Comparing the Washington and Beijing Consensus Models

U.s. Washington Consensus And The Beijing Consensus
1. Introduction
As the modern day economy continues to grow, more and more discussion are emerging revolving
around what are the factors that led to the successful economic growth in some countries and one
country that has been gaining researcher's interest is China and the development of Beijing from a
third world country in the to a developed and Newly industrialized country today.
The report examines two major economic consensus frameworks that is closely related to economic
growth in the world. They are namely the Washington Consensus and the Beijing Consensus. The
former is looking at industries in the western context whereas the latter is looking the Asian context
mainly China. The later part of the report will discuss and compare the two consensus such as
identifying their differences as well as pros and cons of using each model. The last part of the report
will discuss weather is Beijing consensus dominating the once popular Washington consensus.
2. Main Content
2.1. Washington Consensus
Washington Consensus (WC) was first discovered post World War II in 1989 by John Williamson
(Williamson, A Short History of the Washington Consensus, 2004). WC believes in promoting free
trade, floating exchange rate, free markets and macroeconomic stability to help economies grow and
recover after the world war. This non–liberal view of globalization has saw supporters from World–
known economist and organizations such as IMF, World Bank, EU & US.
WC suggests a set of 10
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Essay On Scholarly Articles On Leadership
Scholarly Articles 1 by EDD 9100 CRN 35455 Leadership Seminar Nova Southeastern University
February 4, 2012 Scholarly Articles 1 According to the authors of this article (Donaldson, Marnik,
Mackenzie, & Ackerman, 2009), principals need to concentrate on the development of skills and
behaviors in order to be successful in motivating, leading, and changing the direction of a school.
The successful principal understands that there exists a fine balance of caring for others and the
need to accomplish specific tasks (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, & Ackerman, 2009). The
following areas are targeted in this article: the need to become an effective ... Show more content on
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In terms of becoming a mediator and consensus builder the authors detailed the need for principals
to possess relational leadership skills in order to be able to both facilitate groups and coach others
on staff in the ability to facilitate their own groups, and stressed that the key to this is the ability to
effectively participate in conflict resolution (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, & Ackerman, 2009).
The authors suggested that conflict is part and parcel of school reform and that in addition to being
able to deal effectively with conflict the successful principal needs to develop the ability for
bringing about consensus within the group, noting that interpersonal and intrapersonal skills were as
much or more important than knowledge (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, & Ackerman, 2009). In
the area of relationships it was noted that principals that are most effective are those that place high
value on people and relationships and that when this exists as a core part of the belief system of the
principal it is noticeable and is communicated to staff in both subtle and explicit ways (Donaldson,
Marnik, Mackenzie, & Ackerman, 2009). According to the authors this sense of value comes
through in all of the dealings that the principal has with stakeholders (Donaldson, Marnik,
Mackenzie, & Ackerman, 2009). It shows in body language, expression, communication, tone and
innumerable other subtle signals that help to set

The World Bank And Imf
As a result of the inadequacies of the World Bank and IMF, Uganda today appears to be no better
off today then as they were in the year(s) prior to acquiring the assistance in debt relief in 1998.
According to Ana Eiras; "Despite such a monstrous display of resources, according to the index of
economic freedom, the Bank's money has done nothing to improve the economic freedom in
recipient countries". Erias goes on to make it clear that many of the country's who have received
assistance have seen no change or economic improvement and are just as poor as they were many
years ago. There is a distinct ineffectiveness on the part of the World Bank and IMF to effectively
utilize their plethora of economic intelligence, strategic relationships, and technical and industrial
knowledge to help a country to an improved economic state. Uganda received as much as $650
million in US dollars for the purposes of debt relief back in 1998. The relief was to provide
assistance in several ways to include an educational program, "the purchase and cancellation by
HIPC Trust Fund of outstanding IDA credits" "the payment of debt service by HIPC Trust Fund",
"savings on IDA charges associated with these instruments", (Press Release 1998). In short the
World Bank was to cover as much as half of Uganda's annual debt. They were awarded this because
they had met the "requirements", and Uganda was said to have "the strongest performing economies
in Africa". (Press Release 1998) What was

We Spend $ 50 To Make The World A Better Place
BOOK CONTRIBUTORS AND AUTHOR The book entitled "How to spend $50 Billion to Make
the World a Better Place" was made under the contribution of Harold Alderman, Kym Anderson,
Jere Behrman, William Cline, Paul Collier, John Hoddinott, Anke Hoeeffler, Philip Martin, Anne
Mills, Lant Pritchett, Frank Rijsberman, Susan Rose–Ackerman and Sam Shillcutt. All said
contributors are in the field of teaching economics in a world class universities or holds a high
position in business. The book was edited and main authored by Bjorn Lomborg at Copenhagen
Business School and was printed in Cambridge University Press London. It has gathered many
praises from different well–known people around the world. Kevin Roberts is a Worldwide CEO of
Saatchi and Saatchi Company said that the book helps us make up our own mind, prioritize and
make own choice. Moreover, He said that it is highly topical and just in time. Another praise from
Farred Zakaria, a newsweek columnist and author of The Future of Freedom on his statement; He
described the book as a stimulating intellectual game with very important real world consequences.
Author Lomborg asks all of us to stop talking grandly and vaguely about addressing global
difficulties and instead to rank them based– not only on the potential harm they can give but also on
our ability to shift things around. He added that we choose to govern but this pity book forces us to
choose". In my own opinion, I would definitely say that this book is worth reading

The Five Dimensions Of The Five Factor Model Of Personality
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In reaction to globalization, rapid changes in external environments, and a desire by organizations to
remain competitive, organizations have continued to flatten, decentralize, re–engineer their business
processes, downsize, and empower their employees. To facilitate these changes and gain a
competitive edge, managers are increasingly turning to team structures. The actual team design used
to support organizational goals may include such structures as cross functional teams, functional
work teams, project teams, self–managed teams, intact work teams, employee participation teams,
problem–solving teams, maintenance or support teams, and management teams. Studies shows that
in the United States, 82 percent of companies employing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Neuroticism
Is a dimension of normal personality indicating the general tendency to experience negative effects
such as fear, sadness, embarrassment, anger, guilt and disgust.
Extraversion
These are personalities such as sociability, assertiveness, activity and talkativeness. Extraverts are
energetic and optimistic (Rothmann & Coetzer, 2003:69).
Openness to Experience
These are Personalities with an active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, and attentiveness to inner
feelings, a preference for variety, intellectual curiosity and independence of judgment (Rothmann &
Coetzer, 2003:69).
An agreeable person Is fundamentally unselfish, sympathetic to others and eager to help them, and
in return believes that others will be equally helpful (Rothmann & Coetzer, 2003:69).
Conscientiousness
It refers to self–control and the active process of planning, organizing and carrying out tasks. The
conscientious person is purposeful, strong–willed and determined. Conscientiousness is manifested
in achievement orientation (hardworking and persistent), dependability (responsible and careful)
and orderliness (Rothmann & Coetzer,

