introduction to linguistics by: Mr Jo

1. Lingua Franca
Lingua franca (or working language, bridge
language, vehicular language) is a language
systematically used to make communication
possible between people not sharing a mother
tongue.
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2. Vernacular
• A vernacular is the native language or native
dialect of a specific population, as opposed to
a language of wider communication that is a
second language or foreign language to the
population, such as a national language,
standard language, or lingua franca.
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3. PIDGIN (Tok Pisin-Papua new Guinea)
A pidgin or pidgin language, is a simplified language that
develops as a means of communication between two or
more groups that do not have a language in common
At first a pidgin language has no native speakers, and is used
just for doing business with others with whom one shares the
pidgin language and no other. In time, most pidgin languages
disappear, as the pidgin-speaking community develops, and
one of its established languages becomes widely known and
takes over the role of the pidgin as the lingua franca, or
language of choice of those who do not share a native
language."
(Grover Hudson, Essential Introductory Linguistics. Blackwell,
2000)
3

4. • Hello. Gude. (goo-DAY)
• Thank you. Tenkyu. (TENK-yoo)
• You're welcome. Nogat samting. (NO-gaht sahm-
ting)
• Excuse me. (begging pardon) Skius. (skyooz)
• I'm [very] sorry. Mi sori [tumas]. (mee SOH-ree
[too-MAHS])
• Goodbye Gutbai. (GOOT-bigh.)
4

5. Creole
• creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable natural
language developed from the mixing of parent
languages
• A creole comes into being when children are born into
a pidgin-speaking environment and acquire the pidgin
as a first language. What we know about the history
and origins of existing creoles suggests that this may
happen at any stage in the development of a pidgin."
(Mark Sebba, Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles.
Palgrave Macmillan, 1997)
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6. CREOLE SAMPLES
English- Portuguese creole
• a.mo pe aste sa banan
b. de bin alde luk dat big tri
c. a waka go a wosu
d. olmaan i kas-im chek
e. li pote sa bay mo
f. ja fruher wir bleiben
g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
• a.I am buying the banana
b.they always looked for a big tree
c.he walked home
d.the old man is cashing a check
e.he brought that for me
f.Yes at first we remained
g.this little pig went to market

7. Conclusion
• Pidgin language is the language of a mixture of two or
more languages ​​that form can not be categorized into
one of the original language. Pidgin languages ​​are
temporary because there is no native speaker. Used in
markets, trading centers and others which are visited
by native language
• Creole language is a pidgin language which is accepted
as the original language that already has-native
speakers and it can be said is the mother tongue or
first language to a group

8. fundamental views about Language
• Children learn their native language swiftly,
efficiently and without instruction.
• Language operates by rules.
• All languages have three major components:
a sound system,
a system of lexicogrammar and
a system of semantics.
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9. 3. The theory of Language
Language “is not to be confused with
human speech, of which it is only a definite
part, though certainly an essential one. It is
both a social product of the faculty
(kecakapan/kemampuan) of speech and a
collection of necessary conventions that
have been adopted by a social body to
permit individuals to exercise that faculty”.
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
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What is Language?

10. • Saussure's most influential work, Course in
General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique
générale), was published posthumously in
1916 by former students on the basis of
notes taken from Saussure's lectures in
Geneva, they are:
 Charles Bally and
Albert Sechehaye
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11. “Language is a form of human
communication by means of a
system of symbols principally
transmitted by vocal sounds.”
--Stuart C. Poole: An
Introduction to Linguistics (1999)
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12. “From now on I will
consider language to be a
set (finite or infinite) of
sentences, each finite in
length and constructed out
of a finite set of elements.”
--Noam Chomsky (1928):
Syntactic Structures (1957)
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13. “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of
which a social group co-operates.”
--Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager (1906-1992): Outline
of Linguistic Analysis (1942)
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of
which the members of a society interact in terms of their total
culture.”
--George Trager: The Field of Linguistics (1949)
“Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.”
--Ronald Wardhaugh: Introduction to Linguistics (1977)
Language is “the institution (adat/kebiasaan) whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually
used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”
--Robert A. Hall (1911-1997): Introductory Linguistics (1964)
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14. Language Definition:
“Language is a set of system as means of verbal
communication.”
 It is instrumental in that communicating by
speaking or writing is a purposeful act.
 It is social and conventional in that language is
a social semiotic and communication can only
take place effectively if all the users share a
broad understanding of human interaction
including associated factors as nonverbal cues,
motivation, and socio-cultural roles.
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16. 4.1 The “bow-wow” theory
• In primitive times people imitated the
sounds of the animal calls in the wild
environment they lived and speech
developed from that.
– Onomatopoeic words seem to be a convenient
evidence for this theory. But they are very
different in the degree of resemblance they
express with the natural sounds.
• This theory lacks supportive evidence.
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4. Origin of language

