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www.greenpacket.com




 WHITEPAPER
Abstract
Cellular operators are increasingly shifting their focus for alternative wireless access methods to
manage data offload. Legacy cellular networks were designed for low bandwidth consumption and
insufficient to cope with the growth of data requirements today. Although operators continuously
upgrade their networks with greater capacity and advanced technologies, heavy investments for cell
build is not an economical approach in the longer term.


The availability of WiFi hotspots are highly accessible and appropriate for data offloading. Taking
advantage of the unlicensed spectrum and better bandwidth utilization, data offloading can be
achieved with lower cost per bit. In this paper, we present I-WLAN to effectively manage data
offloading securely between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. We will also be exploring the different
network use scenarios of I-WLAN in enabling simple unified EAP authentication and subscriber
policies. Operators can now continue to flexibly implement new IMS services in the likes of VoIP,
video sharing and applications all within a unified billing and charging platform for the improvement
of service experience and service extension.




WHITEPAPER
Contents
Overview                                                                      01
Handling Mobile Data Traffic Efficiently                                        02
Enhancing WiFi Offloading with I-WLAN                                          04
Use Cases of i-WLAN                                                           07
 (A) Accessing 3G Services from a WIFI Network                                07
 (B) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Roamed WIFI network                07
 (C) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Home WIFI network with Mobility    08
i-WLAN and Smart Client, How it Works                                         09
Green Packet’s i-WLAN Implementation                                          11
 Greenpacket Components                                                       11
 Interworking between Smart Client, MIP and iWLAN                             12
Secure and Seamless Data Offloading for Enhanced Network and Service Quality   13
Shaping Your Network for Fitnes                                               14
References                                                                    15




WHITEPAPER
Overview
The advent of laptops and smart devices are driving data traffic and the fundamental shift in the way people
communicate. Findings reveal that average amount of traffic per smart phone in 2010 was 79MB per month, up from
35MB per month in 2009. Mobile data, video and TV is increasingly becoming an essential part of consumer lives.
Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) driven by economic sense to deliver access to IP data and interactive communication
services over wireline, wireless and blended broadband connections look towards deploying wireless LAN (WLAN) as
alternative access portfolios to complement existing cellular access and services.


Realizing the advantage of offering packet based services to subscribers on networks other than its own 3GPP network,
MNOs are focusing today on how to converge existing 3G experiences into WIFI for existing subscribers. An important
factor that many are considering is how transparently and invisible can the WIFI offload experience be to end users.
Among multiple of organizations and bodies that are embarking on projects to marry both 3GPP and non 3GPP
experiences together, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined specifications that focuses on the
interworking of WLAN and existing cellular networks with projects like I-WLAN (Interworking Wireless LAN).


This paper will examine the pressing issues of MNO’s network coverage, capacity, service experience and the potential
benefits from offloading in the framework of the I-WLAN Solution. This paper talks about how the I-WLAN concept
primarily addresses the ability to handle operator roaming; i.e. roaming from GSM/3G to WIFI and vice-versa, for
widespread adoption without affecting the existing network architecture. I-WLAN also addresses the issues related to
authentication between 3GPP networks and non 3GPP network, unified billing & charging, service extension (wherever
cellular coverage is lacking), application mobility and session persistence across interworking networks.




                                                                                                            01
WHITEPAPER
Handling Mobile Data Traffic Efficiently
The accessibility of high speed wireless data has affected the consumer choices dramatically in terms of the way we
work, and play, incorporating Internet services that complement users’ lifestyles. In a recent forecast report by Cisco®
Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2011, mobile data traffic grew by a factor of
2.6 in 2010 from 2009. The Global mobile data traffic forecast estimates the increase by a factor of 26 by 2015. Overall
mobile data traffic will grow at CAGR of 92% from 2010 – 2015.


                                                                              92% CAGR 2010-2015

                          Terabytes per Month
                                                                                           6.3EB
                          6,000.000




                                                                              3.8EB

                          3,000.000

                                                                 2.2EB


                                                      1.2EB

                                         0.6EB
                           0.24EB
                     0

                          2010          2011          2012       2013         2014         2015
                     Source : Cisco VNI Mobile,2011


Figure 1 Forecast CAGR of data traffic growth from 2010 - 2015


Rather than capital expenditure spending for network upgrade on cell sites build-out or core network expansion,
coherent investments in its operational indexes are the driving force for a network’s sustainability as opposed to time
consuming expansions. The legacy infrastructure was largely designed for low bandwidth, simple, walled-garden
services. Since the onset of 3G data services, operator networks are at risk of experiencing congestion beyond capacity,
affecting its network service quality; while battling corrective efforts to satisfy consumers have proved to be a challenge
in its public relations.


MNOs are challenged with weighing the costs of upgrading TDM backhaul infrastructure with IP and hybrid IP backhaul
over the Iub interface and managing the packet data network (PDN) that interacts with the internet . The primary intention
is to reduce the pressure on the provider edge (PE) egress and ingress routers towards external IP networks along the
PDN axis. Instead of modernizing the legacy 3GPP SGSN/GGSN architecture, an intermediary functional element is
introduced to intercept the data traffic flow from congesting the backplane of the network. This is achieved with intelligent
control in the User equipment (UE) over the air interface. In a previous whitepaper “Operators Can Save $14 million Yearly
Through Data Offloading”, a TCO Study describes in detail how offloading congested networks can benefit the
operators.




                                                                                                                  02
WHITEPAPER
The transition of a mobile voice business model to mobile data business model has pushed operators to look closely
at alternative unlicensed spectrum and WIFI as part of the mobile strategy. Offloading the RAN and adopting
alternative wireless access networks are nothing new, albeit little attention was accorded in its early days, due to
skepticism in


 • Security
 • Inter-operability with existing mobile networks.
 • Quality of Service (QoS)


Offloading data to WIFI hotspots is an economically attractive alternative, because many carriers already operate a
substantial number of hotspots. Mobile operators can provide a user experience on WIFI networks similar to that
provided on 3rd Generation networks with mutual authentication and link-layer security. WIFI offload must not degrade
but improve or enhance the overall service to the end user. To do so, WIFI offloading is to achieve:


 • Seamless connectivity between cellular networks and WIFI
 • Transparent/Automated authentication
 • Application mobility
 • Service mobility




                                                                                                             03
WHITEPAPER
Enhancing WIFI Offloading with I-WLAN
Mobile Network Operators require WIFI to offer the same security, authentication, experience and services as what
they offer on their cellular networks. Interworking WLAN (3GPP TS23.234), is a defined standard for the interworking
between 3GPP networks and Wireless LAN.


