The Rivalry Between Boeing And Airbus Essay

The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus Essay
The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus The rivalry between Boeing and Airbus goes back a long way, when Boeing was by far the dominant
supplier of commercial airplanes. Up until 1997, Boeing was the clear market leader on the passenger airplane market. Now the situation is less
certain, as Airbus has overtaken its American competitor[1] not only in the domestic market but also in the world market, with its introduction of new
models of passenger aircrafts. The main issue addressed in this article is that a 1992 U.S.–EU civilian aircraft pact allows too much European
government support for Airbus, helping it sell more jetliners than Boeing, which had an 80% share in the market a decade ago. Thus the U.S.
government wants the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effect of providing the subsidy to Airbus would be a shift in the domestic supply curve to the right (as the subsidy is so much per unit produced)
to Sdom + Subsidy. Airbus receives the world price Pw, plus the subsidy, which is the vertical distance AD. They receive a subsidy PwPsubAD.
Hence, although the domestic price will remain unchanged, the domestic production of Airbus will increase to Q3. Therefore there has been a transfer
in the quantity supplied from imports to domestic producers, which is marked by the region Q3 –Q1. The protectionist measures have not only helped
Airbus to establish itself and gain a comparative advantage through increased production, but it has also helped to increase employment, which leads to
an increase in the standard of living of the citizens and thus lead to economic growth in the E.U. Since 1997 Airbus has had several advantages in the
production of aircrafts. Since their goods are still being subsidized, Airbus has expanded its sales from the home market to the overseas market. Thus,
their quality products and subsidies together would enable them to resort to dumping (selling exports below their marginal costs of production) their
products into the world market, at the cost of their main competitor –Boeing. The argument posted by John Veroneau, general counsel for the U.S.
Trade Representative's office is that the 1992 civil aircraft
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Characteristics Of A Public And Public Good
A good can either be a private good or public good. Two factors define the characteristics of a private or public good. The characteristics that define a
good are its excludability, the ability the consumption a good has on future consumption for others, and whether or not its rivalrous, the effect
consumption of a good has on quantity of future consumption. In broad terms, a private good would be excludable and rivalrous, and a public good
would be nonexcludable and nonrivalrous. When we look closer at public goods we see there are several types.
A Pure public good is defined as having several characteristics. Those characteristics include being a nonexcludable good and a nonrival good. A
nonexcludable good means person A's consumption of a good does not harm person B's consumption of the good. Person B will still be able to
consume the good. One person's use won't restrict another's. To be a nonrival good is to be a good that can be consumed by person A without
reducing the amount left for person B or others. A nonrival good can be used over and over again with no additional cost. "The defining
characteristic of a public good is that consumption of it by one individual does not actually or potentially reduce the amount available to be
consumed by another individual." (Garvelle and Rees). WiFi can fit into the category quite nicely on certain circumstances. It can be classified as a
social good. A social good is a public good that could be delivered as a private good. In

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Public Goods
INTRODUCTION
PUBLIC GOODS
Public good is an item whose consumption is determined by society not by individual consumers. Examples include national defense, law
enforcement, parks. These goods are financed by taxes because they are created for the welfare of public. Basically the goods which can be
consumed without reducing its availability to other individual and the other one is not excluded are public goods. The vice versa of these goods are
private goods. A private good is a product that must be purchased to be consumed and its consumption is done by one individual. For instance, candies:
the person who would be purchasing them , would be having not the person did not purchased.
A public good is an item consumed by society as a whole, for instance defense. This would be for every citizen for the country, even the person who
did not pay the tax. This gives us the one characteristic of public good that is NON– EXCLUDABLE. These goods are being produced for the welfare
of the whole society rather than focusing on one individual. While ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the brewery would be willing to pay the chemical factory to reduce the amount of effluent, because this will reduce the costs of brewery industry.
Such a reduction in effluent may reduce the chemical industry's profits, as the firm's output of chemicals and the effluents are in fixed proportions and
any reduction of effluent, thus, requires a reduction in output of the chemical industry. If the reduction in the brewery industry's costs exceeds the
reduction in the chemical factory's profit, there are potential gains from trade and the original level of effluent cannot have been efficient. This
observation leads to a possible solution to the externality problem presented by

The Conservation Of Marine Conservation
Marine conservation was traditionally focusing on resolving the common issue where commercial activities exploiting shared resources yielded private
benefits of employment, economic benefits as well as increased harvests. In this process, resources were over–used (Bulte, et al, p.20). Therefore, a
need rose to conserve the common marine resources to yield public goods of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are not taken into
consideration by the marine policies. Unless the public goods nature of marine resources is addressed by the marine policies, provision, as well as
conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services will be a dream to achieve, even if other policies like catch shares and top–down command
measures are put in place (Arriagada and Charles, p.804). This discussion will focus on the various incentives for marine biodiversity conservation
within the typical public good structure.
Public goods are considered as impure when their consumption by an individual lessens but do not eradicate the advantages received by other
people from the intake of similar products. It implies that the goods are partially rival as well as partially excludable. Local public goods are the
commonly known forms of impure public goods, specifically the local common pool resources (Arriagada and Charles, p.801). On a global scale,
biodiversity conservation is a good example of an impure public good. This is because, if there are numerous potential providers, each will improve
local

Deforestation Is Infrastructure Expansion ( Geist & Lambin...
There are many causes/factors to deforestation, which are largely associated with direct human influence. The first proximate cause to deforestation is
infrastructure expansion (Geist & Lambin, 2002, p. 144). This refers to transportation (roads), private and public markets, rural and urban settlements,
and private and public services (water lines, oil exploitation, etc...) (Geist & Lambin, 2002, p. 144). The next cause is agricultural expansion, which
includes, large or small–scale cultivations, shifting cultivations (slash and burn), and, of course, cattle ranching. Wood extractions for industrial and
domestic purposes are other proximate causes to this issue.
These issues may be exacerbated by mismanagement of central governments, heavy political and economic pressures, widespread corruption, cronyism
(appointing familiars to positions of authority), and illegal logging operations (Speth & Haas, 2006, p. 30). Corruption and illegal extracting activities
are especially problematic because they allow for further abuse and destruction to this environment.
International development agencies and corporations, such as the World Bank, must also be looked as actors to this problem. They have contributed
millions of dollars "into dams, highways, power development, and transmigration schemes" (Speth & Haas, 2006, 31). These organizations encourage
foreign investments to be taken place so as to expand extraction operations (Speth & Haas, 2006, 31). The weakening of domestic

