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1. The Effectiveness And Side Effect Possibilities Of The...
Assessment of the effectiveness and side–effect possibilities of the combined treatment for type–2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which is mainly caused by the abnormalities of insulin regulation to control glucose level in the
blood, thus resulting hyperglycemia [1, 2]. There are currently two major distinct types of DM, namely type–1 and type–2 diabetes. Type–1 diabetes
corresponds with the inability of pancreatic hormonal glands to produce sufficient insulin to effectively regulate blood–sugar level, therefore called
insulin–dependent diabetes. On the other hand, patients with type–2 diabetes are not suffered from insulin deficiency but instead, the inability of their
body to fully utilise the produced insulin, hence non–insulin–dependent diabetes [1, 2].
Among the two types of DM, type–2 diabetes has been reportedly attributed for a major part of the global diabetes patient population [1]. In 2014, the
world's diabetes population has reached 422 million, an almost four–times increase than 1980 [1]. Type–2 diabetes has also been accounted as a major
death cause. According to the WHO [1], it is estimated that one and a half million of people were dead due to the direct impacts of diabetes in 2012
and another two million deaths were related to higher blood–glucose level.
The symptoms of these two types of diabetes are similar [1], e.g. excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and deteriorating eyesight [2].
Nevertheless,
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2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Essay
Summary:
In humans, diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest disease. Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to produce and respond to the insulin
hormone properly which causes an elevated blood glucose level and increased glucose level in urine. About 3000 years ago, it was first found in
Egyptian manuscript. The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus was made in 1936. The main focus in on type 2 diabetes mellitus. The
type 2 diabetes mellitus can be because of many factors including insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency or it can be by both. It can be
genetic and also because of environmental and behavioral risk factors including physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, generous consumption of alcohol
and smoking. Obesity is found to be the main contributor in approximately 55% cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more
common than the type 1.
When the food containing carbohydrates is eaten, the chemicals in small intestine break down the sugar molecules called glucose. Next, the cell lining
the small intestine absorb the glucose which passes into the blood stream. When the blood reaches the pancreas, the beta cells ... Show more content on
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As the insulin deficiency continues, the blood glucose level increases. In response to which kidney filters the excess glucose out of the blood into the
urine along with large amount of water. Unless the large amount of water is consumed, the kidneys cannot keep up the demand of removing the glucose
from the blood stream and diluted it sufficiently in urine. As a result, the blood become much more concentrated than the normal. This condition is
called hyperosmolarity. Hyerosmolarity pulls water out of the body tissues into the blood stream causing severe dehydration which may leads to
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome. Neurological syndromes such as comma can
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3. Types And Types Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), also known as non–insulin dependent DM, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by certain
symptoms such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency [1]. Genetic, environmental and behavioural risk factors are
considered responsible for the predisposition of T2DM [2]. With the progression of this disease, the patient eventually develops various short– and
long–term complications. Thus, the patient has to undergo multiple therapies, which reduces the quality of life as well as the life expectancy [3]. The
demographic data suggests that more than 400 million of population, across the globe are currently suffering from this disease. In 2012, the death toll
is upto 1.5 million due to T2DM and 2.2 million people died due to high blood glucose level [4]. The major problem with this disease is that it cannot
be completely cured, but the symptoms and complications can be controlled with diet, exercise, medicines and health monitoring. This subsequently
lands the patient on lifetime medication that involves a huge cost. In 2012, the American Diabetes Association released a letter suggesting an annual
expenditure of $245 billion for diabetes, which includes a direct medical cost of $176 billion and $69 billion in reduced productivity [5]. In order to
avoid and delay the short– and long term complications, the patients are prescribed with multiple treatment modalities such as oral hypoglycemic drugs
and
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4. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Essay
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that is modifiable and preventable through diet and exercise. The incidence of T2DM is
propagated by a sedentary lifestyle and excessive caloric intake. Maintenance of a desirable body weight, diet, and exercise are the mainstay therapy
for T2DM (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sanberg–Cook, 2013). I have chosen Shannon, a 30 year old single African American female who is newly
diagnosed with T2DM for my health promotion paper. Shannon is obese with a Basal Metabolic Index (BMI) of 32 and HbA1c of 9.8 %. She is
otherwise healthy with no known medical problems. When I first met Shannon, she was petrified of her diagnosis and the accompanied symptoms
(polyruria, polydipsia, fatigue,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These goals are in accordance with the nutrition and recommendations of the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2008). Practical Application Of
Transtheoritical Model for T2DM The Transtheoritical model (TTM) was utilized to support this health promotion paper. TTM offers guidance for
individuals at all stages of readiness for change and it involves matching intervention approaches to an individual's current stage of change. Stage of
change (SOC) is the central organizing construct of TTM. As the individual makes a behavioral change, it progresses through a series of change:
pre–contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Moreover, TTM integrates several other behavior change constructs such as,
decisional balance, processes of change, and self–efficacy (Johnson et al., 2008). Establishing a therapeutic environment, building rapport, and
communication techniques are key to the behavior change process. Shannon was in the contemplation stage when I first encountered her in the clinic.
