Database Mangement And Retrieval System

Database Mangement and Retrieval System
Question 1.
Differentiate between database management system and information retrieval system by focusing on their functionalities.
Database Management System (as known as DBMS) is a set of application that enable user to create, edit, update, store and retrieve data from database
files. By using DBMS, data in a database can be added, deleted, changed, sorted and searched. DBMSs are usually used to manage employee
information of a big company, customer information and stock information. By using the DBMS, there are advantages and disadvantages. The
advantages of a DBMS is the same information can be available to any user, minimizing redundancy can reduce the cost of storing information on other
devices, the accuracy in using DBMS because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In information retrieval concept, metadiator is the one who helps to support the interaction between the user and the information resource.
There are two main approaches to IR, which are statistical approach and semantic approach. In a statistical approach, documents are analyzed and
broken down into chunks of text and each word or phrase is counted, weighted, and measured for relevance or importance. Meanwhile, semantic
approaches to IR use knowledge–based techniques of retrieval the broadly rely on the syntactic, lexical, sentential, discourse–based, and pragmatic
levels of knowledge understanding. In practice, semantic approaches also apply some form of statistical analysis to improve the retrieval process.
Question 2.
Highlight the differences between data and information.
Data and information are related. Once data is processed, it calls information. But data is raw, plain and unprocessed item and need to be processed.
Data itself is useless until it is organized. Meanwhile, information is a collection of data after it process. Generally, there are three main differences
between data and information such as their meaning, example and definition.
In the context of meaning, data is something plain, raw, unorganized facts that need to process to be meaningful while information is a collection of
many data that is meaningful to the user. For example, the score of science test, date of birthday,
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Database Protection System For The Security Of The...
Abstract:
In the last 5 years the usage of internet has increased vastly. Internet attacks has been increasing. As attacks are increasing there is no security for the
network related data bases. We need urgently a database protection system against the attacks in order keep the data securely.
This paper reviews about the SQL attacks, database protection system which is used between the database and web application. There are different
protective measures for the different users to provide effective security of the database.
Introduction:
Since the rapid increase of use of Internet, computer network technology has rapid growth. Now a day's internet is used in almost every fields like
governments, business and health care and schools etc. made the rapid development of the computer network technology.
Networks play key role in these computer era. It brings convenience, along with it also brings the malicious attackers. Network attackers are targeting
the network database, to get the secured data. The most common attack are SQL attacks. SQL statements are the tools of SQL attacks.
SQL Attacks:
The Principles of SQL attacks:
The most common attacks on the web are SQL attacks. SQL means Structured Query Language. SQL is used by the relational databases to perform
the database operations. Generally web servers use databases to store the information. Every site on the web mostly uses the databases. SQL is also
one type of programming language which helps to interact with the

Fundamentals On Database Management Systems
Research on Database Fundamentals
Fundamentals on Database Management Systems
Data and Information
Data are raw facts of the block of information. To be reminded that all the data will not useful information. Useful information is fulfilled from
processed data. Specially, data is to be explained in order to gain information.
Database
A database is a well–ordered collection of data that are linked in a meaningful way, which can be contacted in diп¬Ђerent logical orders.
A collection of related data with
logically coherent structure
inherent meaning
purpose, for intended users and applications
varying size
scope, content of varying breadth
physical organization of varying complexity
various applications with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DBMS: a collection of general objective, application individual programs determining services to
Deп¬Ѓne the structure of a database: data types and restraint that the data have to satisfy.
Manage the storage of data, safely for long limits of time
Manipulate a database, with effective user interfaces to query the database to regain speciп¬Ѓc data, update the database to reproduce changes in the
world, and generate reports from the data.
Manage database usage: users with their access rights, performance optimization, sharing of data among several users, security from accidents or
unauthorized use.
Monitor and analyze database usage.
Using above Database, can highlight Important Functions on a Database

Structure deп¬Ѓnition: declare 5 п¬Ѓles or relations + data types, e.g. Student (StudName, StudentNo, Class, Dept)
Population: input data about speciп¬Ѓc students, courses, prerequisites, Querying o Which are the prerequisites of the Database course? o List
students who got grade 14 or 16 for the Database course in 1993
Reporting: prepare diplomas, with standard text, interspersed with name of student, courses taken, name of degree, grades, etc.
Modiп¬Ѓcation, update of population o Create a new session for the Database course o Enter a grade 16 for Smith in the Database Session
Modiп¬Ѓcation of structure, of schema o Create

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Database System
Although the database system yields considerable advantages over previous data management approaches, database systems do carry certain
disadvantages. Such as:
1. Increased costs:
Database Systems are in requirement of hardware as well as software of a sophisticated nature, along side personnel who are deemed highly skilled. the
cost of maintenance of the personnel, the hardware & the software, required for the operation and management of a Database Management System may
be considerable. regulation licensing, & compliance & training costs are many at times looked over on the implementation of the Database System.
a.) Cost of Hardware & Software:
A processor capable of processing data at high speed, as well as, a sizeable memory are the prerequisites which are required in order to execute the
DBMS software. this implies that one has to upgrade the hardware used currently at use for file–based system. in a similar fashion, DBMS ... Show
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this is a cumbersome as well as time intensive way to transform data of data files into database. one has to hire/employ a DBA & System Designer,
along side some application programmers; As an alternative, one must avail the services provided by certain software houses. therefore a substantial
expenditure must be incurred in order to Develop a database & other such software of relevance.
c) Cost of Staff Training: the majority of the DBMSs are considered Complex–systems, therefore, Users require specialised training in order to use the
Database. this training is multi–levels, & encompasses training in the fields of programming/coding, the development of applications, as well as, the
administration of databases. therefore the organisation has to incur heavy expenditure in order to train the personnel to use the Database Systems
2. Management

