success of its business, the result is competitive advantage.
VSP is armed with a clear vision that was put in place by CEO Jottar to support the future of the
company. VSP depends on its resources, the grapes to make money therefore they have a great
advantage over many other wineries because they are growing the original rootstock from Europe,
making it the only one in the world, making it very valuable. They have experience as they have
been running for more than 400 years, expertise and skills. They have good management from
Elton, labor laws are very relaxed, temporary workforce easily available and new packaging offer
from Combi–Bloc to make it the

Essay on Purple Loosestrife
Purple Loosestrife
The scene is breathtakingly beautiful, a thick brush of purple flowers blankets
Canada's wetlands. This blanket silences the expected sounds of the wetland environment, birds
chirping, ducks splashing, insects buzzing and animals thriving. This unnatural silence is disturbing,
the favourite flowers that used to litter this landscape are no longer visible, the water that used to
ripple continuously is perfectly still. The wetland is dead, except for this overpowering, hardy purple
flower that has choked out all other vegetation and species. Purple loosestrife now controls this
landscape.
Purple loosestrife is an exotic species that was introduced to North America from Europe during the
early 1800's. Europeans sailing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The genus Lythrum consists of thirty – five species, two of which are located in
North America, Lythrum Purish which is native to the continent and the invasive purple loosestrife.
Through cross breeding, purple loosestrife is quickly overtaking Lythrum Purish and causing a
decrease in native species. quot;The generic name comes from the Greek luthrum, blood, possibly
in reference to the colour of the flowers or to one of it's herbal uses, as an astringent to stop the flow
of blood.quot; (Canadian Wildlife Federation 1993, 38) Purple loosestrife, an aggressive,
competitive, invasive weed often grows to the height of a human and when it is mature can be 1.5
metres in width. The stalk of the plant is square and woody and may grow to 50 centimeters in
diameter. The perennial rootstock can give rise to 50 stems annually which produce smooth edged
leaves on oppositesides of the stalk. Purple loosestrife flowers are long pink and purple spikes which
bloom from June to September (Figure 1). One purple loosestrife plant alone is solid and hardy but
when this plant invades an area it creates a quot;dense, impermeable stands which
Figure 2 – Purple loosestrife growing in a typical habitat.
(Parker 1993)
are unsuitable as cover, food or resting sites for a wide range of native wetland animals...quot;
(Michigan Department of Natural

A Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and
inherit the genes of that parent only; it is reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy
reduction, or fertilization. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent. A more stringent
definition is agamogenesis which is reproduction without the fusion of gametes. Asexual
reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single–celled organisms such as the
archaea,bacteria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well.
While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually (without the formation and fusion of gametes),
mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation, transformation and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Plants that reproduce vegetatively may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones,
and the clones may cover a large area.
SPORE FORMATION
Many multicellular organisms form spores during their biological life cycle in a process called
sporogenesis. Exceptions are animals and some protists, who undergo gametic meiosisimmediately
followed by fertilization. Plants and many algae on the other hand undergo sporic meiosis where
meiosis leads to the formation of haploid spores rather than gametes.
FRAGMENTATION
Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of
the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Fragmentation is seen in
many organisms such as animals (some annelid worms, turbellarians and sea stars), fungi, and
plants. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation, such asgemmae
in liverworts.
AGAMOGENESIS
Agamogenesis is any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. Examples are
parthenogenesis and apomixis. Parthenogenesis is a form of agamogenesis in which an unfertilized
egg develops into a new individual. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in many plants, invertebrates
(e.g. water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps), and vertebrates

(e.g. some reptiles, amphibians, fish, very rarely birds).
REGENERATION
In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal,

Symbols In Tangerine By Edward Bloor
Tangerine Trees
The Merriam–Webster dictionary defines symbolism as a representation of abstract or intangible
things by means of symbols. There is a lot of this in Tangerine, and every symbol has a different
meaning and theme connected to it. The use of this symbolism in the novel has not only created a
new way to think of the book, but a web of themes tied to symbols. In the novel Tangerine by
Edward Bloor, a young boy named Paul is held captive by the giant secret surrounding his
mysterious eye injury. He has a feeling the injury somehow involves his older brother Erik, but he
does not know for sure yet. When he moves to the town of Tangerine, Florida, he finds out the truth
behind the secrets and lies that have been haunting him for years. ... Show more content on
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In the novel Tangerine, the symbol of the tangerine trees reveals the theme that good always
prevails.
Paul is represented but the tangerine trees in the novel, adding to the theme that good always
prevails. The tangerine trees in the town of Tangerine are very important. Almost everybody in that
town works in the fields, including Luis and his family, who are close friends with Paul. Everyone
works extremely hard to keep the trees alive and healthy, especially during a freeze, a cold time that
sweeps the county with ice every few years. When Paul goes out to Luis' family's field to help, Luis
explains to him how the tangerine trees are made. This part of the tree is called the rootstock. It is
the root and trunk of a rough lemon tree. Believe it or not, every type of tree that we produce here
begins its life as a rough lemon tree (Bloor 159–160). These tangerine trees represent Paul. He
started out scared and shy. That was like how the tangerine trees are rough lemon rootstocks before
they become trees. As he progressed in Tangerine, he went through lots of hard times and struggles.
It seemed the whole world was against him. That was the freeze for the trees. Then as he grew at
Tangerine