I-WLAN allows scalability and flexibility in deploying secured, automatic and value added WIFI access both in trusted
and also in unmanaged or untrusted hotspots (hotspots that are operated by neither the carrier nor its roaming
partner). The interworking access mechanism discussed is not merely a remedy to the operator’s network congestion
but aims to provide a solution that effectively and securely offloads data from 3GPP systems to WLAN networks,
wherever it fits the overall Operator’s business objective. These business objectives may include providing native
operator service and content to WLAN hot spots and ensure the same subscriber provisioning, authentication, and
service authorization that are already in place for GSM/3G services with ease of integration towards backend systems.


Network authentication by a mobile device and authentication to the selected network should be carried out
autonomously by the device without the need for user intervention (for example, the user entering a username and
password every instance, it detects a WIFI network). With I-WLAN, GSM carriers will use the subscriber identity
module (SIM) credentials already carried in their subscribers’ mobile devices to perform WIFI Authentication using
EAP-SIM. Similarly, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) carriers will use USIM credentials with
Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for EAP-AKA as a form of WIFI authentication.


Also, carriers that provide uninterrupted communications using dual-mode technologies are susceptible to common
Internet attacks that can compromise their systems, reducing availability and damaging their reputation. Thus, to
mitigate information privacy and security attacks, authentication method enhanced with IKEv2 over IPSec tunneling
is implemented between the end points of the user device and core network is provided by I-WLAN.


Access to 3GPP PS based services (eg: SMS, MMS, ringtones) can also be provided via the WLAN interworking
architecture. By identifying the type of service authorization allowed from the access layer (subscriber aware) and
network layer (service aware) early on gives clues as to how best to address the problem of potential congestion,
coverage or service experience with added policy control and enforcement in place.


In order to fully capitalize on the effectiveness of the I-WLAN, it is necessary for the operator to examine the aspect
of profiling or dissecting the network to address any inadequacies.




                                                                                                                04
WHITEPAPER
Security

Security threats can occur in tampering of IDs and credentials, bill shock due to lack of service aware alerts and violation
of data protection from a user’s perspective. Likewise, an operator is susceptible to fraudulent billing; possible DoS
attacks on its systems due to open access over public IP network, potential data mining from 3rd parties, all of which
indirectly affects the quality of user experience.


Security in WLAN environment should have the same resiliency with cellular networks to prevent unauthorized access.
Thus, a strong encryption and tunneling protocols enforced in I-WLAN facilitates the exchange of IP packets securely
over trusted networks.


Authentication

Common authentication architecture (EAP-SIM/ EAP-AKA/EAP-TLS)
Operators want subscribers to use the same credentials that are used for WIFI networks as this ensures that the
switching between 3G and WIFI requires no user intervention and remains transparent to the end user.


Mobility Experience

The Mobility Experience for I-WLAN and 3GPP systems is defined in 3GPP TS 23.237. IP Session persistence is
maintained for mobile users using Mobile IP for a better handover experience.


Services

IWLAN tethers WIFI traffic back to the 3G Packet core. With this, the 3G operator regains visibility on subscribe
provisioning and service authorization when the user is offloaded to a WIFI network. At the same time, extend 3GPP
services and functionality to the W-LAN access environment, continuity of VAS (traditional wall garden services and
internet service) over operator network such as SMS, ringtones, videos, news, sports by streamlining apps and content
based on user segmentation.


Operators deploying enterprise services such as IP telephony, hosted applications, multi-media and e-commerce
services can deploy the same service quality with the security of a 3G network.


Roaming

Roaming* between 3GPP and WIFI is also further improved with IWLAN. Users can still enjoy operator services via the
visited network, with unified charging and billing of the home network.



*pre-requisite for roaming agreement in place between operator and partner WIFI operator




                                                                                                                   05
WHITEPAPER
All these functionalities are deployed with deploying an iWLAN Client on UE side. The iWLAN Client manages end to end
access authentication and authorization relationship between the UE and the PDG that sits on the Operator’s Core
network.


Combined with Green Packet’s Connection Management solution and Mobility Solutions, MNOs would be able to rollout
the following functionalities to the subscribers


• Connectivity experience for multi-access network switching without user intervention
• Service and Applications mobility for a better WIFI experience during network transitions via Mobile IP to ensure
  session persistence for all IP-based applications during Soft and Hard Handovers.
• Operator-Initiated network selection policies
• Automated location based, network selection, alerts and notifications of roaming to prevent bill shock
• Active connection tracking for easy retrieval of usage and balance




Figure 2 Macro 2.5G/3G coverage and WIFI hotspot overlay




                                                                                                               06
WHITEPAPER
Use Cases of iWLAN
Below are some examples of use cases that illustrate the relationships of 3GPP and non 3GPP access networks.


(A) Accessing 3G Services from a WIFI Network

A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability with corporate voice and data plan. The user
subscribes to the native 3GPP hosted intranet service and also regularly accesses internet content via YouTube on WIFI
hotspots like airports, cafes and train terminals as a regular traveler.


The user accesses its 3GPP network for mobile TV (eg: live football match results) where there exists cellular coverage
in the shopping mall with a smartphone. While waiting for his friends to arrive, the user enters into a café, where WIFI hot
spot is available (this assumes the WIFI network is operator managed). The Green Packet Connection Manager (also
known as the Smart Client) detects a WIFI network with stronger signal strength and performs a handover of the 3GPP
network to WIFI. After successfully connecting to the WIFI network the iWLAN Client is triggered to establish a
connection back to the 3G network. The iWLAN Client authenticates the user onto the WIFI network with the USIM
identity via the iWLAN Client.


Once the user is tethered back to the 3GPP Core network, the user continues to enjoy hosted 3GPP intranet services
(video call, SAP, email, database) provided by its home network, over a trusted IP network. When the user moves away
from the WIFI network, the Smart Client re-establishes connection back to the 3G network and the iWLAN Client will
terminate the IPSec tunnel thereby terminating the connection to the PDG.


(B) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Roamed WIFI network

A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability. The user travels to neighboring country. When
the smartphone is powered on, it performs a network scan and attaches to the visited 3GPP network that has roaming
agreement with its home 3GPP network under normal roaming instances. Data packet and voice service are provided
by the visited PLMN (VPLMN).


If for example, the macro 3GPP visited network coverage is poor and a WIFI is in range; the smartphone will display the
pre-configured SSIDs of the WIFI roaming partner in the visited 3GPP network. The iWLAN Client can detect the
preferred WIFI access point and seamlessly authenticate the user.


The user attaches and authenticates to the WIFI roaming partner in the visited network by means of the SSIDs that it
identifies with USIM credentials. The Smart Client on the smartphone checks, if roaming agreement exists and operator
policies connecting to the new WIFI operator is allowed by its home 3GPP network. The smartphone establish a
connection to the visited WIFI operator and access 3GPP services via the visited network.