Public Heritage Assets
Accounting for public heritage facilities – assets or liabilities of the government? The Authors Allan D. Barton, Department of Commerce, Faculty of
Economics and Commerce, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank three anonymous
referees for their constructive comments on earlier drafts of the paper. Abstract Public heritage facilities– national parks, art galleries, museums and so
on – are now required by professional accounting standards in Australia to be valued and included in government general purpose financial statements
as assets. This study challenges the appropriateness of such an accounting treatment in relation to the SAC4 definition of assets and the... Show more
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The nature and functions of public heritage facilities as part of Australia's National Estate are first explained. Next, because of their nature and
functions, it is shown why public heritage facilities are public goods. The economic theory of public goods is used to justify why some goods
should be provided by governments and funded from taxation and others on a commercial basis by business firms. The theory is based on the
existence of certain types of externalities in markets. Whether public heritage facilities are assets or liabilities and a part of the government's financial
position is assessed against the SAC4 (1992) concepts of assets and liabilities. It is shown that they do not satisfy the concepts because of their public
goods nature. The proposal is then advanced that public heritage facilities should be regarded as assets of the nation which are managed by government
as a trustee for the benefit of society; and that, as trust assets, they should be accounted for separately from administrative assets of government. Finally,
the types of information required for their good management is explained and it is shown that full accrual accounting information designed for
commercial firms is not appropriate for the management of public heritage facilities. II. Nature of public

The Theoretical Basis Of Congestion Costs
2.2Theoretical basis of congestion costs (diseconomies)
One by–product of agglomeration is congestion, which arise as economic agents compete for limited land, limited output markets, and limited fixed
public infrastructure such as highways and communication facilities. Other negative consequences of agglomeration such as environmental pollution,
noise, and high crime rates may also occur.
In general, congestion externalities originate from the difference between private and social costs. The literature on optimal city size suggests that
households and firms choose to locate in a city by evaluating the prevailing average social costs (AC)–such as local taxes or commuting/transport costs
in the city, but ignoring the increased social costs their arrivals generate for the whole urban population (Alonso 1971; Richardson 1972; Mills and De
Ferranti 1971). Therefore, the average social cost would usually be lower than the marginal social cost (MC) born by the city as a whole (Alonso
1971; Richardson 1972; Mills and De Ferranti 1971). Firms and residents would continue to move into the city as long as marginal benefits, as
represented by marginal value of outputs (MP) in the city, exceed the marginal social cost plus the opportunity cost of moving (MP > MC +
opportunity cost for moving) (Alonso 1971; Richardson 1972). The result is that cities would grow to a size that is more congested than the optimal
size for maximizing urban production, that size being the point where the

Free Ridership Research Paper
1.What is the most significant thing you learned in today's class? In today's class, the most significant concept which caught my attention was the
"free ridership" in international organizations. In fact, the issue is one which is very concerning as several countries in NATO have fallen short of
fulfilling their commitment to the alliance which has weakened the capability of NATO. Also, Canada might soon be falling into the free rider
category as we have not decided on what our commitment to UN peacekeeping missions would look like. (Note, I have studied bandwagoning, but
not free ridership). 2.What question is at the top of your mind at the end of today's class? After all the US economic aggression on Canada's lumber
and Bombardier as

The Tragedy of the Commons and Collective Action Essay
The tragedy of the commons and the problem of collective action are two key concepts in the world of political science. They act under the
assumption that man is a rational being who will act in his own self interest. Humanity id broadly diverse meaning that each individual has their own
ideas as to how society should run and how people should live.(heywood) This inevitably results in disagreement and this is where politics steps in.
Aristotle described politics as the 'master science', 'the activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the Good Society.'
Through the tragedy of the commons and the problem of collective action we can see how politics is essentially the 'search for conflict resolution' ...
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However Mancur Olson (cite) states in his book that 'rational self–interested individuals will not act to achieve their common or group interests.'
Coercion or other incentives are needed for this to occur. Communication can be used as moral suasion (ostrom) This became known as the 'zero
contribution thesis'. A social dilemma is when individuals choose actions that will affect others as well as themselves. The individual will aim to
benefit themselves short term which generally results in a lower joint outcome. If the individuals acted collectively they would achieve a better
optimal outcome than the one they would achieve on their own. These social dilemmas have been characterised in game theory by the prisoners
dilemma. They will achieve the Nash equilibrium which is lower than the socially desirable outcome. This is the problem of collective action. This is
not to say that forms of collective action cannot be seen in everyday world. Mobs, gangs, cartels, neighbourhood associations, charities and voting are
all forms of collective action. (ostrom) These social dilemmas are related to common–pool resources. The problem of free riding can be an issue. .
There has to be governance of common pool resources. If, for example collective action was man's natural instinct then

Summary Of Otto C. Doering III
In his article, Otto C. Doering III wants to encourage the president to inform his economists, who is in control of creating budgets for the government,
to analyze questions of public goods because he believes privatization of public goods could hurt the economy as well as quality of life and "defines
public good as "a commodity or service whose benefits are not depleted by an additional user and from which it is generally difficult or impossible to
exclude people even if people are unwilling to pay for the benefits. These are socially desirable prices, government must pay for public goods if they are
to be provided at all. What do public goods stand for and why are they vital for our living?
Well, public goods are perceived in very

Public Goods Game Experiment
Introduction
A public goods game is an experimental game where subjects choose the amount of money or tokens they would like to place in a public pot. It is
done so privately without anyone else knowing about it. The amount is then multiplied equally by a factor, and it is then equally shared among the
participants. (Radoc, 2001) Although some players would have contributed less they are allowed to keep tokens or money amounts they did not
contribute. Peoples contributions are also heavily subjective what how much their peers contribute, and also benchmarked upon previous contributions
(Augenblick & Cunha, 2014) We have conducted a small experiment in our student accommodation to test and see the behavior of people in a natural
setting.
Instructions
Participants: 32 participants were recruited from Pure City Student accommodation to participate in this experiment. All participants were university
students, no exclusion criteria was included apart from whether they regularly eat chocolate or not.
Design: The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was tested with the famous paradox known as The Ellsberg Paradox, which indicates that decision makers are often ambiguity averse, preferring
options with subjectively known probabilities to options with unknown probabilities (Weber & Tan, 2012) Similarly, Risk Aversion could be described
as, when an individual is presented with two options they choose the option with a lower risk. People were willing to take the risk in Round 5 because
they knew that although there was a chance of numerous participants contributing the maximum value, there would still be some amount they would
benefit from and receive. However in round 6 there was a chance that they may not participate in the coin toss and there is a 50% chance they may not
receive anything at all. Although they pay–offs were higher there was a still a greater probability they may not receive the

