Selection And Implementation Of An Enterprise Maturity...

Selection and Implementation of an Enterprise Maturity...
Abstract – This paper tries to determine the possible options as enterprise maturity models for
software houses in Pakistan. Some characteristics of small Pakistani software houses are provided
which affect implementation of a maturity model. Some possible problems are identified in the
implementation of the best maturity model and some solutions are also provided. I.
INTRODUCTION In last 15 years, information technology has developed at an outstanding rate
throughput the world including Pakistan. This development of information technology also requires
the development and use of large and complex software solutions. These solutions are provided by
different software houses found mostly in the developing countries. Due to the ... Show more
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In this paper we will consider the small companies, having 1 to 25 employees. III.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL ENTERPRISES Enterprises that have obtained ISO–
9000/CMM/CMMI certifications are mainly large and medium–sized ones, but around 90% of
Pakistan's software enterprises are small–sized ones with less than 25 staff [1]. The characteristics of
these small–sized companies can be compared with their Chinese counterparts that possess these
characteristics: Firstly, small–scale, creative, and flexible; Secondly, most persons are the so called
all–rounders. Most of them are technology developers who become managers giving some attention
to management. They include team leads and project managers. They do coding, 'manage' projects
or products life cycle and junior developers. Not only but also they are supposed to test the products
as well. In this way experienced and specialized management staffs are rare. Thirdly, it is easy to
communicate between staffs, but the degree of documentation is not enough and the projects'
supervisions and requirements are mainly made through communication. Most of the time they
follow agile SDLC methodology and client has to keep in direct contact with the developer.
Fourthly, quality awareness is weak. Most persons pay attention to the function of products rather
than quality and
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Compare Waterfall And Spiral Life Cycle Model
CTEC2121 Organisations, Project Management & Research Deferred/Referred Assignment 2013/14
Student id: P11242166 Tutor: Richard Smith Date: Aug 2014 Compare the waterfall and spiral
lifecycle models discussing when it is appropriate to use the model. In this article we are going to
discuss the software development life–cycles. But first lets break down the software development
part and the life–cycle part. Software development– Software development is the whole combined
process which involves the documentation, the software programming and the fixing & testing of
the bugs that come across while building and during the maintenance of the software. Software
development life–cycle– A software development life–cycle is made up ... Show more content on
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If a product that is required for constructing the system but for some reason it is not available or not
known, then it can be added to the system in the later stages whenever it is sourced. This makes the
system more flexible in terms of designing and modifying. This model consists of a vast utilisation
of prototypes. Multiple versions of the same system are released along the different stages of the
spiral which makes it easy to maintain and ensures a exponential growth in the quality of the
product. Since there are a lot of stages involved in the spiral model, there is a lot of documentation
to be done at each spiral of every phase. This makes it easy to understand and implement the
requirements which leads to a successful final product. Once a concept model is complete after the
first spiral, the customers get to use the software for review purposes. This happens at a very early
stage. The work of the project can be divided into small sections(units). The Units that are classified
as high risk can be dealt earlier on in the project so that the team is ensured of minimum risk in the
later stages of the project.

Abstract Capabilities Maturity Model And Development Of...
Abstract–Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is an important model for software industry to evaluate
the capability maturity of a software organization. It means through the CMM model, ability or
productivity of software organization is measurable and we can choose better software development
organization for our software projects How does this model be built, and how could we use this
model to evaluate a software organization? In this research paper, I will present the history of
Capability Maturity Model first and then present my initial findings about CMM. And this paper
will also give details of my research approach for CMM, research hypothesis, and research
conclusion. By compare and contrast with the CMM model and development of modern software
industry, finally I will try to give my modern approach for evaluating capability of software
organization. keywords–Capability Evaluation; CMM；Capability Maturity Model; software
development organization; software process improvement; maturity level; software capability
evaluation.
I. Introduction
In recently years, With the developments of software industry and rapidly increased requirements
for software developments, hundreds and thousands of software development organizations and
companies set up nowadays. Some of software companies have a long and famous history, such as
IBM, they always give satisfied software products for users. While some software companies are set
up recently are not equipped with good ability and

Software Development Methodologies For A Rehabilitation...
Content 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Project 2. Project Aim, Objectives and Scope 2.1 Project Aim
2.2 Project Objectives 2.3 Scope 3.0 Software Development Methodologies 3.1 Waterfall
Methodology 3.2 Rapid Application Development 3.3 Agile Software Development Methodology
3.4 Methodology Evaluation 4.0 Resources 4.1 Hardware Resources 4.2 Software Resources 5.0
Requirements and Risks 5.1 Core and Desirable Requirements 5.2 Risks 6.0 Activity Plan 7.0
Conclusion 1.0 Introduction Each year in Northern Ireland an average of four thousand people have
strokes[1], minor and major, which affects each individual and their families. A stroke can take away
an individual's confidence and self–independence meaning the individual will need care from
medical professionals and will have to undergo rehabilitation. The rehabilitation process for stroke
patients requires the patients to attend different specialists within a hospital depending on the
severity of the stroke and the damage it has caused to the patients. The patients may need to attend
appointments with Occupational Therapists, Counsellors, Eye Specialists and Physiotherapists. 1.1
Purpose of Project A stroke patient's rehabilitation requires the patient to attend different units
within a hospital and it is difficult with the current system to monitor the movement and attendance
of a stroke patient to their appointments. This project will monitor and record the

Variants Of Unified Process
Abstract
In the past years, with the development of the society. The requirements of customers was becoming
more and more. For improving work efficiency and meeting customers' needs, the Unified Process
(UP) had to be made changes. After continuous innovation, four main variants of the Unified
Process were created.
Introduction
The Unified Process (UP) which can also be called Unified Software Development Process, is an
iterative and incremental software development framework. The customized process can be defined
from the Unified Process. Besides, the conceptual foundation of the Unified Process is architecture–
centric. In addition, the Unified Process still think that the highest–risk factors should be firstly
focused on and be solved as soon as possible by the project teams. Furthermore, the Unified Process
defines the functional requirements through using the Use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
History of the Unified Process (Ambler, 2006)
Comparison and Evaluation of Variants of Unified Process
The Definitions of the Variants of Unified Process
The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP)
The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP) is a software development framework which can use
structured and modular approaches to develop the software. It is an extension to the Rational
Unified Process (RUP) and was also developed by Scott Ambler. (Ambysoft Inc., 2015)
The Agile Unified Process (AUP)
The Agile Unified Process (AUP) is an agile version of the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It
depends on the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and use the simple and easy to understand
approaches to develop business application software. (Ambler, 2014)
The Essential Unified Process (EssUP)
The Essential Unified Process (EssUP) is an improvement version of the Rational Unified Process
(RUP). However, it always focuses on the practices in the process of software development. The
Essential Unified Process (EssUP) was invented by Ivar Jacobson. (Jacobson, Pan, & Spence, 2006)
The Open Unified Process (Open