Bordeaux Wine Region
BORDEAUX 89% of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (called claret in Britain), with sweet
white wines (most notably Sauternes), dry whites, rosé and sparkling wines (Crémant de Bordeaux)
collectively making up the remainder. Terminologies Claret – is a name primarily used in British
English for red Bordeaux wine. Claret derives from the French clairet, a now uncommon dark rosé,
which was the most common wine exported from Bordeaux until the 18th Sauternes – is a French
sweet wine from the Sauternais region of the Graves section in Bordeaux. Châteaux – is a manor
house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without
fortifications, originally–and still most frequently–in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an excellent complementary grape variety that rarely makes up the majority of the final blend. It
adds freshness, finesse, and aromatic complexity as well as hints of raspberry and violet. White
Grapes SAUVIGNON BLANC Sauvignon Blanc, except in rare instances, is the most important
variety for dry white wines. It provides the wines with the necessary acidity as well as minerality,
aromatic freshness, and varietal aromas, such as citrus, boxwood, and fig leaves. White Grapes
SEMILLON Sémillon is the main grape variety for semi–sweet and sweet white wines and is almost
always a component of dry white wines as well. It contributes roundness, richness, and apricot and
honey aromas. When affected by «noble rot», it develops an inimitable bouquet. White Grapes
MUSCADELLE Muscadelle, which plays a secondary role in the blend for both dry and sweet
white wines (generally no more than 10%), is a fragile but very interesting variety with musky floral
overtones. Viticulture Bordeaux is a relatively humid region. Thus it is a place rife with diseases
and other problems that afflict vines, compared with many of the world's other wine regions, such as
dry Chile or Australia. In Bordeaux, the pruning of the vine happens almost always as cane–pruning
(as opposed to spur–pruning). There are two types of cane–pruning: guyot simple and guyot double.
The use of chemicals and fertilizers has

Propagation Techniques That Could Be Used During Asexual...
a) Describe THREE propagation techniques that could be used in Asexual plant propagation.
Technique One: Budding
Name of plant chosen: Citrus
1. The first step in Budding is to choose the rootstock and budwood for the citrus plant budding.
When selecting the rootstock make sure it is healthy and strong and less than 7 years old but at least
as tall as 30cm. Make sure bud is not a flower bud.
2. The next step is to prepare the rootstock for the budwood. The best way to do this is to cut a T–
shape about 20cm above the ground. Vertical cut should be 40–50mm and horizontal cut should be
25mm. This will allow room for budwood. If the rootstock is not being used right away cover the
cut with damp towel.
3. The next step is cutting the budwood off your desired citrus plant. When doing this makes sure
you use a clean and sharp knife. When cutting the bud off make sure you cut a 3cm sliver of bark
with the bud in the centre of it. The same with the rootstock if the budwood isn't being used straight
away cover in a damp towel.
4. The next step is actually putting the budwood in the t–shape incision made in the rootstock. You
need to fold back the flaps made by the incision in the rootstock and place the budwood inside.
Make sure the bud is facing in the correct position, so when it grows it grows upward. You then fold
the flaps back over the budwood, but leaving the bud exposed.
5. Now you either use budding tape or something that can fasten the bud to the rootstock but also

Malbec Wine: Characteristics and Growing Conditions
Malbec
Malbec is normally a medium to full–bodied dry red wine. Malbec has plenty of characteristics. It is
dark, blue–black, and purple in color. It has the ripe fruit flavors of plums, black cherry and
blackberry. Some other characters include Smokey, earthy, leathery, wild game, tobacco and
white/black pepper along with a high profile spices that make for an interesting melody of aromas
and flavors. It contains a lot of acid and is higher in tannin and alcohol levels. The layers of
complexity and uniqueness makes it a one of the best red wines.
Today however, after suffering vineyard losses from replanting of different varieties after the
Phylloxera outbreak, and a devastating frost in 1956, fewer than 2,500 acres remain in ... Show more
Due to the success and popularity of Pressac in the Medoc, it was renamed Malbec, in honor of
Sieur Malbek.
The 20th Century presented some significant set–backs for Malbec. Its importance in Bordeaux was
significantly reduced after the great frost of 1956, which killed off many of the region 's oldest
vines. In the years following this, most vine growers chose to replant their vineyards not with
Malbec, but with more reliable, economically viable varieties such as Merlot.
Phylloxera, which was accidentally introduced in Britain by English botanists who were importing
North American grapevines. The pest decimated the vineyards of England and soon spread to the
European mainland where it caused significant damage to the French and European vineyards and
wine industries. Desperate to recover from the plague, viticulturists, breeders and botanists
developed hybrids and rootstocks bred for resistance to the pest. They used North American native
varieties as rootstock.
This is where Malbec failed to recover like the other Bordeaux varieties. Malbec did not adapt well
to the new rootstocks, and the resultant vines had excessive canopy growth, high yields, and were
not maturing early enough for the relatively short northern latitude growing regions. The wines
resulting from the new rootstocks exhibited good color but were very tannic. What was left of the
remaining old vine Malbec vines in

