BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
Fiat
1. Fiat
EUROPEAN STUDIES
FIAT:
A TROUBLED EUROPEAN CAR GIANT
GROUP 3:
1
Q1: What are the underlying problems facing Fiat's car division? The performance of Fiat – the
Italian vehicle manufacturer – has fluctuated drastically between its founding in 1899 and today. On
the one hand, the company has suffered severe failures, flirting with insolvency on multiple
occasions. On the other, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, Fiat suffered after its decision to move into other product segments, including aviation
and insurance, as the result of the 'stretch' was lower quality products. The company switched its
strategy of focusing on the domestic market by entering new markets such as Poland, Latin America
and Turkey.
2
Unfortunately, the company's move into Latin America was matched with the great economical
difficulties of its two largest economies – Brazil and Argentina, again a setback that contributed to
problems across the brand, including Fiat's car division.
Q2: How strong is Fiat's brand in the EU market place The period from 1999 to 2005 was one of the
darkest periods in Fiat Corporation's history. After losses of $12 billion over six years (1999–
‐2005),
Fiat struggled to come up with hit models, and saw its European market
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2.
3.
4.
5. 3SCO Supporting Change Assignment Essay
3SCO – Supporting Change within Organisations Introduction to E.ON
E.ON UK is a leading energy company and is amongst the big 6 energy suppliers. It was established
in 2002 through the acquisition of Powergen and now has the second largest electricity generator in
the UK and owns the second largest distribution network in the UK. E.ON UK employs over 10,800
staff and has 97 sites including customer contact centres, offices, wind farms, technology centres,
training academies and power stations. E.ON UK is part of E.ON who is the world's largest
investor–owned energy service provider, where its headquarters are based in Germany. E.ON UK
has over 8 million customers and has a vision to be our customers' trusted energy partner.
Why E.ON ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How new members of the SLT are perceived by employees is vitally important in order to maintain
engagement of staff and commitment to organisational goals.
A further internal driver of change is a need to decrease costs and increase consistency and
efficiency, which is the aim of the centralisation of some support functions from E.ON UK to Berlin
where E.ON headquarters are based. This has resulted in a number of redundancies and the re–
education of hiring managers across the UK business to understand the changes.
Approaches to change
A useful model when looking at different approaches to change is Tannenbaum and Schmidt's (1958,
cited in Leatherbarrow et al, 2010, p414) Continuum of Leadership. This model explains a scale of
various levels of delegated freedom and the subsequent effect on the employees. It details 'telling'
where the manager decides and announces the decision, 'selling' where the manager decides and
then sells the decision to the group, 'consulting' where the manager presents the problem and asks
for suggestions before making a decision, and finally 'joining' where staff are involved in all stages
of the decision making process. The model argues that 'joining' is the key to implementing change
successfully as when employees are part of the change they are more likely to engage with it in a
positive way. At E.ON the change
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6.
7.
8.
9. Science Of Climate Change And How Combined Cycle Power Plants
Scientific Report
The science of climate change and how combined cycle power plants will slow its impact
Pascal Nguyen
School of Applied Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3021, Australia
Abstract
The increase in the emission of greenhouse gases has led to the increase in climate change; the
consequence of unchecked pollution, where carbon emissions caused by human activity enters the
air and causes negative impacts on the environment. One of the many negative impacts could be the
change in the current state of the ocean and the melting of the cryosphere. One of the ways to
combat the increase in climate change may be the addition of the combined cycle power plants and
how its efficient ways will lower greenhouse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these factors, ultimately, affect the distribution, abundance, breeding cycle and migration of
marine plants and animals that millions of people rely on for food and income.
Cryosphere The plant's frozen areas are some of the most sensitive to climate change, as climate
change starts to increase, the mass loss of ice in these areas starts to increase leading to major
problems such as the major problem of water levels rising.
One of the ways the world is trying to fight back the increase in the greenhouse gas emission (GHG)
is through the use of combined cycle power plants used to created energy for the population. A gas
turbine generator produces electricity and waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional
electricity through a steam turbine. The gas turbine is one of the most efficient one of the conversion
of gas fuels to mechanical power or electricity,
Through the research of the science of climate change, it is important to look at this topic as early as
possibly can as it is the key to being able to change and make notice the way human kind acts on
climate change.
1.1 Natural gas combined–cycle power plants
The process for converting the energy in a fuel
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10.
11.
12.
13. Greenpeace and Politics
Greenpeace is an organization which often collides with governments in countries all over the world
in its attempt to stop things like global warming, deforestation, overfishing and more. Greenpeace
tries to reach their goals by direct action and lobbying. This is the part where they often collide with
the governments.
My questions about this topic are:
– What conflicts does Greenpeace have (or did they have) with the government and corporations in
the Netherlands and governments and corporations of other countries in the world?
– How exactly does Greenpeace influence governments and corporations?
– What influence does Greenpeace have on governments and corporations?
I want to answer these questions by first telling a bit more about ... Show more content on
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They did this in several ways, they for example placed warning signs under more than 64 signposts
of cities in middle and south Netherlands. Greenpeace activists also visited cities and spoke to
councilors and they dumped 'nuclear waste' in several places. By now, more than 75 cities said 'no'
to nuclear waste and the energy company Delta declared in January to have put the plans for a
second NPP on hold. They declared it was not feasible anymore to built a second NPP. However,
minister Verhagen still wants a second NPP, though he does not seen to get much support anymore...
– In December 2011, Greenpeace campaigned in the harbor of IJmuiden against harmful giant ships
which was about to set sail to the waters West–Africa. Because of overfishing in the European seas,
ships like these now have to go to other seas because they cannot catch enough fish in European
seas anymore.
The ships against which Greenpeace was campaigning was part of the Pelagic Freezer–Trawler
Association (PFA). This is a company which is established in the Netherlands and is a partnership of
several Dutch fisheries. PFA got more than 142 million euro subsidy from 2006 to 2011 on. the last
five years more than 142 million Euros in European subsidies. Subsidies which are paid from tax
money paid by European inhabitants.
Greenpeace wrote the amount of money which one of the largest fishing ships in
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14.
15.
16.