Process Of Software Development : The Waterfall Model
In this semester, we covered three SDLC's waterfall, incremental, and integration. The waterfall
model divided the process of software development into different steps and the next step could not
be initialized until the current step was completed. Incremental development was more of an agile
development, since the processes could interleave. Integration development relies heavily on
reusable code, which focused into integrating the components into the system. GCC and CLANG
strive to give users the latest and most recent updates of their compilers. Therefore, with both being
updated so frequently, the waterfall model is not the best SDLC for either of these systems.
However, GCC or CLANG could be either incremental or integration. Both ... Show more content
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CLANG allows the public to submit changes that could become requirements, but they need to be
validated by the CFE or DEV team depending on what kind of changes need to be made. They also
have standards that need to be followed in contemplation of changes becoming requirements.
Software documentation is a key part of the system in order to give guidance of how the architecture
of the software project is made. CLANG uses doxygen to generate its documentation, since the
system is constantly changing. GCC uses their own online documentation to provide manuals and
latest releases. Both GCC and CLANG have incredibly detailed and easy to follow documentation,
which gives the user the essential information to perform any task on the compilers.
As described above in brief detail both GCC and CLANG allow the public to submit changes and
both have standards that need to be followed in order to get the changes looked at. GCC will only
commit changes if is considered a major change. They have a description on what a major change is
as well as what the process is to make a major change. CLANG provides a more thorough
explanation on what is done to validate a patch and release it to the public, which makes it better in
a way. CLANG describes the seven steps that merits a proposed extension, as well as the coding
standard that needs to be followed. Both systems have a complex way of validating changes, since
they need to guarantee that the change is not only valid but also doesn't

Market Analysis for Product Software
Market analysis for product software
Market analysis for product software consists of a number of techniques that allow an organization
to collect and disseminate information from their external environment of software products for use
in determining their market strategy and actions. For example, market analysis helps to determine
critical strategies for new software products such as time–to–market length, creating product
differentiation, creating and preserving supplier credibility, developing effective distribution
channels, forming relationships with large customers, and managing market efforts (Igel & Islam,
2001).
This topic has its roots in marketing discipline. Many types of market research techniques are used
to gather this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For consumers, psychological traits, such as risk–taker versus risk–avoider, play a great role in
major decisions by the individual (Trondsen, 1996). Many other factors play a role for corporate
buyers of product software. Businesses buy product software usually as an indirect material to help
them increase the effectiveness of their processes. Trondsen describes the corporate buying process
for product software. There is a complex interaction of individual and group goals working during
the decision–making process that are constrained by available resources (1996). A technique for
dealing with the buying process in a firm is the buying center.
Many techniques are used to provide information on customers. Some examples are: Customer
satisfaction dimensions Consumer surplus for software products Database marketing technique for
software products
Competitor Analysis for Product Software
The final major area of analysis in market analysis is the industry itself. By knowing what is
happening with competitors, a software company can adjust strategies to be more successful in the
marketplace. Companies should know about market share percentages, strength and weaknesses,
industry structure, and strategic groupings among other things to get a good picture of what the
competitive environment is like. Strategic groupings can be in the form of alliances between product
software firms.
Competitor analysis is especially important

Extreme Programming : A Successful Customer Satisfactions...
Introduction
Extreme Programming is one of the popular agile processes (Wells) and is about social changes
(Beck and Andres). XP has been proven as one of the successful customer satisfactions since it
delivers potential software that can be used, as the customer needs it. It continues to empower
developers as it focus on developing excellent programing techniques and communication (Beck
and Andres). Extreme programming includes collaborative teams in order to accomplish and solve
problems as efficient as possible (Wells). Extreme programming hav five essential ways to improve
software projects such: communication skills, simplicity, require feedback, respect and courage
(Wells). An XP programmer requires maintaining communication with customers and colleague, and
sustaining their design simple and clean (Wells). Programmers are to get feedback by testing the
software, and delivering end system product to the customers as early s possible (Wells). Lastly,
programmers respect their colleagues as they, together, courageously respond to the changing and
evolving technology (Wells).
In addition, XP has its own twelve simple rules these rules are: planning, building blocks or small
releases, standardized naming schemes, collective ownership, coding standard, simple design,
refactoring, testing, pair programming continuous integration, 40–hour workweek and on–site
customer (Hutagalung). Although XP is an improved process, more efficient and predictable, it has
its own weakness

Object Oriented View : Problem And Infrastructure Domains
Answer 8: The focus of object–oriented view is on the elaboration of design classes that belong to
both problem and infrastructure domains. Classes are elaborated by specifying messaging details,
identifying interfaces, defining attribute data structures, and describing process flow for operations.
In traditional view, three components are refined, they are control modules, domain modules, and
infrastructure modules. To generate programming language source code detailed representations of
data structures, interfaces and algorithms for each program are to be created. Answer 9: Access and
shortcut keys: Short cut keys does not contain characters from the double bite character. Bitmaps
and Icons: This functionality doesn't use text. When ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refining the design by adapting each pattern to the specific of the software you're trying to build.
Answer 11: Three dimensions of software quality are Accessibility: The degree to which software
can be used comfortably by a wide variety of people including those who require assistive
technologies like screen magnifiers or voice recognition. Compatibility: The suitability of software
for use in different environments like different operating systems, browsers, etc. Concurrency: The
ability of software to service multiple requests to the same resources at the same time. Answer 12:
Regression testing is considered as a critical part of any integration testing procedure, because if you
want to verify whether the change made did not introduce any unexpected effect. Regression testing
then verifies if that still works and implementation testing verifies if the new things work. In worst
case, regression testing will require a full blown acceptance test, and it may take much longer to test
than testing for the one or two lines of code that has changed. Modularization, good design, and
good record keeping will minimize regression testing because you may be able to argue that
particular things don't need to be retested in one area if something is changed in another area. If you
have robust code controls in place, you can argue for minimization of regression testing. Most large
shops will have an automated compilation sequence