The Technique of Grafting in Agriculture
I. INTRODUCTION
The technique of grafting dates back to the beginning of agriculture. Although it can be labor–
intensive, grafting has continued to be used in fruit and nut trees because of the immense benefits.
Different plants produce different qualities of fruits and nuts, and not always consistently. And,
because tree fruits are nearly impossible to reproduce from cuttings, grafting has become the most
popular technique for fruit tree propagation. Grafting helps to produce a superior and highly valued
crop (Hartmann, Kester, Davies, Geneve, 2011). New markets continue to require grafted and
budded plants for improved plant quality, fruit yield, superior forms, and better adaptation to greater
ecological ranges (Hartmann et al. 2011).
This paper will take a closer look at the technique of grafting, where it originated from, its
developments over time, and the impact it has had on agriculture.
II. DEFINITION Grafting can be described as the natural or deliberate fusion of plant parts so that
vascular continuity is established between them and the resulting genetically composite organism
functions as a single plant (Mudge, Janick, Scofield, Goldschmidt, 2009). In other words, it
involves taking part of one tree and attaching it to part of another tree. For example, a section of a
stem with leaf buds might be inserted into the stock of a tree. Many times one plant is selected for
its roots, called the stock or rootstock, and the other plant is selected for

Grapes And Different Types Of Grapes
Wine is one of the most fascinating drinks among the European citizens. It is an alcoholic beverage
prepared from the fermented grape juice. Grapes have the chemical property of carrying out
fermentation without the utilization of sugars, enzymes or other nutrients. It is prepared fermenting
the crushed grapes with the different types of yeast strains. Yeast consumes all the sugars present in
grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different types of grapes and different strains of grapes are
responsible for the production of different types of wines. Apples and berries are also utilized for the
preparation of wines and the wines obtained are named after the name of the fruit like apple wine or
elderberry wine or are popularly name as fruit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wine is prepared from more than one varieties of Vitis vinifera like Pinot Noir, Chardonnay,
Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay and Merlot. When one of these varieties is used the resultant is termed
as varietal. The world 's most expensive wines come from the regions like Bordeaux and Rhone
Valley are blended from different varieties of the same vintage. Wine can also be prepared from the
hybrid varieties of grapes obtained by genetic cross breeding. Vitis labrusca, Vitis aestivalis, Vitis
rupestris, Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis riparia are native North American varieties of grapes grown for
the production of jams, jellies or sometimes wine.
Hybridization is a different process so cannot be confused with grafting. Most of the world 's grape
vineyards are planted with the European variety of grapevine Vitis vinifera grafted with the North
American species rootstock. This is basically done because the North American species are resistant
to Phyllosera a root louse that damages the roots of grapevines resulting in death. In the late 19th
century most of the vineyards of Europe were destroyed by a bug leading to deaths of grapevines
and heavy economic loss. Grafting is a common practice in all wine producing nations except
Argentina, Chile and Canary Islands and only these areas include vineyards free from any
devastating pests. Associated with wine production terroir is an important concept that includes
variety of grapevine to

The American Civil War
In 1862, as the tribulation of the American Civil War unraveled, across the ocean an invasion of
European vineyards began. Today, as we look out at the vineyards of the lower Rhône valley and
admire their well–ordered appearance of tamed nature, we would not think that this was once a
scene of desolation. Yet, in the mid–1860s, vines around Roquemaure, a small town and commune
located in the South of France, Rhône, began to dry up and die. Over a span of 15 years, as an
unexplainable plague spread across Europe, almost the entire country of France was
phylloxerated. Withered. Wiped out. Consequences, both economically and socially, for people
and organizations around the world were dire. Recovery from this catastrophic episode took ... Show
Originating from eastern and southern United States, phylloxera lives on native American vines.
Developing on mature storage roots, phylloxera disrupts their function, allowing countless
secondary fungal pathogens to be introduced. Early signs of a phylloxera infestation include
yellowing of leaves and stunting of growth as the leaves lose function. Symptoms will appear within
three years, ultimately killing the vines between five to six years depending on the phylloxera
genotype. Phylloxera is characterized by having three–jointed antennae, the third of which is the
longest, and its overlapping wings resting flat on the back. It belongs to the order of Homoptera, and
shares commonalities between two families of that sub–order: the plant–lice and bark–lice. Their
lifecycle, from egg to adult, is gradual and complex–one species is known to progress through 21
different phases. Phylloxera adults are all female and reproduce asexually. One adult female is
capable of producing 1) 200 eggs per cycle and 2) having several cycles in a lifetime. Multiple
alleged sources are credited with the responsibility of the initial spread of Phylloxera. One widely
credited source isCount Agoston Haraszthy. Haraszthy started Buena Vista Winery, one of Sonoma
County's oldest winery, in 1857. He traveled to Europe in 1861, visiting several vineyards
throughout France, Germany and Switzerland, unknowingly