17. The European Energy Market Essay
The European Energy Market
For several years now the European Union, the largest regional trading block in the world, has been
trying to liberalize its energy market, replacing the markets of its 27 member states with a single
continent wide market for electricity and gas. The first phase of liberalization went into effect in
June 2007. When fully implemented, the ability of energy producers to sell electricity and gas across
national borders will be improved, increasing competition. The road toward the creation of a single
EU energy market, however, has been anything but easy. Many national markets are dominated by a
single enterprise, often a former state owned utility. Electricitie de France, for example, has an 87
percent share of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In mid 2008, they reached a compromise that fell short of mandating the unbundling, or
disintegration, of national energy companies due to powerful opposition from France and Germany
among others (both nations have large vertically integrated energy companies).
The response of established utilities to the creation of a Single continent wide market for energy has
been to try to acquire utilities in other EU nations in an effort to build systems that serve more than
one country. The underlying logic is that larger utilities should be able to realize economies of scale,
which would enable them to compete more effectively in a liberalized market. However, some
cross– border takeover bids have run into fierce opposition from local politicians who resent their
"national energy companies" being taken over by foreign entities. Most notably, when E.ON, the
largest German utility, made a bid to acquire Endesa, Spain's largest utility, in 2006, Spanish
politicians sought to block the acquisition and keep ownership of Endesa in Spanish hands,
imposing conditions on the deal that were designed to stop the Germans from acquiring the Spanish
company. In response to this outburst of nationalism, the European Commission took the Spanish
government to the European Union's highest court, arguing that Madrid had violated the
Commission's exclusive powers with in the EU to scrutinize and approve big cross–border mergers
in Europe. Subsequently, Enel,
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18.
19.
20.
21. Sucess Factors in Merger and Acquisition
Master thesis Autumn semester 2007 Supervisor: Professor Tomas Blomquist Authors: Hoang, Thuy
Vu Nga Lapumnuaypon, Kamolrat
Critical Success Factors in Merger & Acquisition Projects
A study from the perspectives of advisory firms
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, we are grateful to our supervisor, Professor Tomas Blomquist, for his guidance and
recommendations throughout the process of writing our thesis. His support is of vital importance to
the successful completion of this thesis. We also would like to thank Professor Anders Söderholm
and Professor Ralf Müller for their initial guidance by commenting on our research proposal and
providing us with some industry contacts. We would like to thank all interviewees and respondents
who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Key words: mergers and acquisitions, M&A, advisory firms, merger & acquisition process, project
management, critical success factors, project success criteria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 2 INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................................................................1 RESEARCH
BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................3 2.1
MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS AND MERGER & ACQUISITION ADVISORY
FIRMS.............................3 2.1.1 Mergers & acquisitions
overview..............................................................................................3
a) b) c) d) e) Definition of mergers &
acquisitions.............................................................................................3 Classification of mergers &
acquisitions......................................................................................5 The merger & acquisition
process ................................................................................................6 Why do firms engage in
merger & acquisition transactions? ...................................................8 The development of mergers &
acquisitions.............................................................................10
2.1.2
a) b) c)
Merger & acquisition advisory
26. The Impact of the New Wave of Financial Regulation for...
Energy Policy 47 (2012) 468–477 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Energy Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol The impact of the new wave of financial
regulation for European energy markets Luuk Nijman n School of Public Policy, University College
London, London, WC1H 9QU, UK H I G H L I G H T S c c c c c The European Commission has
put forward a set of financial legislation to stabilize both financial markets and energy prices. This
article assesses the impact of this financial regulation on energy markets. It shows that the
theoretical and empirical effects of key elements in this legislation are ambiguous. It argues that, if
enacted, particular market parties such as energy companies ... Show more content on
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This article addresses the question whether, in light of the potential implications for energy markets,
the proposed changes to financial legislation will have the effects the European Commission desires.
L. Nijman / Energy Policy 47 (2012) 468–477 469 This question derives its relevance from three
aspects. First, the academic literature has generally focussed on the appropriate regulatory design for
specific markets, for instance in relation to the liberalization of European energy markets or the
stability of financial markets. As also noted by Diaz–Rainey et al. (2011), little research has been
done regarding cross–market effects of financial regulation on energy markets. Now that the line
between the traditional financial and energy markets has become blurred, the link between the two
deserves more attention. Second, it may prove useful not just to point out which aspects of energy
trading may come under financial regulation, but to take the analysis one step further and examine
how participants in the energy markets are likely to react to the incentives this new legislation offers
them. The success of regulation hinges on how market participants adapt their behaviour to it, not
just the substance of the legislation itself. Third, to the extent that these proposals are motivated by
electoral calls for a strong response to financial instability and
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27.
28.
29.
30. Top 1 Cause for Project Failure
Anish Mathai Mathew [PMP|MBA]
Temenos T24 PROGRAM MANAGER at Union National Bank
Featured discussion
In your experience, what is the TOP #1 cause for Project failure?
From experience, the following are the TOP10 causes of Project failure that Mathew can think of
(they are not in any kind of order):
#1. Lacking Sponsor 's Involvement/Ownership
#2. Halo Effect (Wrong Man for the Job)
#3. Poor HR Management
#4. Poor/Inadequate Project Communications
#5. Ignoring Project Stakeholders
#6. Absence of Risk Management
#7. Scope Creep/Unrealistic Expectations ( scope creep: Frequent and uncontrolled changes in the
scope or requirements of a project)
#8. Lack of Monitoring of Plan
#9. Absence of a Project Management Methodology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For me this question shows the real reason for faillure. Most projects focus on producing a rocket
(only focus on delivery). Successful projects however look further: why do we create a rocket?
Because we want to go to the moon. If NASA would have only focussed on delivering rockets, they
would never have reached the moon and probably had produced a great number of disasters while
delivering or using those rockets. A Business Case focus, rather than only a delivery focus!
(By the way & off topic: this delivery approach for me also caused the current financial crisis. Only
focussing on the deal, not on the long term effects.)
All reasons summed up in the question above are in my view symptoms and results of the delivery–
only approach rather than reasons.
3. 4. [pic]
Alexandro Zencovich
31. Senior Project Manager at ZTE Canada
I would say #7. Scope Creep/Unrealistic Expectations. All the others reasons are certainly strong
source for failure but somehow most of them point to have a bad road map document.
This is why a Project Manager is so useful in any organization to make sure that we get the right
project management plan, which include a concise and accurate project scope statement and
"realistic" project expectations.
5. [pic]
Beth Barrett
Beth Barrett Consulting, LLC
Based on over 20 years of project management experience, I would say item #1 to
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32.
33.
34.
