Measuring Sound Speed in Air Using Frequency and Wavelength

Periplaneta Americana Experiment
The entire experiment was conducted on an adult cockroach, Periplaneta americana, which was
anesthetized using CO2 followed by an exposure of the ventral nerve cord using the method
outlined in the PNB 3263WQ Laboratory Manual (Moiseff, 2016). Exposure to sound stimulation
began with a spontaneous recording which was used as baseline for the obtained firing rate,
followed by Auditory stimulation at 200 Hz, 400 Hz, 600 Hz and Ultrasonic pest repellent (UPR,
which emits a sound frequency of 25,000 Hz). Eight trials were performed per sound frequency with
10 second rest between each trial and 1–minute rest allowed between frequency change. (Fig.1). the
length of each stimulation lasted for 250 msec. eight specimens were used in the experiment ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oscilloscope was used to determine that electrode placement was sufficient to record neural
activity. This was determined by looking for a recording with minimal background noise and clear
spontaneous extracellular action potentials (EAPs) . Criteria for an EAP included the presence of a
clear bi– or triphasic waveform amplitude peak above 10 mV. For each specimen, the total firing
rate i.e: the count of EAPs present within 250 msec was recorded, the average of each specimen was
taken and total grand mean as well as the stand deviation were calculated. All of the imaging
recording were analyzed using video recorder and the freeze option to accurately measure the degree
change within each stimulation. A total of 8 trials at each sound frequency totaling to 16 trials per
specimen, we examined the same 8 specimens that were later used for dissection and exposure of
VNC experimental part of the study. An ANOVA statistical analysis was used to compare the result
of five experimental conditions. This test was performed for the average firing rate. As well as
Tucky HSD test was used to determine which conditions were statistically significant and which
ones were
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Speed Control of Linear Induction Motor Essay
Executive Summary
VVVF drives used to control the speed of LIM, many industrial automation worldwide such as
Trains drives, Automatic Screen Door, Moving Walkway, Lift and Escalator, etc., varying the speed
of the drive may save energy compared with other techniques for flow control.
This mid–term report prepared for detailing how to design and build the structure of LabVIEW
simulation for speed control of Linear induction motor and explaining the characteristic of V/F
Speed control for Induction motor obtain the data by LabVIEW.
The design and build of simulation has two parts, part one is simulation of LED indicator for motor
speed recognize and part 2 is simulation of V/F speed control of Linear induction motor. Firstly,
design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the relevant equipment for interior of MTR Station to dredge the passengers crowd was
important. Wherein the many equipment of Industrial Automation worldwide were used the V/F
Speed Control of Linear Induction Motor which the Trains themselves, Automatic Screen Door,
Moving Walkway, Lift and Escalator etc. Moreover, the MTR would also produce energy in a much
cleaner, more energy saving, and more sustainable manner. The neglect of this energy source is
restricting the MTR from increasing its sustainability and accessibility.
Literature search
Methods of Achieving Sustainability In this project suggests several ways to make the system more
sustainable. (Variable speed appliance for energy saving included curtain pullers, trains themselves,
automatic screen door, moving walkway, lift and escalator, compressors and pumps, catapults and
launchers.) There are many discussed with respect to their "Efficiency of use and Conservation".
These are defined as follows:
 Conservation: Changing policy and/or processes of the MTR system so that it requires less energy
to operate.
 Efficiency of Use: Changing the nature of technologies within the MTR so that they require less
energy to operate. While both these approaches are valid ways of increasing sustainability, it is
important to tackle the problem of sustainability from numerous angles. It can be assumed that
developments will be made to achieve both conservation and high

Physics Mastery Lab
Speed of Sound Lab Report
Jamie Cook
PHYS 1114: College Physics I
Oklahoma City Community College
December 10, 2013
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the speed of sound in air and to determine the effects
of frequency on the speed of sound.
Apparatus (equipment used):
Signal generator: manufacturer– EMCO, model number– SS–1, range– 20Hz–2MHz, least count–
1Hz
Frequency meter: manufacturer– DEADALON CORPORATION, model number– N/A, range–
20Hz–2MHz, least count 1 kilohertz
Oscilloscope: manufacturer– BK Precision, model number– 1472C, range– 0–15MHz, least count–
1 Hz
Speaker: manufacturer– Western Electric, model number– D17312, range– ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this experiment, the signal generator was set so that the frequency meter showed a reading of
1,803 Hz. The microphone was moved to a distance from the speaker so that the oscilloscope
displayed a straight diagonal line. This position was of the microphone was recorded as the initial
position, or beginning of a wavelength. The microphone was then moved farther in the same
direction until the oscilloscope displays the same horizontal line. This position was recorded as final
position, or the end of the wavelength. The distance between the two positions represents one
wavelength for this frequency. This was repeated for frequencies of 2,402 Hz, 3,002, Hz, 3,602 Hz,
and 4,201 Hz.
Method continued:
Data analysis: After the positions were recorded for frequencies 1,803 Hz, 2,402 Hz, 3,002 Hz,
3,600 Hz, and 4,201 Hz, the wavelength was determined for each. This was done by subtracting the
initial position from the final position (position final–position initial=wavelength). Using the

calculated wavelength, the speed of sound in air at each frequency was determined by multiplying
the wavelength by the frequency (speed of sound=wavelength x frequency). By adding the five
speed values and dividing by the number of speeds, the average speed of sound was calculated.
Then 344 m/s was used as the accepted

Nt1310 Unit 5 Lab Report
Link to the Task Sheet
BEFORE CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT – You should already have submitted to your
teacher an EXCELLENT Investigation Design that included:
Identification of independent variable, dependent variable, and 4 factors held constant
Aim
Hypothesis
Procedure (step by step, including safety issues)
Circuit diagrams (copied from task sheet is OK if this is what you used)
However – if anything in the list above was NOT included in your pre–prac Investigation Design (or
if there was anything you think could be improved) – include it now in your report below
How does changing the resistor size affect the amplitude of signal voltage in a receiving circuit?
Aim:
To investigate how the resistor size in a receiving circuit affects

Susan Kare : A Creative Director Of A Computer Company Essay
Susan Kare was born in Ithaca, New York in 1954. She graduated high school High School in 1971.
Then received her art degree in 1975 from Mount Holyoke College, and her PhD from New York
University in 1978. After college, she worked in an art museum in San Francisco. Working there for
several years she reserved an email from a friend from high school asking her to come work at
Apple Computer Inc. She ended up being the Creative Director in Apple for only 3 years. In those
three years she created typefaces, the first Macintosh OS logo, and icons we all know. Some of the
more recognizable icons she created are the trashcan, and the Mona Lisa face. She ended up leaving
Apple in 1985 and becoming the creative director of a computer company called NeXT in 1986.
Then soon after became an independent graphic designer. Designing things like Windows solitaire
and Facebook gifts ended up bringing her lots of success and she was awarded the Chrysler Design
Award in October 2001. She is currently the creative director for Chumby Industries, Inc. and co–
founder for Glam.com. A collection of her work can be found at
"http://www.kare.com/portfolio/06_logos.html"
If Susan was a part of an art movement it would be the Computer art movement. Computer art is any
art that is created by or with the aid of a computer. One of the earliest works of this movement is
'Oscillon 40' made by Ben Laposky in 1952. He "used an oscilloscope to manipulate electronic
waves that appeared on the small