Symbolism In Tangerine
But I can see. I can see everything. I can see things Mom and Dad can't. Or won't. In the novel,
Tangerine, Paul Fisher has justed moved to Tangerine, Florida. He is always trying to avoid his older
brother, Erik. While Paul meets new people, little by little, flashbacks give him clues about what
happened to his coke– bottle glasses. As death after death hits Paul, he grows into a new person. The
author, Edward Bloor expertly uses symbolism and flashback to explore the theme of growth and
change. To begin with, Bloor uses symbolism to convey the theme of growth. On page 164, Luis
says, At this spot, we cut a slit into the rough lemon tree, set a new type of bud inside, and close the
slit up with tape. Now we have turned the tree into something

The Re-evaluation of Christopher Columbus Essay
As time passes and attitudes change, history is constantly being rewritten. Through the hindsight of
history, glorious victories may become horrible defeats. Seemingly insignificant acts may become
superior accomplishments. Revered heroes may become hated villains.
In recent years, this has been the case with the great admiral, Christopher Columbus. For years, the
admiral was considered to be, by historians (working primarily from historical documents created by
Europeans, with a decidedly Euro centric slant), as well as by the white, euro–American population,
to be the great discoverer of the New World. Christopher Columbus changed the way man looked at
his world, creating a new global perspective, and opening the floodgates of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Was Columbus the hero of tradition, or was he, in fact, the greedy inconsiderate lout that is being
presented by today's revisionist historians? This paper will examine both sides of this controversial
issue and attempt to discern the validity of the common arguments for and against, so the reader
may arrive at an informed conclusion. We will first examine the arguments of the most visible
parties in the Columbus controversy, the revisionist historians, also known, in a slightly more
derogatory tone, as the Columbus Bashers. The revisionist argument goes something like this:
Christopher Columbus, in his sailing westward, for whatever reason (everyone involved with the
issue has his or her own opinions of what Columbus's motives really were), brought with him to the
Americas the European disregard for anything not European, and through his (and all subsequent
European) activities, eradicated a thriving race of people through cruelty and disease (and enslaved
whoever was left), raped a virgin land through destructive and irresponsible land management
techniques, and generally mucked things up by sticking their collective nose where it had no
business being.
The de facto leader of the revisionist movement is journalist

Devastation Phylloxea
Hundreds of millions of dollars are lost each year from pests and diseases fought in vineyards.
Relevancy of today's pests and diseases is dictated by the scope of infestation and/or the prominence
of production area to the global wine economy. Bacterial, fungal and viral diseases along with
wildlife (rabbits, birds, wild boars) and insects wreak havoc with devastating results to the most
affected regions. These are important to understand, control and prevent whenever possible. One
only has to recall the devastation Phylloxera caused to the global wine industry to understand the
crippling effects of pests. Relevant and still without a cure (biological research is ongoing) recent
Phylloxera outbreaks have occurred in previously free zones (Yarra Valley 2013). An American
aphid, Phylloxera vastatrix, was inadvertently introduced to Europe around 1860 with devastating
results to vineyards. Breeding rapidly, a multitude of offspring feed on roots weakening and
eventually killing grapevines. Leo Lalimand is credited with the successful solution of grafting ...
Wild boars are ravaging vineyards in Tuscany, eating berries and destroying vines when on a
rampage. Isole e Olena claims the cost of sturdy fencing is high, but instantly recovered by yield
increase. In Australia fences must be dug 15cm below ground keep rabbits and hares out. Reports of
Australian economy losses from rabbits range from $110–600M. For many, like Bedell Cellars in
NY, birds are the main threat. The North Fork is prone to high rainfall and humidity, when birds split
grapes BBR takes hold spreading easily. Bedell uses netting, though comprehensive, visual scares
like irri–tape and predator decoy balloons are more cost–effective, less time consuming and easier to
install. Introducing predators are a natural solution, eagles have been successful at moderating birds
for Abadia Retuerta in Sardon de

Fire Blight Research Paper
Name: Fire Blight
Scientific Name: Erwinia amylovora
Origin: Was first identified in Hudson Valley, New York in the 1780's. It spread throughout North
America and accidentally got imported to England and Egypt.
Present in:
New Zealand–1919~nurse trading
Bermuda– before 1938
Wales– 1956/57~food
England– 1956/57~food
Egypt–early 1960's
Effects/Causes: Erwinia amylovora is an exotic plant pest that causes fire blight that is becoming a
serious threat to Australia's apple and pear industry. Rain and insects are the main cause of the
movement of fire blight. Open flowers are the most common are affected on a plant and are
vulnerable until the petals begin to fall. On pear trees, flower stems and bud turn black, whereas on
an apple tree the flower