Group Dynamics And Its Developmental Stages
Abstract There are different stages through which a group passes, both as natural and in a school
atmosphere. According to the Oxford Dictionary, 2015, Group Dynamics, is the study or use of the
processes involved when people in a group interact. This paper will look to examine group
dynamics and its developmental stages in the context of a group randomly selected to make a class
room presentation which involved researching, forming of information to present findings to the
class. It will also look at how group goals were developed and if the group goals were specific and
understood. Group communication patterns will also be examined and its effectiveness discussed.
We will also take a look whether group power occurred and whether or not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the group members suggested that the entire group read the specific article and come ready
to discuss what each member understood from the article. After a group discussion of the article,
another member suggested that each member select a question they felt comfortable answering and
presenting in class. The group members also agreed a deadline as to when everyone needed to write
up their part of the presentation and turn it in to one members of a group who would gather the data
and enter it into a power point presentation format. Everyone in the group agreed that they would
email me their written part of the presentation. Prior to the classroom presentation, the group
reviewed the data entered in the power point, edited it and agreed as to the order of the information
that would be presented in class. Finally, the group gathered prior to the presentation and made last
minute edits to slides. The group agreed that there were too many slides and agreed to reduced them
to a minimal amount. After agreeing to the final PowerPoint presentation the group rehearsed the
information to be presented prior to the class meeting. This group did not experience the storming
effect. No one in the group believed that they were being judged and everyone was able to share
their opinion and views. As one member of the group stated that this was one of the easiest group
she had ever been in because everyone got along and no arguments over the project emerged.

The World Bank And The Imf Essay
The World Bank and the IMF are collectively known as the Bretton Woods institutions. They were
formed at a conference in Bretton Woods in New Hampshire with the aim to addressing concerns to
do with stability of world economic markets. IMF is mainly tasked with offering surveillance,
financial aid and technical assistance. IMF has 187 member states who each appoint a representative
to the IMF's board of Governors. The World Bank has its voting power controlled by the USA and it
was built with the main aim of "reducing poverty in middle–income and creditworthy poorer
countries by promoting sustainable development through loans, guarantees, and non–lending which
includes analytical and advisory services." Whether African countries have benefited from
IMF/World Bank projects is a subject of controversy. Rono, J. K. (2002) opines that adjustment
programs have caused de–legitimization of state which has led to political violence, riots and
frequent regime changes in some countries in sub–Saharan Africa such as DRC, Zambia and
Nigeria. For purposes of this research, I will restrict myself to discussing what is known as the
structural adjustment program popularly (SAPs) in Kenya. According to Rono, J. K. (2002) Kenya
adopted economic reforms mainly with the aim of achieving macroeconomic and structural
adjustment which were initiated by the World Bank and the IMF in from 1980 onwards. I am
persuaded to agree with an opinion by Rono, J. K. (2002) that the well intended adjustment

Building and Using Good Teams in the Workplace Essay
At the MIT Human Dynamics Laboratory a research study was conducted in an attempt to find out
what factors make an effective team. Researcher Alex "Sandy" Pentland (2012) first sought out
companies with multiple teams that were comparable, but had fluctuating performance. He then
outfitted these teams with socio–metric badges. These badges, which are also known as sociometers,
automatically measure face–to–face interaction, body motion, and vocal features among other
things. Through multiple studies and the analysis of this data Pentland suggests that communication
is the single most important factor of an effective team.
The study goes on to detail some of the observable communicative characteristics of these
successful teams. Active ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inevitably these efforts will cost an organization money and time. The monetary cost range from
teambuilding exercises to bringing in a speaker. Time costs could include anything from planning
the engagement to the potential time employees may be away from working. Company leaders want
to know what will be the return on investment of these exercises.
Currently as much as 70% of workers in the United States are not engaged in their jobs,
(EHStoday.com). This staggering statistic indicates that without teambuilding activities, which help
employees to buy into the company's focus and directives as well as work more productively with
one another, workers are typically performing less effectively than they are truly capable of.
Teambuilding activities, as evidenced from the info graphic below, are one tool that employers can
use in order to increase collaboration, help to build trust within the team, and reduce conflict in the
work place. All of these factors will help to improve employee productivity within any given
workplace.
Using Teams
Building a team and using a team are uniquely different from one another. Team building focuses on
the formation of the team, while team use concentrates on the function of the team. Perhaps the
most difficult aspect of using a team is first developing a culture of teamwork within the team. From
childhood to adults, Americans have been pushed to be the best, to compete against one–another for
the

The impact of the Bretton Wood Institutions on Human...
Using a country of your choice, discuss the impact of the Bretton Wood
Institutions on Human Development in Sub–Saharan Africa.
Introduction
The Bretton woods institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank. They were setup at the end of the Second World War in order to rebuild the devastated post–
war economy and to promote international economic cooperation. The main focus of the
IMF is to maintain exchange stability by harmonising its members' monetary policies1. The aim of
the World Bank, on the other hand, is to advance reconstruction and promote longterm economic
growth in less developed countries2.
Ghana started to work with the IMF/World Bank in the sixties. Since then most of its
governments, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On top of this a so–called 'Cash and
Carry' policy, where the patients cannot be treated unless they have paid for all costs, is practiced in
most hospitals and clinics in Ghana.9
As for education, social spending cuts mean that there are fewer funds available for schools,
facilities, equipment and teachers. This lack of funds has led to an increase in class sizes, increase in
school fees, and a drop in the standard of public education.10 This is particularly bad for the
poorest, whose parents cannot afford to pay school fees for their children.
In order to reduce government spending, the IMF/World Bank prescribe the reduction of wages in
the public sector and cutting of subsidies (on food, petrol etc.). However, the reduction in subsidies
has led to a rise in commodity prices. The cutting of subsidies on rice cultivation in Ghana is one
example. The government once supported rice farming communities in the northern parts of Ghana
so much so that they were able to produce enough rice to feed most of the population. However,
cutting subsidies and opening trade barriers has ruined the Ghanaian rice farms, as they were unable
to compete with heavily subsidised rice from abroad. Today as a result, Ghana imports most of its
rice from Western
8
Colgan (2002), p.1
Kampfner (2001), p.1
10
Jauch (2009), p.1

9
Page 3 of 12
countries at higher prices.11 Higher prices on the one hand and lower wages on the other mean an
overall

The Truman Show Analysis
Exploring Media Impact in The Truman Show
Watching The Truman Show, one can easily begin to notice underlying social issues portrayed
throughout this film. Social constructions are obvious throughout the environment of the film.
Habitualization and internalization become relevant theories when observing the audience who play
a large role in the movie. Focusing on theorists' Berger and Luckmann, this review will critically
analyze this theory of social construction, focusing on the impact media has in this film and
universally in the United States of America.
Media as a Social Problem
Media is everywhere, a social aspect so critical to the economics of the United States often we do
not even notice it's constant presence. Advertisement is unescapable, thus can be a dangerous
weapon. Looking at the media in the United States, one can be certain that current trends and
standards are used as marketing tools to suggest whatever is being sold or reported on adds value to
your life. Children grow up with false ideals of beauty, success, love, and happiness as a response to
the overflow of product placement and media coverage in the country. From a very young age
people begin to internalize these social constructions blasted by the media and as children begin to
age and mature we see these false ideals of happiness become measures of success in life. The
Truman Show is a film focusing on a man who has spent his entire life living on live television,
unbeknownst to himself.