The Agile Software Development Process Essay
Motivation Over the last several years, agile software development processes have become
increasingly popular. According to Fowler (2003), the agile software engineering processes attempt
to enable more flexible and adaptive software development than the traditional software engineering
processes offer. Agile practitioners consider documentation as an important aspect for their projects
but there is too little internal documentation available in their projects (Stettina and Heijstek, 2011).
Although the documentation is mentioned, it is not anchored in the original process that relies on
verbal communication (Schwaber and Beedle, 2001). Verbal communication is susceptible to lapses
of memory and after some time it gets progressively harder to recall design rationale. This problem
is compounded by team turnaround (Stettina and Heijstek, 2011). The main objective of
documenting a project is to instruct consumers about the structure of the system, its functionality,
operability and the design structure in case there is need to redesign the system. The primary
consumers of the design documentation are those who maintain or upgrade the system. Other
stakeholders, such as users, testers, and project managers may also need to know about the system
(Selic, B., 2009). However, according to Bran Selic, (2009) software developers do not like to
document, as it has no value for them. Even the agile manifesto, issued by the software industry's
avant–garde, proclaims "Working software

Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Life Cycle The software development life cycle is the cycle in which
software is developed. It is a process that has been improved upon as programming has expanded
and become a bigger part of computers and networking. Programming is necessary in order to
enable computers to perform in a desired manner, and those computers rely on that programming as
instructions in order to function. Since computers rely on their programming to know how to
function, the programming needs to be as efficient and flawless as possible, in order to produce ideal
results. The software development life cycle is a tool used to help achieve ideal results. The first
stage of the software development life cycle is "Analysis". This ... Show more content on
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n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process

The Capability Maturity Model
Comparison between CMM & CMMI
Term– Paper 2015 Abdul Basit Memon under the Supervision of Sugandh Wafai SZABIST
Abstract
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is used when we talk about or refers a proper process
improvement approach which contain process models. It was developed by the Software
Engineering Institute (SEI). This paper contains a background discussion of CMM. An overview of
the development by using CMM Technique, concluded summary of the models, and a proper
description of the software development process improvement models and the outcomes given by
the software suppliers; this comparison can helps us to understand the usage of CMM or CMMI, its
approach to process improvement; summarizes some of the strengths and weaknesses of the CMM;
it tells the current status of the practice and how much money you can save by investing on software
process improvement; the comparative study of the Capability Maturity Model which shelters the
using of capability maturity model, key process areas, structure of capability maturity model, staged
representation, behaviour at five different characteristics , stages, assistances, profit and difference
between CMMI and CMM. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction Capability Maturity Model isn't a process of lifecycle models. It is a way of improving
the software development quality. It was developed by Software Engineering Institute (SEI) of
Carnegie–Mellon University in 1986. II. Purpose of Using CMM The main purposes of using CMM
is to measure the quality of the software development processes of any organization and to measure
maturity of the software outcome and to identify the method of their practices of processing
software, which are required to increase the maturity of these processes. III. Staged Representation
CMM Shown in fig.1; five stages of CMM in which a company can handle its process of software
development, these stages can help to organization & manages its processes in a well–mannered

Software Engineering Is Like An Art
"Software engineering is like an art in that it begins with a problem and ends with the creation of a
solution that solves it (Blum, p.9)." Engineers grew out of the ashes of the problems of the world.
Software engineers deal with problems and maintenance in computer software. For a computer to
find a solution to anything, programs have to be designed and written into the computer using
models for the software process. Bernd Bruegge, in his presentation titled, Software Lifecycle
Models, states "a software process represents all the phases needed to create a program, from the
study of the goals leading to the objective, to the maintenance of said goals and how the phases
relate to one another." There are many different models used as guidelines to form the software
process needed to create a program, but this paper will prove how the waterfall model performs the
software process in the most reliable and user–friendly fashion. The waterfall model will be defined
and then compared to the V–model, prototype model, and Boehm's spiral model, with all aspects in
relation to software engineering. M. C. Escher's painting, "Waterfall", depicts a waterfall defying
reality by creating an infinite flow of water from a structure that seems to be realistic. Escher's
waterfall, on paper, seems to be flawless but when implied to the real world, the design is
impossible. The waterfall model used to create software processes is flawless if used properly, but if
one step is overlooked,

Waterfall Model Is Based On Sequential Process
Waterfall model is based on sequential process that is used in software development process. It takes
place in steps. It is called as waterfall because it moves step by step in downward direction. As seen
in manufacturing and construction site, each process is well structured and carried out step by step,
in software development Waterfall model carries out all phases in sequential manner. All the phases
like Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Implementation and
Maintenance are carried out in a sequential manner, step wise. It is stated that the first formal
description of Waterfall model was made in 1970 in the article written by Winston W. Royce.
Though the first use of waterfall model was made in 1976 in the article written by Bell and Thayer.
2.0 Spiral Model
2.1 Introduction & Overview [2]
Spiral model is another alternative process that is used in software development cycle. It is more
focused on risk analysis. It is based on unique risk pattern that is adopted by the software. It can
adopt any of the software development process such as incremental, evolutionary prototype and
waterfall model. This method was introduced in 1986 in paper written by Barry Boehm. This model
has four phases Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evolution. At each progress the software
project has to be passed through all these four phases. The baseline spiral is reference for each other
subsequent spirals. The baseline spiral starts with the planning