The Esrog Tree
The Esrog tree is delicate and frail. It starts to bear its first fruit after four or five years and its life
expectancy is rarely more than fifteen years. During its relatively short lifespan, the Esrog tree is
susceptible to frost and disease, thus requiring constant care. Weakest of all is its relatively frail root
system.
For a horticulturist, the solution is simple. When an Esrog tree starts to grow, it is grafted onto the
rootstock of other hardier and more resilient citrus trees, most often of the lemon or orange. The
resulting tree will be much stronger and more resistant to disease, require less care, and have a
doubled life–expectancy. The tree will also produce more plentiful and robust fruit. Although
virtually indistinguishable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This issue is not discussed in the Gemoro at all. The most likely explanation for this omission is that
there were simply no other citrus trees growing in Israel or Babylon at the time. Nowhere in the
words of Chazal is there any mention of an orange, tangerine, mandarin, clementine, pomelo,
grapefruit, lemon or lime. In the absence of other citrus trees, the Esrog could not be grafted, so the
question was moot.
Halachic discussion regarding the status of a murkav began at the start of the 16th century, when the
Jewish community began noticing the prevalence of Esrog grafting. The initial rounds of discussion
and debate were spearheaded by the Remo in Poland, the Maharam Padua in Italy and Reb Moshe
Alshich in Israel.
It seems that before the question was raised, many European communities – including their rabbinic
leaders – unwittingly used murkavim. This became a sore point in the ensuing Halachic discussion.
The stringent authorities had to resign themselves to the uncomfortable fact that scores of
communities had not fulfilled their obligation for decades, if not centuries. The lenient opinions took
the position that there was no way a murkav could be unsuitable if it had enjoyed such widespread

Barossa Valley Research Paper
Kikj09r5
Introduction
As a qualified agronomist, employed by a wealthy vigneron, the aim of this extended research task
is to support and advise the best practises and producers to establish a new 50 hectare vineyard in
the prestigious Barossa Valley located 60 kilometres North–East of Adelaide(fig. 1). Also included
in this study is the characteristic of the soils and climate of this area. The trellis support and
irrigation of the crop with also be taken into account, along with the most suitable grape for the area
and market for winemaking. The preparation towards the soil before the planting procedure begins
and wether to use grafted vines or cuttings for vineyard is crucial for efficient production.
Composing recommendations for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many factors that contribute in selecting the right trellis for the crop this is because growth
habits, environmental factors, Vine Vigor and mechanization all have crucial aspects to how well the
crop produces. Some of these different methods include non–divided canopy system such as;
Umbrella Kniffin, high bilateral cordon and vertical shoot Position (VSP). There are also divided
canopy systems that incorporate; Geneva Double Curtain, Lyre, Scott Henry and smart Dyson
trellises. The best fitting trellis system for the Barossa valley for the climate is the high bilateral
cordon trellis this is also one of the main trellises used for commercial grape growing. As Shown in
(fig.5) the high bilateral cordon trellis is comprised by two wires strung together run along at 1 and
halve meters above ground level with plants spaced 1 – 2 meters apart. This allows for great light
and spray penetration, this method also yields higher quality yields. The high bilateral cordon trellis
makes for easy pruning and picking and also requires little to no tying. It also provides some frost
protection with the high

The Effect Of Salinity On Resistance, Proline, And Mineral...
1. Günes, Aydin, Ali Inal, and Mehmet Alpaslan. Effect of salinity on stomatal resistance, proline,
and mineral composition of pepper. Journal of Plant Nutrition 19.2 (1996): 389–396.
2. Pernezny, Ken, et al. Compendium of pepper diseases. American Phytopathological Society (APS
Press), 2003.
3. Davies, F. T., J. R. Potter, and R. G. Linderman. Mycorrhiza and repeated drought exposure
affect drought resistance and extraradical hyphae development of pepper plants independent of plant
size and nutrient content. Journal of Plant Physiology 139.3 (1992): 289–294.
4. Hirsch, Rebecca E., et al. A role for the AKT1 potassium channel in plant nutrition. Science
280.5365 (1998): 918–921.
5. Pepperillon, P., and A. Palloix. Influence of sodium chloride on the growth and mineral nutrition
of pepper cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition 20.9 (1997): 1085–1094.
6. Bar–Tal, A., et al. Nitrogen nutrition of greenhouse pepper. I. Effects of nitrogen concentration
and NO3: NH4 ratio on yield, fruit shape, and the incidence of blossom–end rot in relation to plant
mineral composition. HortScience 36.7 (2001): 1244–1251.
7. Kaya, Cengiz, Halil Kirnak, and David Higgs. Effects of supplementary potassium and
phosphorus on physiological development and mineral nutrition of cucumber and pepper cultivars
grown at high salinity (NaCl). Journal of Plant Nutrition 24.9 (2001): 1457–1471.
8. Graber, Ellen R., et al. Biochar impact on development and productivity of pepper and tomato
grown