Is the Washington Consensus a Help or Hinderence
'The Washington Consensus has proved more of a help than a hindrance to the economic
development of countries. Assess the validity of this claim.'
The Washington Consensus refers to the idea that the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade
Organisation and the World Bank share common ideals. This is the idea that trade liberalisation and
moving towards free trade is the best way for countries to develop.
The IMF has 185 member countries; their work mainly consists of monitoring and advising
countries on exchange rates, providing loans in emergencies, both long and short term and providing
assistance and training. The IMF requires countries that receive loans to put in place reforms in the
form of "Structural Adjustment Programs" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They argue that the US cotton subsidies WTO agreements and that US cotton subsidies were
harmful to Brazilian cotton growers.
In 2009 The WTO accused the US of using subsidies exceeding the cap. This victory gained by
Brazil confirms the idea that US subsidies are harmful.
In this dispute, Benin and Chad gave support as third parties, they would be likely to win a case on
similar grounds to Brazil however they would reap little reward as they import very little from the
US so any sanction upon this would be unlikely to have much effect. Another risk of opening
conflicts with the US for these countries are that they receive aid form them, to speak out alone
against them could leave them very vulnerable.
In this case study, these developing countries should not be in this position. The idea of subsidies
goes against the ideals of the WTO's trade liberalisation approach and has by their own rules been
declared illegal however it is allowed to continue under he conditions of a cap which really doesn't
benefit anyone.
These organisations do provide help to the developing countries of the world, this is undisputed.
However they also do a lot of damage. It is clear that free–trade, loans, SAPs and privatization are
key to economic development and globalization. Although the evidence seems to support the fact
that the Washington consensus is ineffective in reducing poverty and facilitating trade. They are also
heavily criticized for being heavily in favour of the

Roles and Communication Between Groups as See in 12 Angry...
While watching the movie, 12 Angry Men, I saw many of the different things we have been
discussing in class. The jurors all took different roles throughout the movie. These different roles
contributed to the communication the group had, the stages of development, and how they came up
with a consensus.
The first juror was the foreman. He was the task leader of the group, taking initiative to sit the
people down, numbering them, and telling the jurors when they could go on breaks. This juror goes
over the process and rules the men will be using, and sets up the first voting. He also tries to keep
the jurors on task and organized. Juror 2 is anxious man. This juror was easily persuaded to change
his opinion about the case and tended to have the same opinion of the person who spoke before him.
He played the role of a tension releaser which was seen when he offered the men cough drops in
tense situations. Juror 3 is temperamental, opinionated, strong, loud, biased, stubborn and
intolerable man. This man does not want to hear the opinions of the other jurors and is sure that the
boy is guilty. He plays the part of the central negative in the group. When he doesn't like what other
people are saying he begins to yell and challenges that person speaking. He began to be dominating
and blocking towards the end. Even though he did not have a statement to backup his vote, he stood
alone just because he didn't want to be proved wrong. His own problems with his son abandoning
him also

Sports Obermeyer
Executive Summary
There were multiple issues weighing heavily on the mind Wally, a VP at Sports Obermeyer, in
November of 1992. Sports Obermeyer, a successful manufacturer of ski apparel was having trouble
planning the manufacturing levels of its various skiwear items for 1993–94 based on whatever scant
information it had on the end customers' likes and dislikes. Waiting to make these decisions till after
the Las Vegas trade show, the one event which would give reliable retailer feedback, would prove
very costly given the extremely long lead times of it's suppliers in Hong Kong and China. In the
past, Sports Obermeyer had relied on a group of company managers, called the "buying committee"
to make a consensus forecast on the demand of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also need to make sure that Obermeyer honors the minimum order quantity required by the
Hong Kong's supplier. We can multiply the recommended optimal ordering level for each style by
(20000/26360) thus ensuring that the total sum will exceed 20000 but which may not maximize
profits.
rec prod level constant multi profit
4767.707092 3617.367928 63376.29
2983.65303 2263.765489 48897.33
2694.313228 2044.236794 84876.71
4708.381537 3572.356278 79734.99
3323.238712 2521.416878 89560.73
1692.546916 1284.173883 24656.14
1278.702023 970.18034 25612.76
1477.720379 1121.180098 26639.24
1613.96119 1224.549103 36148.69
19.865258 1380.773208 44074.28 26360.08936 20000 523577.2
The second column in the table above is obtained by multiplying the first column by 20000/26360.
Question 3
What operational changes would you recommend to Wally to improve performance?
Wally is trying his best to setup a quick response system based on whatever little data he has based
on past numbers and experience of his production managers and suppliers. He does not have the

luxury of looking at retailer feedback in a timely fashion and the facts that the peak season for the
line of business he's in and that the supplier lead times are extremely long do not help him much.
Despite some very aggressive moves to reduce lead times and to have a better forecasting model,
Obermeyer has been unable to deal with the

Vital Strategic Management Processes
A strategic leader can utilize decision–making teams as a powerful asset in successfully coping with
the environment. Such teams improve their decision making by using a process of consensus, a
process useful when developing national security strategy, military strategy, or strategic planning in
other public or private sectors. Knowing how to forge consensus for policy development and
implementation is critical to successful management and leadership. Being able to manage strategic
consensus has been identified as one of the effective methods for the execution of strategy. Within
an organization one of the fundamental priorities consists of understanding commitment (Floyd and
Woolridge, 1992), as this is often reflected in important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cormick.G et al, 1996 states consensus is a process of those who have a stake in the outcome to
reach agreement on actions and outcomes that resolve or advance issues related to environmental,
social, and economic sustainability.
Key attributes to successfully participation include humility, willingness to listen to others and see
their perspectives, and willingness to share your own ideas but not insist they are the best ones.
Decisions are a part of everyday life and can be made in a variety of ways, but most of the time they
are either made individually or in a group setting. Both individual decision making and group
decision making have their pros and cons, and can even determine the type of individual a person is.
There are major differences between group decision making and individual decision making. When
participants are in a group, decision making could not only consist of one person's opinion, however
everyone's opinion which could become vital for the final outcome. This could go two ways either it
makes it easier for a final decision to be reached, or make it even harder to reach a final decision.
Group decision making can also be positive because there is more brain power involved which can
ultimately lead to a quick and more efficient type of decision making.
Consensus is a method used to find a solution where everyone in the team agrees and is used in
company's such as housing operatives, activist