Database Management Systems Or Dbms
Database Management Systems or DBMS' are essential software's for databases that take in information to be processed, organized, and analyzed.
DBMS' play a significant role in many things we interact with on the daily like the internet. DBMS' can be on a small scale for individual use or on a
larger scale for a company looking to keep track of all the data they collect.
Each database is custom designed for the company, or organization that will use it. Records are kept in databases and each record is very unique in
its own way having different fields for what it pertains to. Each record has something that makes it unique that the other records don't have. Text,
number, dates, and amounts of money are all different computations for DBMS. All of this information is separated into fields and this is how Big
Data is sorted and accessible and understandable. The data can be put in manually or sometimes it is computer assisted when it is more efficient. For
example: a program may catch on if you are doing monthly reports and create a section for all 12 months after one is manually made.
The use of Database Management Systems can date back to 1966. The program was made by IBM with the help of other companies for the Apollo
Program. It was designed to keep track of the bill of materials for space crafts and other things involving the trip to space. This database used a
hierarchical format which can be considered a tree like structure which is still used today. At the top of the

Database Analysis : Database Management System
A database could be as simple as an alphabetical arrangement of names in an address book or as complex as a database that provides information in a
combination of formats. For example a library can be considered a database because a library stores books therefore it is a database of books. But
computer databases collect information and organize such to enable efficient retrieval in formats such as electronically, graphically, audibly, statistically
or physically; printed on paper. Computers process data in a database into information, a database allows users to search information in an organized
collection that is useful. In addition to documents, information can be in the form of audio, images, and video. With database software often called
database management system (DBMS) users create a computerized database. DBMS users can add, modify, and delete data in the database; create
forms and reports from the data in the database. Most organizations realize that data is one of their more valuable assets. At many organizations for
example Boutwell and Owens, employees must punch in the building and time clock with magnetic cards encrypted with an assigned number. With the
database approach many programs and users share the data in the database. Building accesses are entered into the security's computer database while
managers and owners can also access this information from their computers. The time clock tracks the hours in the Human Resources database for the
period of time

Relational Database Systems And Relational Databases
Relational Database Systems
The idea of relational database was first introduced by E.F.Codd at IBM in 1970. It is a kind of computer database in which data is stored in Relations
and is represented in the form of tables with rows and columns. Databases can vary in sizes, ranging from very small and simple to very large and
complex ones. Database users can access the data practically in an unlimited number of ways. Relational databases help in finding the information in a
quick and efficient manner that one is looking for.Today many popular databases use the model ofrelational database.
The invention of relational databases have brought a number of changes to the business world in which they operate specially for the businesses
whose prime focus is on its customers, their likes and dislikes to win more market share. There is no such concept as "one size fits all" in using this
technology, it varies from industry to industry. One thing may work for some businesses and may not work for others, therefore it is advisable that one
should shop around before investing in any of the technologies because it is vital to find an industry–specific solution. One technique to narrow the
search for industry–specific solutions is to find out what our competitors are using to gain more customer base.
When it comes to customers, the use of relational database management systems can help in linking various features of business electronically, like
connecting a customer with specific product

Database Management System Software ( Dbms )
IntroductionDatabase management system software (DBMS) is the software that can operate on the front and back end of an organization's database.
As do the database requirements of an organization differ, so do the types of DBMS software. The type of DBMS software required can often be
narrowed down to the organization's size and industry (Mohamed 2016). Currently, the top three DBMSs are Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL
Server ("Microsoft SQL Server vs. MySQL vs. Oracle Comparison" 2016). Each having its own forte; however, in this assessment, only MySQL and
Microsoft SQL Server (MS SQL Server) will by compared and contrasted to one another in the aspects of an organization's needs, the hardware
requirements, and the database ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MySQL also has a low total cost of ownership, in part, due to its diverse platform capabilities, free use for simple users, and in–house operations. As a
result of MySQL's broad compatibility and ability to perform typical database needs, it is an appropriate selection for organizations looking for a cost
effective DBMS for lightweight to medium weight database requirements. MySQL has different editions to meet the database needs of organizations.
The different editions are as follows: MySQL Community, Standard, Enterprise, and Cluster Carrier Grade ("MySQL :: MySQL Editions" 2016). The
free MySQL Community Edition has the least features, has very limited security, and only limited support on the forums. Organizations seeking support
might choose MySQL Standard Edition for an annual subscription at $2,000, which offers 24/7 support but also has limited security and is unable to
offer security, backup capabilities, and scalability. If security is a concern for an organization, MySQL Enterprise Edition offers the previous editions
feature in addition to security, database backup, scalability, and an audit program for a yearly subscription of $5,000. For organizations operating at
multiple locations with high automation needs, MySQL Cluster Carrier Grade Edition can automatically support the organization and has automated
repair function to maintain continuity for an annual subscription of $10,000. The

Relational Database Management System
1.A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in the form of related tables. The
system does not require many assumptions about how data is related t or how it is to be extracted from the database. The database can be viewed in
several forms.
2.De–Normalization is a process of adding redundant data to get rid of complex joins for optimizing database performance.
3.A view is an SQL statement that is stored within a database that is also associated with a name. A view is also a table in the form of a query. A view
can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table.
4.Subqueries are often referred as subselects, as they allow a SELECT statement to be executed within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of restoring the backup of log files and database on a primary server and restoring them to a standby server is called Log shipping.
21.Local temporary tables are visible only to their creators during the same connection to an instance of SQL Server as when the tables were first
created or referenced. Local temporary tables are deleted after the user disconnects from the instance of SQL Server. Global temporary tables are
visible to any user and on any connection after they are created, and are deleted when all users that are referencing the table disconnect from the
instance of SQL Server.
22.Scheduled jobs are automated pieces of work that can be performed at a customized date and time on a recurring schedule. Scheduled tasks are
created using SQL server, which enables the SQL commands to be executed automatically at regularly timed intervals.
23.A Heap Table is a table that does not have cluster or a non–cluster indices. Multiple non–clustered indices can be created on tables that are stored as
a Heap. When they are stored in a Heap they are not ordered in any specific way.
24.The process that writes the modified pages from Buffer Cache to physical disk is called the CHECKPOINT process. This process is run
automatically by SQL Server at specific