35. Energy Consumption in Spain
Introduction The energy consumed in Spain every day, both for the industrial sector, as for domestic
consumers comes from multiple forms of primary energy sources, from which we get electricity. It
is important to consider where these primary energy sources come from, and the value year after
year the degree of self–sufficiency that primary energy resources have in Spain. The energy sector
accounts for about 2.5% of the country's Gross Domestic Product. However, this sector has a greater
importance than that because it affects all types of economic activities in the country. Historically,
this sector has always had a deficit because the shortage of resources in the country. The Industrial
Revolution came late to Spain in comparison ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the graphic bellow we can see the production of these sites in the years 2002 and 2003 (in
millions of tons). The last column shows the variation observed from one year to the next one. We
can see it is a negative figure because the internal fuel production in decrasing rapidly. Fuel
production 2002 2003 Variation (%) Ayoluengo 7 8 –12,0 Boquerón 20 33 –37,9 Casablanca 230
108 –111,9 Rodaballo 63 167 –62,1 Total Fuel 321 316 1,4 In the Natural gas industry, most of it is
imported as well. There are five sites that produce it in Spain: El Ruedo, Las Barreras, Marismas,
Poseidón and El Romeral. Likewise in the fuel industry, their production is also decreasing. Natural
Gas Production 2003 Gwh 2002 Gwh Change (%) El Ruedo 57 66 –13,6 Las Barreras 137 119 –
15,1 Marismas 564 267 111,2 Poseidón 1966 5565 –64,7 El Romeral 168 128 31,3 Total Natural
Gas 2892 6145 –52,9 Spain imports oil from many countries, here they are sorted by geographical
area , with data from 2009, measured in thousands of tons of crude oil: Middle East Saudi Arabia
5807 Iran 6570 Iraq 2250 Others 731 Africa Argelia 1081 Libia 5041 Nigeria 5398 Others 5667
Europe United Kingdom 1193 Russia 8201 Others 987 America
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36.
37.
38.
39. Essay about P3 Unit 1 Business
P3 Explain how businesses are classified using local and national examples For this part of my
coursework I am going to find out about three different sectors which are primary, secondary,
tertiary. For each of them I will give two examples for each local and national businesses. Primary
Sector The activities of businesses in this sector are all involved with producing or obtaining raw
materials or natural products from land or the sea. The main categories are shown in the following.
Agriculture, hunting and logging: the production such as vegetables and cereals, animal farming
landscape gardening and horticultural businesses. Forestry and logging: planting, conserving and
felling timber, including Christmas trees. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heavy engineering companies make goods comprising large sections of metals, such as ships or
cranes. Energy production: the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. It therefore
includes businesses like E.ON and British Gas as well as regional water companies, such as Severn
Trent and water collection and bottling companies. Wind farms are also included in this group.
Construction: Includes house builders such as Bryant Homes and civil engineering companies such
as John Laing and Carillion and Sir Alfred McAlpine. Between them they construct all types of
buildings in additional to motorways, bridges, road and railways. Also included are electricians,
plumbers, plasters, joiners, painters and glaziers who work on building sites. Examples of local and
national businesses that are involved in different types of activities in secondary sector. Little miss
buttercups bakery Jack.Ian high builders Ford motors Greggs plc. Tertiary Sector This is the largest
sector. It includes every type of business offering a service and is also known as the service sector.
Private services: purchased by a businesses and individuals. They are offered by privately owned
businesses such as retailers, accountants, banks, private clients and private hospitals, publishers,
transport and distribution firms, travel agencies and many others.
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40.
41.
42.
43. Energy Crisis And The Uk
Energy crisis in the UK
The United Kingdom is in the midst of a power shortage with fossil fuels running low and the
closure of the coal mines and ageing nuclear power stations. In the upcoming winter months parts of
the UK are likely to have "power blackouts.
The UK is struggling to supply the vast amount of energy needed and it is said that supplies sre
likely to be close to running out asoon as the winter 2015. The demand for energy is higher than the
supply.
National Grid and Ofgem have recently warned the government of the increased risk of potential
power shortages, particularly in 2015/16. To comply with the EU Large Combustion Plan Directive
(LCPD), a significant number of coal–and oil–fired power plants are due to close by the end ...
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Power station Operator Capacity (GW) Expected closure date
Coal
Cockenzie ScottishPower 1.2 By 2015
Didcot A RWE npower 2.0 By 2015
Ferrybridge Scottish and Southern Energy 1.0 By 2015
Ironbridge E.ON UK 1.0 By 2015
Kingsnorth E.ON UK 2.0 By 2015
Tilbury RWE npower 1.1 By 2015
Oil
Fawley RWE npower 1.2 By 2015
Grain E.ON UK 2.0 By 2015
Littlebrook RWE npower 1.0 By 2015
Nuclear (Magnox)
Oldbury NDA 0.4 2011
Wylfa NDA 1.0 2012
Nuclear (AGR)
Hartlepool British Energy 1.2 2014
Heysham 1 British Energy 1.2 2014
Hinkley Point B British Energy 0.8 2016
Hunterston B British Energy 0.9 2016
Dungeness B British Energy 1.0 2018
Heysham 2 British Energy 1.2 2023
Torness British Energy 1.2 2023
44. The drastic closure of coal and nuclear power stations has reduced the supply available for the UK
consumer, causing a cost crisis. Prices of electricity and gas have increased for most of the last
decade, road fuel for most of the past two decades. This has had an impact on industrial and
economic growth.Energy prices are projected to remain high or increase for many reasons.The UK
output is declining as power stations are being closed and costly measures are put in place to cut
carbon emissions . Energy companies are investing large sums of money into renewable energy.
Ofgem's Supply Market Indicators (SMIs), published on September 2013 confirmed electricity
prices have increased over the last two years by 7%, driven primarily by a 17% increase in
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45.
46.
47.
48. Financial Reporting, Financial Statement Analysis and...
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL REPORTING, FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS, AND
VALUATION
Solutions to Questions, Exercises, and Problems, and Teaching Notes to Cases
1. Value Chain Analysis Applied to the Timber and Timber Products Industry. Exhibit 1.A below
contains a depiction of the value chain. The links in the value chain are as follows:
1. Timber Tracts: Plant and maintain timber tracts (Weyerhaeuser) 2. Logging: Harvests timber
(Weyerhaeuser) a. Sawmills: Cut timber into various grades of wood (Weyerhaeuser) b. Pulp and
Paper Manufacturing: Grinds timber into pulp and converts the pulp into various grades of paper
and cardboard (International Paper) a. Intermediate Users of Wood: ... Show more content on
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Manufacturing. The manufacturing process is labor–intensive. The manufacturing process is
relatively simple, and firms source their apparel from Asia, which has low wages.