Economics in the United Methodist Church
Many churches are experiencing economic hardships at this time, and the Methodist church is no exception. In addition to drops in attendance over
the last half century, Religion News reports "The percentage of a church member's income given to the church dropped to 2.3 percent in 2011 (the
latest year for which numbers are available), down from 2.4 percent in 2010, according to the Empty Tomb study." (Burgess) Because of this, many
churches are feeling the strains of limited funds. But, there are ways that I believe that the church could possibly improve their situation. The problems
include people treating the church as a free rider program, the church being used as a common pool resource, and people acting so that the church
becomes a tragedy of the commons. Near the end, a solution will be offered, and it will be explored whether this solution lines up with the church in a
normative manner.
The first problem (of many) that churches sometimes face is that of a free rider problem. A free rider problem is defined by Princeton as "those who
consume more than their fair share of a public resource, or shoulder less than a fair share of the costs of its production." Essentially, anyone who
benefits from a resource in which they did not pay their fair share is a free rider. This is seen in churches each and every week. People don't give a
"love offering" for a Wednesday night supper. People bring their children and youth to student activities and fail to tithe, or even give at

Maslow's Hierarchy Of Propaganda Analysis
First of all, if you study any kind of history you know that the divide and conquer tactic has been used by the powerful and elite for many centuries
to control the masses. If you can keep people fighting amongst each other they won't notice the bigger picture. Just like a great magician's slide of
hand, while you are looking one way they can create any illusion they wish due to your distraction. I could go into every detail of what was said to
me in my massage session yesterday by one of my clients so easily and foolishly duped by this divide and conquer tactic like so many Americans right
now. I could break down every point and denounce it with an intelligent counterpoint, but that would suck me into the same tactic I am speaking out
against... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Republicans Why Are you Not Then Outrage by Corporate
Subsidies?
Oh that's right because most of it is going to you. When did defending profits become more of a priority to you people than caring about your fellow
countrymen and women? Is your golden egg concept of capitalism so fragile and precious that it should be held in higher regard than human
well–being? If you are so worried about protecting capitalism and a free market where is your outrage for corporate subsidies? You don't like people
getting handouts and not earning things themselves?
Isn't capitalism supposed to be a system where if you fuck your business up then oh well tough luck, but it isn't when we spent more money subsidizing
failed businesses than we ever have helping American citizens!
"According to Good Jobs First, there are 514 economic development programs in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. More

The And Its Effects On Society And The Corporate Environment
The need to punish undesirable behavior dates back to the earliest settlements and societies of humankind (Meehan, 2010). By analyzing societal
reasons for punishment, and relating them to the corporate environment, the utility of punishment can be determined. One common reason in society
for punishment is revenge (Wood, 2003). In society, revenge could be construed as an extension of the "eye for an eye" philosophy, which arguably
has very little utility in both society and the corporate environment (Wood, 2003). However, in the industrial environment, if there was an accident
that caused extensive damage to equipment, insurance should cover the cost. Revenge would be pointless in the corporate environment (Wood,
2003). Another reason society has to punish is for the protection of society. There are many reasons a person can prove themselves to be a danger to
society, and with government regulations for various industries, a case can be made for employee misconduct to warrant a need to protect society, but
those instances can be few and far between, relatively speaking (Wood, 2003). An example of society punishing someone to protect society would be
in the case of murder. A murderer walking free could be detrimental to the safety of citizens, so punishment becomes a method to protect society from
the murderer. Likewise, in the workplace, a person who willfully makes reckless decisions may also warrant punishment. For example, substance abuse
while operating

Human Activity On The Natural Environment
Environmental law is a term describing the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, and common laws addressing the effects of human activity on the
natural environment. The government is responsible for enforcing these laws and making sure that the public is aware of the responsibility they have
to ensure the safety of our environment. Throughout this paper, the topics regarding the "tragedy of the commons", the sharing of resources, who
should have access to these resources, and the government's role in making these decisions is brought to light. Of the many issues in our world, I
believe that environmental law is put in the dark. The reason why people do not look as closely at this as they do at gun control laws is
simple...long–term effects. The public sees the effects of gun laws and equality in their community, but when it comes to recycling and using common
resources in a reusable way they are blind to the topic. The "tragedy of the commons" is an economic problem where people will neglect the needs of
other individuals and fight for their own personal gain. For example, imagine a huge pond with a lot of fish in it. Every fisherman has a regular
fishing pole and they all average about the same catches per week. Then, a company designs a new, more advanced fishing pole. A few fisherman try it
out and they end up catching double the amount of fish. Regardless of the fish declination in the pond and the impact it is having on other fisherman,
they continue fishing with

Economics
MBA 501 Final Exam (Exam 4)
1. Differentiate between the Federal deficit and the Federal debt.
The Federal deficit is an annual concept referring to the shortfall between Federal revenues and expenditures in one year's budget. The Federal debt is
the accumulation of borrowing which results from the series of deficits minus any surpluses.
2. Adam Smith once wrote: "What is prudence in the conduct of every private family can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom." Evaluate in terms
of the national debt.
This is an example of the fallacy of composition. What is true for the individual is not necessarily true for governments when it comes to borrowing.
Government can refinance its debt. The government, unlike ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason for the over allocation is that the firm is not paying for all the costs of production. The five suggested ways for correcting for this over
allocation of resources are: (1) individual bargaining; (2) the use of liability rules and lawsuits; (3) imposing a tax on producers; (4) direct controls
such as legal mandates or restrictions; and (5) creating a market for externality rights.
10. Suppose a local coffee shop in the downtown area decides to purchase a neighboring abandoned lot and convert it into a garden area with outdoor
seating.
(a)Does this decision create an externality? If so, what kind?
(b)Despite the city's positive response to the coffee shop's renovation, other businesses in the area have not followed suit in renovating the many
decrepit buildings and abandoned lots. How might the presence of an externality be in part the cause of this?
(c)In response to the lack of effort on the part of businesses to renovate the downtown area, city council members to take action. What are some ways
that the city government could promote this kind of revival?
a. It creates a negative externality.
b. The possible reason of the externality being a cause of this could be the fact that if other people follow suit there will be an oversupply of the same
kind of a service which may further lead to the market failure
c. Government can apply specific taxes on businesses

