2. Theory about Memory
• “a memory system is defined in
terms of its brain mechanisms,
the kind of information it
processes, and the principles
of its operation”
– Schacter and Tulving (as cited in Driscoll,
2001)
4. The belief in the interaction of new
information with stored information...
• bottom-up system • top-down system
5. The Stage Model
• Traditionally, the most widely used
model of information processing is the
stage theory model, based on the work
of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
–sensory memory
– short-term or working memory
–long-term memory
6. Sensory memory
• Sensory memory represents the initial stage of
stimuli perception. It is associated with the
senses, and there seems to be a separate
section for each type of sensual perception,
each with its own limitations and devices.
7. Attention and automaticity
are the two major influences
on sensory memory, and much
work has been done to
understand the impact of each
on information processing.
8. ATTENTION
• “limitations in our perceptual
processing and response
generation: to attend to one this
is to not attend to others”- Suthers
(1996)
9. AUTOMATICITY
• “When tasks are over learned or
sources of information become
habitual, to the extent that their
attention requirements are minimal,
automaticity has occurred”- Driscoll
(2001)
10. Short-term
Memory
• This stage is often viewed as active or
conscious memory because it is the part
of memory that is being actively
processed while new information is being
taken in.
• 15-30 seconds if other action is not
taken.
11. Long-term memory
• “is that more permanent store
in which information can
reside in a dormant state –
out of mind and unused –
until you fetch it back into
consciousness” –Abbot (2002)
12. In order to incorporate new
information, long-term memory must
be in communication with short-term
memory and must be dynamic
13.
14. Information is sensed, perceived and
attended to
Information is stored for either a brief of extended period
of time depending upon the processes following encoding
Information is brought back at the appropriate
time and reactivate for use on current tasks
15. Cognition is the encoding,
structuring, storing,
retrieving, using, or
otherwise learning
knowledge (Neisser, 1967)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. The mind is not a vessel to
be filled, but a fire to be
ignited.
(Plutarch)
21. Original Terms New Terms
• Evaluation
• Synthesis
• Analysis
• Application
• Comprehension
• Knowledge
•Creating
•Evaluating
•Analysing
•Applying
•Understanding
•Remembering
(Based on Pohl, 2000, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 8)
22. Remembering
The learner is able to recall, restate and
remember learned information.
– Recognising
– Listing
– Describing
– Identifying
– Retrieving
– Naming
– Locating
– Finding
23. Remembering content
• List
• Memorise
• Relate
• Show
• Locate
• Distinguish
• Give example
• Reproduce
• Quote
• Repeat
• Label
• Recall
• Know
• Group
• Read
• Write
• Outline
• Listen
• Group
• Choose
• Recite
• Review
• Quote
• Record
• Match
• Select
• Underline
• Cite
• Sort
Recall or
recognition of
specific
information
25. Understanding
The learner grasps the meaning of information
by interpreting and translating what has been
learned.
– Interpreting
– Exemplifying
– Summarising
– Inferring
– Paraphrasing
– Classifying
– Comparing
– Explaining
26. Understanding content
• Restate
• Identify
• Discuss
• Retell
• Research
• Annotate
• Translate
• Give examples of
• Paraphrase
• Reorganise
• Associate
• Describe
• Report
• Recognise
• Review
• Observe
• Outline
• Account for
• Interpret
• Give main
idea
• Estimate
• Define
Understanding of
given
information
28. Applying
The learner makes use of information in a context different
from the one in which it was learned.
– Implementing
– Carrying out
– Using
– Executing
29. Applying content
• Translate
• Manipulate
• Exhibit
• Illustrate
• Calculate
• Interpret
• Make
• Practice
• Apply
• Operate
• Interview
• Paint
• Change
• Compute
• Sequence
• Show
• Solve
• Collect
• Demonstrate
• Dramatise
• Construct
• Use
• Adapt
• Draw
Using strategies,
concepts, principles and
theories in new
situations
31. Analysing
The learner breaks learned information into its parts to
best understand that information.
– Comparing
– Organising
– Deconstructing
– Attributing
– Outlining
– Finding
– Structuring
– Integrating
32. Analysing content
• Distinguish
• Question
• Appraise
• Experiment
• Inspect
• Examine
• Probe
• Separate
• Inquire
• Arrange
• Investigate
• Sift
• Research
• Calculate
• Criticize
• Compare
• Contrast
• Survey
• Detect
• Group
• Order
• Sequence
• Test
• Debate
• Analyse
• Diagram
• Relate
• Dissect
• Categorise
• Discriminate
Breaking
information down
into its component
elements
37. Creating
The learner creates new ideas and information
using what has been previously learned.
– Designing
– Constructing
– Planning
– Producing
– Inventing
– Devising
– Making
38. Creating content
• Compose
• Assemble
• Organise
• Invent
• Compile
• Forecast
• Devise
• Propose
• Construct
• Plan
• Prepare
• Develop
• Originate
• Imagine
• Generate
• Formulate
• Improve
• Act
• Predict
• Produce
• Blend
• Set up
• Devise
• Concoct
• Compile
Putting together ideas or
elements to develop a
original idea or engage
in creative thinking.
40. A good teacher makes you
think even when you don’t
want to.
(Fisher, 1998, Teaching Thinking)
41. Questions for Remembering
• What happened after...?
• How many...?
• What is...?
• Who was it that...?
• Can you name ...?
• Find the definition of…
• Describe what happened after…
• Who spoke to...?
• Which is true or false...?
42. Questions for Understanding
• Can you explain why…?
• Can you write in your own words?
• How would you explain…?
• Can you write a brief outline...?
• What do you think could have happened next...?
• Who do you think...?
• What was the main idea...?
• Can you clarify…?
• Can you illustrate…?
• Does everyone act in the way that …….. does?
43. Questions for Applying
• Do you know of another instance where…?
• Can you group by characteristics such as…?
• Which factors would you change if…?
• What questions would you ask of…?
• From the information given, can you develop a
set of instructions about…?
44. Question for Analysing
• Which events could not have happened?
• If. ..happened, what might the ending have been?
• How is...similar to...?
• What do you see as other possible outcomes?
• Why did...changes occur?
• Can you explain what must have happened when...?
• What are some or the problems of...?
• Can you distinguish between...?
• What were some of the motives behind..?
• What was the turning point?
• What was the problem with...?
45. Questions for Evaluating
• Is there a better solution to...?
• Judge the value of... What do you think about...?
• Can you defend your position about...?
• Do you think...is a good or bad thing?
• How would you have handled...?
• What changes to.. would you recommend?
• Do you believe...? How would you feel if. ..?
• How effective are. ..?
• What are the consequences..?
• What influence will....have on our lives?
• What are the pros and cons of....?
• Why is ....of value?
• What are the alternatives?
• Who will gain & who will loose?
46. Questions for Creating
• Can you design a...to...?
• Can you see a possible solution to...?
• If you had access to all resources, how would you deal
with...?
• Why don't you devise your own way to...?
• What would happen if ...?
• How many ways can you...?
• Can you create new and unusual uses for...?
• Can you develop a proposal which would...?
47. EXCERCISE
1
• Think of a topic in Language and Communication
Development and literacy (Listening, Reading, Speaking or
writing)
2
• Develop performance standards that manifests
Bloom’s New Taxonomy (RUAAEC)
• Label each (what topic? And it’s performance
standards and what level in Bloom’s Taxonomy it
belongs to?