                                                                                                                      07
WHITEPAPER
(C) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Home WIFI network with Mobility

Generally, the UE periodically scans to attach to its home 3GPP network. There may in instances, where home 3GPP
network coverage is poor or unavailable. As such, the UE will scan for the next available network to attach. A 3GPP
network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability. The user attempts to connect to its home WIFI network
which has stronger signal strength, as 3G network coverage is weak. The Smart Client triggers a connection to WIFI.
Once connected onto WIFI, the iWLAN Client with pre-set iWLAN settings will select the associated W-APN, SSID,
authentication mode etc. All iWLAN settings are configured by operators within the Smart Client.


The iWLAN Client authenticates the user based on the USIM credentials by establishing and IP Sec tunnel between the
UE and PDG endpoint. This pre-set iWLAN attributes allows operator to select selected WIFI connections to be tethered
to its home 3GPP Core network to push hosted services such as video messaging, voice calls and ringtones. The user
can simultaneously chat and stream mobile TV over the WIFI network on the smartphone seamlessly while being away
from its home 3GPP network. When the user moves back into a full 3GPP coverage area, the Smart Client will detect
stronger signal strength and perform a handover to the 3GPP network.




                                                                                                            08
WHITEPAPER
i-WLAN and Smart Client, How it Works


                                                           the
                                                           Internet
                                                                                                                                   1
                      1      HOME NETWORK                                                                                          0
                             Billing                                                    4
                                                         PCRF                                         VISITED NETWORK
                                           AAA
                          HLR                                                                        9              Prox
                                                                                                                    Proxy AAA
                                                                                                                    y
          VAS
          VAS                                                             HA                                        AAA


                    GGSN
                     GGS                   PDG                                                                WAG
                                                                      Connect
                     N
                    SGSN                                              to PDG            8
                     SGSN
            2
                                                                  5
                                                                                                                    Roaming WIFI
                     3G                           Partner/Trust                              A
                                                                                        3G Network                    Network
                   Network                        ed/Untrusted
                                                  WIFI Network        6                      C
                                                         Content continues
                                                         to be streamed
                                                         over WIFI
                             Handover                                 Handover                                  Handover
                             Make        before                   Break        before                        Break before make
                             Break                                make


                                     3                                     7
          Mobile CM detects a              Mobile CM detects a                                   Mobile CM detects a
          WIFI hotspot in range,           WIFI hotspot in range,                                roaming       network
          and     initiates    a           and     initiates    a                                and      trigger    a
          switchover        with           switchover        with                                handover to the
          iWLAN client                     iWLAN client                                          visited 3GPP network



Figure 3 Accessing 3GPP and non 3GPP networks with iWLAN


Step 1
Under normal network conditions and adequate 3GPP coverage, the user attaches to its home 3GPP network for both
data packet and voice services in the absence of iWLAN. With the implementation of iWLAN Client relationship on the
UE side, it allows operators to extend 3GPP based service experience over ubiquitous networks.


Step 2
Operators push 3GPP based service to the user such as IPTV, sports, news, SMS over the home network.


Step 3
Data offload can happen when the UE moves in and out of its home 3GPP coverage areas or when congestion occurs.
When a UE moves out of the home 3GPP coverage, the iWLAN Client in the UE triggers a scan for the closest WLAN
AN in range.


Step 4
Handover is triggered from 3G to WIFI. The user first connects to the WIFI over the internet connection.



                                                                                                                                       09
WHITEPAPER
Step 5
The iWLAN Client requests for Access Authentication via EAP-based messages to the Packet Data Gateway (PDG). An
IP Sec tunnel is established between the UE and PDG of trusted relationship. The MIP agent will setup a MIP tunnel
inside the IPSec tunnel. The Access Authentication procedure may include policies for user IP connectivity to PDG and
external IP networks. The subscription information of user is retrieved from the HLR/HSS and forwarded to the 3GPP
AAA Server to perform checking and authorization of service subscription. The 3GPP home network (HPLMN) will
resolve the DNS queries for the UE’s remote IP address and the requested W-APN. Once the IP address is allocated, the
user will have IP connectivity over the PDG and external IP networks, if it is authorized. (IP address allocation can
performed before or after access authentication).


Step 6
The 3GPP based service continues to be streamed over the WIFI network, without interruption of service. The operator
has full visibility and control of the user’s behavior after switching from 3GPP to WIFI. This allows operator to deliver all of
the 3GPP subscribed content to the user from the home network, while in WIFI and also push new IMS services in the
likes of VoIP, video sharing and applications all within a unified billing and charging platform.


Step 7
User exits the WIFI network range and signal strength is weak, as it moves ie roaming. The Smart Client triggers a
network scan for alternative network connection (if available). Upon detection of a 3G network, it requests for a handover
from WIFI to the visited 3G network. A break before make handover is initiated.


Step 8
UE attaches to visited 3GPP network. Access authentication and authorization is performed by the iWLAN Client in the
UE similar to step 5. The resolution of the IP address at the PDG providing access to the selected service will be
performed in visited PLMN. A mapping relationship between the PDG and WLAN Access Gateway (WAG) is established.
The WAG routes data to/from WLAN access network to the PLMN.


Step 9
The 3GPP AAA Proxy passes service subscription information to the home 3GPP AAA to check the authorized service
subscription information which is required by the Visited Network to perform the service together with charging
information. The home network decides whether visited service (external IP networks) is allowed or not based on
W-APN, the user subscription information, visited network capabilities and roaming agreement.


Step 10
The Smart Client detects WIFI with stronger signal and initiates a switchover attempt from 3G to WIFI. Similarly, the
iWLAN Client in the UE authenticates the over EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA onto WIFI with the contained subscriber provisioning,
authentication, and service authorization similar to steps 3, 4 and 5 in the VPLMN.




                                                                                                                        10
WHITEPAPER
Greenpacket’s i-WLAN Implementation
Greenpacket Components

Greenpacket Smart Client
The Smart Client component serves as an intelligent connection client on UE which manages access network
connections such as WIFI, WiMAX or 3G. It supports seamless mobility capability allowing ubiquitous network access
and ensuring uninterrupted subscribers connectivity experience. The Smart Client is equipped with several functional
attributes like the rule manager, profile manager to ensure real time control policies for switch decision making based on
priority, best performance, most economic and network policy. The Smart Client interworks with iWLAN Client on
establishing connection to the PDG and interworks with the Mobile IP (MIP) client to enable Mobility Functionality.


Greenpacket i-WLAN Client
This component is an integrated client built to handle establishment of connection to the PDG. The iWLAN Client is
responsible for performing authentication of UE onto access network using EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA over an IP Sec tunnel
that is established between the UE and PDG endpoints. Upon successful authentication, signaling and traffic flow can
be securely exchanged between the UE and PDG. Tunnel security is ensured using IPSecIKEv2. Green Packet iWLAN
Client supports the following I-WLAN functionalities:


• UE Authentication on EAP-SIM
• UE Fast Re-authentication on EAP-SIM
• UE Authentication on EAP-AKA
• UE Fast Re-authentication on EAP-AKA
• IMS Emergency Call on EAP-SIM
• IMS Emergency Call on EAP-AKA
• IPSec Tunnel Disconnection
• IKEv2 Cryptographic Suite 1
• IKEv2 Cryptographic Suite 2
• DNS Resolution


Greenpacket Mobile IP Client
Mobile IP (MIP) is defined by IETF as a standard communication protocol to allow mobile node to move from one network
to another network and maintain a permanent IP address. Mobile IP (MIP) Client can be an optional component to handle
Mobility Functionality. It interworks with the Smart Client and Home Agent (HA) and is responsible for establishing the
Mobile IP tunnel within the WLAN IPSec Tunnel between the PDG-UE endpoints if Mobility Functionality is enabled.




