CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLYSEMANTIC VERB IN THE YAKUT LANGUAGE

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 174–182, Article ID: IJCIET_09_12_021
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE
POLYSEMANTIC VERB IN THE YAKUT
LANGUAGE
Svetlana Mitrofanovna Prokopieva
Center for Research and Education, North-Eastern Federal University, 42,
Kulakovskogo Str., Yakutsk, 677013, Russia
Vladimir Dmitrievich Monastyrev, Iya Vasiljevna Ammosova
Institute for Humanities and Indigenous Studies, Siberian Divisin,
Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Petrovskogo Str., Yakutsk, 677007, Russia
ABSTRACT
The semantic structure of the polysemantic verb таҕыс has been analyzed. It
involves 37 interrelated lexico-semantic variants united into a lexico-semantic field
forming a separate macrostructure of lexico-semantic paradigms. The analysis
revealed three lexico-semantic fields: action, state, and relations. The first field shows
the subfields: motion, location, physical action on the object, speech and social
activity. The second field revealed two groups: feature existence and manifestation.
The third field has one subfield – interpersonal relations.
Key words: polysemy, codification, concept, lexicographic, Yakut language, semantic
transfer
Cite this Article: Svetlana Mitrofanovna Prokopieva, Vladimir Dmitrievich
Monastyrev, Iya Vasiljevna Ammosova, Conceptual Analysis of the Polysemantic
Verb in the Yakut Language, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology (IJCIET) 9(12), 2018, pp. 174–182.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12
1. INTRODUCTION
Polysemantic verbal vocabulary has been the subject of detailed linguistic research Gyori [1],
Nerlich, Todd [2], Apresyan [3], Kuznetsova [4], Stepanova [5], Achmatova [6], Arnold [7],
Kobozeva [8], Guzeev [9], Gaptelganieva [10], Batyrmurzaeva [11], Kuliev [12], Chertykova
[13] etc. The category of the Yakut verb was first described in O.N. Boetlingk‟s [14]. A
comprehensive analysis of semantic, structural, and phonetic morphological characteristics of
various Yakut verbal stems is provided by L.N. Kharitonov [15]. Certain aspects of the verb
category are analyzed by E.I. Korkina [16, 17]. Investigations by P.S. Afanasiev [18], S.M.
Prokopieva [19] touch upon the problem of semantic word structure and polysemy.
The first study in Yakut linguistics dedicated to polysemantic verbal vocabulary is that of
E.P. Kopyrina [20]. The author undertook a structural-semantic description of the lexico-

Conceptual Analysis of the Polysemantic Verb in the Yakut Language
semantic group of polysemantic verbs of physical action on the object. At present, a great role
in studying verbal polysemy is played by a lexicographic elaboration of Yakut polysemantic
verbs. The Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language being completed this year is of
paramount importance, presenting the centuries-old riches of Yakut vocabulary and its unique
lexical characteristics. The abundant lexical material of the Dictionary will certainly serve as
a basis for further deep research of semasiological character [21].
Increasing interest is being shown in the research of vocabulary system and structural
arrangement of word within the general trend of development in modern linguistics. The
subject of the present research is a productive Yakut polysemantic verb таҕысhaving a wide
range of system structure. Lexico-semantic variants (further, LSV) of the verb are classified
into semantic groups. We used the method of component and context analysis as well as the
analysis of dictionary entries to establish the semantic structure of the verb. The general
research method is inductive-deductive.
The Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language introducing the centuries-old
lexical richness of the Yakut language, its unique lexical characteristics, is of great
importance. One of those characteristics is codification of sematic structure of polysemantic
words which result from a long historical process. The abundant lexical material of the
Dictionary will further be certainly used as a basis for semasiological research.
Polysemy is a linguistic universal, an integral constituent of languages. Words and
phraseological units of a language are a universal base to develop polysemy as practically any
linguistic unit has potential enough to develop new meanings.
The object of research is a productive Yakut polysemantic verb таҕыс which has a wide
range of systematic structural arrangement and a rich figurative potential to form linguistics
units of indirect nomination.