Marketing. Because of the large number of suppliers selling similar products, apparel–retail firms
must stimulate demand with attractive store layouts, colorful product offerings, and various sales
promotions.
Investing and Financing. Firms must finance inventory, usually with a combination of supplier and
bank financing. The risk of inventory obsolescence is somewhat high if the product offerings in a
particular season do not sell. Firms tend to rent retail space in shopping malls, so they need to
engage in extensive long–term borrowing.
4. Identification of Commodity Businesses.
Dell. Dell's products–computers, servers and printers–are commodities. Dell tends not to develop
the technologies underlying these products. Instead, it purchases the components from firms that
develop the technologies (semiconductors and computer software). Dell's direct–to–customer
marketing strategy is not unique, but the extent to which Dell performs this strategy better than
anyone else in the industry gives it a competitive advantage. Its size, purchasing power, quality
control, and efficiency permit it to operate as a low–cost provider.
53. Case 1 Fordlandia
FORDLANDIA CASE Titre du document – page 1 OVERVIEW OF FIRST 2 CASE STUDY
SESSIONS Fordlandia – CSR in an international context – Integration–Responsiveness framework
– Integrated Social Contract theory Sialkot – Child labour as a CSR challenge – Stakeholder theory
– CSR in the context of global governance Learning objectives – To reflect on the context–specific
nature of sustainability – To discuss CSR in the context of international development – To
appreciate international CSR as a complex management challenge Titre du document – page 2
FORDLANDIA CASE – SESSION STRUCTURE – Group work (1) – Group presentations (1) –
Short(ish) lecture – Group work (2) – Group presentations (2) – Wrap–up Titre du document – page
3 4 1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Business Machines Pakistan Chile Siemens Carrefour Philippines Algeria Hitachi Assicurazioni
Generali Matsushita Electric Industrial McKesson Honda Motor 97,384 96,293 96,115 94,105
91,493 90,382 86,429 84,649 83,994 83,268 81,078 80,515 80,487 Hewlett–Packard Nissan Motor
Fortis Egypt, Arab Rep. Sinopec Berkshire Hathaway ENI Romania Home Depot Aviva HSBC
Holdings Nigeria Deutsche Telekom Verizon Communications Samsung Electronics State Grid
United Arab Emirates Peugeot Metro Nestlé U.S. Postal Service BNP Paribas Peru China National
Petroleum Sony Ukraine 79,905 79,800 75,518 75,148 75,077 74,382 74,228 73,167 73,094 73,025
72,550 72,106 71,989 71,563 71,556 71,290 70,960 70,642 70,159 69,826 68,996 68,654 68,395
67,724 66,618 65,149 Rank 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Country/Corporation Cardinal Health Royal Ahold
Altria Group Pemex GDP/Revenue $ millions 65,131 64,676 64,440 63,691 Bank of America Corp.
Vodafone Tesco 63,324 62,971 62,459 Munich Re Group Nippon Life Insurance Fiat Royal Bank of
Scotland 60,706 60,521 59,973 59,750 Zurich Financial Services Crédit Agricole Credit Suisse State
Farm Insurance Cos France Télécom Électricité De France J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. UBS
Bangladesh Kroger Deutsche Bank E.ON Deutsche Post 59,678 59,054 58,825 58,819 58,652
58,367
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54.
55.
56.
57. New Technology Ventures : Assignment 1
New Technology Ventures – Assignment 1
Angela Ririe
Piclo, the eBay for renewable energy
"Distributed renewables and smart grid technologies are the future. We're challenging the energy
industry and reinventing how things are done. We've built Piclo – an online Peer–to–Peer Energy
Marketplace that lets people buy and sell energy directly." (Openutility.com, 2016)
The Idea
Piclo, the UK's first online marketplace for renewable energy has been developed by Open Utility (a
London based innovative energy start–up) in collaboration with Good Energy a 100% renewable
electricity supplier.
At present 7% of the UK's electricity is produced from renewable sources and this percentage is
expected to grow to 30% by 2020 as a result of EU targets. ... Show more content on
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Piclo's granular analytics can help companies shift demand away from peak times and simplify
sustainability reporting
For energy generators: At present the only way companies that generate their own power can
monetise excess capacity is to sell it back to the grid on a Feed–in Tariff (FiT) basis. Piclo will
provide these companies with a dynamic online market where they are able to control exactly who
they sell power to and at what price. The platform should enable smaller generators to get better
prices for power than they would currently be able to achieve through FiT. Piclo's analytics tools
will provide generators with information on the current energy market and demand levels at
different price points. Producers will also be able to market the story behind their project and have
the ability to offer different prices to different buyers – for example offering lower pricing to local
businesses.
To keep the system in balance the company have developed "energy matching technology" that
matches demand and supply every 30 minutes with Good Energy providing additional 100%
renewable power or buying surplus power if required. Good Energy also provides Piclo with
assistance with billing and meeting regulatory requirements.
58. Figure 1: How Piclo works
Source:
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59.
60.
61.
62. How to Reduce Carbon Emissions to Comply with New UK Law...
1.0 Executive Summary
Climate change has been a major topic of debate in the UK over the recent years. The need to reduce
the impact of CO2 and other Green House Gases (GHG) on the environment has pushed the UK
Government to enact legislations (e.g. Climate Change Act 2008) and impose strict regulations on
businesses to reduce emissions. These actions have forced businesses across a wide range of
industrial sectors to rethink and rework their strategies of utilising energy, transport and land in an
efficient manner, which in turn has lead to innovative and at the same time simple yet effective
methods to reduce carbon emissions.
The purpose of this report is to explain in brief to the Senior Management of a hypothetical supply
chain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Lee (2011), sourcing from suppliers have an indirect effect on the carbon footprint of
the supply chain (See Figure 1) , and companies like Marks and Spencer (M&S) and Tesco have
managed relatively well to reduce their indirect carbon footprint.
M&S, one of UK's leading retailers has a very successful sustainability plan called Plan A. Under
Plan A, the company has 180 commitments for sustainability out of which 49 commitments involve
partnering with suppliers to reduce indirect carbon emissions and develop best practices (M&S 2012
Plan A Report).
