Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi can cause infectious diseases when they enter the body. The immune system provides defenses against pathogens through mechanical barriers like skin and mucus, chemical barriers such as stomach acid, and immune cells that destroy pathogens through phagocytosis and antibody production. Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens on pathogens. Memory cells provide long-lasting immunity against pathogens the body has previously encountered through vaccination or prior infection. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to weakened or dead pathogens to stimulate antibody and memory cell production.
Immune system is our defense mechanism which provides protection against various infections and ailments. Low immunity is the root cause for all the problems so Planet Ayurveda presents a fabulous herbal formulation for enhancing immunity power.
Immune system is our defense mechanism which provides protection against various infections and ailments. Low immunity is the root cause for all the problems so Planet Ayurveda presents a fabulous herbal formulation for enhancing immunity power.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
Charge simply means 'accusation'.
A charge is a formal recognition of concrete accusations by a magistrate or a court based upon a complaint or information against the accused.
A charge is drawn up by a court only when the court is satisfied by the prima facie evidence against the accused.
The basic idea behind a charge is to make the accused understand what exactly he is accused of so that he can defend himself.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
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Everything You Should Know About Child Custody and Parenting While Living in ...AvinashMittal5
This comprehensive guide aims to shed light on the essential aspects of child custody and parenting rights for residents of Freehold, highlighting key considerations and how engaging a Freehold child custody lawyer can be a game-changer in safeguarding your interests and those of your children. https://www.lyonspc.com/monmouth-county/child-custody-lawyers/
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
2. Pathogens
- Pathogen → microorganism that cause disease
- Many diseases are caused by pathogens that get into our bodies and breed there
EX:
1. Viruses → AIDS
2. Bacteria → cholera
3. Protist → malaria
4. Fungi → athlete's foot
- Diseases (caused by pathogens) can pass from one person to another → called transmissible diseases
- Pathogens damaged our cells by living in them and using up their resources
- Others cause harm to cells by → producing waste products (toxins) which spread around the body and caused
symptoms such as high temperature
- Some toxins are among very dangerous poisons
3. How pathogens enter the body
Direct contact
1. Person to person
2. Blood (like AIDS (virus called HIV)
- Transmission → the passing of a pathogen to an uninfected person
- Infection → the center of a pathogen into the body
- Host → the person in which the pathogen lives and breeds
- Contagious disease → an infectious transmissible disease
Indirect transmission
1. Through air (respiratory passages) → when someone with the illness speaks, coughs or sneezes millions of
viruses are propelled into the air
1. By touching → touch a surface on which they are present and put a hand to your face
2. In food → food can enter you alimentary canal by the food that you ate → if you eat too much you can get food
poisoning
3. Water → if you swim or drink the water that contains these pathogens. EX: bacteria → cholera
By vectors
- A vector is an organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another EX: dog's (rabies), mosquitoes.
4. Body defences
Mechanical barriers
- Structures that make it difficult for pathogens to get past them into the body. EX:
1. Nostrils contain hairs that help to trap dust that might be carrying pathogens
2. Skin has a thick outer layer of dead cells (containing keratin) that is difficult to penetrate → when the skin is cut → blood
clots seal the wound (preventing blood loss and pathogens getting into the body)
Chemical barriers
- Sticky mucus can trap pathogens
1. In the respiratory passages → cilia then sweep the mucus back so it can be swallowed
2. In stomach → hydrochloric acid is secreted → a strong acid that kills many of the bacteria in the food we eat
- If pathogens manage to get through this defences → they are destroyed by white blood cells
- White blood cells can
1. Take in and digest the pathogens by phagocytosis
2. Produce antibodies → vaccination helps antibodies to produce quicklier
5. Antibodies and antigen- Different kinds of lymphocytes produces different kinds of antibodies
- An antibody is a protein molecule with a particular shape
- This shape is just right to fit into another molecule
- To destroy a particular pathogen → antibody molecules must be made which are just the right shape
to fit into molecules on the outside of the pathogen
- These pathogen molecules are called antigens
ANTIGEN: any molecule that is different from the molecules in the cell-surface membranes of our own body
cells and therefore elicits an immune system
- When an antibody molecule lock onto the pathogen → they kill it
- There are several ways in which they do this
1. To alert phagocytes to the presence of the pathogens so that the phagocytes will come and destroy
them
2. Antibodies may start a series of reactions in the blood which produce enzyme to digest the pathogens
- Each lymphocyte waits for a signal that a pathogen which can be destroyed by a particular antibody is
in our body
- If a pathogen enters a body it will meet a lot of lymphocytes
- One of these can recognize the pathogen as being something that its antibody can destroy
- The lymphocyte will start to divide rapidly by mitosis making a clone of lymphocytes
- These lymphocyte then secrete their antibody destroying the pathogen
- The way in which they respond to pathogens by producing antibodies is called the immune system
6.
7.
8. Memory cells
- When a lymphocyte clones itself → not all the cells make antibodies
- Some of the cells simply remain in the blood and other parts of the body → memory cells
- If the same kind of pathogen gets into the body again, these memory cells will be waiting for
them
- They will kill the pathogen before they have time to do any harm
- The person has become immune to that kind of pathogen
9. Vaccinations for immunity
- The vaccine immunise children against diseases caused by pathogens
- A vaccine contains weakened or dead viruses or bacteria that normally causes disease
- These pathogens have the same antigens but they cant cause disease
- These lymphocytes can produce antibodies just as they would after a real infection
- They also make memory cells which give long term immunity
10. Active and passive immunity
- A person has active immunity to disease if they have made their own antibodies and memory cells
that protect against it
- Active immunity → defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
You can develop active immunity by:
1. Having the disease and getting over it
2. Being vaccinated by weakened pathogens
- A person has passive immunity if they were given antibodies that have been made by another
organism
- Passive immunity → short term defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another
individual
- Babies get passive immunity by breastfeeding
- Breast Milk contain antibodies from the mother that are passed on to her baby and protects him from
these diseases for the first months of her life
- Another way of getting passive immunity is to be injected with antibodies that have been made by
another organism (ex. antibodies against rabies)
- Active immunity can be very long-lasting while passive immunity lasts for a short time and has no
memory cells