2. METHODS
The method of component analysis and phraseological identification was used. To reveal the
semantic verb structure, the method of entry analysis was applied. The general research
method is the inductive-deductive one.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the language semantics of the verb таҕысleads us to the domain of concepts.
It was revealed that the semantic potential of the verb таҕыс involves the following concepts:
3.1. Action and activity
3.1.1. Motion
One-directional motion
1) oriented relative to the starting and finishing points “go out of something, leave the area of
something”:Дьиэттэн таһырдьа таҕыс. ‘Go out from the house’.
2) oriented relative to the starting point “go out of something, leave the area of
something”:Сөмөлүөттэн тахсыбыт эдэр киһи аатын истэн эргиллэ түстэ (I.
Danilov). ‘The young man leaving the airplane turned round, having heard his name’.
3) oriented relative to the finishing point “come to the bank; go to the woods, come into the
woods”: [Чүөчээски суруктары] сулбу тардан ылан, тыаҕа тахсан аахта (Suorun
Omolloon). ‘Having snatched [the letters, Chyocheski] went to the woods to read [them]’.
“Get across, cross over, pass over something; get on the other side of something (e.g. a river,
a lake, a field)”: Аанчык, муус чараас да буоллар, бүгүн үрэх уҥуор тахсарга сананна (T.
Smetanin). ‘Though the ice was thin, Anchyk decided to cross the river today’. “Go to the

Svetlana Mitrofanovna Prokopieva, Vladimir Dmitrievich Monastyrev, Iya Vasiljevna Ammosova
provinces, remote areas”: Оччоттон билиҥҥэ дылы ыраах тыа сиригэр куоратчыт
тахсара бэрт улахан сонун, элбэх кэпсээннээх буолар (A. Sofronov). ‘Since long ago a
townsman’s going to deep rural areas has been a great piece of news, much told about’.
Large scale involvement in motion
1) “appear in abundance (from sea, lakes, the depths – of fish)”: Сотору кыһыл балык
үгэннээн тахсаары турара (V. Sangi). „Soon red fish must come here‟.
1.3. Up/down motion
1) “come up, climb up height (e.g. a mountain, fly up – of birds)”: Мин хайаҕа тахса
сырыттым ээ (N. Neustroev). „Actually, I climbed the mountain‟.
Change of direction
1) “go, turn in some direction (of roads, ways)”: Баран истэххитинэ биир суол уҥа тахсыа,
ону батыһымаҥ, хаҥас суолу батыҥ (Kynde). „When you‟ll be going you‟ll see a road
going to the right, don‟t go it, go on the left road‟.
Motion to reach the goal
1) “overcome (e.g. some distance)”: Күҥҥэ муҥутаан түөрт-биэс көһү таҕыстаххына
баһыыба (Nerte). „Say thanks if you can make 4-5 kilometers a day‟.
Start of motion
1) “start, get down to or resume (of work), come back to work”: Үлэҕэ таҕыс. „Go back to
your work‟. Дьуһуурустубаҕа таҕыс. „Start your shift‟.
Result of action
1) with an adverbial participle ending with –ан denotes a result of an action (usually
unexpected): Сиэнньэ эксээмэҥҥэ эстэн таҕыста. ‘Senya came to fail the exam’.
Continuality or permanency of an action
1) with an adverbial participle ending with –ан shows continuality or permanency of an
action: Быыс булларбын эрэ наар ааҕан тахсабын (N. Luginov). „If I ever have some time,
I always come to read‟.
Intensity of action
1) with an adverbial participle ending with –ан denotes an unexpected manifestation of an
action or its special intensity: Үс хаамыыттан итэҕэһи кылыйар киһи суох буолан таҕыста
(Amma Achygyia). „It came out there was no man who jump less than three steps‟.
Cease of activity
1) “cease one‟s participation in something, quit some activity”: Хамыыһыйа састаабыттан
таҕыс. „Come out from the commission‟. Көмүһү сууйар артыалтан таҕыс. „Come out from
the gold-mining cooperative‟.