A Report On North Georgia
North Georgia is an area in which grapes are grown for wine making that is rich in a number of
elements that make the region one that develops good quality wine. Though not quite as large as
other regions in the United States, there are a number of elements unique to Georgia that in turn
helps these grape growers develop wines with unique flavor characteristics. This paper will address
many of those elements, as well as various techniques used for grape growing, diseases grape
growers have to battle, the benefits to viticulture in this region, among a number of other
components. The goal of this paper is to help with an expansion of knowledge of the components
explored about what it means to grow grapes for winemaking in North Georgia. ... Show more
This particular disease is mostly a problem farther south than in north Georgia, but there have been
records of PD being a problem for grape growers in the northern part in the past (Westover). There
are four distinct climate zones that have a huge influence on grape production; the Northern Blue
Ridge Mountains (Tennessee Valley), the Valley and Ridge district, the Piedmont district, and South
Georgia. North Georgia grape growers must take each of these climates into account when choosing
which grapes to grow, because there are certain grapes that are prone to flourish in each of these
various climate zones. There are also various different types of trellising for various grapes and
elevation, the intense runoff from mountain hillsides has been something North Georgia grape
growers have had to perfect in order to make the wine industry in North Georgia what it is today
(Krewer). Muscadine grapes are a rich source of dietary fiber which helps with more regular
digestive health and ellagic acid, an anticancer compound. Muscadine grapes also contain a
significant amount of resveratrol (which has proven to have so many health benefits it is being
produced in a supplement form) in the skin, pulp and seeds. There is a source of dietary fiber,
resveratrol, and ellagic acid in Muscadine grapes. All of these elements each offer a specific health
benefit. For example, ellagic acid has been known to significantly impact one 's likelihood to get

Handwashing Related Literature
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Microbial load on unwashed hands There are grave
consequences when people do not wash their hands or wash them improperly. It is known that hands
are the main media for contaminants getting to people, whether the infections are airborne, oral or
tactile. Infectious diseases that are commonly spread through hand to hand contact include the
common cold, and several gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhoea (WaterAid, 2006). Human
hands usually harbour microorganisms both as part of a person'snormal microbial flora as well as
transient microbes acquired from the environment (Lindberg et al, 2004). According to Kartha
(200!), many people consider handwashing a waste of time. However, they are unaware that ...
Curtis et al (2001) noted that modern methods of promoting handwashing can be effective and cost–
effective on a large scale. Studies suggest that soap is widely available, even in poor households in
developing countries, although it is mostly used for bathing and washing clothes (Borghi et al,
2002). In rural India and Bangladesh, soap is often considered a beautifying agent or for the physical
feeling of cleanliness which it gives, rather than being associated with the removal of
microorganisms or health benefits (Hoque and Briend, 1991; Hoque et al, 1995). In low income
communities, soil, mud or ash may be used as a zero cost alternative to soap for handwashing
(Zeitlyn and Islam, 1991). Hoque et al (1995) again reported that altogether, 81% of non–soap users
stated that they might use soap, but were unable to afford it. Critical times for handwashing A
defensive strategy is important when trying to avoid infecting oneself with an illness lying in wait
(Wisegeek.com, 2011). According to Mayo Clinic (2009), frequent handwashing is one of the best
ways to avoid getting sick and spreading illness. Although it is impossible to keep hands germ–free,
washing hands frequently can help limit the transfer of bacteria, viruses and other microbes. It is
possible that people do not wash their hands as often as they should. Handwashing prevents both
diarrhoea and respiratory infections effectively whendone properly and at

Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Skin and Dusol (Kaempferia...
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) skin and Dusol (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Rhizome
As Antibacterial Organic Soap
A Science Investigatory Project
Presented by:
Romi Necq S. Abuel
Bansud National High School
Regional Science High School for Region IV –MIMAROPA
Pag–asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro
Abstract
Many soaps in the market offer different kinds of benefits such as whitening the skin, treating
various skin problems and removing bacteria from skin. But some may still produce bad results and
some can be too expensive to purchase. But there are other options that can be made to have healthy
skin. Pineapple is an abundant tropical fruit commonly found in humid and hot regions. Citric and
malic acids are found in good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also doesn't contain carcinogens, toxins and bad bacteria that may risk health. Second, it has huge
amounts of nutrients that is easily absorbed by the skin for a more effective and efficient usage of
the product.
The said product is biodegradable, organic and it doesn't harm the environment even if it is burnt or
disposed. It contains almost no amount of harmful chemical substances that can disrupt the
ecological balance or worsen the condition of the global warming.
Researchers in the near future may use the study in emphasizing the use of the pineapple or dusol
extract as a main ingredient in the manufacture of soap or other products in relation to the study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to the production of the experimental pineapple/dusol soap and the
experimentation processes that followed. The experimentation was conducted from June to August
2012.
Definition of Terms
Psoriasis a skin disease usually marked by red scaly patches.