Nt1210 Lab
Purpose (summary): The objective of this lab is to learn how to use the Tutor TIMS software to
build and analyze a communication system. This lab required us to use Audio Oscilloscope, Adder
and Tuneable LPF in order to get the required frequency signals.
______________________________________________________________________ Key
Results: After conducting the experiment, my software worked properly. After making all the
connections, I was able to add two different sources and frequencies, which resulted in having a
complex signal. Low pass filter (LPF) was used in our lab to separate the lower frequency from the
complex signal. Picture 1A (Showing cable connections): Showing connections of output LPF to
channel A of oscilloscope ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Picture 2B Same Picture (Showing Graph): Graph showing output of the adder from Input signal to
the LPF Picture 3C (Showing cable connections) Showing connections from the output of LPF to
input of Channel A The Master Signal at 100 KHz is connected to input of the audio amplifier
Picture 3C (Same Picture Showing Graph): LPF passes only Audio Oscilloscope Frequency
Connection of audio oscillator output to the Tutor TIMS module input to get a certain frequency
reading Frequency 2.414 KHz Vpp 4.00V Vrms 1.414 Graph shows that LPF passed only audio
oscillator frequency Picture 4D(Showing Cable Connections) Disconnect cable of Tutor TIMS
frequency input Connect the output of the LPF to the frequency counter input (Tutor TIMS

Physics : Dc Power Sources
EXPERIMENT TITLE
DC power sources.
NAME,STUDENT ID,DATE
Muhammad Umair Bajwa,BAJ MD 1502,19–11–2016
GROUP MEMBERS
Raheel farooq
METHOD While determining this practical we need multimeter 's,two–post connectors, terminal
posts and DC fundamental circuit boards.
First while in the process of series and parallel battery circuits we will locate the batteries circuit on
DC fundamental circuit board.measure the voltage V1 and V2 of circuit and both the values were
1.5 Vdc. So the total voltages were become 3Vdc. So the measured voltage shows that V1 and V2
are in series. Then I measure the voltages at V3 by removing the two post–connectors and V3 was
1.50Vdc. And the voltage across V4 were 1.50 Vdc also. Then I connect V3 and V4 with the help of
two post–connectors and result shows that V3 and V4 are in parallel.
In series opposing DC sources we will locate the battery 's circuit block. V3 and V6 are series
opposing. When we connect them in circuit with two post connectors then the yellow led will light
to indicate a positive total circuit voltage and green led will light to indicate a negative total circuit
voltage. After that we measure the Voltage of battery which were 5.63Vdc.
After that I adjust the positive variable supply (V6) for voltage reading equal to that of V5 then I
measure the potential difference between positive terminals of V5 and V6. The meter indicated me
near zero because circuit batteries were series–opposing. Then I adjust V6 for

Movie Essay: Frederick's Relationship With Angel
Sixteen–year–old Frederick has a lot of rules for himself. Like if someone calls him Freddy he
doesn't have to respond; he only wears shirts with buttons and he hates getting dirty. His odd
behaviour makes him an easy target for the "Despisers" at school, but he's gotten used to eating
lunch alone in the Reject Room. Angel, in tenth grade but already at her sixth school, has always
had a hard time making friends because her family moves around so much. Frederick is different
from the other kids she's met – he's annoyingly smart, but refreshingly honest – and since he's never
had a real friend before, she decides to teach him all her rules of friendship. But after Angel makes a
rash decision and disappears, Frederick is called in for questioning

Practice Mice Report Sample
Hello Dr Buxbaum, Below is my weekly update for this week from 27th Dec'16 to 28th Dec'16. 1)
Practice Mice VEP: – Discovered the main sources of the 60Hz noise induced in the VEP recording;
one of the major sources is the behavior equipments in the adjacent room next to the wall on the left
side of the surgery table; the other sources includes the CRT monitor, BNC cables and the heating
system. – Discussed the noise sources with Hiro and have planned few modification to the room;
based on Hiro's availability and the availability of the room, we are expected to start implementing
the changes to the system in the upcoming weeks of January. – Finished working on the script for
image flipping in ABET to send a timestamp for every change in

The Oscilloscope
The Oscilloscope
Objectives:
1.To become familiar with the construction and use of the oscilloscope.
2.To gain experience in making simple measurements using this equipment.
Materials and Equipment Needed: Dual Trace Oscilloscope with probes
Instructions:
Please read this experiment carefully so when you come to the lab you understand some of the basic
ideas of an oscilloscope. Become familiar with the documentation for this experiment and the
location of the various buttons and knobs on the oscilloscope.
Throughout this lab there are capitalized words and abbreviations which refer to the controls (knobs,
buttons, dials, ect.) on the instrument.
Upon completion of this lab the student will be able to: 1. Use an oscilloscope and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Connect the red of the coax cable from CH1 to the PROBE COMP lug just below the WAVEFORM
OFF button to the left of the CRT screen. The ground clip on the probe can be left unconnected in
this part of the experiment. The square wave calibrating signal should now be displayed on the CRT.
Manipulating the Waveform:
Locate the VERTICAL POSITION knob directly above the VERTICAL MENU button and observe
the effect of this control on the display. Repeat this procedure for the SCALE knob directly below
the HORIZONTAL MENU button.
Bring up the vertical menu on the CRT display by pushing the VERTICAL MENU button directly
below the VERTICAL POSITION knob. The COUPLING DC menu item should be highlighted in
the lower left hand corner of the CRT display. The buttons on the right of the CRT screen allow the
user to choose the type of input signal coupling. Observe the effect of switching between DC and
AC coupling by pushing the DC and AC ~ buttons on right hand side of the CRT screen. The GND
buttons places a short across the input of the scope which allows the user to determine the 0 volts
reference trace. Observe this effect by pushing the GND button. The remaining items in the vertical
menu will not be covered at this time. Clear the CRT screen by selecting the CLEAR MENU button
in the lower right hand corner of the CRT panel.
Return to the standard configuration by executing the following

Exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics Essay
EXERCISE 7 Respiratory System Mechanics O B J E C T I V E S 1. To explain how the respiratory
and circulatory systems work together to enable gas exchange among the lungs, blood, and body
tissues 2. To define respiration, ventilation, alveoli, diaphragm, inspiration, expiration, and partial
pressure 3. To explain the differences between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory
reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, forced
expiratory volume, and minute respiratory volume 4. To list various factors that affect respiration 5.
To explain how surfactant works in the lungs to promote respiration 6. To explain what happens in
pneumothorax 7. To explain how hyperventilation, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The air remaining in the lungs after a complete exhalation is called the residual volume, normally
about 1200 milliliters. Therefore, the total lung capacity (the vital capacity volume plus the residual
volume) is approximately 6000 milliliters. All of these volumes (except residual volume) can be
easily measured using a spirometer. Basically, a spirometer is composed of an inverted bell in a
water tank. A breathing tube is connected to the bell's interior. On the exterior of the inverted bell is
attached a pen device that records respiratory volumes on paper. When one exhales into the
breathing tube, the bell goes up and down with exhalation. Everything is calibrated so that
respiratory volumes can be read directly from the paper record. The paper moves at a pre–set speed
past the recording pen so that volumes per unit time can be easily calculated. In addition to
measuring the respiratory volumes introduced so far, the spirometer can also be used to perform
pulmonary function tests. One such test is the forced vital capacity (FVC), or the amount of air that
can be expelled completely and as rapidly as possible after taking in the deepest possible breath.
Another test is the forced expiratory volume (FEV1), which is the percentage of vital capacity that is
exhaled during a 1–sec period of the FVC test. This value is generally 75% to 85% of the vital
capacity. In the following experiments you will be simulating spirometry and

Essay On Time Interval Counter
First precise time interval counters (TICs) as autonomous were built in 1970s and 1980s in the last
century with the use of an interpolation method based on analog time expansion. (–– removed
HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 1 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Well–aimed
examples of such devices are a family of time counters for laser rangefinding from the Earth's orbit,
(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 2–5 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) multichannel time interval counter, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 6 (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) universal time counter HP 5335A serially produced by
(–– removed HTML ––) Hewlett–Packard (–– removed HTML ––) , (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 13 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) Three years later, a 9–channel time digitizer of higher resolution (625 ps) was designed for the
laser rangefinder at the University of Oulu (Finland). (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) 14 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Both devices were developed in CMOS
technology as ASICs ( (–– removed HTML ––) Application Specific Integrated Circuits (––
removed HTML ––) ). This technology of integrated circuits offers substantial design flexibility;
however, related processes of design and fabrication are time consuming and relatively expensive.
These drawbacks are significantly diminished in FPGA ( (–– removed HTML ––) Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (–– removed HTML ––) ) technology that was used to design a time–to–
digital converter and time interval counter for the first time in 1997. (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) 15–17 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) (–– removed HTML ––) Precise measurements of time intervals, especially relatively short, can
also be performed with the use of digital oscilloscopes. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed
HTML ––) 18 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Their operation is based on a very
fast sampling of input events in a

Speech Pathology And Audiology : Science Behind Our Voices
In today's modern society advancements in the technological aspect of Speech Pathology and
Audiology has begun to change the way clinicians test, treat and asses their clients. Without the
science behind our voices, we only have the perception of what we hear to rely on to study them.
This can be a problem because not everyone perceives sounds the same way. Instruments help set a
universal understanding of speech science by providing accurate images, measurements and
assessments of sounds. In clinical practice popular instruments such as the oscilloscope, visi–pitch
and pratt have immensely influenced and aid in enhancing the field of Speech pathology. The use of
instrumentation is extremely important in this health care field because they show the difference
between physical and psychological phenomenon. The psychological aspect has to do with the
unique individual that is hearing the sound. For example, everyone can hear the same note but hear
all different pitches and intensities. Although the note being played only has one volume and
frequency some people think it is louder than others and some thing it is higher than others. It is
important to have the physical map and exact measurements of what we are hearing because we all
hear things differently. This concept is relative to the cycle known as the speech chain. The speech
chain incorporates both physical and psychological aspects of thinking, hearing, listening, and
producing

Physioex Ex 7 Activity 5 and 6
ACTIVITY 5
Exploring Various Breathing Patterns
You will establish the baseline respiratory values in the first part of this experiment.
1. If the grid in the data control unit is not empty, click Clear Table to discard all previous data.
2. Adjust the radius of the airways to 5.00 mm by clicking the appropriate button next to the Radius
window. Now, read through steps 3–5 before attempting to execute them.
3. Click Start, and notice that it changes to Stop to allow you to stop the respiration. Watch the
simulated lungs begin to breathe as a result of the external mechanical forces supplied by the pump
below the bell jar. Simultaneously, the oscilloscope will display a tracing of the tidal volume for
each breath.
4. After 2 seconds, click ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Note that when a measure button is selected, two things happen simultaneously: (1) a bracket
appears on the spirogram to indicate where that measurement originates on the spirogram and (2)
the value in milliliters appears in the data table. Also note that when the FEV1 measure button is
selected, the final column labeled FEV1/FVC will be automatically calculated and appear in the data
table. The calculation is (FEV1/FVC) _ 100%, and the result will appear as a percentage in the data
table.
What do you think is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values?
Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when diagnosing
respiratory diseases? _______
FEV1/FVC _ 100% _ ______________________
Emphysema Breathing
In a person with emphysema, there is a significant loss of intrinsic elastic recoil in the lung tissue.
This loss of elastic recoil occurs as the disease destroys the walls of the alveoli. Airway resistance is
also increased as the lung tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less mechanical
tethering on the surrounding airways. Thus the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily.
Conversely, a great effort is required to exhale as the lungs can no longer passively recoil and
deflate. Anoticeable and exhausting muscular effort is required for each exhalation. Thus a person
with emphysema exhales slowly.
1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient
with

RC Circuits Lab Report
Experiment 5: RC Circuits
Abstract
The purpose of this lab is to learn and understand RC Circuits. An RC circuit is composed of at least
one resistor and at least one capacitor. A capacitor is composed of two plates with either air or an
insulator also known as a dielectric between the plates. We do not want the plates to be touching,
because then we would only have a conductor. The insulator between the plates is also known as the
dialectic, which affect how the capacitor will store charge. In an RC circuit, voltage will flow from
the battery to the capacitor and through the resistor. When the capacitor is charging, the voltage
across the battery is decreasing until the capacitor is fully charged. When the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
We used the average half time to calculate the time constant to be 5525 microseconds. Then we use
the average time constant to calculate the capacitance to be 0.55 microfarads. The percent difference
is also 9.5%, which implied that finding the capacitance through this method is valid.
For the second part of the experiment, we created a capacitor by using two sheet of aluminum foil
with the same area and a wax paper. We inserted the wax paper, which is the dialectic, between the
aluminum foils to create a capacitor. Then we connected the capacitor to the RC circuit. In this part,
we need to find the half time, the time constant, and capacitance in order to calculate for the
thickness of the wax paper, or distance between the plates. In order to solve for the distance, we
used the formula C=, which k is the dialectic constant, is the permittivity of free space, A is the area,
and d is the distance between the plates. We rearranged the formula do solve for distance, so we
used the formula, d=We measured the length and width of the plate, so the area is the multiplication
of the length and width of the area plate. After the calculations, we obtain 580 micrometers for the
thickness of the paper while the theoretical thickness is 35 micrometers. The percent difference
between the theoretical and calculated thickness of the wax paper is 180%, which is significant to
indicate that this method does not validate the