Figure 1: Direct vs indirect effects of carbon footprint in the supply chain Source: Lee, 2011
M&S is encouraging its top 100 clothing suppliers to install energy efficient lighting, insulation and
temperature controls, to reduce their energy usage by an estimated 10 % by 2015. Already 17 of its
suppliers have achieved their targets and the rest are underway. M&S food division sources hundred
per cent of its meat, fish ,egg and milk needs from the UK and Republic of Ireland reducing the
need for imports. M&S worked closely with Carbon Trust (A world leading consultancy helping
businesses, government and public sector to reduce carbon emissions) to identify bottlenecks in its
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63.
64.
65.
66. The Vision Of Pavegen By Laurence Kemball Cook Provides A...
Introduction
The company founded in 2009 by Laurence Kemball–Cook provides a multifunctional flooring
system. The vision of Pavegen is to redefine sustainability in the fabricated environment, with the
formation of a spearheading flooring innovation that creates power from footsteps and captures
information. Urban areas are developing at a rate of 1.5 million individuals consistently and by
2025, up to 40 urban communities will have a populace more prominent than 10 million. The
innovation can interface and enable groups over the globe, using the power of footsteps to add to a
more prominent natural objective. This technology can expect to enhance the information driven
keen urban communities and rouse future eras to enhance the renewable vitality blend of tomorrow
(Pavegen, 2016).
One of the most important tasks for entrepreneurs is the identification and evaluation of
opportunities. Examining social, technological, economic, environmental, political, legal, ethical
and demographical aim can margin to the recognition of emerging needs whilst good opportunities
address critical market needs. Pavegen presents an attractive business opportunity as it addresses the
market needs and identifies the emerging needs. The European market was in need of renewable
energy and companies would ultimately benefit from the long term economic pros.
Attractive Opportunity
Opportunities are those that people have transformed into beneficial and working
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67.
68.
69.
70. Delivering Sustainable Development For The Uk
Delivering Sustainable Development in the UK
Sustainable construction must be considered as the proper response to the ongoing practices that are
currently applied in the construction industry to deliver its products. A study carried out by BREA
and AEAT reveals that only "in England, construction, demolition and refurbishment activities
produce around 33% of all waste"; furthermore, "around 380 million tonnes of resources are
consumed by the construction industry each year" (BRE; AEAT, 2012). The scope of the negative
impact the construction industry is having upon the environment through processes such as the
acquiring of materials, the procedures undertaken to develop products and their eventual deposition,
became a UK government must–solve issue. Tony Blair, as a reply to the global scientific consensus
of climate change being a result of human activity stated that "we can move the debate from whether
there is a problem to how to deal with it" (HM Government, 2011).
Accordingly, the government decided to address this issue by creating a plan to tackle it locally and,
eventually, globally. The implementation of new principles and strategies to proceed towards
sustainability in documents like Meeting the Energy Challenge: A White Paper on Energy (2007),
Securing the Future (2005) and alike, that attempt to drive the industry towards sustainable products,
are an evidence of the government's active agenda to address the problem. In addition, schemes as
CRC Energy
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71.
72.
73.
74. Economics
1. Question 1
The short run is when at least one factor of production is in fixed supply. The law of diminishing
marginal returns is a law, which state that if one factor of production is increase while other factors
are in a fixed number like capital, change in total output will first rise and then fall.
This law can impact the marginal cost, which is the change in total costs from increasing output by
one extra unit.
The formula for MC is 'change in total cost divided by change in quantity'.
Therefore if the variable unit of production is increased, there comes a point where it will become
less productive and therefore there will eventually be a decreasing marginal and then average total
cost.
That means that the MC falls due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover the structure of the six larger suppliers is characterized by a high degree of vertical
integration between generation and supply that could possibly weaken competition.
Furthermore the suppliers decide whether to increase or decrease their prices relating to the raise or
fall of cost.
Moreover their oligopolistic manner caused a lack of market competition, prices are rising and
energy company profits are growing despite a sharp fall in the wholesale cost of Energy.
5. Question 5
Perfect competition where there are very many firms competing.
In order that a market is like so there are some characteristics that the market should possess.
First of all there must be many buyers and sellers and none of them can be large enough to have any
influence over the market price, which means no oligopolies or monopolies.
Moreover there must be no barriers to entry in order that firms must have complete freedom of entry
and exit.
Furthermore the goods being sold must be homogenous in nature, which means that the product has
similar characteristics and quality of the competitor product.
Moreover another characteristic of the perfect competition market is Perfect information, which
means every firm as a good knowledge of the market.
Therefore, if a firm is able to make supernormal profits, which is any profit above normal profit,
other firms will be aware of this fact. Because there are no barriers to entry, firms will be
encouraged
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75.
76.
77.
78. Exploring Corporate Strategy
ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007
11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The
main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen
to enlarge specific issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public
sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to
extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of specific
organisations in much greater depth – and often providing 'solutions' to some of the problems or
difficulties identified in the case. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pharmaceutical Industry – global forces at work in the ethical pharmaceutical industry. TUI –
competitive forces in the travel industry. HiFi – how can small players survive changing markets?
Amazon (B) – latest developments in a successful dot.com. Formula One – developing the
capabilities for competitive success in a hi–tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations
in the football world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a global not–for–profit organisation
with a mission. Bayer MS –
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79.
80.
81.
82. Financial Globalization and Risk Essay
Introduction:
From the beginning of the 1990s, the global financial system has entered a phase of unprecedented
restructuring, marked by the increasing integration of financial markets and increased economic
interdependence. This process, known under the name of financial globalization allows companies
better access to financing, offers investors a greater possibility of investment and thus increases the
liquidity of the global economy.
However, this financial globalization has enormous risks. Indeed, creating an interconnection
between national financial systems, it facilitates the transmission of shocks, contagion . Thus, a local
imbalance turns immediately into a systemic crisis as shown by the recent financial crisis.
Disruption in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Basel committee was established by the central bank governors 40 years ago and since tried to
strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector. The Basel 3 is
basically rules built on top of the Basel 2 and 1 framework and contains primarily 5 key
improvements that will be explained in details further down the project. Basel 1 and 2 will shortly
be explained but the main focus will be on the Basel 3.
The bursting of the housing bubble in 2007 and the crisis that ensued highlighted the shortcomings
of the banking regulation and forced the international authorities to consider a new agreement on it.
Thus the Basel Committee decided to force banks to implement this new agreement.