Evolution Of Database Management Systems
EVOLUTION OF DBMS
1.INTRODUCTION
As technology is rapidly emerging and changing, organizations are quickly adapting to it, and with this technology and software advancement includes
database management systems. Database management systems have become a crucial tool in every organization. It will be rather more surprising to
see a company not using DBMS in this age. As organizations emerge and grow by years, they have numerous data sets to handle anddatabase
management systems is a software application which helps organizations perform this mundane task easily. It collects, organizes thedatabases and also
stores and performs functions on the databases making it easier for users to access. Now days, an organization wouldn't survive without data and
information. The way this data is important for an organization, to manage this data is equally important. Database management systems has become a
part of every field right from schools, libraries, medical centers, airlines, chemical plants etcetera. With the effective use of database management
systems software in organizations, it comes with advantages and disadvantages which will be later explained in the findings section of this paper.
The research would concentrate more on how database management system applications have progressed since the past decade. The research objective
is to study the evolution of DBMS and learn about the emerging alternative applications for this traditional system. The positive and negative effects

Database Management System Essay
CHAPTER 14: OLAP AND DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
14.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOMES The basics objective to create a well–designed database using basic database commands. lt also
provide how to manipulate the stored data and return meaningful results to help analyze the data stored. Upon completion of this chapter, they will be
able to:
Create, read, update, and delete data using basic SQL commands.
Perform relational joins and transactions on SQL tables.
Aggregate data through functions and conditionals.
Perform sub queries and manipulate views.
Create stored procedures within SQL.
Summarize data using PIVOT and UNPIVOT.
Demonstrate knowledge of data indices and information schemas.
Create a full–fledged blog database. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is consider as a specialists that an OLAP system which contains an information on server that allows quick access to data (atomic data and
derived data) and facilities calculations. Because OLAP tools work with multidimensional data models, perform complex analytical queries, ad hoc
and has a high processing speed, some scholars have suggested that they rather be called FASMI (Fast Analysis of Shared Multidimensional
Information) . Thus, Nigel and Richard Creeth Pendle, from the idea that "18 or even 12 rules are too much "wanted to define the characteristics of
OLAP applications in a simple way and thus propose FASMI test, five key words:
1) Key word "speed" – users have earlier access to data at any time (basically the smooth running of a company is assured of making correct
decisions to be taken quickly based on data that is stored in a warehouse data, the speed of access becomes a necessity). If simple analysis response
time is one second, and for more complex analysis, response time may be longer than 20 seconds;
2) key word "analysis" – OLAP system should provide the user to perform various tests with the help of mathematical methods or statistical. Virtually,
should provide the opportunity definition of ad–hoc calculations making reports in any form without the use of professional programming languages.
3) key word "shared" – allowing data to be accessed by many concurrent users

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Distributed Database Systems
This paper discussed the Distributed database systems which are systems that have their data distributed and replicated over several locations; unlike
the centralized data base system, where one copy of the data is stored in one location. the Distributed database system has many advantages:
1.Availability of the data in case of failure.
2.Parallelism: queries may be processed by several nodes in parallel.
3.Reduced data transfer.
It also has some disadvantages:
1.A distributed system usually exhibits more complexity and cost more than a centralized one.
2.Handling security across several locations is more complicated.
Types of DDBMS:
1–Homogeneous DDBMS
a.All sites use same DBMS product (eg. Oracle)
b.Fairly easy to design and manage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication Failures: failures in the communication system between two or more sites.
The 2–phase commit (2PC) protocol:
The major issue in building a distributed database system is the transactions atomicity. When a transaction runs across into two sites, it may happen
that one site may commit and other one may fail due to an inconsistent state of transaction. Two–phase commit protocol is widely used to solve this.
The 2–phase commit (2PC) protocol is a distributed algorithm to ensure the consistent termination of a transaction in a distributed environment.
This protocol has two phases, the prepare and the commit phase. The protocol is executed by a coordinator process, while the participating servers are
called participants. When the transaction's initiator issues a request to commit the transaction, the coordinator starts the first phase.
The coordinator initiates the first phase of the protocol by sending PREPARE messages in parallel to all the participants. Each participant that is
ready to commit first force writes a prepare log record to its local stable storage and then sends a YES vote to the coordinator. On the other hand, each
participant that decides to abort force–writes an abort log record and sends a NO vote to the

Summary:
Database Management System in easy terms we can say that set of data organized in a relative way. It allows data for various entries, storage and
retrieval of large quantity of information and provides ways to manage how the information is stored. There is big number of database providers and
each different database has its own strength so while choosing a particular database we need to understand what the business requirement is and match
them with what DBMS can provide us to make our data management conveniently and easily. Oracle Database has wide range of products and services
that they offer. The current recent version of oracle database is 12c in market. it has multi–tenant architecture and it has very good resources to make it
more efficient for users to use. It has unlimited number of database size and user can take advantage of various functions in it like data warehousing,
big data architecture depending on the needs of the user organization.
Resource 2Title and Reference:
DBMS – Microsoft SQL Server
Retrieved from:
Gravelle, R. (2014). An Overview of the MySQL Performance Schema – DatabaseJournal.com. [online] Databasejournal.com. Available at: http:/
/www.databasejournal.com/features/mysql/an–overview–of–the–mysql–performance–schema.html Summary:
Database Management System is a kind of software used to manage complex and large data in a related format. It allows us to pull the data from
different sources, store and sort the data. It is a

Database Management Systems
Database Management System
Basith Shaik
Southern New Hampshire University
September 7, 2015
Abstract
The intent of this paper is to design and propose a database management system solution to Grandfield College for tracking software installed. I have
analyzed the organizational issues and needs and developed conceptual, logical, and physical designs of DBMS solution. In order to implement the
solution, substantial research had been done on best practices in design, available products, and the legal and ethical standards to which we must
adhere during design. This paper includes Business rules, Conceptual, Logical, and Physical database designs, Recommendations on best DBMS
required for Grandfield College, Data model, Legal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Track requests of new software.
Issues with current system * Some of the information is recorded in notebooks and not entered in spreadsheets * Reliable database is not available *
People work in shifts to collect and preserve the data * There is no security provided for the records to protect against threats
Highlights of Information provided * Installations are not entered until they have completed successfully. * Some installations can be done from
network drives. * Some installation require media. * Instructors with administrative rights can check out software and do their own installations. *
Instructors with administrative rights must sign an agreement and are responsible for their own support.
Solution
Looking at the requirements of Grandfield College, I have planned a solution with following steps are Step 1. Data Gathering: This task consists of
the gathering of spreadsheets currently used by the software management team which includes the list of software, licensing of software, and all
faculty and staff computers and what software is installed on each. Also included is a list of software requests. Step 2. Data Analysis: The data will be
analyzed to determine database modeling. Step 3. Database normalization: Fields and