Rashes an outbreak in the surface of the skin which that is often reddish and itchy.
Acne a disease of the oil–secreting glands of the skin that often affects adolescents, producing
eruptions on the face, neck, and shoulders that can leave pitted scars.
Ringworm a fungal disease of the skin, scalp or nails in which intensely itchy ring–shaped patches
develop. Infection is transmitted to humans from pets or

Citrus Canker Essay
ARKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
PLANT DISEASE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR PLANT DISEASE OF A SELECTED
CROP
CITRUS CANKER
Malvika
8/14/2015
ABSTRACT
This topic presents disease of plant. The name of the disease is citrus canker which is bacterial
disease. Firstly, Citrus Canker, cancrosis A, brought about by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, is a
damaging problem of such products as grapefruit, sweet orange and tangelo. In any case, satsuma
mandarin, Ponkan and Hassaku orange are impervious to the problem. Resistance of citrus species
to ulcer, considering inalienable as well as obtained attributes. Secondly, This essay gives a basic
understanding of the disease which includes symptoms and its annual disease cycle. Annual disease
cycle comprises of the survival, dispersal, infection and the spread of the disease throughout the
crop cycle. The topic covers the effects of common environmental and management factors. Thirdly,
The control strategies that might be used to prevent the infection by using cultural , biological as
well as chemical methods. Fourthly, the feasibility of managing disease pesticides and its
sustainability.
INTRODUCTION Xanthomonas axonopodis is the bacterium which causes the sickness named
Citrus canker that influences Citrus species. Because of contamination sores on the leaves, products
of the soil can been seen on citrus trees including grapefruits,

Calamansi and Onion
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foot odor is a disease which is scientifically known as bromhidrosis– sweaty and smelly feet. While
neither painful nor contagious, foot odor causes unmitigated social suffering to those who are
burdened with it. Under normal conditions each of your feet produces half a pint of sweat by means
by means of some 20,000 sweat glands. In most people, this perspiration evaporates. In people with
bromhidrosis, however , more sweat is produced, and it doesn't evaporate as easily, which will result
to odoriferous feet. In the presence of bacteria, these sweaty secretions break down, generating a
foul smell . Obviously washing away the bacteria and drying very carefully can temporarily make
your feet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The evergreen leaves (technically single leaflets) are alternate, aromatic, broad–oval, dark–green,
glossy on the upper surface, yellowish–green beneath, 1 1/2 to 3 in (4–7.5 cm) long, faintly toothed
at the apex, with short, narrowly–winged petioles. The richly and sweetly fragrant flowers, having 5
elliptic–oblong, pure–white petals, are about 1 in (2.5 cm) wide and borne singly or in 2's or 3's
terminally or in the leaf axils near the branch tips. The showy fruits are round or oblate and to 1 3/4
in (4.5 cm) wide, with very aromatic, orange–red peel, glossy, and dotted with numerous small oil
glands; tender, thin, easily–removed, sweet, and edible. The pulp, in 6 to 10 segments, is orange,
very juicy, highly acid, seedless or with 1 to 5 small, obovoid seeds, green within The calamondin is
believed native to China and thought to have been taken in early times to Indonesia and the
Philippines. It became the most important Citrus juice source in the Philippine Islands and is widely
grown in India and throughout southern Asia and Malaysia. It is a common ornamental dooryard
tree in Hawaii, the Bahamas, some islands of the West Indies, and parts of Central

Symbolism In Tangerine
Growing, Changing, Tangerine
Tangerine is a book filled with action, drama, heart, wins, loses, and brotherhood. Paul had always
been the odd one out at school, and at home. Paul is legally blind, with glasses so thick, they look
like the bottom halves of coke bottles on his face. But when Paul moves to Tangerine Middle school,
his world is turned upside down. Paul finds himself happy, with friends, and on the soccer team. But
not everything was perfect at home. Paul has an older brother named Erik who likes to bully and
intimidate Paul. Paul had always been afraid of Erik, but he just can't quite remember why. The only
thing he does know is to watch his back around Erik. Edward Bloor uses wonderful examples of
characterization, and symbolism, to display the theme of growth and change in the story. ... Show
This part of the tree is called a rootstock. It is the root and trunk of a rough lemon tree. Believe it or
not, every type of tree that we produce begins its life as a rough lemon tree. At this spot, we cut a slit
into the rough lemon tree, set a new bud inside, and close the slit up with tape. This quote
symbolizes that Paul is like the new bud, inserting himself into a new friendship with Victor and
Tino. The tape symbolizes trust and brotherhood to reinforce the friendship as they grow as one.
Paul grew as a person because he found a way to bond with other people, and not be so shy around
everyone. Paul had become an extremely more confident middle