                                                                                                                 11
WHITEPAPER
Interworking between Smart Client, MIP and i-WLAN




The Smart Client acts as the main control point of both the MIP Client and the iWLAN Client. It contains all the settings
required for both clients to connect to the PDG and HA.


The iWLAN Client do not activate itself. The Smart Client contains settings to enable/disable iWLAN under its WIFI
Settings which the Smart Client allows certain WIFI connections to be tagged to certain iWLAN setting. This ensures
flexibility for operators to select which WIFI connection should be tethered back to the 3G network and which will remain
on the WIFI network. All iWLAN settings including IP address, authentication type, W-APN, ID, Emergency mode
settings etc are set within the Smart Client. In commercial deployments, these are usually preconfigured and transparent
to the end user.


Smart Client will first establish a WIFI connection based on its configured policy (can be operator configured or user
configured). When this option is turned on, Smart Client will automatically trigger the iWLAN Client to establish a connec-
tion to the PDG. Smart Client will only do so if the device contains a valid SIM card for EAP SIM/AKA authentication. If a
SIM card does not exist, the Smart Client will not establish the WLAN connection.


Upon successful WIFI network connection, Smart Client will invoke I-WLAN Module to initiate I-WLAN IKEv2 authentica-
tion (EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA) and establishment of IPSec tunnel to PDG/TTG. The I-WLAN Module will execute the
required PDG Call Flow establishment. The I-WLAN Module will indicate the success or failure to Smart Client on the
interaction status with PDG/ TTG. All notifications are displayed on the Smart Client.


In the case where WIFI network is disconnecting either via manual user disconnect or network handover based on avail-
ability, Smart Client will trigger a ‘Disconnect’ to the PDG to ensure that the tunnel tear down or terminated. All logs on
the iWLAN connection history are kept by the Smart Client. If Mobility settings are enabled by the Smart Client, the Smart
Client will trigger the MIP Client to establish the Mobile IP tunnel within the WLAN IPSec Tunnel.




                                                                                                                   12
WHITEPAPER
Secure and Seamless Data Offloading for Enhanced
Network and Service Quality
Deploying next generation networks require greater interoperability, portability and service availability. Many business
models and opportunities can emerge from advertising, application developers, content development and partnership
for service providers and operators. Operators can strategically incorporate new services by leveraging on the speed and
affordability provided by WIFI data offloading.


Addressing the issues of a simple and integrated legacy network is important to the operator’s service delivery without
affecting the backend systems. The controlled and managed data offloading with I-WLAN approach addresses the
operators concerns for


• unified charging & billing
• access security over trusted and non trusted IP networks
• seamless authentication
• service mobility
• applications session persistence
• service extension for indoor and outdoor coverage inadequacies
• quality of service


The seamless authentication and connectivity is assured with support for EAP-based authentication. The Smart Client
triggers network selection and the I-WLAN establishes a secure IP tunneling between the UE and PDG, mitigates the risk
of attacks from external IP networks over unsecured shared infrastructure. Operators have full visibility on the users IP
services over its home network and ease of a unified charging & billing mechanism.


Service and applications mobility can easily transition between networks 3GPP and non-3GPP, with a MIP client. The
handovers can be initiated by the device or the network, depending on operator implementation. Other consideration for
offload occurs in cases where indoor coverage fails. Offloading to WIFI is an affordable alternative to deploying femtocells
or cell build out. Likewise, in areas where outdoor coverage is weak on the 3GPP network, it can autonomously switch
to WIFI for service continuity.


Looking towards the future of delivering LTE services, the consideration of 3GPP I-WLAN approach delivered today can
have migration path towards LTE for inter-technology access. The 3GPP core network PDG will evolve to ePDG, with
backward compatibility; with minimal integration on the network interfaces. Given the 3GPP I-WLAN approach on the
RAN, the device will perform the network selection, access authentication and authorization between inter-access
technologies; closely coupled to the HSS/HLR architecture of the converged LTE core network. As with LTE networks,
quality of service (QoS) is a candidate feature in providing VoLTE and IMS services yet to be witnessed commercially.
Deploying the 3GPP-IWLAN solution today can resolve the immediate issues inherent in operator network in terms
improving service delivery, coverage and capacity in an economical manner, while strategizing future business objectives.




                                                                                                                 13
WHITEPAPER
Shaping Your Network for Fitness
Greenpacket welcomes you to embark on the offloading journey today with iWLAN for optimizing your network
operations and service quality. At Greenpacket, we understand the demands placed on Operators like you. That is why
our solutions are designed to give you the capacity to constantly deliver cutting-edge offerings without exhausting your
capital and operating expenditures.


With Greenpacket, limitless freedom begins now!


Free Consultation

If you would like a free consultation on how you can manage data offloading with iWLAN, feel free to contact us at
marketing.gp@greenpacket.com. (kindly quote the reference code, WPS042011 when you contact us).




                                                                                                                14
WHITEPAPER
References
1. The Cisco® Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2011


2. 3GPP TS 23.234 V9.0.0 (2009-12)


3. GSMA Wi-Fi Offload Whitepaper version 1.0




                                                                                             15
WHITEPAPER
About Green Packet
     Greenpacket is the international arm of the Green Packet Berhad group of companies which is listed on the Main Board
     of the Malaysian Bourse. Founded in San Francisco’s Silicon Valley in 2000 and now headquartered in Kuala Lumpur,
     Malaysia, Greenpacket has a presence in 9 countries and is continuously expanding to be near its customers and in
     readiness for new markets.


     We are a leading developer of Next Generation Mobile Broadband and Networking Solutions for Telecommunications
     Operators across the globe. Our mission is to provide seamless and unified platforms for the delivery of user-centric
     multimedia communications services regardless of the nature and availability of backbone infrastructures.


     At Greenpacket, we pride ourselves on being constantly at the forefront of technology. Our leading carrier-grade
     solutions and award-winning consumer devices help Telecommunications Operators open new avenues, meet new
     demands, and enrich the lifestyles of their subscribers, while forging new relationships. We see a future of limitless
     freedom in wireless communications and continuously commit to meeting the needs of our customers with leading edge
     solutions.


     With product development centers in USA, Shanghai, and Taiwan, we are on the cutting edge of new developments in
     4G (particularly WiMAX and LTE), as well as in software advancement. Our leadership position in the Telco industry is
     further enhanced by our strategic alliances with leading industry players.