3.1.2. Location
Location of the subject
1) “come out, appear, show” (e.g. of blood from a wound, sweat, water from under the
ground): Ахмет уҥа атаҕынааҕы хаатыҥкатын бүтэй хаан өтөн тахсыбыт (Erilik
Eristiin). „Blood showed through the Akhmet‟s right felt boot‟.
2) “go through something; show on the other side of something, come out on the other side of
something (e.g. of nails)”: Буулдьа хаҥас хонноҕун аннынан тахсыбыт (N. Yakutskay).
‘The bullet came through under his left underarm’.
3. Physical action on the object

Setting free of something
1) “be released from confinement, set free”: Хаайыылаахтар көҥүлгэ тахсаллар (I.
Bochkarev). Prisoners come out from confinement‟.
Speech activity
Characterizing speech activity (characteristic articulation when speaking)
1) “be spoken, issue involuntarily or inadvertently from (of words, phrases)”:Киһи
айаҕыттан тахсыбыт буолан баран, иһиллибэт буолбат. „[Something] that came out of
one‟s mouth can‟t be unheard‟.
Social activity
Distribution of something and publishing
1) “besold”: Оччотооҕуга суол-иис куһаҕан буолан, эт итиэннэ үүт атыыга кыайан
тахсыбат буолара (A. Yakovlev). „As the roads were bad at that time, meat and milk could
not go to selling‟.
2) “be published, see the light”: Суруйааччы саҥа кинигэтэ тахсыбыт. „A new book of the
writer came out‟.
Activity to achieve the goal
1) “appear, result from some actions”: Сүөгэйтэн арыы тахсар. „Butter comes from sour
cream‟. Биэ үүтүттэн үчүгэй кымыс тахсар. „Good kumys comes from mare milk‟.
2) “reach the correct solution (e.g. of a sum, problem)”: Суотум [эппиэтэ] таҕыста. „The
solution came out correct‟.
3) “achieve much success; be promoted (at workplace)”: Бэл мин, саха оҕонньоро,
удаарынньыкка таҕыстым (Suorun Omolloon). „Even I, a Yakut old man, came to be a
record-setter in work productivity‟. Үрдүк үлэҕэ таҕыстаххына хамнаһыҥ өссө үрдүө
(S.Efremov). „If you come up high at work, your salary will rise more‟.
3.2. State, condition
3.2.1. Existence
Begin to exist
1) “show from under the ground, sprout (of plants); grow tall”:Күөх от өссө тахса илик
(Suorun Omolloon). „Green grass has not come out yet‟.
2) “appear, come up (e.g. of a boil); protrude, stick out (e.g. of developed parts of
body)”:Искэн тахсыбыт. „The abscess has come out‟. Кутургуйа тахсыбыт. „The boil has
come out‟. Чэчэгэйдэрин тымырдара көппөрүһэн таҕыстылар (A. Fedorov). „The veins on
his temples popped up‟.
3) “clear some cover, expose, be seen”: Хаар уулла, Харалдьыт таҕыста (P. Toburuokov).
„Snow melted, ground came out‟.
Occurrence of events
1) “succeed, get done, come out well”: Таптыыр үлэҥ таҕыстар эрэ тохтуоххун
баҕарбаккын (Amma Achygyia). „If the work you love come out well, you don‟t want to
stop‟.
2) “happen, occur, take place (suddenly, unexpected)”: Муҥха балыгын түҥэттиигэ улахан
этиһии тахсыбыт (Amma Achygyia). „During the distribution of fish [after collective fish
netting] a great argument came out‟.

Cessation (stop to be felt)
1) “stop, be over (e.g. of a cold, tiredness)”: Сылаам таҕыста. „Me tiredness came out‟.
Тумуута тахсыбыт. „His cold came out’.
Manifestation of a feature
Quantitative change
1) “break the usual limit, boundary; overfill, overflow”: Өрүс уута ходуһаҕа тахсыбыт. „The
river‟s water came over onto the valley‟.