Marginal Costs And Its Effect On Market Efficiency
Marginal costs and benefits are utilized as a form of measurement of costs and benefits at a specific level of production and consumption. Everyday
individuals, groups, and institutions make decisions based on our marginal evaluations of the alternatives. They do this by asking questions: "What
will it cost to produce one more unit", and "What benefit will be received by acquiring one more unit"? In this essay, the author will define and
discuss marginal costs and benefits and their effect on market efficiency in the presence or absence of externalities.
What Are Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits?
Marginal benefit is the gain you receive for doing anything one more time (Urban Economics, 8E). Marginal benefit is typically measured in ... Show
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However, once they have one, they will only consider buying a second widget at 20 dollars. If they buy a second widget from your shop, it is based
solely on the value–laden perception that the widget's benefit is worth the 20 dollars. If the consumers do not perceive that the widget has 20 dollars
benefit or use, they will not purchase another widget at the 20–dollar price level. Therefore, if your shop wants the consumer to buy widgets, the owner
must either lower the price or offer some other promotional benefit. Consumers ' marginal benefit is also referred to as "marginal utility"(Urban
Economics, 8E). According to the law of diminishing marginal utility, "as a person increases consumption of a product, while keeping consumption of
other products constant, there is a decline in the marginal utility that person derives from consuming each additional unit of that product" (Urban
Economics, 8E). As the marginal benefit for widgets declines among your customer base, so does the price they are willing to pay which in turn
affects your marginal benefit as a widget producer.
"Marginal cost is the total cost you incur to produce one more unit" (Urban Economics, 8E). Following the example from the previous paragraph, it is
the cost to make one more widget. Since, marginal costs are

Market Failure And Its Effect On Society Essay
Market Failure is due to an imbalance or a change in supply and demand of certain goods and services this, consequently, can lead to a shortage of
products or an unnecessarily large inventory. Market failure can be caused by many different factors such as positive and negative externalities,
imbalance of the price and quality of goods and services and also unrealistic projections for demand along with a plethora of other factors. The perfect
market, is an efficient organisation that meets all the wants and desires of the public without any wastage of supplies and resources. However, there
are many failures to the perfect market that cause it to be ineffective. This essay will highlight and explain the main causes of market failure, how they
can be opposed and the effect market failure will have on society.
The idea behind the perfectly competitive market is that consumers buy whichever goods they wish or need with their income and suppliers are free to
decide what they produce, how to produce it and what price to sell it at. For the competitive market to be efficient and effective, supply and demand
must be at equilibrium. If demand for a good increases this will consequently cause a shortage, this will then cause the price to increase due to demand
being higher than supply, as the price has increased demand will slowly decrease, this will continue to happen until demand and supply are once again
in equilibrium.
There are many assumptions behind the competitive market that

Water Deprivation Of The People Living
Water deprivation of the people living in rural communities is a widely documented occurrence all over the world. It is estimated that over a billion
people across the world do not have access to safe, clean drinking water (WHO/UNICEF, 2006), even though as a basic human need it is an essential
component of the right to life. Contaminated water endangers both the physical and social health of all people and it is a disregard to human dignity.
In this context, decreasing this number by half by 2015 was one of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals.
Water supply does not possess the merits of a pure public good, as it is usually rivalrous and often excludable, subject to the nature of supply, in that
water can be both private and public good, as well as somewhere in between. Because of such characteristics, water is not a customary marketable
good and markets can result in its poor allocations, if designed badly. Also, there are robust enticements to freeride on waterinfrastructure as it is hard
to make the provision of water fully excludable. The economic characteristics of water – both being rival and also provide collective benefit to all –
makes it an important good, but complicate how to best provide it (Furlong 2013). Such market and state failures in water delivery lead to social
exclusion and inequity. While markets can be used to allocate water distribution, strong policy structure and legislation are needed to ensure that the
provision is both equitable

How Does Economic Growth Contribute To Climate Change?
Introduction
While industrialization has been strongly associated with greenhouse gas emissions, it is premature, however, to conclude that economic growth is the
independent factor responsible to climate change. Neumayer (1998) contended that there is no sound scientific evidence documenting consequences of
economic development on the environmental degradation in the long term (p. 4). There is also no linear association between economic growth and
environmental deterioration, as maintained by Ferguson et al. (1996, p. 28) that the existing evidence "cannot be used to justify a view that economic
growth (...) will automatically be good or bad for the environment" (cited in Neumayer 1998, p. 16).
The climate change impacts of greenhouse gases threaten the economic development and environmental quality. These threats indicate that all nations
regardless their economic growth should work collaboratively to reduce the emission to a certain level. Hare et al. (2011) argued that "climate change is
a collective action problem" thus requires a global coordination from all countries. This indicates that actions from several countries would never be
sufficient to address the climate change problem. If a global target to limit warming to 2В°C or below is about to achieve (UNFCCC 2010, p.4) a
broad range of participation is required (Hare et al., 2011). However, the increasing complexity of negotiation processes is inevitable. Each country will
pursue its own interests during the

Essay On External Cost Of Driving
To begin, data sets and results are presented in summary tables along with bar graphs in order to easily compare changes for multiple groups. The
conclusions reached are presented categorically and are later on added as a total value. With this in mind, Lucas's results are as follow: the marginal
damages from local pollutants emitted from gasoline and diesel are $0.04 and $0.20 per liter of gasoline and diesel respectively (Davis, 2017), the
marginal cost from carbon dioxide emissions is $0.09 and $0.10 per liter of gasoline and diesel respectively (Davis, 2017), the marginal cost of traffic
congestion caused by the increased use gasoline and diesel is $0.27 and $0.26 per liter of gasoline and diesel respectively (Davis, 2017), and the ...
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Small conducted this study in 2014, it is titled: "Getting Energy Prices Right: From Principle to Practice" (Parry et al., 2014). Lucas explains that
previous studies measured marginal damages for particular energy types and individual countries. Unlike previous studies, Ian W. H. Parry and
Kenneth A. Small were the first team of researchers to measure marginal damages for several different energy types for large set of countries (Davis,
2017). As a result, data sets as well as conclusions reached are heavily relied upon from this article.
Finally, Lucas discusses the prospects for alternative fuel vehicles for the purposes of reducing negative externalities. In this section, he explains that
there are various alternative vehicles that can be used in reducing the external cost of gasoline and diesel including natural gas vehicles as well as
vehicles that rely on biofuels (Davis, 2017). Nevertheless, in the study conducted, Lucas focuses on electric vehicles (EV) as it is perceived as one of
the primary alternatives to fuel vehicles (Davis, 2017). In the article, Lucas offers a pessimistic outlook on EVs claiming that despite subsidizing the
purchases of EVs, it would not solve the problems of traffic congestions and accidents. As it is mentioned: "Probably most importantly, alternative fuel
vehicles do little to reduce traffic congestion and accidents, two of the largest components of externalities. Subsidies for alternative fuel vehicles might
even

