How the Prime Minister’s Irrigation Scheme (PMKSY), and the Prime Minister’s Scheme for Energy Security & Upliftment of Farmers (PM-KUSUM) helped India to increase its agriculture production, and to reduce electricity consumption.

1. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
IMPACT OF TWO SCHEMES ON WATER, ENERGY AND
FOOD NEXUS: EXAMPLES FROM INDIA
National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog)
New Delhi
Government of India.
Avinash Mishra, Advisor (Water & Land Resources)
&
Arunlal K., Associate (Water & Land Resources)

2. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
IMPACT OF TWO SCHEMES ON WATER, ENERGY AND
FOOD NEXUS: EXAMPLES FROM INDIA
2

3. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
98
100
Gross Sown Area: 198 mha
68
72
Net Sown Area: 140 mha
Irrigated Rainfed
41
18
25
8 2 6
Industry Agriculture
Domestic Commercial
Traction & Railways Others
Sector wise electricity consumption (%)
Crop Production
(million tonnes)
Rice 118.87
Wheat 107.86
Sugarcane 361.04
Fruits 99.07
Vegetables 191.77
Pulses 23.03
Production of major crops
3
Source: Energy Statistics India-2021, Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation; Government of India
Source: Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2020-21,
Reserve Bank of India, Government of India.
Source: Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2020-21,
Reserve Bank of India, Government of India.

4. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
28.4
25 24.6 25.9
27.6
5.4 3.9 2.9 2 1.7
13.4
20.3 21.5 20.6
15.7
46.4
43.7 44.2 45.2
47.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Marginal (< 1
ha)
Small (1 to 2 ha) Semi-medium (2
to 4 ha)
Medium (4 to 10
ha)
Large (> 10 ha)
Source-wise irrigation (%) among different size classes
Canals Tanks Wells Tubewells
The contribution of
groundwater based sources
(Tube-wells and wells) is
from 59.8% to 65.7%,
across various land sizes.
4
In each land class, 6% to 7% of irrigation is met from other sources
Source: Agriculture Statistics – 2021; Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Government of India

5. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
In 16% of the geographical area, extraction is more than
the annual recharge.
Wells & tube wells based area increased tremendously
 From 29% in 1950-51 to 63% as of now.
Subsidized tariffs and incentives promoted deep tube well
Groundwater extraction: 245 billion cum.
 61.6% of annual groundwater recharge
5

6. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Irrigation
Water Resources Department
Watershed management
Land Resources Department
On-farm water management
Agriculture Department
Lack of coordination
Less efficient utilization of
monetary resources
Duplication of interventions
Scattered focus in planning
6

7. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
An umbrella scheme amalgamating all relevant components, launched in 2015
Accelerated
Irrigation
Benefit
Programme
Irrigation Water
to All Farm
Fields
Per Drop More
Crop (Micro
Irrigation)
Watershed
Development
PMKSY-
Groundwater
7

8. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
 Launched in 2019
 Aimed at ensuring energy security
for farmers in India
 To increase the share of installed
capacity of electric power from non-
fossil-fuel sources
 Additional income to farmers by
selling the solar power to power
distribution companies (DISCOMs)
Setting up of 10,000 MW of Decentralized
Grid Connected Renewable Energy Power
Plants on barren land
Installation of 17.50 Lakh stand-alone solar
agriculture pumps
Solarization of 10 Lakh Grid Connected
Agriculture Pumps.
Three components
A
B
C
8

9. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
9

10. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
6.75 million ha area brought
under micro irrigation in the
seven years since 2015.
7.78
8.35
9.19
10.24
11.4
12.57
13.51
14.53
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Till 2015 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22
Area
in
million
ha
Area brought under micro irrigation (cumulative) in million ha
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Government of India
10

11. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Component Final Target Total sanctioned so far
A
Decentralized Grid Connected
Plants 10000 MW 4886 MW
B
Stand-alone Solar Agriculture
Pumps 1.75 million pumps 0.81 million pumps
C
Grid Connected Agriculture
Pumps 1.0 million pumps 0.15 million pumps
Source: PM-KUSUM Dashboard, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India; https://pmkusum.mnre.gov.in 11

12. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Haryana
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Source: Central Groundwater Board,
Government of India.
Groundwater Situation
Over-exploited
Critical
Semi-critical
Source: PM-KUSUM Dashboard
https://pmkusum.mnre.gov.in
PM-KUSUM Progress
12

13. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Source: Energy Statistics India-2021, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation; Government of India
141 147 153
169 173
191
199
213 211 215
0
50
100
150
200
250
2011
-1
2
20
12
-1
3
20
13
-1
4
20
14
-1
5
20
15
-1
6
20
16
-1
7
20
17
-1
8
20
18
-1
9
20
19
-2
0
20
20
-2
1
CONSUMPTION
IN
GIGA
UNITS
YEAR
13

14. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Benefit of additional micro
irrigation area of 6.75 million ha
At least: 10.1 BCM water and 6
Giga Units (6000 GWh)
At most: 16.9 BCM water and 23.5
Giga Units (23475 GWh) electricity.
Assumptions:
* 30% to 50% saving in water
** Head varies from 25 m to 160 m
*** Discharge of a 25 stage 5 HP pump in 4 inch dia
bore well considered. (2.7 to 6.3 cum/hr)
Assured canal
irrigation
through PMKSY
Reduced usage
of ground water
Saving in energy
consumed for
pumping
Additional micro
irrigation area of
6.75 mha
Saving in
irrigation water
Saving in energy
consumed for
pumping
Launch of PM-
KUSUM,
campaigns &
meetings
Awareness +
Power purchase
by DISCOMs
Triggered a
behaviour
change
14

15. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
244
259
257
265
252 252
275
285 285
298
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
Production
(in
million
tonnes)
Production of total food grains in million tonnes
An increase of 46 million
tonnes in 5 years (2015-16 to
2019-20)
3.09%
18.27%
2010-15 2015-20
Half-decadal growth in production of food
grains in %
Source: Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2020-21, Reserve Bank of India, Government of India. 15

16. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
3034
3440
2400
2723
1579
1991
655
823
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
Yield
(kg/ha)
Yield of major crops
Wheat Rice Coarse cerals Pulses
5.75%
14.80%
2010-15 2015-20
Half-decadal growth of yield of food
grains in %
Average yield of total food grains
increased by more than 300 kg/ha
in the five years past 2015-16
Source: Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2020-21, Reserve Bank of India, Government of India. 16

17. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
17
18.24
17.09
18.34 19.26
17.15 16.32
23.13
25.42
22.08 23.03
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
Production
in
million
tonnes
Production of pulses
Yield and production of pulses have been following more or
less similar trends before and after the introduction of PMKSY.
This reinforces the argument that PMKSY influenced the increase
in yield and production of the crops which are significantly
covered by canal irrigation.
691 699
789 764
728
655
786
853
757
823
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
Yield
(kg/ha)
Yield of pulses
Total: 20.59 mha Irrigated: 4.38 mha Un-irrigated: 16.21 mha Irrigation Coverage: 21%
Area under pulses

18. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
The PMKSY scheme could bring visible improvement in the water-energy-food nexus
by increasing yield and production of crops under canal irrigation.
18
The combined effect of PMKSY and PM-KUSUM contributed to the flattening of the
electricity consumption trend in 2019-20 and 2020-21, which was on a rising trajectory.
The PM-KUSUM scheme, which is in its initial years of implementation, has been
positively contributing to the gain of nexus in high ground water extracting regions.
The Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) component of the PMKSY helped to save a
considerable volume of water, and a significant quantity of electricity.

19. 24th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage & 73rd IEC Meeting
3-10 October 2022, Adelaide, Australia
Thank You
Photo shot in a small river in a State in the west coast of southern
India named “Kerala”, which means “the Land of Coconut Trees.”
E-mail: amishra-pc@gov.in, k.arunlal@gov.in