2) “exceed the limits of the usual”: Эмиэ сынаарый халыыбыттан таҕыстыбыт (A.
Danilov). „We came out of the screenplay again‟.
Qualitative change
1) “appear above the horizon, rise, appear in the sky (of celestial bodies, clouds)”:
Халлааҥҥа сулустар бычыгыраан таҕыстылар (N. Gabyshev). „A lot of stars came out in
the sky‟.
2) “change the state under influence of external factors; transform”: Чалбах тахсыбыт.
„Puddles came out‟. Үрэххэ ырбыы тахсыбыт. „[A flow of melt water between the bank and
the ice edge] came out on the river‟.
3) “be revealed with time, after some term”: Уһун, утумнаах үлэттэн эрэ биһиги,
учууталлар, үлэбитигэр туох эмэ түмүк тахсар (Dalan). Only after long-term consistent
work we, teachers, have some result come out‟.
Development of man’s internal qualities
1) “be useful (useless), be of use”: Бу киһиттэн туһа тахсыа суох. „From this man no use
will come”.
2) “turn into somebody (with time, e.g. grow strong, courageous)”:Эн Хабырыыскыттан
үчүгэй киһи тахсыах оҕото (N. Yakutskiy). „From your Gavril a good man will come out‟.
3.3. Relations
3.3.1. Interpersonal relations
1) “marry a man”: Байбааскы ыйыппыта эбитэ буоллар - тоҕо тахсыбат буолуой? (P.
Oyunskiy) „If Pavel had proposed, why wouldn‟t she go (marry him)?‟
The development of semantics of the motion verb таҕыс occurs at presence of subjects
(participants in a situation). The subjects for this verb are nouns: person, somatisms, artifacts,
aquatic animals, flower names, produce, objects in space, abstract notions, mental objects,
activity, physical condition, emotional mental condition, measure. We shall touch on the
analysis of subjects for the motion verb in detail.
Somatisms:
Blood: Ахмет уҥа атаҕынааҕы хаатыҥкатын бүтэй хаан өтөн тахсыбыт. (Erilik Eristiin).
„Blood showed through the Akhmet‟s right felt boot‟.
A vein: Чэчэгэйдэрин тымырдара көппөрүһэн таҕыстылар. (A. Fedorov). „The veins
on his temples popped up‟.
The mouth: Киһи айаҕыттан тахсыбыт буолан баран, иһиллибэт буолбат (өс ном.). –
„[Something] that came out of one‟s mouth can‟t be unheard‟.
Person:
A city dweller: Оччоттон билиҥҥэ дылы ыраах тыа сиригэр куоратчыт тахсара бэрт
улахан сонун, элбэх кэпсээннээх буолар. (A. Sofronov). „Since long ago a townsman‟s
going to deep rural areas has been a great piece of news, much told about‟.

A man: Эн Хабырыыскыттан үчүгэй киһи тахсыах оҕото (N. Yakutskay). „From your
Gavril a good man will come out‟.
Prisoners: Хаайыылаахтар көҥүлгэ тахсаллар (I. Bochkarev). „Prisoners come out from
confinement‟.
Husband: Байбааскы ыйыппыта эбитэ буоллар - тоҕо эргэ тахсыбат буолуой? (P.
Oyunskiy) „If Pavel had proposed, why wouldn‟t she go (marry him)?‟
Artifacts:
An airplane: Сөмөлүөттэн тахсыбыт эдэр киһи аатын истэн эргиллэ түстэ (I. Danilov).
„The young man leaving the airplane turned round, having heard his name‟.
A bullet: Буулдьа хаҥас хонноҕун аннынан тахсыбыт (N. Yakutskay). „The bullet came
through under his left underarm‟.
Aquatic animals:
Fish:Сотору кыһыл балык үгэннээн тахсаары турара (V. Sanghi). „Soon red fish must
come here‟.
Phytonyms:
Forest: [Чүөчээски суруктары] сулбу тардан ылан, тыаҕа тахсан аахта. (Suorun
Omolloon). „Having snatched [the letters, Chyocheski] went to the woods to read [them]‟.