Washington Consensus Pros And Cons
1. WASHINGTON CONSENSUS 1.1 THE ORIGIN The term "Washington Consensus" was
created in 1989. The first written usage was in a background paper for a conference that the Institute
for International Economics convened in order to examine the extent to which the old ideas of
development economics that had governed Latin American economic policy. In order to try and
ensure that the background papers for that conference dealt with a common set of issues, John
Williamson made a list of ten policies that he thought more or less everyone in Washington would
agree were needed more or less everywhere in Latin America, and labeled this the "Washington
Consensus." In the Spring of 1989 when Williamson was testifying before a Congressional
committee in favor of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
POST WASHINGTON CONSENSUS After the 1997 Financial Crisis, Washington Consensus was
critiqued for being relied too heavily on market fundamentalism, the belief that markets by
themselves lead to economic efficiency and that economic policies should focus on efficiency–
distributional concerns could and should be taken care of elsewhere in the political process–more
moderate advocates of Washington consensus policies deny the charge. To a large extent, that
debate, like the debate over the nomenclature 'the Washington consensus' itself, is beside the point.
The policies pursued by the international financial institutions which came to be called the
Washington consensus policies or neo liberalism entailed a much more circumscribed role for the
state than were embraced by most of the East Asian countries, a set of policies which (in another
simplification) came to be called the development state. 2.1 RESPONSES TO THE CRITICISMS
In addition to the 10 original Washington Consensus, another 10 augumented Washington
Consensus was being included: 11. Corporate governance 12. Anti–corruption 13. Flexible labour
markets 14. Adherence to WTO disciplines 15. Adherence to international financial codes and

The Pros And Cons Of Planned Parenthood
Today we dare to be scientist, analyst, or philosophers as we attempt further dissect the true
meanings behind a photo posted to the Planned Parenthood twitter page. Attach to the photo was the
following caption that states that, "Senators Graham & Cassidy are pushing the worst #ACArepeal
bill yet. We've rejected every other version of Trumpcare." Within these few words it is revealed the
cause that brought this group of concerned American citizen to the capital. Various people, men and
women alike, came out to show their support with pink T–shirts powers and signs in tow as made
evident by the photograph. Now women have not always had a voice within politics, it is still a very
young part of the American government dating back only a few decades. With this "call to arms" the
men and women of the United States can get a word in about the terrible reform of the American
healthcare system being proposed. A consensus has been made by those following the course of bill
that latest healthcare proposal is possibly the worst attempt at repealing the Affordable Care Act
with a heightened disposition for women. The funding for Planned Parenthood would be zeroed out
under the new bill and Dawn Laguens, executive vice president at Planned Parenthood Federation of
America, had this to say in a statement; "It blocks women from getting preventive care at Planned
Parenthood. It slashes Medicaid, which 1 in 5 women of reproductive age rely on for care, including
birth control and cancer

Bjorn Lomborg : A List Of Problems
Bjorn Lomborg brought forward what he believes the be a list of problems that plague the world in
the order that they should be solves. Lomborg argues that malaria control, subsidies and trade
barriers, malnutrition, and HIV/AIDS are the four problems which should take priority as they will
have the most output for the amount of input. I do agree that in order to solve world problems you
first must know how to approach them and which should be tackled first. I disagree with the purely
economic perspective he takes as he believes that what can be earned in an economic sense trumps
the overall world health and safety. Lomborg correctly addresses that this is an incredibly difficult
situation, however I believe that world problems should be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This decision shows that they perhaps did not have the majority of the world in mind when they
came to their decision.
There also seems to be an issue with placing climate change at the bottom because it simply will not
do that much in return. The fact is that even if the current climate change solutions would only set
back flooding by approximately six years, six years can still make a massive difference. In those
years advances can be made and more can be done to save the world. Six years can still be enough
to save millions of lives. There is also the fact that it is just the current technology that can buy six
years. If nothing is put towards climate change then all that we will ever have is that current
technology that Lomborg believes will do so little. But say that instead of pushing money towards
free trade, some is put towards advancing technology so that it can improve, even just a small
amount. However many years we can set the impact back will benefit the world as a whole, and it
will perhaps give us more time to solve the rest of Lomborg's problems.
A question remains to be answered by Lomborg. How would climate change impact each of his
other problems? It isn't hard to say that water purity and the general amount of drinkable water
would decrease. It is decreasing as we speak due to economically prosperous companies. As the air
purity decreases, disease and poor health will

George Washington's Farewell Speech Analysis
George Washington: The first president of the United States, the first commander of the Continental
Army, the "Precedent President." One of the most well–respected Americans to ever live and serve
the country. But should we listen to his advice? In May 1796, after 45 years of service to the United
States, Washington, with the help of James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, wrote
multiple drafts for a farewell address. In it Washington discusses his thoughts and ideas about the
United States and its future as a nation. He left behind many warnings for the citizens of America on
various topics, such as political parties and foreign affairs. His ideas were very thought–out, but was
it good advice? I believe that we should listen to George Washington's farewell speech in the present
because of his ideas on debt and taxes, political parties, and the benefits of the federal government.
First off, we should listen to Washington's advice in his farewell address because of his views on
debt and taxes. Washington felt that we should cherish the moments when we have credit and try as
hard as possible to avoid deficits. In his farewell address, Washington says, "...cherish public credit.
One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible...avoiding likewise the accumulation
of debt....it is essential that you...bear in mind, that towards the payments of debts there must be
Revenue." This portrays the idea that too much debt can be troublesome for a nation, and

Study on Delhi
The lack of standard concepts in research is perhaps the most significant difficulty in the
comparison of results between studies.[1] In the running injury field, many researchers have noted
the problem of how to define a running–related injury.[2–4] Some investigators have suggested the
need for a standardised definition of running–related injury.[2, 5–7] However, a consensus has not
yet been reached; thus, researchers have used different definitions in their studies.[3, 8, 9]
Currently, the rates of prevalence and incidence of running injuries vary between 19% and 92%,
depending on the injury definition adopted in the study. This means that the lack of standardisation
of injury definitions may affect study results.[2, 3, 5, 9–15] For instance, Bovens, et al. [16] used a
broad definition of running–related injury as "any physical complaint developed in relation with
running activities and causing restriction in running distance, speed, duration or frequency"; they
found an injury incidence of 84.9%. On the other hand, Blair, et al. [17] adopted a more stringent
definition of running–related injury as "an injury that causes the runners to stop running for at least
seven days"; they found a lower injury incidence of 24%. The higher rate of injury found in the first
study may be due to the lack of a specific period of interruption or time off from running in the
definition used, in contrast to the definition used in the second study, which clearly specifies the
period of