The History Of Wine Production
The history of wine production traces back thousands of years, with the earliest evidence of a wine–
like drink located in China circa and estimated to be of at 7000 BC. Wine was the center of the
agricultural culture of many civilizations like the Romans, the Phoenicians and the Greeks, who
considered wine a divine drink of the gods. Wine remains until today one of the largest components
of the agricultural production in the Western civilization (Appendix 1).
Grapevine is one of the most economically and socially important crops around the globe. Grapes
are used for the production of raising, grape juice, jams and vinegar, but the main end product is
wine. It was estimated in 2005 that 65.7% of the production of grapes is being used ... Show more
The past few years however, groups have been trying to address the cultivation techniques from
another perspective; by genetically modifying grapevines.
Realizing the global significance of wine, scientists specializing in plant biology, viticulture and
enology from the major wine producing areas (USA, Australia, France, Canada, Chile, Italy,
Germany, Spain and South Africa) launched the International Grape Genome Program (IGGP) in
the beginning of the century. It involves a cooperative genome sequence analysis of the species Vitis
Vinifera, one of the most common grapevine species.
The goal of the IGGP is to provide insights into the molecular biology of the species. Using genetic
tools, scientists are attempting to modify specific parts of the Vitis genome to produce higher quality
wine, disease resistant crops and provide a database for producers to plant the right species with
respect to the specific environment of their production site. According to data collected in 2007, half
of the grape genome has been mapped, which includes more than 22800 nucleotide sequences and
the project is expected to grow even more the next years. The data has been placed in the public
databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Genetically Disease–Resistant Grapes Following the launch

Eleutherine indica L. is a wound healing folklore medicine...
Eleutherine indica L. is a wound healing folklore medicine of North East Indian tribal people. The
present investigation bulbs of E. indica were successively extracted with petroleum ether,
chloroform, methanol and water and evaluated wound healing associated activities like antioxidant,
antimicrobial and fibroblast proliferation properties. Petroleum ether (EIPE) and chloroform (EICE)
extracts of E. indica were found inactive in antioxidant evaluations, whereas the methanol extract
(EIME) showed DPPH and superoxide scavenging activity (IC50–185.24 1303.99 μg/ml,
respectively) with highest gallic acid equivalence (5.61). Water extract (EIWE) also scavenged the
DPPH and superoxide anion radicals with 438.94 μg/ml and 1632.10 μg/ml IC50 ... Show more
in Wistar rats [7]. Cutaneous wounds are the result of disruption of skin integrity and healing
process is a series of complex cellular events. Wound healing is a natural process of tissue
restoration guided by secreted mediators, cytokines and growth factors. Although the wound healing
process takes place with its own intrinsic factors, various risk factors such as infection, malnutrition
and aging etc. have a serious impact on tissue repair process [8,9]. Microorganisms such as B.
subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa are major infecting pathogens found in
the open wound [8]. Different Ayurvedic classics of India (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and
Ayurveda Siksha), evident the long history of wound management therapy, where approximately
70% medicines are of plant origin. World Health Organization estimated that 80% of the world's
population still rely on plant–based medicines for their primary health care, including skin related
disorders specially wounds [10]. Fibroblast cells impart an important role in wound repair process
and the main cellular component of granulation tissue which is involved in the synthesis and
deposition of collagen fibres, contraction and re–epithelialization of the wound. Fibroblast cells also
secrete growth factors, such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor
(bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and

Irrigation In Napa Valley
Napa Valley is a part of the hilly, steep mountains in the California Coast Range. The soils in Napa
Valley are generally very deep and are used for vineyards. Soils of volcanic, and alluvial origin
exist, each created by geological events that have occurred over sixty million years. The valley was
formed by tectonic plate movement and volcanic activity. Due to volcanic activity, more than 100
soil types were created.
Grape farmers have an issue of choosing the type of irrigation which will decrease the salinity of the
soils but also provide enough water for their crops to thrive. How much irrigation water required to
grow quality wine grapes depends upon the site, the stage of vine growth, row spacing, size of the
vine's canopy, and amount of rainfall occurring during the growing season. The structure and
composition of the soil greatly affect the character of the grapes and help guide the Napa Valley
grape growers as to which rootstocks and grape varieties to plant. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One type of irrigation, drip irrigation, is a method which plants reach water supply. Drip irrigation is
the most widely used method of irrigation in Napa Valley. By directly applying water to either the
root zone or to the surrounding soil, this method significantly reduces the amount of water used. In
addition, growers are able to control the exact amount of water applied to each vine, reduce
evaporation, and minimize surface runoff. Although the water goes around root system, it does not
go far and as a result, there is an accumulation of salts. Furthermore, most of the water in California
comes from mountains which has salt in them and once that area is flushed, the farmer can also
flush the soil. If flushing does not occur, then saline and sodic conditions can possibly

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