Grass: Күөх от өссө тахса илик. (Suorun Omolloon). „Green grass has not come out yet‟.
Produce:
Meat, milk: Оччотооҕуга суол-иис куһаҕан буолан, эт итиэннэ үүт атыыга кыайан
тахсыбат буолара (A. Yakovlev). „As the roads were bad at that time, meat and milk could
not go to selling‟.
Butter: Сүөгэйтэн арыы тахсар. – „Butter comes from sour cream‟.
Kumys: Биэ үүтүттэн үчүгэй кымыс тахсар. –„Good kumys comes from mare milk‟.
Measure:
Kilometers: Күҥҥэ муҥутаан түөрт-биэс көһү таҕыстаххына баһыыба. „Say thanks if you
can make 4-5 kilometers a day‟.
Mental objects:
A screenplay: Эмиэ сынаарый халыыбыттан таҕыстыбыт (A. Danilov). „We came out of
the screenplay again‟.
A book: Суруйааччы саҥа кинигэтэ тахсыбыт. „A new book of the writer came out‟.
Result: Уһун, утумнаах үлэттэн эрэ биһиги, учууталлар, үлэбитигэр туох эмэ түмүк
тахсар (Dalan). „Only after long-term consistent work we, teachers, have some result come
out‟.
A task solution: Суотум [эппиэтэ] таҕыста. „The solution came out correct‟.
Objects in space:
A river: Аанчык, муус чараас да буоллар, бүгүн үрэх уҥуор тахсарга сананна (T.
Smetanin). „Though the ice was thin, Anchyk decided to cross the river today‟.
Hunting: Кыра уолаттара сыл аайы Илин үрэххэ бултка тахсаллар (Erilik Eristiin).
„Younger boys go hunting to the Ilin River every year‟.
A mountain: Мин хайаҕа тахса сырыттым ээ (N. Neustroev). „Actually, I climbed the
mountain‟.
Stars: Халлааҥҥа сулустар бычыгыраан таҕыстылар (N. Gabyshev). ‘A lot of
stars came out in the sky’.

A road: Баран истэххитинэ биир суол уҥа тахсыа, ону батыһымаҥ, хаҥас суолу
батыҥ (Kynde). „When you‟ll be going you‟ll see a road going to the right, don‟t go it, go on
the left road‟.
A valley: Өрүс уута ходуһаҕа тахсыбыт. „The river‟s water came over onto the valley‟.
Ground: Хаар уулла, Харалдьыт таҕыста (P. Toburuokov). „Snow melted, ground came
out‟.
A puddle: Чалбах тахсыбыт.„Puddles came out‟.
Icy river edge: Үрэххэ ырбыы тахсыбыт. „[A flow of melt water between the bank and
the ice edge] came out on the river‟.
Abstract notions:
Commission: Хамыыһыйа састаабыттан таҕыс. „Come out from the commission‟.
Artel: Көмүһү сууйар артыалтан таҕыс. „Come out from the gold-mining cooperative‟.
Use: Бу киһиттэн туһа тахсыа суох. „From this man no use will come‟.
Activity:
Work: Үлэҕэ таҕыс. „Go back to (lit. come out to) your work‟.
Shift: Дьуһуурустубаҕа таҕыс. „Start (lit. come out to) your shift‟.
Work: Таптыыр үлэҥ таҕыстар эрэ тохтуоххун баҕарбаккын. „If the work you love come
out well, you don‟t want to stop‟.
Work: Үрдүк үлэҕэ таҕыстаххына хамнаһыҥ өссө үрдүө (S.Efremov). „If you come up
high at work, your salary will rise more‟.
Physical condition:
Boil: Искэн тахсыбыт.„The abscess has come out‟.
Furuncle: Кутургуйа тахсыбыт. „The boil has come out‟.
Tiredness: Сылаам таҕыста. „Me tiredness came out‟.
Cold: Тумуута тахсыбыт. „His cold came out‟.