     Additionally, our award-winning WiMAX modems have successfully completed interoperability tests with major WiMAX
     players and are being used by the world’s largest WiMAX Operators. We are also the leading carrier solutions provider
     in APAC catering to both 4G and 3G networks and aim to be No. 1 globally by the end of 2010.


     For more information, visit: www.greenpacket.com.




San Francisco · Kuala Lumpur · Singapore · Shanghai · Taiwan · Sydney · Bahrain · Bangkok · Hong Kong




                   Associate
                    Member


Copyright © 2001-2011 Green Packet Berhad. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form
by any means, without the written permission of Green Packet Berhad. Green Packet Berhad reserves the right to modify or discontinue any product or piece of literature at anytime without prior notice.

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Managing Data Offloading Securely Over WLan Access Networks With I-WLan

  • 1. y over urel AN sec -WL dingwith I f oa rks ta o two g da s ne agin cces ManAN a WL www.greenpacket.com WHITEPAPER
  • 2. Abstract Cellular operators are increasingly shifting their focus for alternative wireless access methods to manage data offload. Legacy cellular networks were designed for low bandwidth consumption and insufficient to cope with the growth of data requirements today. Although operators continuously upgrade their networks with greater capacity and advanced technologies, heavy investments for cell build is not an economical approach in the longer term. The availability of WiFi hotspots are highly accessible and appropriate for data offloading. Taking advantage of the unlicensed spectrum and better bandwidth utilization, data offloading can be achieved with lower cost per bit. In this paper, we present I-WLAN to effectively manage data offloading securely between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. We will also be exploring the different network use scenarios of I-WLAN in enabling simple unified EAP authentication and subscriber policies. Operators can now continue to flexibly implement new IMS services in the likes of VoIP, video sharing and applications all within a unified billing and charging platform for the improvement of service experience and service extension. WHITEPAPER
  • 3. Contents Overview 01 Handling Mobile Data Traffic Efficiently 02 Enhancing WiFi Offloading with I-WLAN 04 Use Cases of i-WLAN 07 (A) Accessing 3G Services from a WIFI Network 07 (B) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Roamed WIFI network 07 (C) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Home WIFI network with Mobility 08 i-WLAN and Smart Client, How it Works 09 Green Packet’s i-WLAN Implementation 11 Greenpacket Components 11 Interworking between Smart Client, MIP and iWLAN 12 Secure and Seamless Data Offloading for Enhanced Network and Service Quality 13 Shaping Your Network for Fitnes 14 References 15 WHITEPAPER
  • 4. Overview The advent of laptops and smart devices are driving data traffic and the fundamental shift in the way people communicate. Findings reveal that average amount of traffic per smart phone in 2010 was 79MB per month, up from 35MB per month in 2009. Mobile data, video and TV is increasingly becoming an essential part of consumer lives. Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) driven by economic sense to deliver access to IP data and interactive communication services over wireline, wireless and blended broadband connections look towards deploying wireless LAN (WLAN) as alternative access portfolios to complement existing cellular access and services. Realizing the advantage of offering packet based services to subscribers on networks other than its own 3GPP network, MNOs are focusing today on how to converge existing 3G experiences into WIFI for existing subscribers. An important factor that many are considering is how transparently and invisible can the WIFI offload experience be to end users. Among multiple of organizations and bodies that are embarking on projects to marry both 3GPP and non 3GPP experiences together, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined specifications that focuses on the interworking of WLAN and existing cellular networks with projects like I-WLAN (Interworking Wireless LAN). This paper will examine the pressing issues of MNO’s network coverage, capacity, service experience and the potential benefits from offloading in the framework of the I-WLAN Solution. This paper talks about how the I-WLAN concept primarily addresses the ability to handle operator roaming; i.e. roaming from GSM/3G to WIFI and vice-versa, for widespread adoption without affecting the existing network architecture. I-WLAN also addresses the issues related to authentication between 3GPP networks and non 3GPP network, unified billing & charging, service extension (wherever cellular coverage is lacking), application mobility and session persistence across interworking networks. 01 WHITEPAPER
  • 5. Handling Mobile Data Traffic Efficiently The accessibility of high speed wireless data has affected the consumer choices dramatically in terms of the way we work, and play, incorporating Internet services that complement users’ lifestyles. In a recent forecast report by Cisco® Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2011, mobile data traffic grew by a factor of 2.6 in 2010 from 2009. The Global mobile data traffic forecast estimates the increase by a factor of 26 by 2015. Overall mobile data traffic will grow at CAGR of 92% from 2010 – 2015. 92% CAGR 2010-2015 Terabytes per Month 6.3EB 6,000.000 3.8EB 3,000.000 2.2EB 1.2EB 0.6EB 0.24EB 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source : Cisco VNI Mobile,2011 Figure 1 Forecast CAGR of data traffic growth from 2010 - 2015 Rather than capital expenditure spending for network upgrade on cell sites build-out or core network expansion, coherent investments in its operational indexes are the driving force for a network’s sustainability as opposed to time consuming expansions. The legacy infrastructure was largely designed for low bandwidth, simple, walled-garden services. Since the onset of 3G data services, operator networks are at risk of experiencing congestion beyond capacity, affecting its network service quality; while battling corrective efforts to satisfy consumers have proved to be a challenge in its public relations. MNOs are challenged with weighing the costs of upgrading TDM backhaul infrastructure with IP and hybrid IP backhaul over the Iub interface and managing the packet data network (PDN) that interacts with the internet . The primary intention is to reduce the pressure on the provider edge (PE) egress and ingress routers towards external IP networks along the PDN axis. Instead of modernizing the legacy 3GPP SGSN/GGSN architecture, an intermediary functional element is introduced to intercept the data traffic flow from congesting the backplane of the network. This is achieved with intelligent control in the User equipment (UE) over the air interface. In a previous whitepaper “Operators Can Save $14 million Yearly Through Data Offloading”, a TCO Study describes in detail how offloading congested networks can benefit the operators. 02 WHITEPAPER
  • 6. The transition of a mobile voice business model to mobile data business model has pushed operators to look closely at alternative unlicensed spectrum and WIFI as part of the mobile strategy. Offloading the RAN and adopting alternative wireless access networks are nothing new, albeit little attention was accorded in its early days, due to skepticism in • Security • Inter-operability with existing mobile networks. • Quality of Service (QoS) Offloading data to WIFI hotspots is an economically attractive alternative, because many carriers already operate a substantial number of hotspots. Mobile operators can provide a user experience on WIFI networks similar to that provided on 3rd Generation networks with mutual authentication and link-layer security. WIFI offload must not degrade but improve or enhance the overall service to the end user. To do so, WIFI offloading is to achieve: • Seamless connectivity between cellular networks and WIFI • Transparent/Automated authentication • Application mobility • Service mobility 03 WHITEPAPER