Software Development Model Under The Refactoring Method...
Abstract–The quality of software is an important topic in the development of successful software
application. Many software development methods have been applied to enhance the software
quality. The improvement of software quality can be achieved through using refactoring which
improves the internal structure of a software without changing its external behavior. However,
refactoring effects the quality attributes of software such as reusability, complexity, maintainability,
flexibility, modularity, modifiability, and understandability. Thus there is a need to proof the imprint
of refactoring on the software quality. This paper will propose a software development model under
the refactoring method concept. In addition, an evaluation will be conducted to check the
effectiveness of the reusability and modifiability quality attributes on a software development
process with and without applying the refactoring method. As a result, this study can be used by
developers to aid them in determining whether or not to apply refactoring to improve quality
attributes.
Index Terms–Refactoring, Metrics, Software Development, Software Process, eXtreme
Programming, Quality Attributes, Reusability, Modifiability.
I. INTRODUCTION Refactoring is the process of changing a software without altering its external
behavior but improves its internal structure [1]. It can be classiﬁed into internal quality attributes
such as Depth of Inheritance Tree and Coupling between Objects and into external

Object Oriented Refactoring Lifecycle Survey
Object Oriented Refactoring Lifecycle Survey K L K Pratik Rao, Himanshu Jangra, Rishika Reddy,
Harika M Computer Science & Engineering Dept., University of Texas at Arlington Arlington,
Texas, USA Klkpratik.rao@mavs.uta.edu Himanshu.jangra@mavs.uta.edu rishika@mavs.uta.edu
harika@mavs.uta.edu Abstract– Index Terms– 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RELATED WORK 2.1 Serge
Demeyer and Stephane Ducasse 's Refactoring Process This is a five step technique based on class
diagram. Step 1: Create Subclass Step 2: Move Attribute Step 3: Move Method Step 4: Split Method
+ Move Method Step 5: Clean–up The advantage of this technique is that it's easier to find elements
which are easily passed by because these elements change their position after the making ... Show
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The disadvantage point is that it makes unnecessary repeated position moving even of the optimized
element. 2.3 Process Design for Software Reuse Lee et al. proposed a four step process design for
refactoring. Step 1: Reverse Engineering Step Step 2: Target Definition Step 3: Refactoring Step
Step 4: Testing Step Fig. 1. Detailed Refactoring Step Class Performance: This work made classes
have enough attributes and enabled them to improve performance as a refining object–oriented
system by deleting unnecessary relationship of classes on applying various equipment in object–
oriented supporting for software system refining. Speed Improvement: The execution speed
improved by around 12% for common classes and 46% for core classes. 3. MOTIVATION A
software project is capable of becoming a monster of missed schedules, blown budgets and flawed
products". An approach to achieve meaningful deductions in software costs is to acquire an existing
software system as opposed to creating another particular case. Often, though, the available software
systems will not provide an exact fit for the problem at hand. Software that solves a same problem
might be available, but such software may need to be modified in some way before it can be reused.
These changes may involve restructuring the software. As the software is enhanced, modified and
adapted to new requirements, the complexity increases and

The Software Development Life Cycle
Have you ever wondered how does software developers go about creating their Software
Applications for their customers? Do you think they just make assumptions and go straight into
coding? No, software developers follow a process. In order to create that successful piece of
software, they need something to help guide them along which helps them plan, and manage the
application. So what is this process? The Software Development Life Cycle is the approach that
developers use to help aid them in creating their software product. According to DuPaul " A
software development lifecycle is essentially a series of steps or phases, that provide a model for the
development and lifecycle management of an application or piece of software". ... Show more
There are two different types of SDLC processes that can be used. You can decide to use waterfall or
agile; depending on the type of project. The difference between the two? The waterfall process is
very traditional and begins from top to bottom; a well thought plan and defined requirements. Agile
SDLC breaks up a huge project into smaller chunks and changes /adjustments are made as needed
throughout the process. Agile SDLC is usually lead by a scrum Master and is more fast paced than
waterfall ( DuPaul). The SDLC process can vary across different businesses and organizations but it
involves six stages that establish a lifecycle for software and it is essential to understand what is
involved in each step. The first step in the SDLC is the planning stage. Probably the most important
part but this is the stage where all the ideas are laid out. During this phase the objective of the
project is determined and the requirements to create the product are discussed. Also estimation is
done in this phase to see how much resource such as people and costs, and the concept for the new
product. All of this info is gathered, and analyzed to check if there is an different solution to creating
a new product. If there is no other alternative, the information is put together into a project plan and
presented to management for approval (Morris). The second phase in the SDLC is the analysis stage.
During this stage the project team

Change Of Software Development Process
There was a need to change our software development process to something that was more
transparent, collaborative and iterative. There were few options available that suited our needs
however it wasn't an over night change in methodology. We tried few options like Feature Driven
Development methodology and also for Rapid Development methodology for some user experience
focused applications. However the neither of those were successfully able to resolve effective work
partition and collaboration between teams physically located in different geographical locations.
This led us to try some other agile methodologies like Scrum and Extreme Programming. We were
successful in resolving a lot of management issues with scrum. Extreme programming ... Show more
Under Extreme programming developers would pair and only the code that is deemed best by both
the developers gets submitted to central repository. We also experimented with Test Driven
Development in Extreme programming methodology and found it very useful.
Solution Implementation
Since past two years we have been using, under the umbrella of Agile, Scrum with Extreme
programming for new application layer teams and Kanban for service layer as well as production
support teams. The implementation started with lot of training for Scrum. Not only we hired trained
scrum masters, we sponsored a lot of technical as well as business leaders to take Scrum Master or
Product Owner certification. There was task force setup to form move Agile Transformation
initiative with well–defined goals. It also took lot of real estate restructuring within our office space.
Since all the technical teams were transformed into scrum there was not need to have office
cubicles. Hence the whole floor was transformed into multi group tables where each team sat on one
table. All the developers were also provided laptops to be flexible in moving across teams if there
was need to stand up or tear down a team. Training was the key aspect to make Agile transformation
successful. There was multiple mandatory training sessions setup for all employees. Also each teams
were assigned an agile coach to ensure the concepts were clear