The Advantages of Virtual Oscilloscopes
1.INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic oscillograph was used in early days for analyzing the signals followed by cathode
ray oscilloscopes. This was done for the need of higher bandwidth. Digital storage oscilloscopes are
now widely used because of their high input impedance which allows us to analyze both analog and
digital signals. DSOs are equipped with A/D and D/A converters which help in storing of data in
digital form and displaying it in analog form.
The major drawbacks of using a DSO are its cost and size. It is difficult to move them from place to
place for ease of work. It can be overcome by using a PC as an oscilloscope with software that acts
as the interface. Many works including development of PC based virtual oscilloscopes using
MATLAB has been done. The data acquisition device was fabricated using the analog to digital
converters, control–logic & timing circuitries and the GUI was built using MATLAB software.
Compared to traditional oscilloscopes, Virtual Oscilloscopes have a lot of advantages on the use and
function. The captured waveforms can be stored as data and used for future references. The accuracy
of measurement was also high along with waveform uniformity and stability. The option of multi–
window display mode can be used to control a large number of job sites to monitor working
conditions at the same time.
To reduce the cost of the system, the data acquisition was done using built in sound card of the PC
in place of DAC. This work was done using LABVIEW as

Test Plan For Senior Design Project
For our senior design project, we were tasked with designing and building a readout and
communication module for a biosensing MOSFET. We designed this module using a PSOC, or
Programmable System on Chip. We originally started this project using an Arduino device. Although
the Arduino had a built–in DAC that we were able to use, we quickly found that it was not going to
be accurate enough for reading the low voltages that we needed to read. So, we decided to breakout
and use external components for the DAC, Op–Amps, and Multiplexers. Doing this worked,
however, the new external components that we were interacting with introduced bad signal noise.
For this project, we need to have a very clean, accurate signal. Therefore, we realized that we ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was done to find the best fit line for the data it was reading to accurately calculate values. Next,
we output this sample data to a file and verified accuracy against the actual values. The software
provided with the PSOC also has a built–in drag–and–drop interface for accessing and configuring
the onboard hardware. Using this interface, we were able to visually inspect the configuration of all
the hardware and the way it is all interacting. Next, we moved to testing the hardware. To start, we
began by building a simple circuit that interacted with the PSOC to verify accuracy. Once accuracy
was verified, we began testing the onboard component accuracy individually. After this, we went on
to implement the LCD for external output. Once the LCD was wired up, we were able to send the
output data to the LCD instead of reading it on the computer.
Results: The first test case mentioned was running linear regression on the circuit data in order to
find the best fit line. The results of this matched up with the theoretical results when the linear
regression function was ran in MATLAB. This showed that our output results were accurate. Testing
of the hardware was more difficult to verify. This is mostly because some of the lab equipment that
we had access to is not very reliable as it is. However, we were still able to test our hardware value
results against the lab multimeters and oscilloscopes. Testing the LCD was a very

Impulse Generator and Lightning Characteristics Simulation...
Lightning as a phenomenon of electric discharge between the charged particles among the clouds or
between the clouds to earth is seen as a natural occurrence in our day to day life. The veracity and
wrath of this natures activity also has to be faced by the mankind in form of death, destruction and
total power outage. In today's world it is hard to imagine life without electricity. Also it incurs heavy
losses to the power distributors and consumers. The losses amounts from few hundred thousands to
millions like how the lightning storm caused power outage in Minnesota that lasted for 19 hours. [1]
It was Franklin in 1744–1750, who first carried out experiments on lightning [2]. From then on
significant studies have been made in the past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse generator comes into business here.Studying the lightning characteristics by creating
the similar impulse using the impulse generator helps in assessing the strength of the electrical
equipment's against transient and lightning impulse. This has been practiced by industrialists and
researchers for so many years. Massive and extremely large test apparatus are used for the impulse
wave generation. To ease down the process with reliable and accurate results, here for the design
4A, a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based software for impulse generator and lightning
characteristics simulation. This would be the only prototype standalone software which caters to the
impulse waveforms studies. The GUI will have the text entry fields to input the circuit parameters
and there will be plotting space where the impulse waveform will be plotted.
The framework of the software will be the mathematical model of the impulse generator circuit. For
different input values, the corresponding waveforms will be obtained. The main focus of this
research will be towards accessing waveforms and its characteristics that corroborates the industry
standard and laboratory experimental values with expected accuracy not lesser than 60%.This
software will be made available to work in cross platform operating systems such as Windows,
android, Mac etc. so that the user can download and install the application in their favourite media
device at

Outline Of A Experiment On Balancing Machinery
Title of experiment: Balancing Machinery Author: Vishal Patel (a1712191) Practical Date: 9th
September 2016 Table of Contents page no General objectives 3 Introduction 3 Experiment setup 5
Procedure 7 Calculation 9 Discussion 11 Conclusion 13 References 13 Table of Figures Figure 1.0:
Mechanical vibration rotor kit 6

Uses And Functions Of Oscilloscopes And The Methods Used...
Statement of Objectives
The objective of this lab was to gain understanding of the use and functions of oscilloscopes and the
methods used to measure a system's time constant. Several methods were used throughout the
laboratory in order to gain familiarity with the equipment as well as investigate characteristics of an
RC high pass filter. The ability to problem solve and critically think was necessary for completion of
this laboratory and therefore an objective.
Apparatus
Table 1. List of Equipment Used During Session 1 and 2 of Laboratory
Device
Manufacturer
0.301μF Capacitor
Unknown
Variable Resistance Box
Omega Engineering
NI Soft Front Panel Oscilloscope
National Instruments
LabVIEW Software
National Instruments
DAQ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For each resistor/capacitor pair, times required to achieve 63.2 percent of maximum voltage change
and 86.5 percent of maximum voltage change were recorded. For the third method, the oscilloscope
was next set to produce a 300mV sine wave. The oscilloscope was initially set to produce a very low
frequency and amplitude was recorded. Frequency was increased slowly and amplitude was
recorded at each interval. Output amplitude was plotted vs frequency. 휏 was calculated using the
amplitude and frequency results and equation 3. 휏=½*흅*fc (3)
For methods 4 and 5, LabVIEW software was used to record full charge or discharge cycles. The
data recorded was then normalized using equation 4. The natural log of the normalized data results
was plotted against t. For method 4, the linear portion of the result of the plot was –1/휏. For method
5, the normalized data was used without a logarithmic function, plotted against time. An exponential

line of best fit was created resulting an equation equal to e–t/휏. Vnormalized = (4)
For session 2 a low pass filter was set up using the wiring diagram described in the apparatus section
of this report. The same capacitor and resistance values were used as in session one, along with the
associated theoretical 휏 values. Theoretical gain values were calculated using equation 5.
Vout/Vin = (5) The appropriate output signal, as