Globalization, Russia, And Morocco 's Economies
Since the 1990's and the rise of globalization in the 1970's, neoliberal economic change have
transformed transnational markets and contributed to many social implications. This paper will
explore the impacts as well as the factors that contributed and shaped the global economic changes
in the post–Cold War era. This paper will also explore globalization and neoliberal economic shift
through India, China, Russia, and Morocco's economies. This paper argues Thomas Friedman's view
that while economic shifts are decisions made by individual economies, at the same time were
inevitable, as to compete in the global market it is necessary to partake in neoliberal economies.
This paper also discusses the idea that globalization is merely an extension of colonialism and
imperialism and that impact on developing nations and economies through their interactions with
the Washington Consensus. The factors that contributed to economic change were extremely
intertwined with the Washington Consensus and globalization. The end of the Cold War contributed
to the multipolarity of how the states now interact. By opening up free markets, states were then
able to shift they economies and become more global where as before they were limited to
communism and capitalism. The neoliberal ideological shift from created the multipolarity of the
world today by the creation free markets. The Washington Consensus was a policy implemented
which contributed to market fundamentalism as we know it today. The

Negative Impact Of World Bank Structural Adjustment Program
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF WORLD BANK'S STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM (SAP)
IN GHANA
INTRODUCTION:
Writing about the negative impacts of The World Bank Structural Adjustment Program in Ghana,
my country of origin is something I can do with my eyes closed, because being an ordinary
Ghanaian, born and raised in Ghana, I do not need a research to know what these institutions have
done to the developing countries they impose their ill intended programs on. Even the blind can feel
hunger, lack of access to good health care, high tariffs on basic utilities such as electricity and water
which is as a result of privatization. This paper is going to highlight on the negative impacts of the
World Bank's sponsored Structural Adjustment Program implemented by the government of Ghana
from 1982 to 2008.
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM 1982–2008
This is what a researcher could say about this program to paint the big picture for readers, "Clearly,
the World Bank's structural adjustment of Ghana is a textbook example of how to ruin a country.
The ruthless denial of mineral wealth, food, medical care, education and even water has made the
population destitute spectators to the plunder of Ghana by foreigners." (Ismi. July, 2004).
This program has been repackaged and renamed over the period under different government
administrations but they say a decorated donkey is still an ass. At the beginning under the
PNDC/NDC administration it was called The Structural Adjustment Program which aim was

Neoliberalism Vs Evangelical Internationalism
Where separate nations, people groups, and political systems exist, many differing economic
policies and ideas exist as well. All of the world economic ideologies consist of different focuses,
morals, and processes of creating the ideal economic system. Each ideology uses different methods
and ideas that conflict with the others, but these ideas can also overlap and be consistent in many
areas. Four major economic ideologies are neoliberalism, Evangelical internationalism, and
Alternative globalization. Each of these ideologies has many differences and contradictions with one
another, and yet according to critics on both sides, they each have their flaws as well. Whereas the
idea of neoliberalism is based on privatization, free market, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Evangelical Christian groups, such as the International Justice Mission (IJM) and Concerned
Women for America, aim to fight against anti–trafficking and White Slavery, or forced prostitution
(Bernstein 2007, 403). Before Evangelical Internationalism came about, these Christian groups took
a much more isolationist view, where they focused mainly on traditional religious values. These
groups were thought to have a specific sexual agenda in their missions to rescue women forced into
prostitution and slavery. These groups use the term "slave" instead of "sex worker," although many
of the women in the industry do not see themselves as slaves (Bernstein 2007, 405). Although the
new view is anti–capitalist and pro–social welfare, within this older Isolationist view, many people
associated these Evangelical groups with having neoliberal ideals. For example, many critics said
that this Evangelical fight against slavery had become a way for the groups to advocate for their
own religious agendas (Bernstein 2007, 407). For example, when U.S. President Bush passed the
"charitable choice" law that government funds would help these Evangelical groups, many people
were under the impression that the lines between the secular state and religion were being blurred
(Bernstein 2007, 406). Later on, when President Bush cut off all funds from Brazil's AIDS program,
these questions seemed to be answered, and major protests erupted across the country in response to
the U.S. religious agenda, along with the neoliberal agenda of the Washington Consensus (Amar,
438). However, after a clear shift from this Isolationist view to an International one, different
mechanisms shifted society from repressive, into a much more empowering one (Bernstein, 430).
This new view is seen as a "new

The Global Political Economy : A Washington Consensus A...
POLS2220 – The Global Political Economy
Research Essay, Due: 13th October 2014
Is the Post – Washington Consensus a new Paradigm for Development? Explain your reasoning.
Quote (40)
If there is a consensus today about which strategies are most likely to promote the development of
the poorest countries in the world, it is this: there is no consensus except that the Washington
Consensus did not provide the answer.
(Stiglitz 2004, 2)
Introduction (250)
Within the Global Political economic, there have been a number of considerations about whether or
not the Washington consensus and the "Post–Washington Consensus" (Stiglitz, 1998; 2004)
approach to development are fundamentally different. Critics within the International Monitory
Fund (IMF) and World Bank suggest that both approaches are one in the same it is thus variously
labelled as the
The purpose of this essay is to exemplify how diverse both approaches are by considering their
methodology, the components of each approach and the foundational economic theories, they are
constructed on.
Manage liberalized trade, finance and monetary systems
Include the creation of enforceable codes and standards, and concessions to social welfare through
targeted social safety nets
Create vertical and horizontal policy coherence
Include businesses and firms in a Global Compact for Development and the PRSP process.
For many supporters, the post–Washington consensus differs fundamentally from the original.
While the Washington

The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge
As it aged into the twenty–first century, Washington State Route 520's Evergreen Point Floating
Bridge began experiencing significant problems that indicated it was approaching the end of its
useful lifespan. Government agencies big and small came together to bring forth a replacement
bridge project to improve the safety and quality of transportation infrastructure to and from the City
of Seattle for many years to come. Over a five–year span, construction was performed to create a
floating pontoon bridge, similar in style to the original, but wider and better equipped to withstand
the natural conditions of Lake Washington and the Puget Sound region.
Author keywords: Construction; Bridge; Floating, Seattle, Infrastructure, Transportation
Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More than two decades before Evergreen Point, in 1940, Washington completed the construction of
the Lake Washington Floating Bridge. While shorter, the bridge uses the same design concept that
would be used for Evergreen Point, floating pontoons that provide support as opposed to more
costly foundations into the deep, soft lakebed of Lake Washington. Later renamed the Lacey V.
Murrow Memorial Bridge, Lake Washington's first floating bridge became part of Interstate 90
under President Dwight D. Eisenhower when the Interstate Highway System was created
(FWHA/USDOT, 2013). Like Evergreen Point, this bridge required an upgrade, a new parallel
bridge structure in 1989. In contrast to Evergreen Point, the old bridge was never slated for removal;
it was repaired and is still in use for one direction of the crossing (WSDOT,