She was aware that her recent unfortunate experience was caused by her obesity. Even though T2DM has a genetic predisposition, with glycemic
control, physical activity (PA), weight loss and a healthy well balanced diet can help control and prevent disease progression and its complications
(Fowler, 2007). Shannon was eager and determined in taking charge of her T2DM but had ambivalence on how to manage
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5. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2dm )
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Too often woman receive the diagnosis of chronic illnesses like type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is one of the top ten
diseases among women. To a large extend, diabetes is preventable; however, women tend to overlook preventive care because they think they do not
have the time or they are too busy taking care of everyone but themselves. Yet, women have the power to stay well by learning about the diseases that
may strike them and knowing potential risk factors. The most important step towards being healthy is education. Therefore, women should arm
themselves with information regarding prevention or early detection on the major diseases that affect women like T2DM. The American Diabetes...
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The cardinal sign and symptoms of diabetes are increase thirst, hunger, fatigue, increase urination, and blurred vision. However, the symptoms unique
to women are: vaginal and oral yeast infections and vaginal thrush, urinary infections, female sexual dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian syndrome
(PCOS) (ADA, 20169. The criteria for diagnosis of diabetes are: Hemoglobin A1C is greater than 6.5%, fasting plasma glucose greater than 126 mg
/dl, 2–hr plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl or a random plasma glucose greater or equal to 200 mg/dl with symptoms polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, and unexplained weight loss. Many patients can manage their diabetes by exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding
smoking cigarettes, and a healthy diet (ADA, 2016). As a NP student, it is important to know the most current information on diabetes and the
appropriate websites to obtain the information from like Up–To–Date, American Diabetes Association, and mobile APPs that make visits more
effective is point–of–care education such as: iMedicalApps (http://www.imedicalapps.com/), Epocrates (http://www.epocrates.com, and
MedscapeMobile (http://www.medscape.com/public/iphone). These websites and mobile apps makes it easier to review potential diagnosis, give
pointers on appropriate education, and management of the disease. The NP student may also find these websites beneficial to use or have
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6. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes type two is one of the fastest growing public health problems in the world. It is difficult to treat and expensive to manage. It has been
estimated that the number of people with diabetes in the world will double from the current value of about 190 million to 325 million during the next
25 years (WHO, 2016). Individuals with type–2 diabetes are at a high risk of developing a wide range of complications such as cardiovascular disease,
peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, changes to the retina and blindness that can lead to disability and premature death (CDC, 2014). There is a
genetic susceptibility and environmental influences for development of diabetes mellitus type 2, however, there is an increase of physical inactivity,
obesity, and type–2 diabetes has been observed in the Western world. One of the major risk factors is obesity and physical inactivity may constitute
the main reasons for the increasing burden of diabetes in the developed world (CDC, 2014). Type 2 diabetes mellitus most commonly occurs in
adults age 40 years or older, and the prevalence of the disease increases with advancing age. The aging of the population is one reason that type 2
diabetes mellitus is becoming increasingly common. (CDC, 2012).
According to 2012 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report estimated that nearly 26 million Americans have diabetes. Also, an estimated 79
million Americans have prediabetes. "Diabetes affects 8.3% of Americans of all ages, 11.3% of adults
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7. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Centers for disease control and prevention (2014), reported a total of 29.1 million people in Unite States have diabetes including all age groups, with a
21.0 million of this total currently diagnosed and the rest still undiagnosed. Diabetes mellitus type 2 accounts for 80–90% of cases of diabetes. The
amount of persons affected by this disease is increasing worldwide on an accelerated basis. Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the
United States and the leading cause of blindness and end stage kidney disease.
African Americans, American Indians, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and Pacific Islander Americans are at highest risk to develop type 2
diabetes mellitus. Also population with lower ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family history
Her mother was obese and had a history of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease and died at age 72 years from a hemorrhagic cerebral
vascular accident. The patients father (age 80 years) has type 2 diabetes mellitus, with diagnosed of chronic kidney disease caused by lack of
compliance of the underlying disease. Sister is apparently healthy.