Development of Software Applications
Custom decision support system software application The development of software applications is
an intricate effort which can be approached from several angles. Four common approaches include
prototyping, rapid application development, object–oriented analysis and design business process
engineering. Each of these methods is characterized by distinctive features, as revealed below.
Prototyping Prototyping as an approach to software development represents a mechanism of data
visualization, characterized nevertheless by the fact that it is not, in itself, a means of creating the
actual software. Prototyping is a complementary solution to actual software development and it
allows a prototype of the future software application to be presented to stakeholders for viewing
purposes, collection of funds and so on. Prototyping is a useful planning mechanism since it allows
for the more accurate creation of estimates, deadlines and deliverables. In addition, the prototyping
approach to software also allows the software developers to access and assess the workloads and set
feasible tasks (Oxagile, 2013). Rapid application development The rapid application development
approach to the creation of software reveals an insignificant emphasis on planning as a process
integrant to software development. The developers, as such, quickly set out to create the application
(or a prototype of the application) in order to quickly possess a usable product. With rapid
application

An Organization Will Develop Stratified Software Or Good...
I. Introduction
In recently years, With the developments of software industry and rapidly increased requirements
for software developments, hundreds and thousands of software development organizations and
companies set up nowadays. Some of software companies have a long and famous history, such as
IBM, they always give satisfied software products for users. While some software companies are set
up recently are not equipped with good ability and quality. How to make difference on these
companies? How to evaluate capability of these software companies? Background search is not
enough, Software industry need more maturity and effective model to evaluate the capability of
software organizations.
To evaluate capability of software organization, a lot of challenges are need to be take consideration.
Such as, how do we know if an organization will develop stratified software or good software for
us? How many defects, how many kinds of defects will we need to take to maintain for these final
software products produced by these unknown software companies? And how many elements will
affect the result of evaluation?
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM, see fig.1) was developed in the late 1980's in an attempt to
assess the capability of software development organizations. It is described in "Managing the
Software Process [Humphrey89]". CMM combined with software process assessment and software
capability evaluation and maturity evaluation framework to test the software process

Essay On Why Is It A Good Idea To Test A Module
. State why it is a good idea to test a module in isolation from other modules and why different
modules making up a software product are almost never integrated simultaneously? It's a good idea
to test a module in isolation from other modules to best identify and rectify bugs within each
module. Also to it's important that each module works properly on its own. In this way, problems are
easier to identify and fix than otherwise would be the case.
Similar precaution is taken when integrating different modules. Such modules are rarely integrated
simultaneously because the likelihood of bugs and problems slipping through unnoticed is much
higher. By integrating module incrementally, each module can be tested as it is added partially and
in turn, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Change is inevitable because technology, consumer demand, client need, and the amount of
resources are always in flux. The demand for complex systems are in large part a reaction to the
complexity of reality and as the world is always changing in complex ways, hence the need for
continuously changing systems. I'd posit that this is a good thing, especially regarding what systems
are able to do as technology has changed how we are able to live and function, I'd say for the better,
and I assume that honing and advancing software systems will continue to make the world a better
place.
Two examples of software process activities are design modeling, which documents the structure of
the software which then helps honing and developing said software, and code refactoring, which
improves code quality and makes it more ready to adjust to change. Both of these are essentially
ways of making processes clearer and cleaner so that when change does occur, there's a higher level
of understanding and amenability. References:
Foundation of Software Engnineering. (n.d.). Retrieved from

A Description Of The Core Activities Within The Software...
A description of the core activities in the software development process 1. Requirements 2. Design
3. Implementation 4. Testing / verification 5. Documentation 6. Maintenance An explanation of the
distinction between systems analysis and systems design and a description of the activities involved
in each System development can generally be thought of having two major components: systems
analysis and systems design. In System Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the
details of an existing system or a proposed one and then deciding whether the proposed system is
desirable or not and whether the existing system needs improvements. Thus, system analysis is the
process of investigating a system, identifying problems, and using the information to recommend
improvements to the system. System design is the process of planning a new business system or one
to replace or complement an existing system. Analysis specifies what the system should do. Design
states how to accomplish the objective. After the proposed system is analyzed and designed, the
actual implementation of the system occurs. After implementation, working system is available and
it requires timely maintenance. An explanation of the benefits of information systems Information
systems changed forever the way accounting tasks are processed. The days of green paper pads are
gone, and instead businesses have a centralized place where all accounting transactions are entered
and saved. No more looking for paper

International Retail Corporation Limited
This report will discuss whether International Retail Corporation Limited (IRCL) should proceed
with the proposed integration of the (ERP) system, to be finalised for operation within two months.
The report will outline the implications of the current system the (IRCL uses, justify the reasons
why (IRCL) should use the new (ERP) system 1. Current System Deficiencies The current
accounting software package may not be the most appropriate software package for (IRCL) due to
an array of factors. The developer of the existing software package did have good technical IT skills,
as referred to the case study. This draws attention to problematic issues such as 'inadequate support
of business' which refers that the implementation of newer and efficient technologies to make
operations run smoothly which improves functionality and performance, which were not taken intro
consideration by (IRCL). This is evident, as the current software cannot process more than one
thousand transactions a day causing a severe impact on the potential client growth and the expansion
of the business whilst also having a detrimental impact on the economic growth of the company.
Furthermore, another limitation of current software is "inability to handling production data
capacity' The inconsistent and inaccurate distribution of data in the in the inventory and sales
databases could lead to communication issues and have a product appear to be in stock where in
reality it is not. This is giving clients false

The Effect Of Cloud Computing On Software Development Process
NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY
Effect of Cloud Computing on
Software Development Process
Name of the Student
3/7/2013
Abstract
This research paper is about discussing the effects of cloud–computing on the software development
process. Cloud computing is very popular these days. The concept of cloud computing is quite
different from other existing computing techniques. Cloud computing is a modern concept evolving
as a multidisciplinary field based on web–services and service oriented architecture; this is
supported by Alter (2008). So it is affecting the software development process to a great extent
which has its own pros and cons. These will be discussed in this research paper. There is a lot of
research work going on this topic and few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concept is not entirely new as most of us are using this from past many years in one form or
another using emails and WWW. But now days the concept has revised too much. Users can access
the resources directly through the internet; there is absolutely no need of having the direct physical
access to the resources within the organization's premises. The concept is based on service
provisioning where the services can be easily provisioned and de–provisioned as per the user's
request and demand. This is very beneficial for the users as they do not have to pay for the entire
service, they will pay as per its use, which reduces the total cost. This concept ahs in turn invented
some new concepts like mesh computing, pay–per–use service, cloud platforms, etc.
This is very important to investigate this area as it reduces a lot of development cost and the
development time too. It makes the access to the services as very easy and comfortable job. A lot of
research is going on this topic to further improve its efficiency and effectiveness.
Discussion
The concept of cloud computing is very popular these days. So let us try to understand its
architecture and the concept on which cloud computing is based on:
Conceptualization of Cloud Computing
The conceptualization of cloud computing can be explained from the below drawn figure. There are
mainly two types of