An Object Relational Database Management System
INTRODUCTION An object–relational database management system (ORDMS) is a DBMS that supports both relational and object–oriented
functions. SQL:1999 seems like the most innovative update to the language since its induction, largely because of the adoption of object–oriented
related upgrades. COLLECTION TYPES "A collection is an ordered group of elements, all of the same type." (Oracle 2002) With this addition it
became possible to use set operators which allows for a single result from two queries. OperatorReturns UNIONAll distinct rows selected by either
query UNION ALLAll rows selected by either query, including all duplicates INTERSECTAll distinct rows selected by both queries MINUSAll
distinct rows selected by the first query... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.Varrays– this also uses sequential numbering as the key which makes its use ideal when trying to access its contents in sequence. However, because
varrays holds a fixed number of elements, the method should be used when the amount of elements is predetermined. USER–DEFINED DATA TYPES
(UDT) UDTs have numerous ways of implementation. They act much like the typedefs in the C language and can be used as defining a table, element,
or even column type. Distinct user–defined types of power allow the use of name equivalence instead of structural equivalence. Compatible operations
can be achieved by using the CAST operation. Structured user–defined types allow for type inheritance which creates subtypes that inherit attributes
and functions of their super types or references types. "There are several reasons why UDT 's are useful within an object database" (Burleson
Consulting 2014): 1.Encapsulation – The existence of a complete entity. This means once the data definitions, default values, and value constraints are
defined uniformity and consistency are guaranteed. Because of this, once nested UDTs will retain uniformity throughout the database. 2.Reusability –
Refers to the reuse of the hierarchy of common data structures which we learned in a previous course saves coding time and insures uniformity.
3.Flexibility – This is obvious in the name, User–Defined Data Type, as it allows great flexibility when creating

Database Analysis : Database Management System Essay
Database Security Databases are used to store different types of information, from data on an e–mail account to important data of government agencies.
The security of the database inherits the same difficulties of security facing the information, which is to ensure the integrity, availability and
confidentiality. Database management system must provide mechanisms that will assist in this task. SQL databases implement mechanisms that restrict
or enable access to data according to profiles or roles provided by the administrator. (Mittal, 2009). The "GRANT" command grants specific privileges
to an object (table, view, sequence, database, function, procedural, schema, or table space language) for one or more users or groups of users. The
concern with the creation and maintenance of secure environments is one of the main concerns of the network administrator, operating systems and
databases. Research shows that most of the attacks, theft of information and access non – authorized are carried out by people belonging to the
organization. For this reason, these professionals strive to both create and use tools in order to eliminate unauthorized access or reduce the
opportunities of success of attempts to attack either internal or external. Information systems access controls must certify that all the shortcuts to the
system happen exclusively according to modalities and pre–scheduled rules observed by protection directives/policies (Ben Natan, 205). Generally,
security

Database Management System ( Dbms )
2. What is a DBMS? Briefly describe the components of a DBMS.
Database Management System(DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data (database) and set of programs to access and modify those data.
DBMS has several components. Each component has some specific task to perform. The Major components DBMS are as follows,
Hardware
Without hardware it is not possible to implement DBMS. The main hardware is the computer used for storing and accessing the data in database. Other
hardware components used in DBMS are Storage devices, I/O devices, and electromechanical devices which makes interface between user and the
database.
Software
This is main component of the DBMS. Software is the set of programs to access and control the data in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granting of authorization for data access iv. Routine maintenance
End Users
The real users who the application programs to interact with the database to perform different operations stored in the database. Some of the operations
are insertion, deletion, updating data in the database, etc.
Query processor
It converts the user queries into series of low level instructions. The query processor has the following components,
i. DDL interpreter:
It interprets DDL statements and records definitions in the data dictionary. ii. DML compiler:
It translates DML statements in the query language into an evaluation plan consisting of low level instructions. iii. Query evaluation engine:
It executes low level instructions (query evaluation plan).
Data
Data is the most important component of the DBMS. The main purpose of DBMS is to process the data in efficient and convenient way for the users.
In DBMS, databases are defined, constructed, modified , inserted and accessed from the database. There are two types of data in the DBMS. They are
i. Meta data:
It is the data about data or description about data stored in the database. Data definition language(DDL) is used to manipulate this type of data. ii.
Actual data:
This is data actually stored in the database by the users. Data manipulation language(DML) is used to manipulate this type of data.

3. Describe a primary key, candidate key, secondary key, foreign key, and a combination

Assignment 2 Database Management Systems
Assignment–2 Database Management Systems
General Database Concepts
1.Describe the types of facility you would expect to be provided in a multi–user DBMS.
Data Storage, Retrieval and Update.
A User–Accessible Catalog.
Transaction Support.
Concurrency Control Services.
Recovery Services.
Authorization Services.
Support for Data Communication.
Integrity Services.
Services to Promote Data Independence.
Utility Services.
2.Discuss the differences between DDL and DML? What operations would you typically expect to be available in each language?
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database design or schema while Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are
used to manage data with Schema objects.
In DDL, we have operations like
CREATE: To create objects in database.
ALTER: Alter the structure of the database.
DROP: Delete objects from database.
TRUNCATE: Removing all records from the table.
COMMENT: Add comments to the data dictionary.
RENAME: rename the object.