The dielectric relaxation properties and dipole ordering...
The dielectric relaxation properties and dipole ordering of binary mixtures of low molecular weight
Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) with water (WAT) and ternary mixtures of PVA+WAT with
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) of different concentration have been measured at 25oC using Time
Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique. The measured values of permittivity ('), dielectric loss
(") at 10GHz, static dielectric constant (0) and high frequency limiting dielectric constant ()
have been used to determine the values of molecular relaxation time (τ), and excesses permittivity
(E) of the different composition binary and ternary mixtures. The analysis of the results based on
the formation of H–bonded complexes between PVA and WAT molecules which increase ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is widely applied to the hydrogels as biomaterials. Mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide and water have
also been used in biological applications ranging from antibacterial activity to membrane
permeability [1]. Polymer solvent interaction affects significantly the physical and chemical
properties of polymer solutions. Formations of co–solvents play an important role on the preferential
adsorption phenomenon of the solution properties of a ternary system of co non– solvency which
relates the molecular interaction. Tacx et al. [2] explains the different affinity between the two
solvents and PVA. Water could only be a moderate good solvent for low molecular weight PVA, the
formation of aggregates occurs easily and PVA completely dissolved in DMSO and forms the
solutions. The chemical structure, the dipole moments and the donor–acceptor properties of each
component could clarify these molecular interactions which changes with the compositions of the
solvent mixture and the formation of a third component i.e., co–solvent complex. The dilute
PVA/DMSO/water solution would give rise to various phenomena of preferential adsorption
coefficient [3].
The homogeneous molecular structures of alcohol systematically change with increase in the
number of the carbon atoms, the hydroxyl group (–OH) and their positions in the molecular
structure [4–8]. The complex molecular structures of alcohol in liquid state are due to the formation
of

Laser Tag Is A Team Or Individual Sport Or Recreational...
1. INTRODUCTION
Laser tag is a team or individual sport or recreational activity where players attempt to score points
by tagging targets, typically with a hand
held infrared
emitting targeting device. Infrared
sensitive
targets are commonly worn by each player and are sometimes integrated within the arena in which
the game is played. Since its birth in 1979, with the release of the Star Trek Electronic Phasers toy
manufactured by the South Bend Electronics brand of Milton Bradley, laser tag has evolved into
both indoor and outdoor styles of play, and may include simulations of combat, role play
style
games, or competitive sporting events including tactical configurations and precise game goals. is a
game which resembles paint ball, the only difference is that it is played using harmless laser guns.
Indoor laser tag is typically played in a large arena (may be dark or may not) run by a commercial
laser tag operator. The packs are tightly integrated with the devices inside the arena. The arena
devices, and the packs themselves may be linked into a control computer for scoring and control
over game parameters using radio equipment or infrared links. The game computer often serves to
control other game effects and to manage player scores.
Though the guns used in commercially played laser tags have lasers they are not used in actual
mechanism of the game, they actually use infrared to register hits. Infrared has its own cool
properties such as it gets scattered in very short

Hp Is A Consumer Electronics Company
Hewlett–Packard more commonly known as HP is a consumer electronics company. Since their
humble beginnings they have had a focus on inventive thinking and creativity. Last year this
company celebrated its 75th anniversary. 75 years is a major accomplishment for any company, but
it is especially significant for a company in an industry as competitive and prone to change as the
technology industry. HP has been inventing and manufacturing electronics for almost twice as long
as several of the industries major players such as Apple and Microsoft. With a research and
development budget rivaling that of much larger companies such as Apple, HP still places a lot of
emphasis on the creation of new technology. Throughout this project we will be ... Show more
Shortly after starting his job at General electric Dave Packard took a leave of absence and moved
himself and his new wife to Palo Alto California, and began working with Bill Hewlett to start their
own company using an idea Bill had during his time as a student.
The Idea that would start not only HP but all of Silicon Valley was the subject of Bill Hewlett's
thesis subject at Stanford. Bill envisioned an audio oscillator that would be cheaper to make, easier
to operate, more accurate, and more portable than what was available at the time. The key to this
new oscillator was a small light bulb. By glowing brighter or dimmer the light bulb could stabilize
the signal strength, cancelling unwanted variations. This gave Bill's design a great advantage over
other companies. After more experimentation and testing Bill and Dave were able to take the thesis
project and make HP's first product, the 200A Oscillator. The name was chosen to make it appear
that they had designed other similar devices and that this was not the company's first product. The
first major buyer to benefit from Bill's new design was Walt Disney. Before their purchase Disney
requested some design changes which lead to the 200B oscillator. Disney needed a new kind of
audio oscillator to get movie theaters ready for the upcoming release of their new movie fantasia.
Due to the musical nature of the movie,

Senion Project for Producing Electronics Part Essay
Senior Project
Project Proposal Table of Contents:
Executive Summary.........1
Introduction.........2
Project Operation.........7
Project Scheduling (Gannt Chart) ......11
Bill of Materials.......13
Future Use and Expansion.......14
Hardware Schematics.........15
Hardware and Software Block Diagrams..........18
Bibliography..................20
Executive Summary:
Objective:
The objective of our senior project is to develop portable lab equipment and software interface for
first year college students. The idea of our project is to allow portability and convenience for
students to perform basic electronic labs at home. It is meant as a learning tool to generate a
comprehensive, hands–on guide for students to use on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Future Expansion:
This project could also include a multimeter and curve tracer. It could also be improved by having a
higher voltage and a better regulated power supply. The function generator could also have higher
bandwidth and frequency.
Cost:
Estimated total cost is $316. Introduction:
When we visualized our senior project, we decided that engineering and electronic students in
college could make use of portable, inexpensive, simple equipment in order to demonstrate concepts
off campus. This equipment would not necessarily have all of the functionality and versatility of the
lab equipment, but it would be useful in demonstrating concepts. The current lab equipment is great
for school, but if students have a need to use the equipment at home such as to finish labs, learn
more, or just hobby use, they are left without an inexpensive alternative with the equipment
currently on the market. Our solution was to address these issues with our project which we named
"Lab In A Box." This would allow students to have a portable oscilloscope, power supply, and

function generator at a greatly reduced cost. The labs performed usually only requires low
bandwidth and low voltage equipment. The power supplies in the labs are DC with the capability of
+6V and ±25V. The function generator is a 15MHz waveform generator that is capable of sine,
square, triangle, and saw–tooth waveforms. The