Taxation And Subsidy Policy : An Example Of A New Fire...
1. What 2 kinds of government policy can internalize an externality? Give an example of "Positive Externalities" for private goods. Which policy do
you recommend in this case? Explain. The two main government policies is taxation and subsidy. The tax policy, a cost, regulates the actions such as
limiting toxic wastes. The second is subsidy policy, a benefit, in which, the government offer incentives, for those who reduce the external cost and
benefiting society.
An example of positive externality is the building of a new fire department or emergency health care facility in a neighbor to improve the accessibility
and efficiency of emergency care. This should be a subsidy policy because it will benefit more than just the people who are in desperate need, which
will promote a positive externality.
2. What 2 kinds of government policy can internalize an externality? Give an example of "Negative Externalities" for private goods. Which policy do
you recommend in this case? Explain. The two main government policies is taxation and subsidy. The tax policy regulates the actions such as limiting
toxic wastes. The second is subsidy policy, in which, the government offer incentives, for those who reduce the external cost and benefiting society.
An example of negative externality is the air pollution that comes from the smoke stacks of a manufacturing facility, imposes costs to the third party. In
order to prevent such negative externalities, a government can use the tax policies

Advantages Of Being A Free Rider
If the group succeeds in its endeavor, then very often these gains are available to those who are not its members. The latter enjoy these rewards
without making any effort to obtain them. It is rational to be a "free rider". For example, when a union agrees to raise wages, this increase usually
applies to all employees of the company, regardless of whether they are members of the union or not. Consequently, the decision to be a "free rider", as
economists describe this kind of action, "drive" through the efforts of others, is very rational. Collective actions are always connected with the problem
of a free rider: the difficulty of implementing mutually beneficial collective actions because of the possibility of obtaining economic agents benefits
without participation in common costs.
M. Olson argues that the poorer people, the more expensive it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1) First, the larger the group, the smaller the share of an individual in the overall result, and the less adequate compensation for any group action, and
the further the group is removed from effective work.
2) Secondly, the larger the group, the less likely that any subgroup of this group will receive a sufficient amount of collective good to bear the costs of
securing even a small amount of this good; or, in other words, the larger the group, the less likely the oligopolistic interaction that would help ensure
the collective good.
3) Thirdly, the greater the number of participants in a group, the higher the organizational costs and the higher the obstacle that must be overcome
before at least some collective good is secured. Due to all this, the larger the group, the further it will move away from providing itself with the optimal
amount of public good, and usually very large groups, in the absence of coercion or external influence, will not be able to provide it, even in the
smallest amount ...

Compare And Contrast The Traditional Model Of Public...
Over the recent decades, the public sectors of the countries have implemented considerable reforms in response to the challenges of technological
progress and global changes. These wide public sector reforms represent a shift from the
Traditional model of Public Administration (TPA), to the NewPublic Management
(NPM). In other words, there have been numerous changes to replace the huge massive bureaucracies based on hierarchical forms with market–based
economic theories built on consumer–driven managerialism. And power was centralized in TPA, while NPM decentralized power distributes to the
businesses. In the following, I will briefly examine the public administration and new public management. Then compare the TPA and the NPM from
various dimensions such as their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are differences between TPA and NPM. TPA put more focus on procedures, civil servants account to the regulation and they work under the
procedure. On the other hand, NPM focus on result, managers own greater autonomy and serve the citizen more flexible. Now, I will compare these
two models by examining their perceive roles, functions and modes of operation.
Before compare the two different models TPA and NPM, I will illustrate what is the public sector management. Public sector management is the process
of ensuring that the allocation and use of resources available to the government are directed toward the achievement of lawful public policy goals (Hill
and Lynn, p.10).
Traditional public administration and new public management
11
Firstly, the perception of role the public sector. It can be depicted that government agencies act as an administrator in the TPA model, but they act as a
manager in the
NPM model. To start with, the administrators in the TPA advise policy
–makers on development, review and implement public policy and manage its
own resources so that policy may be implemented (Hughes, 2003). But conversely in NPM,

Free Rider Problem Essay
The Free Rider Problem The free rider issue has become one of the most serious economic issues today. The free rider is a lazy type person who
wants the benefits that others bring in without having to do the work. The free rider typically takes advantage of a public good. Living in a civilized
society presents many opportunities for free riding, which we have yet to find a way to control. Economists regard the possibility for free riding as a
problem for the free market, which usually leads to government intervention. Government intervention is not generally needed in a free market society
but in this case if there were no government intervention this problem would not find a solution. The free–rider issue is often seen as a... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The free rider wants anything he can get for free and will think nothing of it if he can get away with it. Free riders take advantage of public goods
without having to contribute to them. For example, if society decides to encourage people to use less of a product and many people actually respond
to this call, the product's market will improve. Although the free rider may continue using this product, he will benefit. This creates a tremendous
problem for activists who attempt to start a movement to improve the environment. Many people, seeing no incentive to join personally in the
movement, just continue behaving the way they did before and yet reap the benefits of other people's work. When everyone acts as a free rider, no
benefit at all will come from the proposed action. Because it is in everyone's personal interest not to participate in the collective movement, the
movement is highly vulnerable to failure. Though society as a whole may try to conserve a resource, the free rider can easily take advantage of this by
not participating in the conservation effort. Those who believe in the concept of the free rider and the problems such people create might advocate
government policy to require everyone to take part in efforts to improve the environment. Such people might contend that government action is the
only fair and reliable way to prevent environmental problems. David Hume recognized the free–rider problem