In DML, we have operations like
SELECT: Retrieve data from the database.
INSERT: Insert data into the table.
UPDATE: Updates existing table.
DELETE: Deletes all the records from the table, the space for the record remain.
MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
CALL: Call a PL/SQL or java program.
3.Name four object–based data models.
Object and Object identifier
Attributes and methods
Class
Class

Database Management System ( Dbms )
A database management system or DBMS is a certain type of system software, which is used for the creation, and management of databases. A
DBMS serves for multiple purposes but is mainly used to provide users and programmers with a systematic way to retrieve, create, manage, and
update data. A DBMS serves as an interface between data and its end user, making sure that data is consistently organized and remains easily
accessible to users. DBMS's are vital to several aspects of our technological world and are responsible for the data organization of several thriving
industries in this world including banking, airlines, wealth management, manufacturers, credit card companies, and telecommunications. A DBMS
is useful for providing a view of data that can be accessed by multiple users, from multiple locations at one time. A DBMS can act as a filter and
can limit what a user sees and also sets limits on how that user can view data. Users and programmers are free from having to determine where the
data is physically located or on what type of storage media it resides because the DBMS simply deals with all requests. The DBMS can give both
logical and physical data independence, which means that it can protect its users or applications from needing to know where data is stored. Although
a DBMS benefits several sectors of the world, they are by far most beneficial in business organizations. Thousands of companies depend on accurate
recordings, updates, and tracking of their data

A Database For A Relational System
Database Normalization Srikanth Karra Instructor: Dr. Steven Case Southern New Hampshire University When we design a database for a relational
system, the main objective in the development of a logical data model is to create an accurate representation of the data its relationship and
constraints. The data should be split in different tables, which can then be joined together based on their relations with each other and the data found
in each one of them. These tables should therefore be designed well to save on space and ensure that cases on data inconsistency are eliminated.
Another aspect, which will be saved on, is space that is occupied by repetitive data. Normalization is the process that is used to remove redundancy...
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It is highly recommended by practitioners that all databases be designed to at most the third normal form as there's little or no benefit designing to
the higher normal forms. The type of activity or transactions to be performed against the database should determine how normalized this database
will be to achieve the performance benefits. Importance of having a normalized database There are many advantages to normalizing databases. The
first being the ability to minimize modification anomalies by reducing redundancy, maintain data consistency and protect data integrity. Data
consistency is the act on ensuring that similar data does not appear in different tables or entries in the database. This is highly discouraged because
inconsistency can result into a lot of losses in terms of space and time. It can be confusing and especially when updating the data which has multiple
entries. A database should therefore be well designed to ensure that all the data is well documented and all inconsistency has been eliminated in the
tables. Normalization is a process for evaluating and correcting tables to minimize the likelihood of data anomalies. Basically, normalization can help
ensure the proper data is entered into any particular field by restricting what can be entered or stored in that particular field (Kroenke, 2006). The
essence of data normalization is to split your data into several tables that will be connected to each other based on the data within them

The Security Of Database System
The Security Of Database
Introduction
In the contemporary times, it has been widely believed that the huge computer network platform is considered to be extremely beneficial in terms of
making the entire community more informative (MartГnez, et al, 2013). The technology of database has created a leading position for itself in the
computing environment. However, due to this drastic increase in the use of computer network systems, it has been widely observed that there has been
an aggravation in the aspects of network intrusion and identity theft. And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves
from this untoward generation (Acts2:40, New King James Version). Therefore, thedatabase system is considered to be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thesis Statement
The aspect of computer database security is aggravating with the increase in intense influence of technology in our routine lives. The paper aims to
present some key security threats and the effective solutions in order to counter such threats that are largely adopted by the companies in today's world.
Various Types of Attacks on the Computer Network System
After the violation of several layers of protection, it has been observed that the attacker or hacker may want to perform the below listed attacks.
Direct Attacks
This type of attack specifically means that the targeted data or sensitive information is attacked directly. Due to this, it has been observed that these
targeted attacks are considered to be extremely obvious and they are successful only in the condition if the database is not protected by any sort of
protection mechanism (Ahmad, et al, 2011). In case there is any protection system installed at the gateway, this type of attack is failed and the attacker
proceeds to the next.
Indirect Attacks
In this type of attack, the attack is not aimed directly at the data or information, which is targeted. Rather, in an indirect attack, information about the
target and from the target is achieved through various intermediate objects. Here, attackers usually use combination of keys as well as queries. Some of
them are even used for the purpose of misdirecting and cheating the secure mechanism of database security (Ambler, 2012). These are

Description Of A Database Management System
A database is a collection of information sequenced and organized in such a way that the computer may be able to source and access it on demand by
the operator. Like any other management system, a database management system is a collection of programs and protocols that enable the user to enter,
sequence, organize, retrieve and select data on demand. Thus, a database management system (abbreviated as DBMS) can be defined as the cumulated
system that helps the user to access and make effective use of a database on proper authentication.
The company chosen for analysis of database management is Amazon Incorporated. Amazon is an online shopping portal that is now listed as the 4th
largest database holder, even above firms like YouTube or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This operation does not require any human intervention and is the sole responsibility of the database management system.
Since Amazon is an international company, the customer base to be kept track of is huge and as a result, the data that is stored is also enormous. In
addition to the authentication details of the user, the company also collects the following data Geographic location Search history Phone identity
Online transaction information Frequency of
addition to the data requested optionally, the company stores the following data for optimal usage of the relational database services it offers. Credit
card details Address of the buyer Interests of the buyer
These are stored in "graph formats" that is accessed by a "NoSQL" database developed by Amazon. This makes the company to access and retrieve
the data as soon as possible. Following the many advantages the database had, the company even made the database available to companies in need in
pro–rata basis.
Security offered
The company uses a 128 bit secured encryption for all the data stored in their database. The transmission of data is done through Secure sockets layer
(commonly referred as SSL), which enables high level protection against data theft or tamper.
Accessing data worldwide
Data management service for an international company also refers to the ability to transfer and receive data in any geographic location provided it the
recipient server is

Databases are fundamentally containers for data. When data for any organization needs to be stored, databases can be used. For example, let's say a
public library stores books, we could say that the library is a database of books. But specifically, databases are computer structures that save, organize,
safeguard and produce and/or deliver data. Adatabase platform is essentially a database management system (DBMS) which is a computer software
application that interacts with the user, other applications, and with the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general–purpose DBMS is
designed in a way to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases1. Before we dive deeper into databases and the
types, we need to know the difference between what a database is and what a DBMS is so we don't confuse ourselves.
Database is a collection of related data stored in several different tables, and linked with each other using foreign keys. A DBMS is a Database
Management System, is a piece of software that manages databases and lets you create, edit and delete databases, their tables and their data. Examples
of a DBMS include, MySQL, MY SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite.
When Organizations involved in combining various data sources may well be looking to source a Database Management system. There are various
factors to consider during the process. Some of the factors include:
1)Usability – When considering a database, you have to