Theory Vs Practice
Stage 1 Physics Laboratory
Theory vs Practice – Speed of Sound in Air 1. Basic Information: Jason Carvalho
UPI: jcar604
ID: 911599634
Date: 6 May 2015 – 10:00 to 13:00
Group 1 2. Aim: The speed of sound in air is determined by many factors. Our aim was to measure
the speed of sound in air using ultrasonic waves in the laboratory, then comparing the results to the
theoretical value to thus determine any discrepancies between the two values and understand the
factors that affected our experimental value. The Theoretical Speed of Sound in air is = 343 ms–1
3. Method: Good laboratory practices follows, checking the equipment and familiarising yourself
with all the components that you will use in your experiment. We undertook this by following 'figure
4' in the laboratory manual.
For our first trial, we started by adjusting the frequency of the signal generator such that the
observed amplitude of the generated signal of the Oscilloscope was at the maximum, to which the
signal generator indicated this to be at 32.4 kHZ or 32400 Hz. Next we adjusted the position of the
receiver such that the waveform of the generated signal and the received signal were in phase. We
recorded the position as which this occurred as 0.120m from the origin on the angle track and
labelled it at 'R'.
Setting 'Ti'– (Transmitter Cone– Initial Position) at a random position at which the two waveforms
were in phase, we proceed to move 'Ti' through twenty periods of phase change,

Bombardier Personal Statement
I refer to the opening of a Maintenance Engineering Analyst – Graduate Development Program
position within your esteemed organization through Bombardier career portal. With such a large
customer base, Bombardier has always prioritized customer needs through innovative processes. As
one of Canada's largest multinational aerospace and transportation company, Bombardier will
provide me with challenging opportunities and career diversity that will help me apply my
theoretical knowledge that I have gained over the 4 years of practical and theoretical studies at the
University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT).
I graduated from (UOIT) with a Bachelors of Engineering (B.Eng.) degree with a major in Electrical
Engineering in April 2016. I

Nt1310 Unit 8 Lab
The eighth lab was about the RC Circuit Analysis. The purpose of the experiment is to examine the
resistor, capacitor circuit for different voltage inputs and study circuits charging and discharging
behavior depending on the input function. To do the lab, first set up the circuit as shown in the
figure. The first part of this lab will be analyzed a resistor and capacitor circuit with a DC voltage
input (steady state). When we applied the DC voltage, the output behavior shown on the
oscilloscope was just an impulse and rest of the graph was a steady line. We clearly saw that the 5
volts drop across the capacitor which was the steady line. When in an RC circuit connected to a DC
voltage source, the current decreases from its initial value of

Senior Project Proposal
Lenora Vidaurrazaga
& Christina Meyers
CET 402L
Senior Project
Prof. Kavianpour
DeVry University
Spring 2005
Project Proposal
Due: April 8, 2005 Table of Contents:
Executive Summary .........1
Introduction . .........2
Project Operation .........7
Project Scheduling (Gannt Chart) .. .......11
Bill of Materials .. .......13
Future Use and Expansion .. .......14
Hardware Schematics .........15
Hardware and Software Block Diagrams ..........18
Bibliography ..................20
Executive Summary:
Objective:
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The equipment is also out of the price range for most college students. Students would be looking at
spending around $3788 for the kind of lab equipment used at DeVry. By creating an inexpensive and
portable oscilloscope, function generator, and power supply that fits in one box about the size of a
brief case we've addressed the primary issues associated with this equipment. This project has many
applications and many future expansions and functions that can be added on. By having a variable
floating DC power supply, 7Hz–6 KHz function generator, and oscilloscope with leads connecting
to any circuit built, the comprehensive hands–on learning tool would be ideal for most DeVry
students. Project Operation: There are three main parts to this project: the power supply, function
generator, and oscilloscope. There are a few hardware and software requirements for these

components. The power supply will require two wall wart power supplies connected to two
potentiometers to control the variable voltage and display it on the LCD. Then it will connect to the
student's circuits. The function generator can be completed in two ways. One method is to assemble
it through hardware. This would have little involvement with the 68HC12, but would allow a more
hands on approach. The other technique is to generate it through software. This would allow it to be
more portable, but creates more use of the computer instead of circuits. The function

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Lab Report
Skeletal Muscle Physiology Lab Report
V17FAAnatomy & Phys I (BIO–2011–VO02)
Fall 2017
Michelle Leeman Objective:
The intent of this lab is to observe the relationship between the muscles and neurons that generate
movement throughout the body. We will interpret four (4) different simulations that initiate a
stimulus varying in intensity, frequency, and weight, while recording its influence on muscle
contractions. The goal of this experiment is to have an enhanced comprehension muscle
contractions.
Materials and Methods:
The equipment used for all four activities include an intact skeletal muscle, electrical stimulator,
mounting stand, and oscilloscope. Please note that the mounting stand includes a force transducer to
measure the amount of force developed by a muscle, as well as a ruler that allows for the
measurement of distance that the weight is lifted by the isolated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
5, represents the load–velocity relationship. The prediction was that as the load on the muscle
increases the latent period would increase, the shortening velocity would decrease, the distance will
decrease, and the contraction duration will decrease. The latent period is the period time that elapses
between the generation of an action potential in a muscle cell to the start of a muscle contraction. It
becomes longer as the load becomes heavier due to a rise in muscle tension but no movement or
contraction of the muscle. Once the muscle tension surpasses the weight of the load an isotonic
concentric contraction, or the shortening of muscles to move the load, commences. The shortening
velocity is the speed of the contraction from the muscle shortening while lifting a load. Maximal
shortening velocity is reached with a minimal load. With a light load, the shortening velocity is at its
maximal shortening velocity; inversely, when the weight is heavy the speed in which the muscle lifts
the weight decreases in speed at a slower velocity, as shown in Fig.

Taking a Look at Myasthenia Gravis
People go to doctors offices with a lot of different conditions everyday. A lot of those conditions
happen to share the same symptoms which could make it hard to determine what is truly wrong with
a patient without a diagnosis. A diagnosis is "a methodical evaluation of symptoms and complaints
through interview, observation, testing instruments and/or procedures taken to determine if an illness
is present" (1). It is important that a person be diagnosed thoroughly and properly so that they can
receive the right treatment (if available) to make the patient better. A patient with symptoms like
Susan's would need a full diagnosis to determine exactly what he/she has, which is what her doctor
did. Her doctor's diagnosis made it easy for us to determine whether her illness is myasthenia gravis
or myotonic muscular dystrophy. Here's how.
We learned through research that myasthenia gravis and myotonic muscular dystrophy are two
common forms of muscular disorders. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that usually
occurs in the arms, head and chest (2). Its symptoms include limb weakness, drooping eyelids,
impaired vision, difficulty chewing and swallowing, slurred speech, difficulty breathing and
abnormality of the thymus gland (3). Myotonic muscular dystrophy is one of many forms of
muscular dystrophy that is characterized by muscle wasting and myotonia or the inability to relax
muscles (4). Its symptoms include, but are not limited to drooping eyelids, cataracts,