ISO/Iec 15504 Case Study
Crimson group. Project B
A study of ISO/IEC 15504 Information Technology–Process Assessment
Introduction
ISO/IEC 15504 also known as SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability
Determination), is a set of technical standards for the computer software development process and
related business management functions. It is another joint international Organisations for
standardization and international Electrotechnical Commission standard. ISO/IEC 15504 initially
was derived from process lifecycle standard ISO 12207 and from maturity models like Bootstrap,
Trillium and the CMM (Amazon.co.uk 2016). EL Emam and Birk (2002) describe ISO/IEC 15504
as "a newly appearing international standard on software process assessment and it defines a number
of software engineering processes and a scale for measuring capability".
The three fundamental concepts of the standard are the process reference model (PRM), the process
assessment model ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ISO/IEC 15504–5:2012 provides an in–depth description of the structure and key components of the
Process Assessment model, which includes two dimensions, a process and capability dimension. It
introduces assessment indicators also. "The process assessment model is a two–dimensional model
of process capability" (ISO/IEC 2012). In one dimension the process dimension, the processes are
defined and classified into a number of process categories. In the other dimension, the capability
dimension, a set of process attributes grouped into capability levels is defined. The process attributes
provide the measurable characteristics of process capability. A process assessment model contains a
set of indicators of process performance and process capability. The indicators are used as a basis for
gathering the objective evidence that allows an accessor to assign

My Company Infinite Technologies ( Infi Tech ) Essay
At all education institutions, including The University of Auckland there are many international
students. Many of whom have very limited english and therefore do not get the full university
experience as they are severely disadvantaged in a very important aspect of university:
communication.
Seeing a growing need here, My company Infinite technologies (Infi–Tech) has developed a
software which uses google translate, a microphone, googleglass and an earpiece in advanced new
technology which translates someone speaking in real time from the mic to the earpiece. This allows
the students to understand conversation and understand teachers better, and they will therefore
become more intergrated with univesity.
3. BUSINESS SECTION
3.1 Vision
At Infi–Tech we believe that new generation technology will give people the opportunity to lead
more enjoyable, happier and better lives.
3.2 Industry Analysis: The Wearable translation device industry
Force: High/Low: Justification:
Buyer power: Low As there at present is no such product that exists like this, buyers only have one
option.
Supplier power: High The google–glass required to install on the product is required, so google
holds the bargaining power when making deals.
Threat of new entrants: High Due to the relatively easy nature for large IT companies to create
products and/or upgrade previous products, they can release a new product overnight that could take
all marketshare.
Threat of substitutes: High The product is rather

Lessons for Managing Technology Projects
Lessons for Managing Technology Projects From Construction Case Assessments and Analysis
Introduction Managing the scope, complexity and costs of enterprise systems including information
technology (IT) projects is very comparable to managing a complex construction project as well.
Just as IT projects have many dependencies and complex requirements that serve to constrain scope
and costs, the same holds true on large–scale construction projects as well (Chang, 2010). The
essential elements of creating and using project schedules based on the Critical Path Method (CPM)
and the pervasive use of Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) are critical in both types of projects to
ensure successful project completion (Capek, Sucha, Hanzálek, 2012). The lessons learned from the
construction case analysis are presented in this paper. Managing Projects Over Their Lifecycles Of
the many lessons learned from the case study, one of the most relevant is how construction projects
are managed over their entire lifecycle with the long–term goal being the efficient utilization of the
asset being built. The same holds true for enterprise software, as project managers must taken into
account every phase of the application development process and also pay very close attention to
how the applications will deliver value to users over time as well. For constructions projects, the
initial design requirements of streamlining initial building and site development, coupled with
defining the many

Software Reusability
Software reusability
TERM PAPER
Software reusability is generally considered a way to solve the software development crisis. When
we solve a problem we try to apply the solution to similar problems because that makes our work
easy and simple. Now in this paper I would like to cover important aspects of software reusability.
But one thing is for sure software reusability can improve software productivity. Software reuse has
become a topic of much interest in the software community due to its potential benefits, which
include increased product quality and decreased product cost and schedule. The most substantial
benefits derive from a product line approach, where a common set of reusable software assets act as
a base for subsequent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And it's not just a technical issue; it is highly managerial in nature. As much as libraries of reusable
code and other assets are important, they will not be fully utilized without management and process
support of reuse.
Organization and Process
The classical software development process does not support reuse.[2] Reusable assets should be
designed and built in a clearly defined, open way, with concise interface specifications,
understandable documentation, and an eye towards future use. Typically, customer, client, and
contract projects are built as "one–time only," without reuse in mind, and tend to be tightly bound
within themselves, without the more robust open interfaces which ease the reuse process. Therefore,
in order to make the most of software reuse, the software development process must evolve to
include reuse activities.
A strong organizational foundation must exist for reuse to succeed, since domain engineering
involves a different way of looking at software products, called a product line approach. A product
line is a family of similar products addressing a particular market segment, or domain, and provides
a massive opportunity for reuse. With a reuse process in place, every

Software Engineering : Software Development Cycle
Software Engineering Process When engineers design software, most engineers use a software
development methodology known as the Software Development Cycle (SDLC). The process is a
structure that is one my might is imposed on the software development community. There are a
number of models for this process and all use a variety of methods, tasks, and activates during their
own process. Here are two of the process models: Waterfall Process – this is where developers
execute their steps or phases in a defined order. In this order, they affirm requirements, analyze
those requirements, design a solution tactic, create a software framework that applies to the solution,
develop code, test that code, deploy, and support their solution (TutorialsPoints, 2016). Iterative
Process – this process establishes a straightforward implementation of a subcategories of the
software requirements and iteratively improves the progressing adaptations until the complete
system is implemented. At every iteration, design adjustments are made and new useful abilities are
enhanced. The simple idea behind this technique is to cultivate a system through repetitive cycles or
iterative and in reduced portions at a time or incremental (TutorialsPoints, 2016). In addressing the
challenges of managing software development activities, there are more than enough factors of
consider. One consideration would be unreliable estimates regarding the size of the job and the time
it takes are difficult issues to