Effect of Corruption on Kenyas Economoc Growth
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN
KENYA MULEMBO ENOKA X75/3844/2008 GERALD NGILAI MUEMA X74/3741/2008 GITHINJI JOSEPH MULWA X74/3726/2008 WANGARI
ELIJAH GACHOHI X75/3777/2008 KIRU JOSEPH KAMAU X74/ 3599 /2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION1 1.1 Background to the
study1 1.1.1 Ministry of Finance Kenya.................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Problem Statement3 1.3 Research objectives3 1.3.1
General Objective............................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Specific Objectives.............................................................................3 1.4
Research Questions4 1.5 Significance of the Study4 1.6... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This unit existed until May 2003 when the anti corruption and economic crimes Act (ACECA), established the Kenya Anti corruption commission
(KACC). The ACECA replaced the prevention of corruption Act, 1956. ACECA is the key statute in the fight against corruption and is complimented
by the public office ethics Act. Past reforms on public expenditure management have not worked well as the executive arm of the government has
consistently failed to act on various recommendations of the watchdog institutions on the mismanagement of public funds. Similarly, the stated war
against corruption, which is rampant in the public expenditure management, is yet to be won mainly due to legal technicalities encountered in trying to
establish an effective and independent anti–corruption authority. There is therefore need for a thorough examination of the fiscal systems with a view
to formulating pragmatic remedial measures (Baumol, 2003). Research Problem Statement The problem of this study is to explore the effects of
corruption on the economic growth in Kenya. Corruption cases reported to KACC increased by 16 % from 3637 in 2,008 to 4473 in 2009 (economic
survey 2010). Corruption affects both the nation and the individual. At the national level, corruption has led to poor economic performance. This has
resulted in: increased taxation burdens on Kenyans; unplanned, misdirected expenditure on projects

Public Private Partnerships in India
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN INDIA
Public Private Partnership or PPP is a subject being given the increasing attention that it has been receiving in context of the sweeping changes in
India's economic policies. We are all aware, along with the dismantling of the license permit raj a greater role is envisaged for the private sector in
these new policies. Now it seems that, the private sector is not only to be facilitated in its growth, but there it can be taken on board as a partner by the
government in the provision of public services. This of course, is the purpose of PPP. For those of us who have had a long innings in Government,
such thinking represents a paradigm shift from the way things were always done. I am aware of the fact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key words seem to be rewards and risks.
Having said this, I may state that this scenario gives rise to a host of issues to the mind of a practical administrator. Some of them would be on these
lines:
В•Firstly, when should a public project opt for PPP? Does the project lend itself to the model, or indeed justify sharing of the rewards with the
private sector. The U.K. was one of the first countries to go into partnership with the private sector for providing public services. They have been
fairly successful in this respect. One of their PPP models is called the Public Finance Initiative (PFI), wherein the government contracts to purchase
services on a long term basis from a private provider, who may build, maintain and operate infrastructure. The costs may be met from user charges,
along with state subsidies, which are a form of "viability gap funding". However while implementing the PFI program, the U.K. government had issued
guidelines on the types of projects that needed to be taken up under it. These guidelines stated that "PFI is appropriate where there are major and
complex capital projects with significant and ongoing maintenance requirements. Here the private sector can offer project management skills, more
innovative design and risk management expertise that can bring substantial benefits." In other words it is clear that PPP can be

Market Failure in the Economy
Ans: An economic term that encompasses a situation where, a common resource in any given market, the quantity of a product demanded by
consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents
equilibrium (Market Failure 2013). Market failures have negative effects on the economy because an optimal allocation of resources is not attained.
In other words, the social costs of producing the good or service (all of the opportunity costs of the input resources used in its creation) are not
minimized, and this results in a waste of some resources. Market work well when prices reflect all values.
'Market Failure' occurs when some costs and/or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This occurs because there are insufficient incentives to encourage profit–seeking firms to enter a market. This is commonly the case with pure public
goods, such as street lighting, for which there is a need, but private individuals would not be prepared to pay. If no–one is prepared to pay, no revenue
can be derived, and no profit earned; hence no firm would enter the market.
A partial failure can occur in four ways:
When some, but not all, of the necessary conditions for market formation exist. This means that markets form, but will fail to develop and supply
sufficient quantities of a good or service. In the case of merit goods, such as education, markets are inefficient because they under–supply these goods,
and fail to meet society's demand.
When free markets over–supply a good or service, either because producers fail to take into account the full costs of production to society, or because
consumers fail to take into account the full costs of consumption to themselves, or society. Externalities and demerit goods are cases of free markets
over–supplying.
Where there is a breakdown in self–regulation, as in the case of the financial crisis.
Where a market becomes highly unstable and fails to return quickly to a stable equilibrium, as in the case of some commodity markets.
Some economists argue that all market failures are, in some way, the result

The Theory Of The Firm Essay
Knowledge Resources in the Theory of the Firm
Proponents of the knowledge–based theory of the firm point out that this one sided concentration on incentive conflicts in the economics of
organizational literature overlooks the production side of the firm. Langlois and Foss, for example, argue that the literature has unreflectively relied on
a dichotomy between productive aspects and exchange aspects of the firm, that is, on a dichotomy between production costs and exchange costs. In
analyzing exchange costs the literature recognizes that exchange itself is not costless, but involves transaction costs from imperfect knowledge and
opportunism. But in analyzing production costs, there has been an embedded agreement that price theory tells us all we need to know about
production. As Langlois and Foss point out, however, it is very likely that knowledge about how to produce is imperfect and that knowledge about how
to link together one person's (or organization's) productive knowledge with that of another is imperfect. These twin issues of capabilities and
coordination are discrete from the hazards of astringent that other traditional beliefs have focused on. Both knowledge resources and (imperfect)
production costs can be said to vary depending on the attributes of a production process, in the same way that transaction costs differ depending on the
asset attributes of investment projects. Thus, instead of holding technology constant across alternative modes of organization as a

Non Excludability And Non Rivalrous Consumption
Imagine this: a car with a newly repaired suspension and a recent alignment job on four new tires driving on a poorly maintained road filled with
holes. In the span of ten minutes, the car has driven over four potholes about half of a foot deep, and the two thousand dollars that were spent on the
car are all wasted in that short drive. Public goods are a large part of our life. The condition of the roads we drives on and the sidewalk we walk on, the
jobs we get, and the house we can afford to live in are all influenced directly by the public goods. According to Tyler Cowen, professor of Economics
at George Mason University, public goods are anything that has "non–excludability and non–rivalrous consumption." In other words, it cannot be kept
from those who do not contribute and can be used by multiple people at the same time. In the Atlanta metropolitan area, the distribution of public
goods is on vastly different levels. Because public goods are funded through taxes, the income gap in various areas of the metropolitan area plays a
huge factor in the distribution of the goods. A wealthier region'stax fund is significantly higher because of the higher price range, especially on
everyday goods and the availability of services. One great example is Milton High School located in North Fulton County where income averages are
in the sixth digit and Banneker High School in South Fulton with a five digit average. Milton has an above Georgia average in both mathematics and
English,