Database Management Systems That Are Used For Non...
Overview
NoSQL is generally interpreted as "Not only SQL" [1]. It is a class of database management systems that are used for non–relational database. Typically
NoSQL database does not use two–dimensional table to store data. The four generally categories of NoSQL database are key–values database, column
databases, document databases, and graph databases [2]. NoSQL database is an indispensable part of big data. Most company choose NoSQL
database because it yields better performance when compared to relation database. Many relational databases have been existing for more than 20
years, while most NoSQL databases have a history of less than 5 years. Because NoSQL databases are so young, they exposes lots of security
issues. Many NoSQL databases are still focusing on adding features and improving performance, while strength security mechanism is still a low
priority task. There were already two data breaches happened in companies that are using NoSQL databases (MongoHQ in 2013 and LinkedIn in 2012
[3]).
Detailed result
NoSQL database characteristics
The problem of relational database is that its performance degrade significantly while handling exponential growth of semi–structured data or
unstructured data [4]. The NoSQL databases possess properties called BASE (Basically available, Soft state, and eventually consistent) that makes it
much more scalable than relational databases. As the CAP theorem [5] said, a database system cannot have high consistency, high availability,

Assignment 02
Due date: 1 August 2012 NB: Make sure you select the correct unique number for your module from those indicated below. Unique number 759546
Tutorial matter covered in the prescribed book Chapters 1 – 3: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 12: Chapter 14: Chapter 16: Revise as for
Assignment 01 Entity relationship modelling Advanced data modelling Normalisation of database tables Transaction management and concurrency
control Distributed database management systems Database connectivity and web development
Question 1
What is a composite entity, and when is it used?
[4 marks] [8 marks]
Question 2
Briefly, but precisely, explain the difference between single–valued attributes and simple attributes. Give an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each time a new product is created, it must be added to the product inventory, using the PROD_QOH in a table named PRODUCT. And each time
the product ABC is created, the parts inventory, using PART_QOH in a table named PART, must be reduced by one each of parts A, B, and C. The
sample database contents are shown in table 2. Table 2: The database for question 7 Table name: PRODUCT PROD_CODE ABC PROD_QOH 1,205
Table name: PART PART_CODE PART_QOH A 567 B 498 C 549
On the basis of the above information, answer questions 7.1 to 7.3. 7.1 How many database requests can you identify for an inventory update for both
PRODUCT and PART? (2) 7.2 UsingSQL, write each database request you identified in question 7.1. 7.3 Write the complete transaction(s). (2) (20)
9
EXAMINATIONS
Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination preparation guidelines.

10
None
OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS
11
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Here are some of the questions (with their answers) that students repeatedly ask. Where can I get hold of a copy of the textbook? Rob, Coronel and
Crocket (2008) is a popular database textbook that many students from different universities use. You are therefore advised to purchase the book as
soon as possible. If the University bookstore does not have the book in stock, ask them to put your name on

Question 1: Differentiate between database management system and information retrieval system by focusing on their functionalities.
Database management system (DBMS) is an application which interacts with the database at some point in its execution. While, the Information
Retrieval System (IR) is the activity of gathering information resources which related to information need from a collection of information resources.
Usually, we use metadata or full–text indexing in order to make a search on data requires. Information Retrieval Systems are used to overcome what
has been called as "information overload". Many universities and public libraries use Information Retrieval System to provide access to books,
journals and other documents. For instance, Web search engines such as Google, Yahoo and Bing, are the most visible IR applications.
There are several functions that DBMS performed to make sure the integrity of the data and data consistency in the database such as data storage,
retrieval and update, A user–Accessible catalogue, transactional support, concurrency control services, recovery services, Authorization services,
support for data communication, integrity services, services to promote data independence and utility services.
Meanwhile, an information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. Queries are formal statements of information needs, for
example search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval a query does not

Database Management Systems And Databases
Abstract:
NoSQL Databases also referred as Not only SQL databases. These NoSQL database have these days gained much attention and reputation because of
their performance and high scalability. The advantage of NoSQL database is to store efficiently unstructured data. These days use of e–commerce
websites, social networking sites etc. has been increased. These usage made to create the need to store the large data. Some companies have adopted
NoSQL databases, as their data is growing. Dynamo, Big table, Voldemort, Cassandra are the NoSQL databases that are used by Amazon, Google, and
LinkedIn and Facebook respectively. Facing these huge data has become challenging for Relational Database Management Systems. Hence NoSQL
database came into existence. Mostly Relational Database Management System satisfies ACID properties, through NoSQL database we can achieve
high level of Scalability and performance. As a lot of sensitive data is stored in NoSQL databases security issues becomes growing concerns. This
Paper explains about overview of NoSQL databases like Cassandra, mongo dB and their security features.
Introduction:
Database Management Systems has some basic requirements. They are confidentiality, integrity and Availability. Availability means the stored data
should be available when needed. These data should be available only to the authorized entities called as Confidentiality. If that data is modified by the
authorized entities it is called as integrity. The traditional

Microsoft Sql Database Management System
Introduction and Methodology
Microsoft SQL Database Administrator Database plays a major role in any organization. As a Database administrator(DBA) he/she is responsible in
developing, implementing and maintaining the databases and DBA 's are also responsible in updating, backup 's and security of the databases. The first
Database Management System was developed in the late 1960 's by two firms based on their network data model but in the early 1970's a scientist of
IBM introduced Relational database theory after six years IBM completed prototype on RDBMS (relational database management system). Oracle
created the first versatile Relational Database Management Systems In 1983, which allowed organizations to use their DBMS on different machines
including mainframes, workstations, and Pc 's. In 1993 Microsoft first created a database application called Access for Macintosh machines. Microsoft
SQL server is a RDBMS which is used to store and retrieve the data by other software applications. There are 12 types of servers concentrated on
various types of user 's from single computer to large networks (Microsoft SQL DBA). I have pursued my under graduation in Information
Technology, during my course work I was more interested in databases and I have developed special interest in making it as my career. I have
learned basics of all database concepts and I have attended extra tuitions and seminars to get in depth knowledge about it. In the last semester of my
master's program I