Disadvantages Of Software Development Life Cycle
Part B (1.1) Introduction A software development process, also known as a software development
life cycle (SDLC) can be explained as a structure, imposed on the development of a software
product. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is an umbrella term for the overall process of
developing, implementing, and retiring information systems through a multiple step process from
initiation, training, documentation , design, analysis, maintenance, and consulting. Software
development life cycle (SDLC) can be termed as a process of bringing ideas to reality in the creation
of a software product with in the software industry. Types of Software Developing Life Cycles
(SDLC)
1. Waterfall Model.
2. Prototype ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When in use, prototype model may increases the complexity of the system will scope of the system
expanding beyond.
Doesn't work well for smaller projects.
Leads to implementing and then repairing way of building systems.
Online systems, web interfaces have a very high amount of interaction with end users, are best
suited for Prototype model.
It might take a while for a system to be built that allows ease of use and needs minimal training for
the end user.
3. Spiral Model. As a result of these weaknesses of the waterfall model, the spiral model was
developed which emphasizes iterations of the phases with each phase producing on early Prototype
representing a part of the overall system. This helps in demonstrating a proof of concept early in
development. This model is similar to the incremental model, but with more emphasis placed on risk
analysis. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations (called spirals in
this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk is
assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the baseline spiral.
Planning Phase – The project is reviewed and a decision is made whether to continue with a further
loop of the

A Rubik 's Cube Is A Logic Game And Mathematical Puzzle
A Rubik's cube is a logic game and mathematical puzzle that develops critical thinking and spatial
reasoning skills. It is a three–dimensional puzzle originally invented and developed by Erno Rubik
to serve the purpose of a mathematical aid in the 1970's but unexpectedly evolved into what is now
considered to be the world's top–selling toy. Erno Rubik was a young professor teaching interior
design and architecture in Hungary when he first created the object. He created an object that was
not supposed to be possible. His solid cube twisted and turned – and still did not break or fall apart.
Rubik first invented the cube, formerly known as the 'Magic Cube' to help explain three–
dimensional geometry to his students. The puzzle is in the form of a cube made up of smaller,
coloured interlocking cubes that can be manipulated by twisting the horizontal and vertical planes.
Initially before the cube has been manipulated each face of the cube is covered in a different colour.
Meaning when you twist and turn the cube away from its original orientation the colours on each
face will be jumbled. Although it has now been made apparent that every legal permutation of the
Rubik's cube can be solved in 20 moves or fewer, it has been reported, the first time Rubik jumbled
the cube it took him a month to solve it. Throughout the introduction I have used information from
sites reference [1] – [4] found in the appendix. Research into existing, similar applications There are
a few games of

Impact Of Object Oriented On Software Development Process
ABSTRACT
Object–oriented technology has gained popularity for designing applications on a large scale within
the last few years. The software developed by using this paradigm are of superior quality and have
low maintenance cost as compared to the software designed using other programming concepts.
This research paper analyze the benefits of object oriented approach in software development
process and the process of reusability which is possible due to the greater abstraction of data in
object oriented languages. Encapsulation means data hiding that makes it feasible to reuse data and
inheritance are the basic mechanisms in the object–oriented approach. This paper examines the
concept of reusability and how it can lower the production cost and improves the software quality.
Keywords: Object oriented programming, reuse, abstraction, encapsulation, cost, software quality,
software maintenance.
EVOLUTION OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
The complexity of new applications and need to cater different industries having different software
requirements led to the evolution of object–oriented approach. Object–oriented programming
originated as a value addition to previous developments in the software industry and old
programming languages that had little or no data abstraction. Data abstraction is needed to deal with
complex algorithms. The concept of objects which is the basic building block of object oriented
programming was introduced in Simula (Dahl and Nygaard, 1966), has

How to Get Software Requirements Right
How to get Software Requirements right
Abstract
The importance of getting the software requirement right has made big difference to so many major
projects in the IT industry. Many techniques and solutions have been developed for understanding
and getting software requirements right first time in the software development life cycle, but fewer
people are taking these techniques into account and this is the reason why most of the IT projects are
failing. I define here how to get software requirements right and why it has become some important
to get software requirements right.
Introduction
Requirements Analysis is known as the process which allows us to understand the customer needs
and expectation from proposed software. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, when requirements are specified early in the lifecycle, 80% of the functionality is
relatively unwanted by the users and 45% of these features are never used. These problems mean
costly rework, compromised product quality, delayed delivery on current projects and start of new
ones, lost credibility and lowered revenue opportunities.
Developing and managing requirements at the start of a software project can provide significant
benefits to the whole outcome: – Quicker and easier to develop and deliver high value products. –
Greater insights into development capacity and capabilities. – Better understanding of the
organisation and customer needs. – Higher business and user satisfaction with the overall product. –
Closer alignment with business goals and expectations. – Cost saving – Result of the product is what
the company actually required so get a product that meets the requirements of the system. – Reduces
rework and conflicts which would have come from unclear and ambiguous requirements.
How to get the requirements right?
According to Pooja.R.Guptam, in order to get the software requirements right, it can be very
beneficial to cover all the following aspects of requirement analysis: 1. Define the problem and High
level description of the solution: It is

How Software Development Process Is Important For...
Software development process is key to obtaining a competitive advantage over competitors.
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) is working on ways to leverage data analytics technology with its
audit practice. Business analytics is a new way for companies to separate themselves from their
competitors. I recently completed an internship at PwC and will work there full–time upon
completion of this program. PwC uses analytics to help solve complex business issues and to
identify opportunities across different industries. PwC is the largest professional service company in
the world and is part of the Big Four accounting firms. PwC operates in over 157 countries with
more than 750 offices throughout the world. (2) PwC is structured into three service lines, which are
Assurance, Advisory and Tax. The assurance practice audits almost 30% of the global fortune 500
companies. (2) The advisory practice consists mainly of consulting activities that cover strategy,
cyber security and privacy, human resources, deals and forensics. (2) These three practices
generated $35.4 billion in revenue in 2015. (2) PwC's Software Development Efforts PwC is
constantly searching for ways to develop software since data is a growing asset that various
businesses are having difficulty converting into a powerful strategic tool. PwC can "apply data
driven insights across the enterprise, including financial assurance, tax, technology, operations,
customers, human capital, risk, regulatory and deals."