  • 7. Enhancing WIFI Offloading with I-WLAN Mobile Network Operators require WIFI to offer the same security, authentication, experience and services as what they offer on their cellular networks. Interworking WLAN (3GPP TS23.234), is a defined standard for the interworking between 3GPP networks and Wireless LAN. I-WLAN allows scalability and flexibility in deploying secured, automatic and value added WIFI access both in trusted and also in unmanaged or untrusted hotspots (hotspots that are operated by neither the carrier nor its roaming partner). The interworking access mechanism discussed is not merely a remedy to the operator’s network congestion but aims to provide a solution that effectively and securely offloads data from 3GPP systems to WLAN networks, wherever it fits the overall Operator’s business objective. These business objectives may include providing native operator service and content to WLAN hot spots and ensure the same subscriber provisioning, authentication, and service authorization that are already in place for GSM/3G services with ease of integration towards backend systems. Network authentication by a mobile device and authentication to the selected network should be carried out autonomously by the device without the need for user intervention (for example, the user entering a username and password every instance, it detects a WIFI network). With I-WLAN, GSM carriers will use the subscriber identity module (SIM) credentials already carried in their subscribers’ mobile devices to perform WIFI Authentication using EAP-SIM. Similarly, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) carriers will use USIM credentials with Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for EAP-AKA as a form of WIFI authentication. Also, carriers that provide uninterrupted communications using dual-mode technologies are susceptible to common Internet attacks that can compromise their systems, reducing availability and damaging their reputation. Thus, to mitigate information privacy and security attacks, authentication method enhanced with IKEv2 over IPSec tunneling is implemented between the end points of the user device and core network is provided by I-WLAN. Access to 3GPP PS based services (eg: SMS, MMS, ringtones) can also be provided via the WLAN interworking architecture. By identifying the type of service authorization allowed from the access layer (subscriber aware) and network layer (service aware) early on gives clues as to how best to address the problem of potential congestion, coverage or service experience with added policy control and enforcement in place. In order to fully capitalize on the effectiveness of the I-WLAN, it is necessary for the operator to examine the aspect of profiling or dissecting the network to address any inadequacies. 04 WHITEPAPER
  • 8. Security Security threats can occur in tampering of IDs and credentials, bill shock due to lack of service aware alerts and violation of data protection from a user’s perspective. Likewise, an operator is susceptible to fraudulent billing; possible DoS attacks on its systems due to open access over public IP network, potential data mining from 3rd parties, all of which indirectly affects the quality of user experience. Security in WLAN environment should have the same resiliency with cellular networks to prevent unauthorized access. Thus, a strong encryption and tunneling protocols enforced in I-WLAN facilitates the exchange of IP packets securely over trusted networks. Authentication Common authentication architecture (EAP-SIM/ EAP-AKA/EAP-TLS) Operators want subscribers to use the same credentials that are used for WIFI networks as this ensures that the switching between 3G and WIFI requires no user intervention and remains transparent to the end user. Mobility Experience The Mobility Experience for I-WLAN and 3GPP systems is defined in 3GPP TS 23.237. IP Session persistence is maintained for mobile users using Mobile IP for a better handover experience. Services IWLAN tethers WIFI traffic back to the 3G Packet core. With this, the 3G operator regains visibility on subscribe provisioning and service authorization when the user is offloaded to a WIFI network. At the same time, extend 3GPP services and functionality to the W-LAN access environment, continuity of VAS (traditional wall garden services and internet service) over operator network such as SMS, ringtones, videos, news, sports by streamlining apps and content based on user segmentation. Operators deploying enterprise services such as IP telephony, hosted applications, multi-media and e-commerce services can deploy the same service quality with the security of a 3G network. Roaming Roaming* between 3GPP and WIFI is also further improved with IWLAN. Users can still enjoy operator services via the visited network, with unified charging and billing of the home network. *pre-requisite for roaming agreement in place between operator and partner WIFI operator 05 WHITEPAPER
  • 9. All these functionalities are deployed with deploying an iWLAN Client on UE side. The iWLAN Client manages end to end access authentication and authorization relationship between the UE and the PDG that sits on the Operator’s Core network. Combined with Green Packet’s Connection Management solution and Mobility Solutions, MNOs would be able to rollout the following functionalities to the subscribers • Connectivity experience for multi-access network switching without user intervention • Service and Applications mobility for a better WIFI experience during network transitions via Mobile IP to ensure session persistence for all IP-based applications during Soft and Hard Handovers. • Operator-Initiated network selection policies • Automated location based, network selection, alerts and notifications of roaming to prevent bill shock • Active connection tracking for easy retrieval of usage and balance Figure 2 Macro 2.5G/3G coverage and WIFI hotspot overlay 06 WHITEPAPER
  • 10. Use Cases of iWLAN Below are some examples of use cases that illustrate the relationships of 3GPP and non 3GPP access networks. (A) Accessing 3G Services from a WIFI Network A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability with corporate voice and data plan. The user subscribes to the native 3GPP hosted intranet service and also regularly accesses internet content via YouTube on WIFI hotspots like airports, cafes and train terminals as a regular traveler. The user accesses its 3GPP network for mobile TV (eg: live football match results) where there exists cellular coverage in the shopping mall with a smartphone. While waiting for his friends to arrive, the user enters into a café, where WIFI hot spot is available (this assumes the WIFI network is operator managed). The Green Packet Connection Manager (also known as the Smart Client) detects a WIFI network with stronger signal strength and performs a handover of the 3GPP network to WIFI. After successfully connecting to the WIFI network the iWLAN Client is triggered to establish a connection back to the 3G network. The iWLAN Client authenticates the user onto the WIFI network with the USIM identity via the iWLAN Client. Once the user is tethered back to the 3GPP Core network, the user continues to enjoy hosted 3GPP intranet services (video call, SAP, email, database) provided by its home network, over a trusted IP network. When the user moves away from the WIFI network, the Smart Client re-establishes connection back to the 3G network and the iWLAN Client will terminate the IPSec tunnel thereby terminating the connection to the PDG. (B) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Roamed WIFI network A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability. The user travels to neighboring country. When the smartphone is powered on, it performs a network scan and attaches to the visited 3GPP network that has roaming agreement with its home 3GPP network under normal roaming instances. Data packet and voice service are provided by the visited PLMN (VPLMN). If for example, the macro 3GPP visited network coverage is poor and a WIFI is in range; the smartphone will display the pre-configured SSIDs of the WIFI roaming partner in the visited 3GPP network. The iWLAN Client can detect the preferred WIFI access point and seamlessly authenticate the user. The user attaches and authenticates to the WIFI roaming partner in the visited network by means of the SSIDs that it identifies with USIM credentials. The Smart Client on the smartphone checks, if roaming agreement exists and operator policies connecting to the new WIFI operator is allowed by its home 3GPP network. The smartphone establish a connection to the visited WIFI operator and access 3GPP services via the visited network. 07 WHITEPAPER