Database Management Systems : Role Of Database
Chapter 5
Topic 1
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
ROLE OF DATABASE IN SQL SERVER:
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There
are many different types of database management systems, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on
mainframes
1)It is a suite of programs for constructing and maintaining the database.
2)Offering ad hoc query facilities to multiple users and applications.
3)A query language provides a uniform interface to the database for users and multiplications.
4)Database systems provide efficient access to large volumes of data and are vital to the operation of many organizations.
It also usually enables access controls to be specified over a wider range of commands, such as to select, insert, update, or delete specified items in the
database. Thus, security services and mechanisms are needed that are designed specifically for, and integrated with database systems.
Statements from database management systems generally plays protecting role for the digital assets. In this the operating systems mechanisms
typically control read and write access to entire files So they could be used to allow a user to read or to write any information.
TOPIC 2:

PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY:
PRIMARY KEY:
A table typically has a column or combination of columns that contain values that uniquely identify each row in the

Database And Database Management System Essay
Ashraf Zalgaonkir
Pearson Cape Town Campus
Introduction to Databases project
Student Number: MB2014–0413
Teacher: Andrew Davies
Due Date: 23/09/2016
2
Contents Page
Page 1..................................................Cover Page
Page 2...................................................Contents Page
Page 3–5....................................................Question 1
Page 6–12...................................................Optional Access Screenshots
Page 13–18.................................................Question 2
Page 19.........................................................References and Bibliography
3
Question 1
1.1)
Database
Database is defined as a set of related data in many tables and uses links through something called foreign keys. In a Database product you can create
and modify several databases.
DBMS
It stands for Database Management System, it is a concept of rules that all the latest and major database systems follow. So most databases systems
follow these rules but some only follow specific rules.
To summarize, a database is an organized data collection or information that happens to be easily accessible, changed or updated. A DBMS is a type
of software that may manage and control databases on a PC.
1.2)
Event: Going to the doctor for a check–up.

Database Event: In going for a check–up, the secretary will first see your old computerized records on her PC. She will thus update the record as I go
for the
4
check–up. The doctor may check the database records to show him what illnesses or medical problems the patient has been through the previous time
the patient went to the doctor. The computerized records will have information such as:
Previous date

Choosing A Database
Everyday the world progressively moves towards a digital future, and the use of physical data storage, such as files in filing cabinets, are becoming
obsolete. Most companies store their information into databases to easily manage and share their data within the organization. Adatabase management
system (DBMS) is needed to to create, use and maintain databases for the efficient storage and retrieval of data.
Why Choose a Database?
Before one can begin to choose a database, it is first important to understand the goals and purposes of the organization and their database needs.
Databases are not a one size fits all, and need to be thoroughly researched before moving forward.
To understand what an organization's database requirements may be, it is vital to discern what uses can be had from a database. Databases are key in
a business operation, they allow for the quick access to company data, and help to quickly sort and deliver information when needed. A few examples
of the functions a database can provide for a business is the ability to track customers, their inventory, and even employees.
Being able to manage customers in a database is one of the biggest assets a company can gain when transitioning to a database. A customer is the
'lifeblood' of a business and using a database can help to keep the customer's contact details, previous orders, and any other pertinent data that may
apply. Another benefit to keeping customers in a database is the

Questions On Database Security And Database Systems
DATABASE SECURITY
Submitted to the Faculty of American Public University
By
Loren Robert Hensley
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Course of INFO620 Enterprise Database Systems
November 2014
American Public University
Charles Town, WV Abstract
This paper explores the different aspects of security as it pertains to database systems. It will provide an overview of security concerns such as access
control, user authentication, reliability and data integrity, as well as how IT professionals might mitigate the risk associated with each. By examining
the methodology by which attacks on database systems occur, we are able to take a comprehensive approach to prevent or limit the extent of such
attacks and the impact they may have on a DBMS environment. Finally, we will review industry best–practices of the implementation of security
countermeasures.
Introduction Over the past ten to fifteen years, there has been tremendous growth in the utilization of database systems. One reason for this is because
of the growth E–Commerce has experienced. Businesses must have a reliable method of storing a customer's information safely and efficiently. We
often hear of a data breach which results in customers' credit card information being stolen. There are inherent risks associated with storing financial
information in an online capacity, such as hackers and ill–intentioned employees. Given the diverse nature of the interconnectivity of these systems,
there is a

What Are The Two Hr Database Systems?
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each system you researched. Based on your knowledge of human resources and database systems,
propose one (1) package that would fit the needs of your organization. Suggest three (3) specific reasons why you would recommend that system over
the other. As we know that HRIS is an essential part of Human Resources. It is the intersection of HR and information the technology through HR
software. This allows the activities and processes of HR to occur electronically. The two HRdatabase systems I will elaborate on is Kronos and
Workday.
Kronos is a cloud based workforce management solution that allows small to midsize organizations to gain a competitive advantage by automating the
necessary and labor intensive business processes with consistent real–time employee data. Kronos provides single source access that an organization
need across time and attendance, HR, payroll, and much more. This allows organizations to make better more informed decisions. (2003–2016
KRONOS Incorporated)
Kronos in the cloud allows organizations to teach their workforce goals faster for a rapid return on their investment. It also allows organizations to keep
their workforce management solutions running very smoothly, it is cost efficient, reduces the need for additional IT resources and technology
infrastructure. It is easy to use which allows organizations to rely on the application itself without assistance from their IT department. When

Description Of A Database Management System
Chris Velasquez
MGMT 329
Final Research Paper to Pass
A database is an organized collection of data. It is the collection of tables, queries, reports, viewings, and other objects. The data are typically organized
to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information, such as modelling the structure of a major business such as Walmart,
and all of its data including things like their inventory, customers, and their employees. Adatabase management system is a computer software
application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general purposedatabase management
system is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases.The Database uses terms that are key for
anyone to sift through the collection of data that any company or business collects. terminology consists of keywords that will help users select
desired pieces of data. The primary key is a special relational database table column of a collection of columns appointed to individually identify all
table records. The primary key's main features include: it cannot contain a unique value for each row of data, and it cannot contain null values. The
primary key is either an existing table column or a column that is explicitly initiated by the database according to a defined sequence. The foreign key
is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that implements