Physical Examination
A physical examination discloses the following: Vital signs: temperature 97.8. Blood pressure: 138/91 mmHg; Pulse: 80 bpm; respiratory rate 20 per
minute. Weight: 180 lbs.; height: 5′3″; body mass index (BMI): 32.6 kg/m2.
HEENT: no history of head injury, pupils equal, round and reactive to light, extra ocular movement intact, tympanic membrane observable and without
disproportionate cerumen. Nasal mucosa is normal. Throat is non–injected; tongue is middling, palates rise symmetrically, teeth are in adequate
condition.
Neck: No lumps, goiter or pain.
Lungs: clear to auscultation
Heart: Rate and rhythm regular, no murmurs or gallops
Abdomen: Soft, not tender, no
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8. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 And Type 2
According to The American Diabetes Association, "Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long–term damage, dysfunction, and
failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels" (p.1). There are two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Insulin
management is needed for type 1 diabetes, because it is an autoimmune disease. Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is controlled by a strict diet. If the diet is not
followed, then hypoglycemic proxies and insulin may be necessary to control a steady blood sugar level (Burden M, 2003). The main symptoms of
diabetes common in type 1 are, lethargy, stupor, weight loss, breath which smells like acetone, kussmaul breathing (hyperventilation), nausea,
vomiting, and abdominal pain. Signs and symptoms that associate with both diabetes type 1 and 2 are, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision,
polyuria, and glycosuria. A diagnostic test which supports the signs and symptoms of diabetes is the fasting plasma glucose. This test diagnoses
diabetes primarily during pregnancy. Diabetes is confirmed with a level of greater than 126 mg/dl. The patient must remain NPO for at least 8 hours
with the exception of water. An oral glucose tolerance test or glucose challenge test is when a patient drinks a beverage containing glucose. The levels
being greater
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9. T2DM ( Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : A Study
A study detailing the occurrences of T2DM(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), and correlating them with the epigenetic modifications, the possible heritable
effects on body metabolism, and the potential processes underwent by exercise and diet choices which affect the epigenome across generations has
been conducted.While research on the epigenetic signatures causing insulin resistance, influenced by exercise and physical activity, and attempts to
identify therapeutic solutions to avoid obesity and boost insulin sensitivity has been undertaken, it is the lifestyle choices and other individual
environmental factors which form the key causes of the epigenetic modifications influencing T2DM and obesity across generations. Recent cases have
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people having been affected by this famine during their late gestation had higher glucose intolerance, compared to people who underwent early
gestation during the same period. Similar observations have been made during famines in China, Austria, and Ukraine independently. A probable
inference is deduced on incomplete nutrition during the critical phase of development of key organs and tissues in foetuses, the effects of which
spillover across a generation. Other factors include the sex, stress underwent, and the diet of the patients as children.Overall, nutritional cues are the key
factors affecting the genome across transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, an observation supported more strongly by studies on laboratory animals.
Many studies have been conducted to observe the occurence of T2DM with changes in environmental factors, supported with epidemiological and
experimental evidences. A low–protein, high–fat diet, coupled with stress hormones and calorie limitations affect the epigenome and influence the
person's metabolic processes in the long term. A theory about the dynamic modification of the epigenome within the individual's life–expectancy is
being increasingly backed by evidence, which might affect the person's metabolic health, and can be inherited by the future generation. Some forms of
epigenetic modifications include methylation and hydroxymethylation for
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10. Diabetes Mellitus : Type 1, Type 2, And Gestational Diabetes
Introduction Diabetes Mellitus, also known commonly as diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the body doesn't produce or misuses insulin in the
body. There are different classifications of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is when the body does not produce any insulin. It
is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Type 2 is when the body doesn't use insulin properly and can develop in anyone and seen at any age.
Both types require strict management which can range from medications to diet. If it's not managed correctly, it can lead to a diabetic coma or even
death (Diabetes Basics, n.d.).
Definition of the disease According to the American Diabetes Association, Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistant, or your body does not use insulin
properly (Facts About Type 2, 2014). The body's pancreas over produces insulin to make up for the misusage of it but overtime pancreas over works
and can't keep up with regulating normal blood glucose levels.
History of the Disease Diabetes mellitus was first discovered in 1910 by Sir Edward Albert Sharper–Schafer after studying the pancreas. In 1949,
insulin is discovered to help in the transporting process of glucose into the cells and in the same year the insulin syringe is designed and approved. A
year later, the American Dietetic Association and the U.S. Public Health Service develop a meal planner and food exchanges. Type 2 diabetes isn't
recognize until 1959 when two doctors realize the some
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11. Effects Of Diabetes Education Programs On Reducing The A1c...