Duane Morris Case Analyses Essay
Duane Morris Case Analyses 1. What factors have led to Duane Morris's success? What prompted
their late–1990s growth spurt? 2. How should Duane Morris plan to integrate their new acquisition?
3. What are the biggest risks faced by the firm in the next 5–10 years? Duane Morris strategy
evolved over time while leveraging its history. The strategy was shaped by its environment,
resources and leadership. The degree of congruence between the people, the tasks, the informal and
formal organization was relatively high, which led to a successful growth and profitability. * Duane
Morris compensation structure is one factor that was well aligned with the company's strategy from
formal organization perspective and led to its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This probably contributed to better retention. On the other hand, this process is more slow and
conservative, potentially leading to the firm missing out on great opportunities. * The people it hired
were well aligned with its straregy. They spend significant amount ensuring the person they are
interviewing understands the culure and will be a good fit. 1. Client have multiple touch point
provides better service for the client interms of expertise, but at the same time could prevent any one
lawyer leaving and taking away that client as they client appreciate having all these other lawyers as
well. This is aligned with the firm strategy and helped their success of growing and not losing
clients. 2. Another business approach is their ancillary businesses and its success growth. The
separation from Duane Morris, called another name, so it limits their exposure. In addition, if things
go terrible wrong, it is not their client anyway bc 85% to 90% of the ancillary businesses' customers
were not law firm clients. Also this business was not the same cyclicality so it allowed to diversify
its revenue stream. Duane Morris' growth in the late 1990s was prompted by the macro environment
change at the same time they embraced their history of team work and listening to each other,
resources that are good at team work and

Mattel Toy Recall Essay
Executive Summary
Mattel has been criticized heavily for having to recall not once but thrice in 5 weeks 20 million toys
manufactured in China with lead paint and/or loose, potentially dangerous magnets. Clearly Mattel
does not have sufficiently tight quality control procedures in its supply chain to compensate for the
extra risks of outsourcing to Chinese subcontractors and clearly there are design flaws in the toys
with the magnets that could come loose. Although many observers give the company credit for
responding to the crisis quickly with an apology from the CEO and pledges to institute more
rigorous product safety checks, Mattel still faces a number of problems, including significant costs
associated with the recalls and new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company runs its own factories in China and has successfully managed dozens of vendors there
over the years. Mattel already has an extensive quality assurance program (GMP) in place long
before the bad paint job. That program involved mandatory quality tests by Mattel's vendors as well
as testing of in–process and finished goods by Mattel itself. The Toys delivered were clearly not the
ones ordered and specified by Mattel and somehow toxic materials had found their way into the
production process. To try and increase profits suppliers will often switch raw materials for
something similar and cheaper and have got good at passing audits and appearing compliant without
actually being compliant. In many cases, it is the supplier's sub–contractors and the sub–sub–
contractors where the switch occurs and the deeper down the supply chain the problem exists, the
more difficult it is to spot.
The ultimate responsibility for the product quality rests with the company that owns the brand9.
Contracts between the corporations and the suppliers clearly stipulate the materials to be used and
not to be used. For instance, lead–based paint for toys or azo–dyes for garments are forbidden10.
The problem it seems is not with the contract but with the implementation. It is essential for Mattel
to enforce stringent quality controls to catch any vendor who tries to trick them again. At the same
time it is also essential for Mattel to ensure

Moral Political City Essays
Plato and John Rawls give to us an account of a moral community in which they both presupposed
different views of the human person as order to such community. In this paper, I will attempt to
examine what this moral political community is according to Plato and John Rawls. My thesis will
support Plato's idea of moral political community which is better than John Rawls because it
presents a community with order and a concern for the well being of all not just one. According to
Plato in the words of Socrates, " I assume that if a community has been found properly, it has
everything it takes to be good." The keywords from this phrase being "found
properly" and "has everything to be good." In what follows I will ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
. . because you're all related, sometimes a silver child might be born to a gold parent, a gold one to a
silver parent, and so on . .
."This story was made in order for the people to see that an auxiliary or a worker can become
a guardian proper if he has the capacity to do it. Also, a guardians proper, son, can become an
auxiliary or a worker if he does not have the capacity to do the job of a guardian. In all this I can see
that Socrates, being a philosopher and wise, is hesitant to give the answer. Certainly, he has a belief
about the matter being said and was ready to give his friends the answer, but after reading the
dialogue of the Republic, one would conclude that Plato wants his readers and his questioners to be
active participants in the dialogue. This can be seen when Socrates questions his friends, "Can
you think of any tactics to make them believe this story." This is the style of Socrates'
dialectic. Before one can give an opinion of a subject, that is how it should be, one has to define the
subject.
Socrates says, "I've got a pretty good idea of what you're getting at, I said, it would help them
care even more for the community and for one another. But the future of all this will be decided by
popular consensus, not by us." So we can see right here that Socrates has a good idea of what
a good community is, but he wants his friends to

The Implementation Of Structural Adjustment Programs
While recent austerity measures roused the ire of many in Québec, the concept is far from novel in
Jamaica. Entering into its fourth decade of austerity policy, the island's expenditures on debt
repayments are double that of health and education combined. In response to the mounting global
debt crisis of the late 1970s, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) set forth a
series of prescriptions for developing countries in the form of Structural Adjustment Programs
(SAPs) upon which the receipt of foreign aid is conditional. This paper seeks to analyze the effects
of those prescriptions on the urban poor in three dimensions. First, through a look at the quality and
accessibility of housing stock. Following that, a discussion of currency reforms and nutrition status.
Finally, a glimpse at how health services have been impacted, followed by some brief policy
recommendations. Throughout, this paper illustrates that the implementation of structural
adjustment programs has downgraded the status of the urban poor in Jamaica through the
persistence of substandard, inaccessible housing, rising imported food costs coupled with rampant
malnutrition, and a pronounced decline in health care services. While access to clean water and safe
sanitation slowly spread across the world, conditions in Jamaica remained unchanging under
structural adjustment. As of 1991, twenty–four per cent of homes in the capital city of Kingston
lacked sewer connections, while a full forty per

Consensus Essay
Understanding consensus and its role in a business
As mentioned earlier in the introduction, consensus is a general agreement that is made within
different groups. Consensus is another word for consent, which means to give permission. It is part
of the process of decision–making where everyone within the group has a say and agrees to support
a decision in the best interest of the business as a whole. Consensus builds a relationship within the
workforce and this helps them find a solution that meets the needs of the group and work together to
strategically make the best decision suited for the company.
Consensus can work in different surroundings, whether it is a small or a large business, or even in a
local community. The end goal is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Facilitator comes from the word facilitate which means ease a process or to make easy.
Consensus is such an important phase for any business that wants high–quality decisions. It comes
along with many advantages, which are as follows:
– Creates added ownership and commitment that leads to a more effective execution as the entire
group takes action on the plan/project.
– Create a more shared understand through discussion that links differences.
– Broad participation engages and authorises the whole of the group.
– Distributes the power within a group equally.
– Increases cooperation and teamwork.
– Create better decisions made within the group that are more representative of a larger community
The fundamentals of consensus decision–making used within a business
When is comes to using the word consensus there are several different meanings to it. Often referred
to as "consensus decision–making" and there is many common elements that may define consensus
decision–making, this includes:
– Agreement seeking: Consensus decision–making is the process in which it seeks a general or a full
agreement. When an organisation agrees to use consensus they set themselves the target of
producing as much of an agreement as possible. Different organisations might different rules of
decisions, such as the benchmark for how much of an agreement is required to finalise a decision.
However, all groups that use the process of consensus strive to ensure that it reaches a full