Nt1310 Unit 4 Lab Report
Analysis For the first part of the lab, our goal was to calculate the time constant, , of an RC circuit.
We made an RC series circuit and connected it to the Rigol wave generator to produce a square
waveform for current. Then, we collected data of the voltage across the capacitor at different points
in time using a myDAQ and the 4BL application. In order to find the time constant, we linearized
the voltage we measured across the capacitor and then performed a linear regression on the data.
The equation for the voltage across the capacitor as a function of time is: V_c (t)=V_b (1–e^((–
t)/RC) ) where V_c (t) is the voltage across the capacitor as a function of time and V_b is the input
voltage. We then linearize the data by manipulating the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Looking at the values for resonance frequency we got from both methods, at first glance it appears
that the second method is more accurate. However, in order to better compare the two methods, we
can calculate the percent error from the theoretical value for the resonant frequency. The formula for
percent error is: percent error=| (experimental value–accepted value)/(accepted value) | × 100 We get
that the percent error for method 1 is 19.3% and the percent error for method 2 is 1.2%. This affirms
that the method 2 is the more accurate method to measure the resonant frequency. This may be due
to the fact that method 1 involves using estimations by eye, which allows for human error and
inaccurate estimations. The difference between the experimental and theoretical values for the
resonant frequency could also result from faulty equipment, which may not function as the
manufacturer claims or be worn down by natural decay. Lastly using the theoretical value for the
RLC circuit and Equation 2, we calculate a Q–factor of Q=0.19. This low Q–factor indicates that the
peak of the curve is not very sharp and there could have been overdamping, which potentially
increases the error in reading the resonant frequency, especially for the reading by

Monitoring Lithium Ion Characteristic Analysis Using Lab View
Methodology
This chapter was describing the methodology used in this paper. Its elaborate the main idea of the
experiment, the material used and also the procedure to obtained the data. Methodology is important
in implementing a system or kind of project because it acts as guideline starting from early stage up
to hand over. Methodology uses might be differed defending on purpose of the project, scope,
objective and timeframe. Figure 3.1 shows the flowchart or general about the project. Figure 3.1 :
Flowchart of project Before start this experiment, discussion is with supervisor is needed to know
about the project and how it operate. This step is very important to make arrangement about the step
to complete this project. Then, search and study about lithium ion battery, labVIEW and National
Instrument (NI–DAQ). This step must be done to understand the whole application and
characteristic about experiment by making research from the journal. After all research have been
made, sketch the wiring diagram. Wiring diagram include connection of battery, variable load and
sensors. Then, all the graphical user interface (GUI) will be made in labVIEW and the function will
be test. This step is to know whether the circuit function or not and if it is fail, the diagram need to
sketch again. Hardware will be develop after the wiring diagram have been verified. Hardware will
connect with National Instrument (NI–DAQ) and PC. This is to run the whole program of the

Unit 1 Assignment 1-ADC: An Electronic Circuit
1– ADC is an electronic circuit which transforms analog signals such as a sound picked by a
microphone or light entering a digital camera to digital output, to binary number's system. DAC
does the reverse of ADC. Inputs are binary numbers and outputs are an analog voltage or current
signal.
Generally, both ADC and DAC are used in many applications. For example, the voice is converted
into an analog electrical signal by a microphone, then the analog signal is converted to a digital
stream by an ADC. After some operations on computer, DAC converts this back into an analog
electrical signal, which drives an audio amplifier and loudspeaker, and finally sound is produced.
Applications:
For DAC: Most of audio signals are stored in digital form (for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this mode, screen is blank until trigger event occurs. If oscilloscope finds a trigger, then it
acquires and displays one triggered screen of signal and then stops.
5– In order to produce correct waveform, oscilloscope probes must be properly compensated. In
other words, proper match of the input impedance of the oscilloscope's vertical input channel
circuitry is required.
Overcompensated Compensated correctly Undercompensated
6– AC coupling blocks the DC component of a signal. Therefore, we see the waveform shifted down
and centered at 0 volts.
7– Digital oscilloscopes have a special feature called horizontal trigger position control. When we
change the position of it, we can see the preceding signal before triggering event called pre–trigger
viewing. When we select pre–samples, the record length that counts the number of samples
measured will divide into pre and post triggering

Skeletal Muscle Physiology
E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
2
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
O B J E C T I V E S 1. To define these terms used in describing muscle physiology: multiple motor
unit summation, maximal stimulus, treppe, wave summation, and tetanus. 2. To identify two ways
that the mode of stimulation can affect muscle force production. 3. To plot a graph relating stimulus
strength and twitch force to illustrate graded muscle response. 4. To explain how slow, smooth,
sustained contraction is possible in a skeletal muscle. 5. To graphically understand the relationships
between passive, active, and total forces. 6. To identify the conditions under which muscle
contraction is isometric or isotonic. 7. To describe in terms of length and force the ... Show more
The hook through the upper tendon of the muscle is part of the force transducer, which measures the
force produced by the muscle. The hook through the lower tendon secures the muscle in place. The
weight cabinet just below the muscle support stand is not active in this experiment; it contains
weights you will use in the isotonic contraction part of the simulation. You can adjust the starting
length of the muscle by clicking the (+) or ( ) buttons located next to the Muscle Length display
window. When you click the Record Data button in the data collection unit below the electrical
stimulator, your data is recorded in the computer's memory and is displayed in the data grid at the
bottom of the screen. Data displayed in the data grid include the voltage, muscle length, and active,

passive, and total force measurements. If you are not satisfied with a single run, you can click Delete
Line to erase a single line of data. Clicking the Clear Table button will remove all accumulated data
in the experiment and allow you to start over.
A C T I V I T Y 1
Practicing Generating a Tracing
1. Click the Stimulate button once. Because the beginning voltage is set to zero, no muscle activity
should result. You will see a blue line moving across the bottom of the oscilloscope display. This
blue line will indicate muscle force in the experiments. If the tracings move too slowly across the
screen, click and hold the

Rp2 Research Paper
subsection{Wet gas studies} label{sec:Wet gas studies} The water vapor was added to RPC1 gas
mixture using a water bubbler as shown in figure~ref{fig:6_Gas_flow_system}. The amount of
water vapor in the gas mixture was measured in a controlled way using a RH sensor and is shown in
figure~ref{fig:6_Water_vapor_quantity}. Throughout these studies, RPC2 was continued with the
standard gas flow itself and was a reference detector. Then, the performances of both the detectors
were monitored continuously. The Oscilloscope trace of pulses produced from RPC1 and RPC2 with
standard gas operation are shown in figure~ref{fig:5_Oscilloscope_pulses}. The pulses produced
from RPC1 with wet gas operation and from RPC2 with standard gas operation ... Show more
includegraphics[width=1textwidth]{6_Wet_gas_charge_time.pdf} vskip –0.5cm caption {small
Signal charge of: (a) RPC1 with the wet gas operation and (b) RPC2 with the standard gas
operation, and time resolution of: (c) RPC1 with the wet gas operation and (d) RPC2 with the
standard gas operation.} label{fig:6_Wet_gas_charge_time}