The Unified Software Development Process Framework
Reflections of chapter 1, 2 and 3:
Chapter 1: Computer Technology: Your Need to Know
Unified Process:
The Unified Software Development Process is a popular iterative and incremental software
development process framework.
Fig.1.1 – Disciplines and phases in the Unified Process
Phases under Unified process:
1) The Inception phase:
It basically focuses on establishing the project 's scope and vision.
2) The Elaboration phase:
It focuses on establishing the system 's requirements and architecture.
3) The Construction phase:
It focuses on completing construction or building of the system.
4) The Transition phase:
It focuses on completing transitioning or deployment of the system to the user community.
Disciplines under Unified Process: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The testing discipline includes activities that verify correct functioning of infrastructure and
application software components.
4) Deployment Disciplines:
The deployment discipline contains set of activities for installing and configuring infrastructure and
application software components and bringing them into operation.
Technical knowledge of computer hardware and system software is needed to perform deployment
tasks.
Chapter 2: Introduction to System architecture
Computer system classes:
Computer systems are classified on the basis of CPU, storage capacity, I/O capacity, and number of
users simultaneously using a system, and an application software.
Classes of computer systems:
Microcomputer
Portable
Midrange computer
Mainframe

Supercomputer
1) Microcomputer:
It is a small sized relatively cheap computer with a microprocessor and a CPU.
It can also be known as a Personal computer or a workstation.
It is a computer with less capacity and capability less than a minicomputer.
Specially in the 1970s and 80s with the advent microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and
80s
Computer memory is in the form RAM.
Workstation is more powerful than a personal computer which can be specifically used for scientific
purpose.
2) Portable:
Portable computer is cheaper than a microcontroller as the components used are reduced in size and
also a technology of a battery is improved.
Again there are different types of

Software Process Model Essay
Software process model is a step by step highly structured technique for designing and development
of any software. There are various process models widely used for developing software. Process
models give a guidelines regarding development of the software.
Process models are very important for developing the software in a systematic manner, such that it
will be delivered within the time deadline and should also have proper quality. There are four major
steps which includes Elicitation, Designing, Coding and Testing.
In this paper we develop a new model for software development that lays special emphasis on
highly structured lifecycle and defining an output with each stage and also tries to fulfill the
objective of the Software Engineering of developing high quality product within schedule and
budget. The new proposed model is designed in such a way that it allows client and developer to
interact freely with each other in order to understand and implement requirements in a better way
using the concept of process model.
Keywords–Software Engineering, software process models, Free–Flow Model, Requirement
collection, Testing, Activities involved in process models, Comparative analysis of models.
I. INTRODUCTION
Software process model is a technique which gives a new way of designing of any software within
less time and gives high quality of software product as per the requirement. Software process gives
the better performance in Implementation and

Basic Types Of Software Maintenance
2. What are the three different types of software maintenance and how is effort distributed across
these maintenance types? Software maintenance is the general process of changing a system after it
has been Delivered .By modifying existing system changing and adding of components are done
when needed There are three different types of software maintenance: 1. Fault repairs: Coding errors
are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve
rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair
because of the extensive system redesign which may be necessary. 2. Environmental adaptation:
This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system's environment such as the
hardware, the platform operating system, or other support software changes. The application system
must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. 3. Functionality addition:
This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to
organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much
greater than for the other types of maintenance. 9.3 software maintenance 3. What process metrics
might be used to assess maintainability? Examples of process metrics that can be used for assessing
maintainability are as follows: 1. Number of requests for corrective maintenance: An increase in the
number of bug and failure reports may

Software Engineering For Mobile Application Development Essay
Tanmaya Chennupati
Professor Erin–Elizabeth A. Durham
CSC6360: Mobile App Development
29 November 2016
Software Engineering for Mobile Application Development: Challenges and Research In the recent
years we have seen rapid growth of applications of mobile devices popularly known as "APPS".
Recent surveys show that there are enormous numbers of mobile application developers. Although
there is a growing trend of these mobile applications, very few make it to the top charts of the
devices thereby pushing the application developers to provide with high quality, and useful
applications. Software engineering comes in to picture here, thereby leading the development of the
application through different life cycle phases for good quality output. This paper presents the
different challenges faced by the developers such as (a) building good user interfaces(b) support for
multiplatform (c) dealing with uncertainities. (d) change according to the environment. For each of
the above stated challenges we provide the current trends and advances done, along with the
challenges that are faced in developing the application and also the future risks and availabilities for
developing the project.
1. Introduction
Mobile application development started long time ago, around ten years back. But although the
development of mobile applications was done long ago, their popularity has increased since the
apple store by iphone has been developed in 2008. Ever since the marketers have spread the apps

The Software Development Process : Execution Strategy
Sotera's Software Development Process – Execution Strategy Sotera has attempted to evolve with
emerging development technologies in times past, however, majority of the specialized service
offerings that we provide have become progressively focused toward the intelligence market and or
Cyber and Data Solutions and not so much strictly software development efforts anymore.
Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the traditional waterfall methodology and some elements of
agile are utilized in support of client requirements; typically specific to what he client desires. On
the occasions where we are requested to propose the best solution to client requirements, we often
propose a modified agile methodology which blends traditional elements of software
implementation methodology with agile. Sotera proposes the use of a general Enterprise Application
Implementation Methodology (EAIM) for each development project that we pursue. Within our
proposal our focus is detailing our EAIM, which most closely resembles the Waterfall Methodology.
However, we always make it a point to thoroughly review the customer's requirements in order to
determine if a more agile approach is warranted and then we typically plan our implementation
efforts accordingly. Sotera's Project Management Office (PMO), is responsible for ensuring that a
common body of knowledge for different software development approaches are developed and
maintained such that our client–facing Program/Project Managers have all

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