Re: Re: Topic 1: Discussion Question 1 Essay
Collaborative Learning Community (CLC)
* Introduction: *
Group work can seem like a daunting task, particularly in an asynchronous environment in which
communication occurs primarily online or, at a distance. Even if you are enrolled in a course that
meets weekly, conflicting schedules can make it difficult to arrange outside meetings with your
group members. However, with proper planning and clear communications, teams can work
effectively and efficiently with little or no face–to–face contact.
Achieving good outcomes requires that individuals with different strengths, weaknesses, and
perspectives come together to arrive at consensus. Several tools have been created to help your
group get started, get organized, and stay on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your grade for each CLC assignment is based partly on the quality of the work submitted and partly
on the demonstration of group dynamic and "group think." *
How the CLC Works
The instructor will assign students to teams during Topic 1 in preparation for the CLC assignment
that is due in Topic 3.
Each team will be assigned a color code.
Your team will use the CLC forum, located in the Discussion Forum folder, to communicate with
each other while working on the assignment. Your team's CLC forum can be identified by the color
code that was assigned to your team.
Tips to Get Started 1) Get to know your team members and their individual skills (what they do well
and what they prefer to do when working in groups).
2) Establish a "To Do" list for the group.
3) Establish expectations (how and when to communicate, who will do what aspects of the project)
and a timeline in which the group must complete specific tasks.
4) Organize your work into sections, ensuring that all items listed on the guidelines are accounted
for.
5) Communicate with your group members often to ensure your group is on track.
6) Assemble a rough draft of all documents required and upload the file to the team discussion

forum for all group members to review and give comment.
7) Make corrections as necessary

Fuel Subsidies Literature Review
Literature Review –Neellohit Datta (1315709)
Topic: The Effectiveness of Fuel Subsidies on Developing Economies
Introduction:
"Black Gold" is the other name for petroleum, the reason being, it is black when it is extracted, and
subsequently the byproducts such as petrol, diesel, LPG, propane and so on are as precious as gold.
As importing fuel for the less petroleum rich countries is costly, the government generally gives
subsidies to the residents of the nation, to make the byproducts more easily accessible. They are also
used as an attempt to avoid inflation in the economy and safeguard citizens from the price
fluctuations in the global energy markets.
The flipside is that the Fuel subsidies given by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Walsh (May 2013): 'The Fiscal and Welfare Impacts of Reforming Fuel Subsidies in India' URL:
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13128.pdf
Michael Plante (March 2013): 'The Long–run Macroeconomic Impacts of Fuel Subsidies' URL:
https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/papers/2013/wp1303.pdf
Javier Arze del Granado, David Coady, and Robert Gillingham (September 2010): 'The Unequal
Benefits of Fuel Subsidies: A Review of Evidence for Developing Countries' URL:
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10202.pdf
Brendan Greely (March 2014): 'Why Fuel Subsidies in Developing Nations Are an Economic
Addiction' URL: http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014–03–13/why–fuel–subsidies–in–
developing–nations–are–an–economic–addiction
Utpal Bhaskar (February 2015): 'Budget 2015: Petroleum subsidy slashed by half' URL:

The Team Start Up Guide
The Team Start Up guide has been prepared to give some guidance to Team Leaders and/or
Sponsors working with newly–formed teams. These steps have been used successfully, in part and
in their entirety, with different types of teams. For best results, we recommend that a block of time
be set aside for this activity when a team first begins meetings. The Start Up guide will take a team
through the first steps of its process in which the goal is "Defining the Project's Purpose and Scope.
The Start Up will also establish a healthy foundation for the team's work. Products of this stage
include: A clear and common understanding of the team's charter Ground rules and operating
procedures Defined roles A vision of the desired outcome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Planning the Start Up Meeting If the Team Leader and Sponsor is to be effective, they should meet
in advance to discuss the team, its make up, and its task. Be sure to inform each other of any
potential problem areas or sensitive issues that the team is to tackle and discuss how you might
handle them. The Sponsor should begin by asking, "Tell me about your team", or "tell me about
your project" to gain a sense of what the leader requires. Review this package together and explain
what you expect to do. Based on your discussion, develop and select the questions for data gathering
exercise. Discuss the agenda regarding methods, tools, and responsibility of materials, set–up and
leadership. And, of course, the Team Leader and Sponsor should establish ground rules for how they
will work together. Room Preparation The Team Start Up requires a space large enough to hold the
team and several flipcharts and allow team members to move around freely. You team will be using
flip charts so there should be adequate wall space to hang the flipchart papers. The following
materials might be needed: Flipcharts and lots of paper Have pens/pencils available Plenty of water
based markers in a variety of colors Tape Name/Tent cards (Optional if everyone knows each other)
Post a "Parking Lot" for potential solutions, future action items, and other concerns that will be
addressed at a later date. The Team Start Up Meeting At this stage all players introduce themselves,
the

Structural Adjustment Programs And Its Impact On Ghana 's...
The 1900s was a time when developed nations flourished through the exploitation of the global
south, creating a structure that places developed nations as the key players of the world. Although
colonialism came to an end just after the Second World War, it gave birth to a new system called
neoliberalism, which encompasses a new form of colonialism. This saw the introduction of
transnational institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization
(WTO), and the World Bank. These institutions applied neoliberal policies with the goal of pursuing
progress for the global south. These Policies were referred to as structural adjustment programs
(SAPS). This paper will argue that neoliberal structural adjustment ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These policies were implemented in the Global South such as Ghana, who was one of the first
African countries to undergo reforms under the Provision National Defence Council (PNDC)
regime. The human development index is measurement used to assess countries based on three
categories: life expectancy, education and gross national income per capita (UNDP, 2014,p. 2).
According to the report by the Untied Nations Development Program, Ghana's HDI value is ranked
at 132 out of 187 countries in 2014. In a time period of 33 years from 1980 to 2013, Ghana's HDI
has been on a slow increase. Life expectancy increased by 8.8 years, years of schooling by 4.0 years
and the GNI by 62.2 percent (UNDP, 2014, p. 2). Such increase in a period of 32 years can be seen
as slow progress. In my opinion the introduction of structural adjustment policies have placed a
blockade on Ghana hindering its human and social development. The government has been focused
on repaying its debt to the IMF and World Bank to the point of where they have forgotten about the
well being of its citizens.
Ghana after its independence in 1957 became the most prosperous country in Sub–Saharan Africa.
Ghana's main source of income was agriculture, which contributed to half of its GDP. With its
rapidly

