analog computer

1. Analog Computers

2.  Introduction
 History of Analog computers
 Working
 Comparison
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Why Failed and come Back
 Future scope
 Conclusion
 References
CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION
What is analog
computer?
• Analog
computers don’t
work with
discrete values
like 0’s and 1’s.
• Analog
computers work
on physical
paraments.
• Analog
computers have
an continuous
range of input
and outputs .
Fig : Basic analog computer
1800’s.

4. Fig: Analog EAI pacer 700 Fig: NASA’S Analog computer 1960-70’s

5. History
• First use of analog computers can
be dated back in late 1800’s.
• Analog computers were extensively
used in world war 2.
• In 1700 Pierrre-simon Laplace
derived set of equations for
predicting the tides in ocean.
Of Analog computer
Equations for tide prediction :

6. By advancements in analog computer these equations were solved.
1.First these equations are
decomposed into sum of sine waves.
2.Each curve need to be divided
into short time intervals.
3.Then each interval multiply the
tide level with frequency of
interest then add area of these
rectangle and divide by total time.
And repeat process for cosine
function.
Hence, we can predict exact
time and measure of tide.

7. Analog computer for Tide prediction

8. • Then after the invention of op-amp,
the Analog computers were
extensively used in world war 2.
• The OP-AMP were used to create an
Analog computer that could solve the
ballistics equation for anti air craft
guns.
• Which resulted in lot of time and
ammunition being saved .
Fig: OP-AMP

9. First Analog computer used to solve Integrals and differential equations.

10. WORKING
Of Analog computers
o Fig(i) is an simple Analog
computer and by connecting
wires in particular ways we can
program it to solve whole range
of differential equations.
o There are NO o’s or 1’s here,
there’s only voltage that oscillates
and which is very fast.
o In these Analog computers we can
change the parameter and see
there real time effects.

11. How to solve differential equation using
op -amp

12. Working of Basic Analog computer.

13. • With digital computer if we want to add two 8-bit numbers we
need around 50 transistors .
• Whereas in Analog computer we can add two currents by
connecting two wire .
• For multiplication we need around 1000 transistors in digital ,
• But for Analog we can pass current through resistor and
measure the voltage across it , which will give the
multiplication result.
Working with example:

14. These are Lorentz equations :
Example:
And solved by basic Analog computer faster than digital computer.

15. Advantages
 Power consumption low
 Extremely fast
 Low co2
 NO codes required
 Quick and Reliable
Disadvantages
 Single purpose
 Inexact sometimes
 Big – Bulky
 Complex
 Cannot run programs like
MS office/ Graphics.

16. COMPARISON
Analog vs Digital

17. Why Analog computer failed ?
 Because they tried to put too much precision on one wire
and one channel and process all information in one place
which resulted in many difficulties and complexity .
 Also the size and maintenance made them disappear .
 AND with the advent of solid state transistors digital
computers exploded and dominated .
 Now almost everything is digital ,most people may have
never seen or heard Analog computer.

18. Analog chip
Digital GPU
Image from – 2020

19. COMEBACK of Analog computers: YES
 REASON FOR
COMEBACK:
• MOORE’S LAW
• VON NEUMANN
BOTTLENECK
• Advancement in
ML are straining
the capabilities of
digital computers
So Analog computers are required instead of digital at some places
FIG: Moore’s Law

20. Future Scope
1. IN Artificial Intelligence
PCM devices have the ability to store
synaptic weights in their analog
conductance state. When PCM
devices are arranged in a crossbar
configuration, it allows to perform an
analog matrix-vector multiplication in
a single time step, exploiting the
advantages of multi-level storage
capability and Kirchhoff’s circuits
laws.

21. 2.Analog computer in neural networks
Step 1
Step 2
STEP 3

22. 3. Quantum computers
4.Cryptography
5. Augmented reality and
virtual reality

23. 6. Bio computers
7. Listening devices
7.Wireless driving

24. CONCLUSION
 With the fundamental physical challenges to further
miniaturization, We might stop using digital computers and can
see Analog computers rise again .
 In variety of fields like quantum computing , bio medicine ,
cryptography .
 Analog computers are faster ,low power consumption and better
at calculations hence Analog computers can replace digital
computers in some places .
 And in future we can see Analog chips ruling the computing field
again.

25. REFERENCES
 W. J. Karplus and W. W. Soroka, Analog Methods-Computation
and Simulation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
 L. Levine, Methods for Solving Engineering Problems Using
Analog Computers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
 G. A. Korn and T. M. Korn, Electronic Analog Computers, 2nd ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.
 C. L. Johnson, Analog Computer Techniques, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1963.
 J. N. Warfield, Electronic Analog Computers. Englewood Cliffs, N.
J.: Prentice-Hall, 1959.
 Yannis Tsividis, Not Your Father’s Analog Computer – Scientists
and engineers may benefit from a long-abandoned approach to
computing, IEEE Spectrum, Dec 1st 2017.
 Bernd Ulmann,Analog Computing,Oldenbourg Verlag,2013.

26. Thank you.