Problem area:
Basel III establishes a set of standards for the implementation of a liquidity ratio for international
banks , a leverage ratio , counter–cyclical measures , a redefinition of equity and a review of the
coverage of certain risks . This set of standards will help to strengthen the resilience of the financial
and banking sector in anticipation of further financial and economic stress , regardless of the source.
All of its new measures that the Basel Committee has developed to strengthen the regulation,
supervision and risk management in the banking sector aims to strengthen transparency and
communication within banks,
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83.
84.
85.
86. Sustainability And Sustainability Project : Deutsche Bank
Sustainability Project Current trends suggest that sustainability is a topic of increasing importance
for organizations. Consequently, institutions within the financial services industry and elsewhere are
following the momentum by allocating resources to sustainability programs. The Deutsche Bank is
one of the institutions engaging in these changes. The institution was founded in 1870 in Berlin,
Germany, by Adelbert Delbrück. The bank is a well–established company and operates worldwide.
With their high reputation of service and integrity, the company makes information such as annual
report publicly available. (Deutsche Bank, AG, 2014)
By being successful, they manage to create projects on a variety of fronts, from social initiatives to
ones that involve the environmental and sustainability spheres. Deutsche Bank currently is involved
in three major sustainable projects: Solar Impulse, Desertec and Get Fit. Among all of the programs
in which the bank is involved, the Desertec initiative represents the one that best fits the company's
mission and Corporate Social Resposibility (CSR) program while being in alignment with the
company's triple bottom line. (Deutsche Bank, AG, 2014)
Deutsche Bank started collaborating with eleven other companies and the Desertec Foundation to
bring the Desertec vision to Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa (EUMENA). The main
vision of Desertec is to supply renewable, clean energy to as many people and businesses as possible
from deserts
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87.
88.
89.
90. How Did European Laws Influence Employment Law
Employment law has evolved over the years and as it is strongly influenced by European Law it is
becoming more and more complex. It can be described as a set of rules enforced by the State
through the courts. Its aim is to regulate the activities of organisations by providing to them a
framework of rules. In the UK there are 3 main sources of Law;
Common Law
Statute Law
European Legislation – consisting of; regulations, decisions, recommendations and directives.
The most important source of law governing industrial relations is 'legislation' which is enacted by
Parliament. Legislation can allow a Minister or a statutory body to issue Codes of Practice (CoP),
most relevant CoP are issued by ACAS, Equality, Human Rights Commission, Information
Commission and the Secretary of State. In the UK our case law approach means that we are bound
by the decisions of judges in higher courts however UK courts must follow the decisions and
guidance given by the Court of Justice of the European Union as European Law does take
precedence over Domestic law.
The use of Social Media continues to evolve at a rapid pace, there is however no legal statute which
can be referred to when we discuss 'Social Media' or legal principles from which we can ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case although the employer had known about inappropriate comments Mr Smith had posted
on Facebook they had failed to take any action until two years later. The courts ruled that the
dismissal for gross misconduct was fair and that BWB had not lost the opportunity to dismiss by
failing to take action when they were first aware of the comments being posted. The case shows that
comments posted in the past can still be potentially used to take action for Gross Misconduct under
the Disciplinary Procedure and infers that there is no time limit for when an organisation can take
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98. Scm in Petroleum Industry
International Journal of Global Logistics & Supply Chain Management. Vol. 1, No. 2, 1 November
2006, 90 – 97.
Supply Chain Management in the Petroleum Industry: Challenges and Opportunities
RAED HUSSAIN
Department of Quantitative Methods & Information Systems, Kuwait University, Kuwait
TIRAVAT ASSAVAPOKEE
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
BASHEER KHUMAWALA
Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Supply chain management in the petroleum industry contains various challenges, specifically in the
logistics area, that are not present in most other industries. These logistical challenges are a major
influence on the cost of oil and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Opening new production sites or distribution centers closer to dispersed customers is one way to
reduce the lead time and transportation costs. However, the acquisition of such facilities in the oil
and petrochemical industries, if feasible, is typically very costly and often results in higher inventory
and operating costs (Hebert, 2004). Red Cavaney, president of the American Petroleum Institute,
said "Most companies are unlikely to undertake the significant investment needed to even begin the
process" (Hebert, 2004) These factors are pushing oil and petrochemicals companies to either absorb
the increase in costs or pass the costs on to customers who are already facing increasing prices.
Companies therefore have recognized that improved supply chain efficiencies represent a huge area
for cost savings, specifically in the logistics area; they are estimated to be an average between 10
and 20 percent of revenues (Hamilton, 2003). Also, companies believe that the supply chain in
which they participate as customers and suppliers is what creates competition rather than individual
companies (Whitfield, 2004; Lange, 2004; Morton, 2003; Bianchi, 2003; Collins, 1999; Coia, 1999).
Despite the importance of the petroleum industry in our daily life and the operational challenges it
involves, unfortunately the topic has received very little attention in operations and supply chain
management literature. The objective of this paper,
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99.
100.
101.
102. Ukrainian
Russian–Ukraininan gas crisis
[pic]
Economic Geography Essay
Introduction
In 2004, Gazprom exported around 150 Billion cubic metres of gas to 22 European countries. In a
Europe of 35 countries, Russian gas accounted for nearly 40% of total imports and 28% of gas
demand in that year. All Russian gas exports to Europe
(except deliveries to Finland and the portion of Turkish exports delivered via the Blue
Stream pipeline) transit through three countries: Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova.
Ukraine holds the pivotal geographical position with more than 80% of Russian gas exports to
Europe delivered via that country in 2004.
During the 1990s, the Ukrainian/Russian gas relationship was characterised by:
Ukrainian inability to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several member states as Bulgaria and Slovakia were without any gas. 27th January 2009: Nabucco
summit in Budapest. 28th January 2009: The European Parliament separate 250 million Euros for
Nabucco project, and in all, would support the strategic energy–investments with 1,5 billion Euros
Russian ambitions
The events of January 2009 was finally proven that from the power sources Russia may forge not
only a political capital, but also able to influence union decision making on an extraordinary manner
with this, mostly with the „devide and conquer" tactic. As a result of the inflow oil dollars in the past
years Russia confirmed its positon on the European energy market significantly. The country made
investments additional not just in the transportation infrastructure, but gave your unambiguous
signs, that wants to hold its monopol position in the market. Because of this they try to interfere that
the European Union could get energy from somwhere else – to sidestep
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107. 96
96 97 101 102 106 110 114
CONTENTS
ix
8 Merger Arbitrage: An Introduction
Greg N. Gregoriou and François–Serge Lhabitant 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Merger arbitrage: the strategy
8.3 Key sources of merger arbitrage risk 8.4 Historical performance 8.5 Conclusion
118
118 119 128 132 136
9 The Impact of Cross–Border Mergers and Acquisitions on Financial Analysts' Forecasts: Evidence
from the Canadian Stock Market
Alain Coën, Aurélie Desfleurs and Claude Francoeur 9.1 9.2 9.3 Introduction Conceptual framework
Measures of financial analysts' forecast errors and data 9.4 Empirical results and analysis 9.5
Conclusion
139
139 141 142 145 151
10 The Economic Analysis of US Antitrust Merger Law
Germán Coloma 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Introduction Theoretical literature Statute and case law
Empirical studies Conclusion
155
155 156 160 163 165
11
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108.