17. 4.2 The “pooh-pooh” theory
• In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter
instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. As for evidence,
we can only cite the universal use of sounds as
interjections.
– What makes the theory problematic is that there is
only a limited number of interjections in almost all
languages.
– Besides, interjections such as Oh, Ah, Oops bear little
relationship with the sound system of a language and
therefore are not good evidence.
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18. 4.3 The “yo-he-ho” theory
• As primitive people worked together,
they produced some rhythmic grunts
which gradually developed into chants
and then into language.
– We do have prosodic (is the rhythm,
stress, and intonation of speech) use
of rhythms in languages, but
rhythmic grunts are far different
from language in its present sense.
The theory is again at most a
speculation.
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19. • The by-now fruitless search for the origin
of languages reflects people's concern
with the origin of humanity and may
come up with enlightening findings in
future.
• One thing we can say for certain is that
language evolves within specific
historical, social and cultural contexts.
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20. 5. Functions of language
• Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract
sense, that is, not in terms of using language to chat, to think,
to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet, praise and
condemn people, etc.
• They summarize these practical functions and attempt some
broad classifications of the basic functions of language.
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• For Jakobson, language is above all for
communication.
• While for many people, the purpose of
communication is referential, for him (and the
Prague school structuralists), reference is not
the only, not even the primary goal of
communication.

21. In conjunction with these, Jakobson established a well-known framework
of language functions based on the six key elements of communication,
namely:
1. Expressive/emotive (to express attitudes, feelings and emotions),
2. Conative (to persuade and influence others through commands and
requests),
3. Referential (to convey message and information),
4. Poetic (to indulge in language for its own sake),
5. Phatic (to establish communion with others)
6. metalingual (to clear up intentions and meanings).
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22. 5.1 Emotive/Expressive function
“If an utterance is primarily oriented toward the speaker”
• The expressive function can often be entirely personal and
totally without any implication of communication to
others.
– For example, a man may say Ouch! after striking a fingernail
with a hammer, or he may mutter Damn when realizing that
he has forgotten an appointment.
– Exclamations such as Man! Oh boy! and Hurrah! are usually
uttered without any purpose of communicating to others, but
as essentially a verbal response to a person's own feelings.
– Another example: God, My, Damn it, What a sight, Wow, Ugh,
Oh.
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23. 5.2 Conative function
• “If an utterance is primarily oriented toward
the addressee”
• The principal one would be questions or
commands, as they are focused mainly on
the addressee, or vocatives.
• Example: Hey! Rudy.
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24. 5.3 Referential function
• “If an utterance is oriented largely toward a
third person, toward the context, or towards
events”
• Example: Nepal is sandwiched between India
and China
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25. 5.4 Poetic function
• “If the utterance is oriented primarily toward
itself-when it somehow calls attention to the
very sounds and patterns that are used in its
articulation”
• The everyday speech that involves rhymes,
alliteration, repetition, parallelism, or other sort
of playing around with the sound or structure of
words.
• Example: I don’t want to hear you, I don’t want
to see you, I don’t want to know you!
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26. 5.5 Phatic communion
“If the utterance is oriented primarily
toward the channel that carries it,
whether the cannel is social or physical”
• Phatic communion refers to the social
interaction of language,
• Example: Hi, how are you?
Fine, thanks!
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 Mrs. P sneezes violently.
 Mrs. Q: Bless you.
 Mrs. P: Thank you.

27. • We all use such small, seemingly
meaningless expressions to maintain a
comfortable relationship between
people without involving any factual
content.
– Ritual exchanges about health or weather
such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice
day often state the obvious. Yet they
indicate that a channel of communication is
open if it should be needed.
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28. 5.6 Metalingual function
• “If the utterance is oriented primarily toward
language itself, or Our language can be used
to talk about itself”
• In Chaer (1995:21) Language can explain the
rules of language, the process of learning
language.
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29. • For instance, instead of saying
– The lion chased the unicorn all round the town,
• they say
– All around the town the lion chased the unicorn.
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30. • This is the metalingual function of
language and meshes with the thematic
function of language in functional
grammar.
– It makes the language infinitely self-
reflexive: We human beings can talk about
talk and think about thinking, and thus only
humans can ask what it means to
communicate, to think, to be human.
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31. General Function of Language
• As social tools  to communicate
Functions of language in social interaction:
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Advice Command Comparison
Expression of Feeling greeting Information
Instruction Invitation Offer
Opinion Persuasion Praise
Request Transmission of
Culture
Warning

32. Case to discuss
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Below is a list of utterances. Next to each one, write one or more functions that
it performs. The previous slide provides some suggestions of functions to help
you, but you may not need to use them all and, of course, you can use your
own ideas. The first is given as an example.
No Utterance Function
1. Come and eat ! Invitation, command,
request (any idea?)
2. Good morning, class.
3. Indonesia was unlucky to lose Timor-Timur
4. David Beckham scored a spectacular goal.
5. Nyepi is Balinese day which is celebrated every year.
6. Protective glasses should be worn all the time.
7. DANGER! Live wires.
8. We’re so happy!
9. After you shake hands with the King of Tonga, go down
on one knee and clap-this is called ‘cobo’.
10. Buy SCRUB washing powder for the cleanest clothes in
Daily mart.