  • 11. (C) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Home WIFI network with Mobility Generally, the UE periodically scans to attach to its home 3GPP network. There may in instances, where home 3GPP network coverage is poor or unavailable. As such, the UE will scan for the next available network to attach. A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability. The user attempts to connect to its home WIFI network which has stronger signal strength, as 3G network coverage is weak. The Smart Client triggers a connection to WIFI. Once connected onto WIFI, the iWLAN Client with pre-set iWLAN settings will select the associated W-APN, SSID, authentication mode etc. All iWLAN settings are configured by operators within the Smart Client. The iWLAN Client authenticates the user based on the USIM credentials by establishing and IP Sec tunnel between the UE and PDG endpoint. This pre-set iWLAN attributes allows operator to select selected WIFI connections to be tethered to its home 3GPP Core network to push hosted services such as video messaging, voice calls and ringtones. The user can simultaneously chat and stream mobile TV over the WIFI network on the smartphone seamlessly while being away from its home 3GPP network. When the user moves back into a full 3GPP coverage area, the Smart Client will detect stronger signal strength and perform a handover to the 3GPP network. 08 WHITEPAPER
  • 12. i-WLAN and Smart Client, How it Works the Internet 1 1 HOME NETWORK 0 Billing 4 PCRF VISITED NETWORK AAA HLR 9 Prox Proxy AAA y VAS VAS HA AAA GGSN GGS PDG WAG Connect N SGSN to PDG 8 SGSN 2 5 Roaming WIFI 3G Partner/Trust A 3G Network Network Network ed/Untrusted WIFI Network 6 C Content continues to be streamed over WIFI Handover Handover Handover Make before Break before Break before make Break make 3 7 Mobile CM detects a Mobile CM detects a Mobile CM detects a WIFI hotspot in range, WIFI hotspot in range, roaming network and initiates a and initiates a and trigger a switchover with switchover with handover to the iWLAN client iWLAN client visited 3GPP network Figure 3 Accessing 3GPP and non 3GPP networks with iWLAN Step 1 Under normal network conditions and adequate 3GPP coverage, the user attaches to its home 3GPP network for both data packet and voice services in the absence of iWLAN. With the implementation of iWLAN Client relationship on the UE side, it allows operators to extend 3GPP based service experience over ubiquitous networks. Step 2 Operators push 3GPP based service to the user such as IPTV, sports, news, SMS over the home network. Step 3 Data offload can happen when the UE moves in and out of its home 3GPP coverage areas or when congestion occurs. When a UE moves out of the home 3GPP coverage, the iWLAN Client in the UE triggers a scan for the closest WLAN AN in range. Step 4 Handover is triggered from 3G to WIFI. The user first connects to the WIFI over the internet connection. 09 WHITEPAPER
  • 13. Step 5 The iWLAN Client requests for Access Authentication via EAP-based messages to the Packet Data Gateway (PDG). An IP Sec tunnel is established between the UE and PDG of trusted relationship. The MIP agent will setup a MIP tunnel inside the IPSec tunnel. The Access Authentication procedure may include policies for user IP connectivity to PDG and external IP networks. The subscription information of user is retrieved from the HLR/HSS and forwarded to the 3GPP AAA Server to perform checking and authorization of service subscription. The 3GPP home network (HPLMN) will resolve the DNS queries for the UE’s remote IP address and the requested W-APN. Once the IP address is allocated, the user will have IP connectivity over the PDG and external IP networks, if it is authorized. (IP address allocation can performed before or after access authentication). Step 6 The 3GPP based service continues to be streamed over the WIFI network, without interruption of service. The operator has full visibility and control of the user’s behavior after switching from 3GPP to WIFI. This allows operator to deliver all of the 3GPP subscribed content to the user from the home network, while in WIFI and also push new IMS services in the likes of VoIP, video sharing and applications all within a unified billing and charging platform. Step 7 User exits the WIFI network range and signal strength is weak, as it moves ie roaming. The Smart Client triggers a network scan for alternative network connection (if available). Upon detection of a 3G network, it requests for a handover from WIFI to the visited 3G network. A break before make handover is initiated. Step 8 UE attaches to visited 3GPP network. Access authentication and authorization is performed by the iWLAN Client in the UE similar to step 5. The resolution of the IP address at the PDG providing access to the selected service will be performed in visited PLMN. A mapping relationship between the PDG and WLAN Access Gateway (WAG) is established. The WAG routes data to/from WLAN access network to the PLMN. Step 9 The 3GPP AAA Proxy passes service subscription information to the home 3GPP AAA to check the authorized service subscription information which is required by the Visited Network to perform the service together with charging information. The home network decides whether visited service (external IP networks) is allowed or not based on W-APN, the user subscription information, visited network capabilities and roaming agreement. Step 10 The Smart Client detects WIFI with stronger signal and initiates a switchover attempt from 3G to WIFI. Similarly, the iWLAN Client in the UE authenticates the over EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA onto WIFI with the contained subscriber provisioning, authentication, and service authorization similar to steps 3, 4 and 5 in the VPLMN. 10 WHITEPAPER
  • 14. Greenpacket’s i-WLAN Implementation Greenpacket Components Greenpacket Smart Client The Smart Client component serves as an intelligent connection client on UE which manages access network connections such as WIFI, WiMAX or 3G. It supports seamless mobility capability allowing ubiquitous network access and ensuring uninterrupted subscribers connectivity experience. The Smart Client is equipped with several functional attributes like the rule manager, profile manager to ensure real time control policies for switch decision making based on priority, best performance, most economic and network policy. The Smart Client interworks with iWLAN Client on establishing connection to the PDG and interworks with the Mobile IP (MIP) client to enable Mobility Functionality. Greenpacket i-WLAN Client This component is an integrated client built to handle establishment of connection to the PDG. The iWLAN Client is responsible for performing authentication of UE onto access network using EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA over an IP Sec tunnel that is established between the UE and PDG endpoints. Upon successful authentication, signaling and traffic flow can be securely exchanged between the UE and PDG. Tunnel security is ensured using IPSecIKEv2. Green Packet iWLAN Client supports the following I-WLAN functionalities: • UE Authentication on EAP-SIM • UE Fast Re-authentication on EAP-SIM • UE Authentication on EAP-AKA • UE Fast Re-authentication on EAP-AKA • IMS Emergency Call on EAP-SIM • IMS Emergency Call on EAP-AKA • IPSec Tunnel Disconnection • IKEv2 Cryptographic Suite 1 • IKEv2 Cryptographic Suite 2 • DNS Resolution Greenpacket Mobile IP Client Mobile IP (MIP) is defined by IETF as a standard communication protocol to allow mobile node to move from one network to another network and maintain a permanent IP address. Mobile IP (MIP) Client can be an optional component to handle Mobility Functionality. It interworks with the Smart Client and Home Agent (HA) and is responsible for establishing the Mobile IP tunnel within the WLAN IPSec Tunnel between the PDG-UE endpoints if Mobility Functionality is enabled. 11 WHITEPAPER