Neoliberalism Is A Political Project For Restore Class Power
Neoliberalism has a tendency to increase social inequality and this tendency is no accident. The rich
thorough military force political maneuvering and the construction of mass consent decimate social
infrastructure and break trade unions and social movements in order to cement class power. Proof
that neoliberalism is more about class power than economic efficiency can be found in the numbers.
The global picture looks, at least on the surface, to be very bleak. The poorest 40 percent of the
world's population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for
three–quarters of world income . Income inequality increased by 32% between 1960 and 2005 in the
UK and in the US it increased by 23% . Neoliberal governance often departs from the theoretical
template, providing further proof for Harvey's thesis that neoliberalism is a political project to
restore class power. These pragmatic departures prove very beneficial to the rich and in turn result in
increased inequality and poverty. Harvey argues that neoliberal governance has two fundamental
biases which show how favouring class power trumps the theoretical framework. Firstly, in practice
neoliberal governance always favours fostering 'good investment' over 'good business. Second,
neoliberal states 'typically favour the integrity of the financial system and the solvency of financial
institutions over the well–being of the population or environmental quality' . The reliance
neoliberalism places on

North American Free Trade ( Nafta ) And The International...
Ever since organizations and agreements like the North American Free Trade (NAFTA) and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) were created around the end of World War 2 to supposedly help
the Third World nations to establish better economies and governments, they have only done more
harm than good for these nations. These third world countries end up becoming exploited and
extorted, forced to become dependent on the big international organizations like the IMF because of
the exorbitant interest rates charged on them, thus they remain forever in debt. The accumulation of
debt then allows the IMF to have more voice over how the indebted countries should be shaped and
how they should run their economy. What ends up happening then is that their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of such policies, many women end up struggling at home and eventually, in desperation,
they end up leaving home to find work elsewhere. First, let us examine how economic policies like
the structural adjustment policies implemented by the IMF affect a country. A great example of this
is detailed in Ault and Sandberg's "Our Policies, Their Consequences", where both authors explore
how seriously the structural adjustment policies changed the economic state in Zambia. As these
authors point out, the terms of the loans "reflect the economic and political interests and values of
the world's wealthiest nations (470)". It is seen here already that that does not bode well for Zambia.
One clearly can see that globalization is just another way first world nations still colonize the world,
but instead through means of economic and trade conquests. Now, the article continues on to talk
about the kind of changes that the IMF implemented on Zambia: they wanted them to devalue their
currency and stop supporting many domestic programs, social welfare programs, and fire federal
employees and instead they wanted them to focus on increasing their exports for the global market.
And what are changes without its consequences? Because the IMF favored the growth of
international markets, the local economy in Zambia suffered greatly. Devalued

The Washington Consensus And Related Structural Adjustment...
The Washington Consensus (the Consensus) and related structural adjustment provisions (SAPs) are
methods of economic policymaking for a developing society. It has bred a neoliberalist miasma in
Latin America, asserting themes of privatisation, deregulation and liberalisation. Here, Williamson
(2000) proposes a tripartite argument for the Consensus; rapid economic development is ingrained
in nation policies; supplementary focus of such policies as 'pro–poor', aimed at poverty reduction;
and governmental administration to foster developments. Naim (1993) informs Williamson's (2000)
propositions, but his Venezuelan example, El Gran Viraje (the Reform), demonstrates these
neoliberal policies are problematic. This paper thus encapsulates that such economic, social and
political upheavals subsequent the Consensus and related SAP implementation are reasoned with the
discrepancy between the idealistic or narrow interpretation and implementation of the Consensus,
and the nuanced reality of a nation.
The provision of a USD 4.5 million loan funded a Reform that relied on markets as origins of
economic growth. Subsequent SAPs promoted a strong macroeconomic masquerade that forwent its
symbiosis with microeconomic issues. It was the growing statism in 1989 Latin America that drove
this rebellious neo–liberalist direction, countering overt government control through deregulatory,
penetrative strategies. Informing Williamson's (2000) argument of rapid economic development,
Naim (1993)

Middle Eastern Countries and the Washington Consensus
The Middle East has been considered as one of the most important crossroads of international trade
for many centuries. In the second century, the Silk Route was connected in the Middle East which
connected important trading areas including Europe, the Mediterranean, Central Asia and China
(Paczynka 12). The important role that the Middle East plays in the trading world has further
expanded in the Eighteenth Century. Finally, this role further expanded in the twentieth century.
During this particular period, the Middle East has assumed of utmost significance in terms of
geopolitical factors in view of the fact that they have the world's largest petroleum services. Given
the important role that the Middle East plays in the World Economy, there is no doubt that the
collective economy thereof is very diverse (Paczynka 5). This is brought about by the important role
that oil has played in the various economies in the Middle East. Essentially, oil was also considered
as one of the main factors behind the impressive development of various countries in the region.
Unfortunately, while there are several countries in the Middle East that have developed drastically
over years, there is also no question that there are countries that remain to be negatively affected by
severe poverty (Paczynka 5). In this light, it is also undeniable that there are various economic
issues being faced by countries in the Middle East. One of the main issues, as earlier pointed out,
pertains to the fact

Socially Constructed Reality and Meaning in Notes from...
Socially Constructed Reality and Meaning in Notes from Underground
Just as the hands in M.C. Escher's "Drawing Hands" both create and are created by each other, the
identity of man and society are mutually interdependent. According to the model described in The
Sacred Canopy, Peter Berger believes that man externalizes or creates a social reality that is in turn
objectified, or accepted by him as real. This sociological model creates a useful framework for
understanding the narrator's rejection of ultimate reality or truth in Fyodor Dostoevsky's Notes from
Underground. The reality in which the narrator tries to live in part II, and the reality that he rejects
in part I, are both created and, as such, are ultimately meaningless. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Just as the hands of Escher's illustration define each other, man and society are in a constant process
of mutual recreation.
Successful internalization is exemplified by the underground man of part II. In this section, the
narrator's actions are dominated by a desire to fulfill his socially defined roles. Often calling his
actions "bookish," the underground man tries to act out traditional cultural relationships. In his
relationship with Liza the narrator sees an opportunity to fulfill the role of the hero, uplifting the
poor, wretched prostitute. He asks her about her home life and warns her about the sickness she
could catch from her occupation, all in an attempt to play the hero and save this dejected prostitute.
The manufactured hero reflects,
"I began to feel what I was saying and grew excited. I'd been longing to expound these cherished
little ideas that I'd been nurturing in my corner. Something had caught fire in me, some kind of goal
had 'manifested itself' before me." (Dostoevsky 65). These
"cherished little ideas" are the cultural norms that the underground man is trying to fulfill. The
narrator's interactions with other characters in part II reflect a desire on his part to live out
archetypical roles. When he feels insulted by the officer, the narrator clings to the romantic notion of
vindicating himself through a duel. After detailing his plan to confront the officer

Comparing the Washington and Beijing Consensus Models

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