109.
110.
111. E-Service Quality Essay
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The main objectives of this report were to:
1. Evaluate and compare the e–service quality of five websites in the utilities sector on the
dimensions of control, two–way communication and responsiveness on the basis of a given
questionnaire. The companies examined were British Gas, Scottish Power, Scottish Hydro Electric,
EDF Energy and E.ON Energy.
2. Critique the content of the questionnaire, developing an argument for why the questionnaire is
comprehensive, or how it can be improved by deleting and/or adding dimensions to assess e–service
quality.
To begin addressing these objectives, secondary research was carried out in order to gain a sound
understanding of e–service quality concept and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References...................................................................................................................10
7. Appendices..................................................................................................................12
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of e–Service Quality
E–service quality (e–SQ) is a study of the quality of service received over the internet. This can be
defined as the extent to which a website facilitates efficient and effective shopping, purchasing and
delivery (Zeithaml et al., 2000).
Over the next four years, it is estimated that the number of online buyers in the UK will rise by over
half of the UK's current population, from 26.9 million to 31.8 million (marketresearch.com).
Clearly, this is a very large and profitable market, with businesses securing increasing numbers of
sales online each year (British Retail Consortium). Higher website quality leads to higher
profitability levels (Vanitha et al, 1999), therefore having an efficient and effective website is crucial
for obtaining sales, and e–SQ is a major factor in securing customer loyalty (Cristobal et al, 2007).
Some academic researchers have created comprehensive scales to measure e–SQ. Since
SERVQUAL is the definitive measurement of service quality (Wilson et al, 2008), it stands to
reason that many scales measuring e–SQ would be based
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112.
113.
114.
115. Economic Integration
An economic integration, established on global, continental or regional level, is not a newborn
phenomenon. Ever since the voyages of Marco Polo in 1260, (Latham, 1958) the collaboration and
integration of world economies– through trade, movements of factors of production and
transmission of economically effective knowledge and technology– has been continuously
increasing. (Masson, 2000) The overall process of globalisation and economic integration has been
in most cases globally beneficial, but alongside winners it had also created losers, and the
progression of economic integration has neither always advanced smoothly nor has it been
advantageous to all whom it had affected. The ideas and their implementation leading towards
greater ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Dearden & McDonald, 2005) Suranovic emphasizes the importance of effectiveness of
communication between all integrated countries and also focuses his attention on the coordination of
their trade, fiscal and monetary policies. (Suranovic, 1998)
Tinbergen in his 'International Economic Integration' recognized two integrational dimensions and
identified them as negative and positive. Negative integration, generally less complicated to reach
than the positive, eradicates the measures used by states to obstruct the free flow of economic
resources between integrated countries, while the positive integration involves alteration of already
existing economic and political instruments and permits international markets to operate more
effectively. (Tinbergen, 1965) Example of implementation of the negative dimension could be found
in the early stages of the European Union, which, by employing the positive approach, reached the
'higher' levels of the economic integration. (Banchoff & Smith, 1999) It is very seldom that
countries involved in the process of integration actually follow a certain pattern, (Holden, 2003)
however, there are several formally recognisable phases of
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116.
117.
118.
119. Modern Lifestyle Is Completely Dependent On Reliable...
Modern lifestyle is completely dependent on reliable energy supply. We cannot imagine world, its
further development and constant economic growth without security of energy supply. But new
reserves of fossil fuels are becoming more difficult to find, what makes energy industry to invest in
and use unconventional resources such as shale gas and oil sands. Prices of oil, gas and energy itself
will get higher but the demand of energy does not seem to decrease. What is more, the European
Union hence the United Kingdom set themselves ambitious targets of reduction in greenhouse gas
emission. The initiative includes, inter alia, raising the share of energy consumption produced by
renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass. The British Government implemented
few policies to promote generation of electricity from renewable sources: Non–Fossil Fuel
Obligation (1990), the Renewables (Scotland) Obligation (2002) and the Renewable Energy Feed–in
Tariff (2010). The UK government's policies such as FITs scheme encourage consumers to produce
renewable energy from micro–generators. It is being achieved by offering long–term contracts for
energy generated from renewable sources. It accelerates technological development but also the
number of new micro–generators connected to the grid therefore percentage of renewable energy
supplied into the grid.
The new UK's power supply mix may implicate new engineering challenges that we will have to
face in the future. One of these
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120.
121.
122.
123. Reactive Power Support And Control For Wind Farms
Reactive Power Support and control for Wind Farms
Ashish Mishra (R11324429)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University
Final term Paper for ECE 5343 – Power Systems Engineering
Abstract: This report contains details on the reactive power compensation techniques for fixed–
speed wind turbines as well as the inherent reactive power support provided by the variable–speed
wind turbines. This paper also reviews the latest grid codes and requirements for reactive power
support by wind farms. In the end this paper provides quantitative calculations for determining the
reactive power compensation needed for unity power factor operation by a fixed–speed squirrel cage
induction generator based wind turbines.
Keywords: Reactive power support, fixed speed, variable speed, Wind Turbine, Grid code
1. Introduction Since the last decade, there has been an increased growth in the electricity
production through wind power [8]. Such increasing penetration levels of wind power in to the total
generation mix has raised several concerns to the transmission system operators. Some of the issues
related to large scale grid integration of wind power causing concern to the transmission system
operators are low voltage fault through capability, voltage support during large disturbances and
unity power factor operation [7]. This has made the regulators and transmission system operators to
introduce new grid standards and requirements for wind farms to make sure the
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124.
125.
126.
127. Hnd Judge How the Business and Cultural Environments
HND Business
Birmingham Metropolitan College
Mathew Boulton Campus
Riddle of the day
A woman shoots her husband.