Emotional mental condition:
Argument: Муҥха балыгын түҥэттиигэ улахан этиһии тахсыбыт. (Amma Achygyia).
„During the distribution of fish [after collective fish netting] a great argument came out‟.
The verb of motion may be used in combination with most objects in space: ground, a
puddle, a river, a mountain, stars, a road, a valley, icy river edge. The following notions
involve: somatisms (blood, a vein, the mouth); person (a city dweller, a man, prisoners,
husband); artifacts (an airplane, a bullet); aquatic animals (fish); produce (meat, milk, butter,
kumys); mental objects (a screenplay, a book, result, a task solution); abstract notions
(composition, artel, use); activity (work, shift, hunting); physical condition (boil, furuncle,
tiredness, cold); emotional mental condition (argument).
4. CONCLUSIONS
The study shows that the semantic structure of the polysemantic verb таҕыс is very rich and
diverse. It includes 37 interrelated lexico-semantic variants grouped into lexico-semantic
fields forming a separate macrostructure of lexico-semantic paradigms. The analysis of the
polysemantic verb таҕыс revealed three lexico-semantic fields: “Action and activity”, “State
and condition”, and “Relation”. The lexico-semantic field “Action and activity” has the
following subfields: motion, location, physical action on the object, speech activity, and social
activity. Within the lexico-semantic field “State and condition” we found two groups:
existence and manifestation of a feature. The third lexico-semantic field “Relations” includes

only one subfield “Interpersonal relations”. The lexico-semantic field “Action and activity”
denotes motion, location, manifestation of activity requiring certain power and energy from
someone, something. The semantic basis of the lexico-semantic field “State and condition” is
made by existence of something and the totality of characteristics, features of something,
whereas that of the lexico-semantic field “Relation” is being interrelated, interacting. As may
be seen from the above, the lexico-semantic fields consist of hierarchical lexico-semantic
variants of the polysemantic verb таҕыс. The top position is held by the subfield “Motion”
with most generalized meanings including 10 variants of motion and action: single-oriented
motion (oriented relative to the starting and finishing points, oriented relative to the starting
point, oriented relative to the finishing point), large scale involvement in motion, up/down
motion, change of direction, motion to reach the goal. It may also include LSV denoting
action: start, result, continuality and permanency, intensity, and cease of action. They all share
the same seme “movement in space”. The lexico-semantic field “State, condition”
demonstrates the following micro-fields: existence (emergence, occurrence, cessation of
events), manifestation of a feature (quantitative change, qualitative change, development of
person‟s internal qualities). They share the seme “give rise to some event, phenomenon, or
manifestation of some features”. The lexico-semantic field “Relation” includes only one
micro-field “Interpersonal relations”. Besides semantization of meanings, the focus of the
analysis was also put on the illustrative material mostly take from Yakut literature. This
material is the major factor in determining meanings of a polysemantic verb.
The study suggests that the polysemantic verb таҕыс is semantically very productive and
has a wide range of the system structure arrangement which, in our opinion, is extensively
represented in the Great Dictionary of the Yakut Language.
The focus of analysis was the illustrative material, mostly from Yakut literature. The
presence of subjects of action serves to progressive advance of semantics of the motion verb
таҕыс. The subjects of action for these verbs are nouns: a person, somatisms, artifacts, an
aquatic animal, names of flowers, produce, objects in space, abstract notions, mental objects,
activity, physical condition, emotional-psychological condition, measure.
The study allows us to conclude that the polysemantic verb таҕыс is semantically very
productive and possesses a wide range of systemic structural arrangement that, in our opinion,
is represented in the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language in detail.
Studying the figurative layer of a language may be beneficial for further reconstruction of
general and specific characteristics, ethnogenetic conclusions on mental worldview of a
person. Dictionaries play a great role in this process, serving as an inexhaustible source for
research not only in Yakut philology, but in cognitive-typological studies of various families
of languages.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The study was funded by the State project – 2016. Reference number 34.3377.2017/ПЧ.
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