Exercise 2 Skeletal Muscle
Name______________________ Lab Section ________________ Microscopic Anatomy and
Organization of Skeletal Muscle and Muscle Physiology Lab 9 Skeleton Muscle Physiology:
Computer Simulation Exercise 16B – Page PEx–23 Activity Sheet Objectives: Use a simulation of
skeletal muscle experiments to investigate threshold stimulus, maximal stimulus, multiple motor
unit summation, wave summation and tetanus and the graded contraction. Develop and test
hypotheses related to muscle contraction. Practice graphing data from an experiment. Practice
interpreting a graph and drawing conclusions from data. Directions – Getting Started ... Show more
Why didn't you see a response with a voltage of .5 volts?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ 2. Why did increasing
the voltage from 3 volts to 4 volts increase the force of contraction?
_____________________________________________________________ 3. At what point did
increasing the voltage not cause an increase in contraction force? ____________________ 4.
Explain why increased voltage after this point did not increase contraction
force.______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ 5. What type of
summation is this? ______________________________________ Activity 5: Investigating Wave
Summation and Tetanus Directions: 1. To Continue – Select Multiple Stimulus from the Experiment
menu at the top of the screen. 2. Clear Tracings. Set the voltage at 8.2V and the muscle length at
75mm. Do not change this throughout this part of the experiment. 3. Click Single Stimulus, and then
click it again quickly, before the muscle has had a chance to relax. Observe whether the second
contraction produces a greater force. Is the peak force produced in the second contraction greater
than that produced by the first stimulus? ________ 4.

The Founding Principles Of The Fourier Series
FOURIER SERIES AND ITS SOME APPLICATIONS
P. Sathyabama
Assistant professor,
Department of Mathematics,
Bharath collage of science and management, Thanjavur– 5
Abstract
The Fourier Series, the founding principle behind the field of Fourier Analysis, is an infinite
expansion of a function in terms of sines and cosines.In physics and engineering,expanding
functions in terms of sines and cosines is useful because it allows one to more easily manipulate
functions.In particular, the fields of electronics, quantum mechanics, and electrodynamics all make
heavy use of the Fourier series. Key words: Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform,
Convolution Transforms
I.INTRODUCTION
The Fourier Series, the founding principle behind the field of Fourier Analysis, is an infinite
expansion of a function in terms of sines and cosines or imaginary exponentials. The series is defied
in its imaginary exponential form as follows: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since sines and cosines (and in turn imaginary exponentials) form an orthogonal set1, this series
converges for any moderately well– behaved function f(x) .Examples of the Fourier Series for
different wave forms are given in figure I.
II.THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS
The Fourier Series is only capable of analyzing the frequency components of certain,
discretefrequencies (integers) of a given function. In order to study the casewhere the frequency
components of the sine and cosineterms are continuous, the concept of the Fourier Transform must
be introduced. The imaginary exponential form of the Fourier Transform is defined as

Voltmeter Construction
ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to design LCD digital oscilloscope for practical use. The basic
concept for the project involves reading the voltage signal at the input and displaying it on the
screen of an alphanumeric LCD. The input analog signals are supplied to the ADC(Analog to Digital
Converter), which are then sampled by it and the amplitude of the signal(voltage) is displayed on the
LCD.
Device Components:
Microcontroller or processor:
We used Atmega16– an Atmel AVR series microcontroller. The processor clock was set to 11MHz
internal oscillator.
Analog to Digital Converter:
In this device we use Atmega16's inbuilt analog to digital converter. It is a 10–bit ADC which uses
the in–built reference voltage level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the name implies it uses analogue techniques throughout to create the pattern on the display.
Typically they use a cathode ray tube where the voltages on the x and y plats cause a dot on the
screen to move. In the horizontal direction this is controlled by the time base, whereas in the vertical
direction the deflection is proportional to the signal input. Essentially the signal is amplified and
applied to the Y plates of the cathode ray tube.
A cathode ray tube consists of a number of elements. There is an electron gun that generates an
electron beam that is fired along the length of the tube. This beam passes by deflection plates that
are used to deflect the beam, as a result of electrostatic attraction and repulsion, and finally the beam
hits a phosphor coating on the "screen" creating a small dot of light.
To assist in making the trace as clear as possible, intensity and focus controls are included. The
focus ensures that the dot that scans the screen remains as sharp as possible and in this way it can
deliver a clear trace. The intensity control is required because the intensity of the dot or trace varies
according to the speed at which the scan is made. Controlling the intensity enables a clear trace to be
obtained.

When the scan is very slow the dot is seen to traverse the screen and it is difficult to visualize the

Dna Report : Neural Tissue Lab Report
Neural Tissue Lab Report
Introduction
Activity 1: The Resting Membrane Potential
Neurons respond to two different ions: potassium(Na+) and sodium(K+). There is usually a higher
concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell(extracellularly) which makes the cell more positive,
rather than inside the cell(intracellularly) where there is a higher concentration of K+ ions which
makes the cell more negative. This is explained as the resting membrane potential of a neuron;
where there is a potential deferens of ion concentration. In cells ions will move from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration and that is the concentration gradient. If
channels permeable to an ion, then it will allow it to diffuse to where the ion ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
An action potential is usually started at the initial junction of the axon hillock and with the initial
segment that region is called the trigger zone. It is important for a neuron to reach threshold so that
the chemical message can be propagated along an axon. If potassium is increased, then
depolarization would occur eventually leading to threshold and action potential. An ignition in the
action potential in the body normally follows a large depolarizing receptor potential. Activity 8:
Ca2+ Levels and Neurotransmitter Release
In order for an axon to send information, it has to release neurotransmitter stored in the synaptic
vesicles in the axon terminal. In order for this to occur, Ca2+ ions must first be present in the axon
terminal, and an action potential must have been initiated. This experiment will be researching if
Ca2+ levels in an extracellular solution will affect the amount of neurotransmitter released at an
axon terminal. Will a larger concentration of Ca2+ ions present in the extracellular fluid, induce a
greater release of neurotransmitter, and if there is no Ca2+ present in the solution, will no
neurotransmitter be released?
Materials & Methods
Activity 1
Materials:
Neuron
Extracellular solutions:
Control
High Potassium
Lower sodium

Microelectrode
Microelectrode manipulator controller
Oscilloscope
Method
First place the neuron onto the petri dish, then fill the

Measuring Sound Speed in Air Using Frequency and Wavelength

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Measuring Sound Speed in Air Using Frequency and Wavelength

Similar to Measuring Sound Speed in Air Using Frequency and Wavelength (10)

More from Julie Brown

More from Julie Brown (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Measuring Sound Speed in Air Using Frequency and Wavelength