Pesticide Pollution
Fertilizer and pesticide usage has increased dramatically worldwide, especially in China. Twenty years of uncontrolled economic development have
created serious, chronic air and water pollution. In order to support China's growing population, the country has drastically increased its usage of
fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural sector. China consumes around a third of global fertilizers, with rapid growth in use in recent years, driven
largely by higher fruit and vegetable production. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides threatens both public health and agricultural
productivity. Many farmers choose to use chemicals to keep weeds and pests from destroying their crops while adding more nutrients to the soil. Yet
such benefits do not come without environmental costs––namely the pesticide pollution of China's streams, rivers, lakes, and even coastal areas, as
these toxic chemicals runoff into nearby waterways, contaminating the food, drinking water causing massive health problems.
While fertilizers and pesticides, as stated above, provide economic benefits for the farmers in terms of increasing yields; but also provide adverse
impacts. These impacts on the environment are called "negative externalities." According to researchers, "not many measures are being taken in order
to enforce safe, organic, and healthy fertilization. If a good has a negative externality, then the cost to society is greater than the cost consumer is paying
for it." Since

Case Study Analysis: Public Finance And Budgeting
Nazarzoda Parviz
ID 1B6048
Course: Public Finance and Budgeting Homework III
Q1) Explain Niskansen's characterization of bureaucrats as budget maximizing, as well as critiques of that view, in the contexts of your home country's
bureaucracy. How have changes in the current economy and modern public management practices altered the budget behavior of bureaucrats in your
home country? (300 words)
Niskanen (1971) analyzes the activities of bureaucratic structures from cost and benefit analysis point of view. In this regard, he pays attention to such
traditional issues as:
The output and its volume, the costs of its production;
If conditions change, how does it affect costs and output?
With reference to the bureau, this meant a balance between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, compare a line–item with a performance format in terms of contributing to citizen understanding about government budgeting and
services. (300 words)
According to Lim (2017), there is five budget formats: Lump–sum, Line item, Program, Performance and Zero–based (p. 4). Each of these formats has
its advantages and disadvantages.
Line–item budgeting. It is good for government to use this format, because Line–item format remains a popular and useful format, because of its
easiness of control and clear reports. To the advantages of line–item possible to attribute strict control over the activities of state organs.
The disadvantages include the complexity of comparison with goals. In this type of budget, it is also difficult to compare results with costs.
Performance format also has clear objectives, i.e. strategic plan, not only activities are measured by this format. Performance format comes from
flexible execution. It is only then, when a state agency or organ, has showed a good performance, may request more budget. It has good reporting,
benchmarks – when it is necessary to set the target. It has performance data with goals and means, i.e. performance

Germany Company IPCom sued Apple infrining on patented...
Germany Company IPCom sued Apple infrining on patented technology that gave emergency calls priority on mobile networks. Patent and copyrights
provide a set of rights granted by government to an inventor or assignee for period time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.It
enables people to earn regonition or financial benefits from what they invent or create. No party or group can take advantage of the invention for own
interest without the permission of inventor. In this case, IPCom accused Apple violate itspatent and Copyrights (technology solutions on smartphone)
for the emergency call application on Iphone without agreement between two parties.
Intellectual property rights have three major types: Copyrights, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A good example will like a VIP service. For those who do not have VIP, they are prevented to get VIP service.
In Oligopoly market, few firms share the market power, produce different products with various advertising, has substaintial barriers to entry, and they
are interdependent and has the the potential for long run economic profits. In the smartphone market, we know the software installed in phone has very
high fixt cost, since software and smartphone are bundled, so it will have high barrier to entry the smartphoen market.Currently in the smartphone
oligopoly market, there are some dominant firms like Apple and Samsung.If Samsung comes up new products or new software application, it will affact
other firms operating profit or otherwise. This market is very competitive and the market share could change easily. Suppose there is one firm maintian
major market share, the firm gains the market power to set higher smartphone price to maximize the profit. Innovation is the key in the market. In order
to gain more market power and compete with other firms, those companies pay a lot attention on patent of new inventions. They purchased patents, do
patent licensing, or corporated with other technology companies to get the first hand information of technology. Rencently, we can see a lot patent
cased brought into the court. As the competition goes firerce, companies realize that they can use the patent laws to prevent other

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay
Markets are different, without these different markets there would not be any structure. Being able to understand different markets and its language,
like demand, supply, average variable cost and marginal costs we can better prepare for economic and financial future. The market structure and the
interaction that occurs can be defined by the number of businesses, and barriers new firms have when entering a particular market. Perfect competition,
monopoly, monopolistic and oligopoly are four forms of market structures recognized by economists.
Compare and Contrast
Public goods are by their nature non–exclusive (people cannot be prevented from enjoying the good or it is prohibitively costly to do so) and
non–rival (when one person consumes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cost of having a firm such as water and power is so high that it is not profitable to build another firm to compete. Typically natural monopolies are
utilities, which are regulated by the government to prevent them from exploiting with high prices. Natural monopoly should not be compared to
Monopoly, as monopolies are normally short lived due to the technological advances developing competition for an industry. (n/a, June 6, 2005, 2/5).
Common recourses, simply includes objects that everyone can use. Example: nature like air, and roads where we drive on and or walk on. These
common resources can be goods or services that people contribute to the cost of the production by taxation that affects the value of land. Nature can
provide us all the basics such as trees that mankind can use to make furniture, boats and, many other useful products. These natural resources can create
labor, tools, and the cost of the product that brings profit and increases the economy by the circular of human efforts by labor and sales of a finished
product. Other examples of common recourses are irrigation systems, fishing grounds, pastures, forests, water, and the atmosphere (Acheson, 1988, 1/3).
Public goods are the non–exclusive that represents a type of service that is available to public such as doctors. When an individual, pays a doctor
visit, it does not reduce any visits from the rest of the public. In another words, the use of something by one person will not take