Then she holds him under water for over 5 minutes.
Finally, she hangs him.
But 5 minutes later they both go out together and enjoy a wonderful dinner together.
How can this be?
3.3 judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation
This builds to answer;
Judge how Lloyds TSB has been behaviour has been affected by political, economic, social,
technical, legal, and environmental pressures.
Industrial concentration
Over the last 100 years the size of firms has generally been increasing.
50 years ago in the UK most shops were privately owned and supplied the local area, however ...
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These firms usually produce the same goods and are usually at least to some extent in direct
competition with each other.
Motives for horizontal mergers
Greater efficiency, for example getting rid of duplicated management roles
Greater use of staff, under–utilised staff might be used at another plant or location
Greater control of the market
Greater combined buying power, therefore gain economies through bulk buying.
Job saving, redundancies almost always follow mergers, and this creates cost savings for the new
organisation
Eliminate competition; what better way to eliminate a competitor than to merge with them, this
helps reduce down competition and mean price competition is reduced. (We have seen how
governments may oppose this)
Increase market share, you will gain new customers, possibly in locations where you didn't have any
128. before
Examples of horizontal mergers
P & O and Stena Line merged in November 1997 saving 1000 out of a combined workforce of
5000
Commercial Union and General Accident merged, the merger caused nearly 3000 redundancies
Lateral mergers
Lateral mergers are where two firms that are at the same stage of production, but where the products
do not directly compete.
For example a brewery with a soft drinks
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129.
130.
131.
132. Ebsilon Professional
EBSILON®Professional The Planning Tool for the Power Plant Process www.steag–
energyservices.com EBSILON®Professional – The Planning Tool for the Power Plant Process
EBSILON®Professional is a simulation system for thermodynamic cycle processes that is used for
plant planning, design and optimization. Maximize the benefits of repowering and retrofitting
measures by simulating them in EBSILON®Professional. Design a performance–optimized plant
for your application scenario by introducing specific parameters into the model. Calculate the effects
of component degradation, various load cases and changes in environmental conditions. Simulate
the operation of newly developed components in a cycle. 2 Precise planning is the basis for a ...
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G G G G The component library of EBSILON®Professional contains components both for all
typical power plant processes and for specific applications like desalination plants, solar power
plants, chiller or fuel cell applications. The components are adjusted to the actual performance
behavior by means of parameters and characteristics. The modeling options can be expanded as
required with the help of programmable components. G G G G Logic components: controllers signal
transformers calculation modules efficiency meters etc. G G G G Continuous maintenance and
further development of the component library ensure that at all times the latest technical applications
can be modeled in EBSILON®Professional. G Individual components: Kernel scripting DLL–
programmable component G G 8 Processes in T,s–Diagram Report in MS Excel Display and
Analysis of Results EBSILON®Professional offers numerous ways to display the results of the
simulations. These include text fields and value crosses for displaying the results in the model as
well as the representation of the processes in state diagrams. Export to MS Excel allows to further
process the simulation results easily. G G G G G Value crosses, text and alarm fields in the model
Simulation reports in MS Excel State diagrams: q,T; h,s; h, xi; T,s; log(p),h Convergence and
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133.
134.
135.
136. Europe 's Dependence On Russia
Europe faces a number of challenges when addressing its future energy needs. Increasing global
demand and competition for energy resources, instability in energy producing regions such as the
Middle East, and a population increasingly concerned with climate change are all challenges facing
Europe. As a result, energy security has become a critical issue for the European Union (EU).
To address some of these issues, Europe has turned to natural gas. Collectively, Europe is a major
importer of natural gas, and Russia is one of Europe's most important natural gas suppliers. Natural
gas consumption in Europe is going to continue to grow, especially as climate change issues become
more prominent. Yet, domestic natural gas production is likely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
to export LNG the European Union, specifically Germany, as a way to replace Russian natural gas
in a time of crisis? If so, would either party need to build out infrastructure to accommodate U.S.
LNG exports? What effect would U.S. LNG exports have on global natural gas supplies and prices?
The remainder of this paper will be structured as follows. The first section will outline Europe's, and
more specifically Germany's, natural gas needs and how much U.S. LNG would need to be exported
to replace German imports of Russian natural gas. Following that, a review of the current European
capacity and infrastructure will show that the E.U. could receive U.S. LNG in a crisis. After that, I
will examine the U.S.' LNG infrastructure and export policy. I will argue that the problem with U.S.
LNG exports to Europe is not due to a lack of capacity or infrastructure, but rather dated export
policy. To be effective in providing energy security to the E.U. in a crisis, the U.S. will need to make
policy changes. Finally, given that the U.S. will soon begin exporting LNG, the last section will
analyze what effect U.S. exports will have on the global natural gas supply and the effect of non–
crisis European demand for Russian natural gas.
European Natural Gas Needs
First, how much natural gas does Europe import from Russia? European dependence on gas varies
by country. In 2013, roughly 33 percent of Italy's energy needs are met with imported natural gas,
and Germany was
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137.
138.
139.
140. Coal Energy in Germany
Germany's Energy Producers The largest energy producer in Germany is the RWE Company that
mainly burns lignite and hard coal to generate electricity. The company's head office is located in
Essen, Northrhine–Westphalia. The company has large open lignite pit mines and has been recorded
as the largest greenhouse gas emitter in Europe. In 2012 alone, RWE's hard coal imports from
Columbia amounted to 29%, 18.5% came from Russia, 12% from the U.S. and 4.5% from South
Africa. The second largest energy producer is E.ON that also largely uses coal to generate power.
The company in 2012 imported 39% of all its hard coal resources from Columbia, 28% from U.S.,
22% from Russian, and 5% from South Africa. The third largest energy producer in Germany is
STEAG, which is owned and managed by seven municipalities in the Northrhine–Westphalia
region. The company almost exclusively uses hard coal to producer electrical energy, making had
coal imports from USA, Russia, Columbia, South Africa and Poland. EnBW has a 12% stake in
renewable energy sources, but it largely operates hard coal power plants. The company's sources of
hard coal in 2012 were Russia with 30%, USA with 24% and Columbia with 23% and 12.2% from
South Africa. Lastly, Vattenfall is the fifth energy producer in Germany, largely running on coal–
fired power plants in Berlin and Hamburg. The company is the owner of the largest hard coal power
plant located in Hamburg, Moorburg. In 2012, 40% of the hard coal in the company
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