Relational Database Model And No Sql Database System
COMPARISON OF RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL AND NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM:
The Relational database and the No SQL database are both appropriate database methods depending on the way they are being implemented and the
purpose of the business for which they are being incorporated. However, both the database approaches have distinct wide variety of characteristics,
based on which they can be compared and contrasted in the following way.
STRUCTURE OF DATA: The data structure of a relationaldatabase comprises of table structure. Every table is identified by a unique name or
label. The data tables are described as the collection of rows and columns. Each row of the table is known as the record and each column is known as
the field of the specific data table. All the data sets are well organized and logical linked to each other through definite and unique relationships. A
table, therefore can also be defined as the "structured collection of relationships". The fundamental aim of developing No SQL database systems is to
easily and effectively handle vast quantity of data or information in advanced web–scale applications. In order to achieve this purpose, the No SQL
systems are designed as the schema–free database systems. There are different modes to define the No SQL databases that typically depend on the
requirements of the data that has to be managed. The main No SQL data structures include column database, key–value store database, document store
database, graph database and

Information Systems And Database Technology
Health information systems and database technology continue to advance and grow and allow users to pull data and interconnect like ever before. The
goal for this discussion is to better familiarize you with fundamental concepts in relation to database systems and relevant health information standards.
We will also be comparing three of the top ten most purchased EHR systems for comparison, allowing you to understand the functionality of each
system, as well as, the barriers to implementation. Adatabase is a collection of information organized so that a computer program can quickly select
desired pieces of data. A database can be thought of as an electronic filing system. An example would be how a large hospital uses and stores
medical records. Most databases are organized by fields, records, and files. Databases can be quite simple counting only a single table which is
composed of a record, which are made up of fields or can be large and contain many records and fields (Beaumont 2000). Databases can be paper
based but most are computer based. Databases in computers are usually handled by software called DataBase Management Systems (DBMS)
(Beaumont 2000). These are a collection of programs that enables you to organize, enter, and select data in a database. Some examples are Oracle,
Access and Paradox. Some components of DBMS include table and structured data, meta–data, action/privileges, queries and reports, and programming
language. A table is collection of data

Relational Database Management System
SQL Server has a reputation of being the one of the most trusted relational database management system as it provides great security, reliability, and
scalability features. But it is also quite complex and when the size of database grows, the response time required for a query also extends. To overcome
such situations, the administrators need to perform a smooth SQL tuning which will ensure that SQL statements will run as fast as possible. There are
different aspects related to the program and many possible options to consider if you really want to tune a SQL Server platform.
Here are some tips which the database administrators can apply to make some small changes to tune the SQL Server and minimize the response time
required for every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Example,
Query A takes 1 hour to process.
Query B takes 5 minutes to process.
Query A is non–urgent query eligible to nurse–availability.
Query B is urgent query eligible to nurse–availability.
As both queries are eligible to nurse–availability, then if the Query A is being processed and in the meantime there is a request from Query B, then
Query A will be paused and Query B will be processed.
3.Check the Index usage quite often –
Sys.dm_db_index_operational_stats() DMF is quite underutilized tool which can provide a great information about index usage. By using this DMF
tool you may be able to gather all the vital information required to determine which index is being used and which used to be used next. It will even
let you know various things like time elapsed for processes, latching and locking.
4.Rebuilt the index after SQL server update –
It is quite normal for a business to upgrade its SQL server platform from old to a newer one. But sometimes this upgrade makes the performance of
different queries changed. Earlier any query which used to execute in 30 seconds would now will take 15 minutes. It happens because the query
execution plan is different in each SQL Server version. Furthermore, the sequence of table nested loops/Inner Joins are also different. Since SQL server
works in live environment, so amending the queries is quite different.

The Ordinary Cdbs Is Relation Database System
This paper describes the ordinary CDBS is Relation Database System (RDBS), which has the great system for transactions processing and locking.
Locking mechanism in DDBS is similar to that in RDBS, but it is more complex because of data distribution and transaction concurrence in distributed
database system. state that the Lock table and Two–stage Locking convention (2PL) are utilized as a part of Relation Database Management System
(RDBMS) with multi–granularity convention for accessing operation of lock scheduler. The lock table correspondence describes each element that 's
locked in the lock table.There are 3 locking models for RDBMS namely DB2,Oracle,Sql server 2005. Row–level shared locks allow multiple users to
read data, but do not allow any users to change that data.Table–level shared locks allow multiple users to perform read and write operations on the
table, but do not allow any users to perform DDL operations.Multiple users can hold shared locks simultaneously. An exclusive lock allows only
one user/connection to update a particular piece of data (insert, update, and delete). When one user has an exclusive lock on a row or table, no
other lock of any type may be placed on it. Each Xact must obtain a S (shared) lock on object before reading, and an X (exclusive) lock on object
before writing. A transaction can release its locks once it has performed its desired operation (R or W). A transaction cannot request additional locks
once it releases any locks. All locks

Abstract
This research paper is to survey on database environment and development process. Database is an organized collection of logically related data. It
consists of tables, queries, views and other objects. Database management system is a software system used for creating and managing databases. It is
a collection of programs used to store, modify and extract information from database. It helps users and programmers for creating updating and
managing the data in a systematic way. There are many types of database management system ranging from small systems to huge systems that run on
personal computers and mainframes.
This research paper provides information some topics on database environment and it also provides how a database is created at each stage in the
development process and also on evolution of database management, database system and types, data models, system development life cycle,
advantages and disadvantages of database approach.
The world has become a very complex place. From the earliest days of computers, storing and manipulating the data have been a major application
focus. There has been enormous growth in the computer and database applications over the past two decades. Database is a group of data which
consists of tables, schema, reports and views. Database may be of any size and complexity. For example, a salesperson may maintain a small database
of customer contacts which consists of few megabytes in his or her computer. A large

Database Mangement And Retrieval System

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