  • 15. Interworking between Smart Client, MIP and i-WLAN The Smart Client acts as the main control point of both the MIP Client and the iWLAN Client. It contains all the settings required for both clients to connect to the PDG and HA. The iWLAN Client do not activate itself. The Smart Client contains settings to enable/disable iWLAN under its WIFI Settings which the Smart Client allows certain WIFI connections to be tagged to certain iWLAN setting. This ensures flexibility for operators to select which WIFI connection should be tethered back to the 3G network and which will remain on the WIFI network. All iWLAN settings including IP address, authentication type, W-APN, ID, Emergency mode settings etc are set within the Smart Client. In commercial deployments, these are usually preconfigured and transparent to the end user. Smart Client will first establish a WIFI connection based on its configured policy (can be operator configured or user configured). When this option is turned on, Smart Client will automatically trigger the iWLAN Client to establish a connec- tion to the PDG. Smart Client will only do so if the device contains a valid SIM card for EAP SIM/AKA authentication. If a SIM card does not exist, the Smart Client will not establish the WLAN connection. Upon successful WIFI network connection, Smart Client will invoke I-WLAN Module to initiate I-WLAN IKEv2 authentica- tion (EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA) and establishment of IPSec tunnel to PDG/TTG. The I-WLAN Module will execute the required PDG Call Flow establishment. The I-WLAN Module will indicate the success or failure to Smart Client on the interaction status with PDG/ TTG. All notifications are displayed on the Smart Client. In the case where WIFI network is disconnecting either via manual user disconnect or network handover based on avail- ability, Smart Client will trigger a ‘Disconnect’ to the PDG to ensure that the tunnel tear down or terminated. All logs on the iWLAN connection history are kept by the Smart Client. If Mobility settings are enabled by the Smart Client, the Smart Client will trigger the MIP Client to establish the Mobile IP tunnel within the WLAN IPSec Tunnel. 12 WHITEPAPER
  • 16. Secure and Seamless Data Offloading for Enhanced Network and Service Quality Deploying next generation networks require greater interoperability, portability and service availability. Many business models and opportunities can emerge from advertising, application developers, content development and partnership for service providers and operators. Operators can strategically incorporate new services by leveraging on the speed and affordability provided by WIFI data offloading. Addressing the issues of a simple and integrated legacy network is important to the operator’s service delivery without affecting the backend systems. The controlled and managed data offloading with I-WLAN approach addresses the operators concerns for • unified charging & billing • access security over trusted and non trusted IP networks • seamless authentication • service mobility • applications session persistence • service extension for indoor and outdoor coverage inadequacies • quality of service The seamless authentication and connectivity is assured with support for EAP-based authentication. The Smart Client triggers network selection and the I-WLAN establishes a secure IP tunneling between the UE and PDG, mitigates the risk of attacks from external IP networks over unsecured shared infrastructure. Operators have full visibility on the users IP services over its home network and ease of a unified charging & billing mechanism. Service and applications mobility can easily transition between networks 3GPP and non-3GPP, with a MIP client. The handovers can be initiated by the device or the network, depending on operator implementation. Other consideration for offload occurs in cases where indoor coverage fails. Offloading to WIFI is an affordable alternative to deploying femtocells or cell build out. Likewise, in areas where outdoor coverage is weak on the 3GPP network, it can autonomously switch to WIFI for service continuity. Looking towards the future of delivering LTE services, the consideration of 3GPP I-WLAN approach delivered today can have migration path towards LTE for inter-technology access. The 3GPP core network PDG will evolve to ePDG, with backward compatibility; with minimal integration on the network interfaces. Given the 3GPP I-WLAN approach on the RAN, the device will perform the network selection, access authentication and authorization between inter-access technologies; closely coupled to the HSS/HLR architecture of the converged LTE core network. As with LTE networks, quality of service (QoS) is a candidate feature in providing VoLTE and IMS services yet to be witnessed commercially. Deploying the 3GPP-IWLAN solution today can resolve the immediate issues inherent in operator network in terms improving service delivery, coverage and capacity in an economical manner, while strategizing future business objectives. 13 WHITEPAPER
  • 17. Shaping Your Network for Fitness Greenpacket welcomes you to embark on the offloading journey today with iWLAN for optimizing your network operations and service quality. At Greenpacket, we understand the demands placed on Operators like you. That is why our solutions are designed to give you the capacity to constantly deliver cutting-edge offerings without exhausting your capital and operating expenditures. With Greenpacket, limitless freedom begins now! Free Consultation If you would like a free consultation on how you can manage data offloading with iWLAN, feel free to contact us at marketing.gp@greenpacket.com. (kindly quote the reference code, WPS042011 when you contact us). 14 WHITEPAPER
  • 18. References 1. The Cisco® Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2011 2. 3GPP TS 23.234 V9.0.0 (2009-12) 3. GSMA Wi-Fi Offload Whitepaper version 1.0 15 WHITEPAPER
  • 19. About Green Packet Greenpacket is the international arm of the Green Packet Berhad group of companies which is listed on the Main Board of the Malaysian Bourse. Founded in San Francisco’s Silicon Valley in 2000 and now headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Greenpacket has a presence in 9 countries and is continuously expanding to be near its customers and in readiness for new markets. We are a leading developer of Next Generation Mobile Broadband and Networking Solutions for Telecommunications Operators across the globe. Our mission is to provide seamless and unified platforms for the delivery of user-centric multimedia communications services regardless of the nature and availability of backbone infrastructures. At Greenpacket, we pride ourselves on being constantly at the forefront of technology. Our leading carrier-grade solutions and award-winning consumer devices help Telecommunications Operators open new avenues, meet new demands, and enrich the lifestyles of their subscribers, while forging new relationships. We see a future of limitless freedom in wireless communications and continuously commit to meeting the needs of our customers with leading edge solutions. With product development centers in USA, Shanghai, and Taiwan, we are on the cutting edge of new developments in 4G (particularly WiMAX and LTE), as well as in software advancement. Our leadership position in the Telco industry is further enhanced by our strategic alliances with leading industry players. Additionally, our award-winning WiMAX modems have successfully completed interoperability tests with major WiMAX players and are being used by the world’s largest WiMAX Operators. We are also the leading carrier solutions provider in APAC catering to both 4G and 3G networks and aim to be No. 1 globally by the end of 2010. For more information, visit: www.greenpacket.com. San Francisco · Kuala Lumpur · Singapore · Shanghai · Taiwan · Sydney · Bahrain · Bangkok · Hong Kong Associate Member Copyright © 2001-2011 Green Packet Berhad. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form by any means, without the written permission of Green Packet Berhad. Green Packet Berhad reserves the right to modify or discontinue any product or piece of literature at anytime without prior notice.