Market Analysis : Market Failure
Market failure:
Market failure is the market cannot efficiently allocate goods and services. Only completely competition market mechanism is the most efficient
market mechanism, in addition to this, others are all included in market failure. And in actuality, because of various of factors, it cannot obtain the
completely competition market mechanism and produce the loss of efficiency (MacKenzie, 2002).
Merit goods:
Merit goods are the government feels that people will under–consume, and which ought to be subsidized or provided free at the point of use so that
consumption does not depend primarily on the ability to pay for the good or service (Musgrave, 2002).
For examples, healthcare is the example of merit good.
Governments provide merit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imperfect competition refers to a competitive market, there are many sellers but they sell different goods on imperfect market competition scene. As
the name suggests, the competitive market, in essence is not perfect (Mackenzie, 2002).
Governments have to master the control of imperfect competition, because there are always some buyers have big and inevitable ability, it can affect
and disrupt the market price. These buyers will lead to monopoly. If a monopoly behavior occurs, it will lead to big trouble. So the government needs
to control monopoly (Mankiw, 2012).
Externalities:
An externality is a consequence of an economic activity experienced by unrelated third parties; it can be either positive or negative (Mankiw, 2012).
For example, pollution emitted is a negative externality.
The government have to make the external reasons, including changing incentives, and external effects for people to consider their behaviors. The
government can make externally imposed a tax on producers' equilibrium quantity to decrease the market supply. Role of government are expected to
let the negative externality into directly linked to economic activity, such as fines and forced to increase equipment.
In today 's society is in rapid development trend, in the final analysis is the further deepening of high–tech industries. The problem between
environment and

The Burden Sharing Behavior Of Gulf Cooperation Council (...
The purpose of this paper is to examine the burden–sharing behavior of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members and their response to the military
burden of Iran. Quantitative methods are used to test the study's hypothesis. The findings suggest that the large GCC member (Saudi Arabia) is in
military burden– at a greater rate than smaller GCC members. In accordance with the logic of collective action, I tested the hypothesis that small
alliance members will be free riders. I show that the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model captures the dynamic feature of GCC's behavior. The
findings show non–cooperative behavior among GCC members concerning their level of military burden towards Iran, and small members of GCC
who are free riders on the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this, the Arabian Gulf States should work collectively to fill the power vacuum and increase the level of security in the Arabian Gulf
region. This study would focus on the effects of free–riding on security arrangements among the Arabian Gulf states. Finally, applying the same
framework of the NATOon the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) could help the Gulf States play a larger role in their region.
There is serious concern for the entire world about the Arabian Gulf security. Iran's expanding ambition rose to new heights when its nuclear ambitions
were revealed to the world. In fact, Iran's nuclear ambition has alerted regional and international concerns about the future stability and security. This
paper is important because it will contribute to the existing literature of collective action studies in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular. This
study would provide valuable information to many stakeholders. First, this research will give scientific predictors of future procedures that should be
taken to improve the regional security. It will also shed light on identifying the type of course of action to help identify the best policies in dealing with
the security dilemma.
This paper consists of two major sections: First, describe some aspects of the different concepts of security in the Arabian Gulf region, evaluate a
collective action framework with an

Rationality Is The Basic Assumption For Many Economics Theory
Rationality is the basic assumption for many economics theory and often implies that people prefer choices that give them a higher payoff regardless
of their impact. In many real–life situations, however, the prediction that people are selfish does not always hold. People often behave in unselfish
ways, they give to charities and often prefer outcomes that leave everyone better off. In their paper "What Makes an Allocation Fair? Some
Experimental Evidence" published in April 2002, James Andreoni, Paul Brown, and Lise Vesterlund present some experimental evidence using a
simple public good game (Andreoni et al. 2002). By conducting this study, the authors wish to find a model of fairness that will predict situations in
which people prefer fair outcomes over selfish ones, and identify key factors that theories of fairness should incorporate.
The experiment is composed of three games that are all variations of a two–person public good game where the equilibrium predictions guarantee
unequal payoffs. In the game's basic setup, two players provide a public good by contributing a certain amount gi and keeping xi for their own private
consumption. The goal of the game is to find the amount allocated towards the public good. The first variation of the game is simultaneous, and both
players choose their contributions at the same time. The last two variations are sequential. One version, referred to as the sequential game, allows for
"free riding" while the other is a best–shot game

Analysis : ' The Sociopolitical Theory Of Neoliberalism '...
Valerie Mangulabnan
Prof Marcellini AH 362
6 December 2016
Claire Fontaine is Neoliberalism Society is entranced with the consumer driven values that have steamed from a post–industrial era. This consumerist
society fuels many multibillion dollar companies as well as keeps a certain few in power. Neoliberalism is a political theory that is considered to be
right–winged and often associated with laissez–faire government policies. Many theorist, economist, and social activist criticizes the neoliberal
ideology. Claire Fontaine is collective artist founded in Paris 2004. She considers herself a readymade artist working in neon, sculpture, painting and
text. Her work confronts and criticizes the communistic**I think maybe you meant consumerist?** society and issues of neoliberalism in her work.
Claire Fontaine embodies Neoliberalism within herself as an extension of her criticism. **Good thesis** The sociopolitical theory of neoliberalism
began as the combination of traditional laissez–faire markets with some state or government involvement to prevent another economic collapse like the
Great Depression. In a neoliberal society the state would have a minimal roll which redefined how the state was seen and works. When these ideas
started to get implemented in the 70s, there was a privatization of previously state–owned industries, contracting out former state doings and the
formation of collective goods. Neoliberal societies shift from centralized government to a privatized

Education Is Not Well Defined As Well
According to Labaree (1997) "a public good is one where benefits are enjoyed by all the member of the community, whether or not the actually
contributed to the production of this good". On the other hand, economic literature states that a good can be considered public if it is not excludable
and nonrival. The first characteristic means that if an individual consume this good the other people are not excluded from consuming it. The second
means that when one person consumes the amount available to other people does not reduce the quantity available for others (Varian, 1992).
It is hard to set education as a public good. Because, the way we discuss education is not well defined as well. Sometimes people discuss education in
country level (or as a system), in the school level or in the classroom level. Note that the concept of public good can be different in each case. For
instance, in classroom level it seems difficult to accept education as a public good. If a classroom has a limited size, we are excluding people when
we decide to put a group in that class. The nonrival attribute does not seem to be true in the classroom level as well. Suppose the classroom has a
student that demands teacher all the time, the education available for other students in the classroom can be reduced.
Nonetheless, Labaree discuss education as a system. In this case, the characteristic of a public good fits better. If policy makers decide to provide a
new seat in one school, it seems that

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