An extended literature search was conducted using four primary health care resources, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Health
Source databases. Results yelled peer– reviewed articles that pertain to research surrounding diabetes education programs in reducing the A1C in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Each article was evaluated based on its applicability to the research question on this paper. The pattern used in
selecting the articles included for evaluation can be found in the Appendix 1. The research strategies included key terms like diabetes, type 2,
education, age, program, research, adult, and A1C.
The search began with the CINAHL Plus database displaying a number of 575 articles. To enhance the search process, certain limiters served as a
refining tool for selecting the most appropriate articles. The search methodology included criteria focusing on full text that was applied to access the
entire articles. Abstract available was used as a brief relevance guideline, and if potentially relevant to the purpose study, the full–text was then in depth
evaluated. Published date was considered for evaluating the most up–to–dated evidences of the literature. All the articles included in this paper were
less than eight years old and published between January 2009 and April 2016. In addition, English language was a decisive criterion for the guided
search articles. Another limiter used in the search proceeding implied the "research" to select the
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12. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Essay
Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent metabolic non communicable disorder in the world. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a long term metabolic disorder
that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with
a ten–year–shorter life expectancy. This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of
cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke.To study the prevalence of microvascular, macrovascular, nonvascular
complications and associated risk facters such as dyslipidemia obesity and hypertention in newly diagnosrd type 2 diabetes patients
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
medical college. the subject were taken from the diabetes OPD ,medicine OPD and those who were admitted to wards.the study included 100 patients
with type 2 diabetes detected within 4 months .the study was conducted from 2015–2016.
Of the 100 patients studied 69 were males 31 were females,maximum number of patients were in the 55–65 years age group followed by 20% in the
45–55 group,3 patients were less than 35 years age and type 1 diabetes in them was excluded on the basis of absence of history and present status of
ketoacidosis.
71% of the patients in the present study belongs to the middle socioeconomic group and along with the upper class constitute nearly 69% of
patients.Based on symptomes at the time if diagnosis,nearly 60%patients present with the classical symptoms of polyurea,polydipsia,and weight loss.
Infections particularly those of skin and soft tissues are common in diabetes and can be the first manifestation of the disease as shown by patel et al in
papua new Guinea.in our nearly 11% patients presented with infection mainly those of skin. A family history of diabetes was found in only 18% of
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13. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper
Diabetes mellitus is commonly seen in the field of physical therapy. It is a disease that occurs over a long period of time, and happens when the
body cannot use sugar naturally. Our bodies have to have sugar to function correctly, so if there is an inability to break down or make sugar, the body
will suffer. This sugar comes from a hormone calledinsulin, which comes from an organ in our body known as the pancreas. Insulin's job is keeping our
blood sugar levels at a normal rate. If someone has diabetes, there blood sugar can either be too high, or too low. There are two different types of
diabetes seen in patients. Type 1 occurs when the body's normal cells are attacked by there own body. In this case, the body doesn't make enough or
react well to the hormone, insulin. The body is still getting sugar from the food we eat, however it doesn't get to where its needed in order to function
properly. In some cases, type 1 diabetes occurs for an unknown reason. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of this disease. This type... Show
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However, type 1 occurs unexpectedly and harsh, whereas type 2 occurs over a long period of time. A professional in the clinic could check the
patient's urine to see if it has little or too much sugar. Some other signs include, a patient to be very thirsty or hungry, using the restroom
frequently, weakness, or blurred vison. When a patient is experiencing nervousness, unsteadiness, or sweating the patient's blood sugar levels have
most likely dropped below the normal range. Problems in a patient's vision, kidneys, or even feet can occur from having diabetes for a long period
of time. In serious cases, diabetes can cause a wound or open sore on the foot. This is called a diabetic ulcer. These can be hard to heal, and in worst
cases cause the removal of the foot or lower leg. Therefore, it is very important that you treat the disease correctly and
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14. Case Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic health condition associated with high concentrations of glucose in the blood and urine. The effective function of the
nervous and musculoskeletal systems is essential in the control, communication and movement of the body. Cindy Openshaw's case of Type 2diabetes
mellitus poses a negative influence of the successful function nervous and musculoskeletal systems. In regards to Cindy Openshaw, the functioning of
her nervous and musculoskeletal systems will be assessed, and the role that these systems have in her management of her diabetes. The consequences
and negative implications of inappropriate management of her Type 2 diabetes will be examined, with reference to Cindy's physical, psychological and
social functioning.
1.0 Normal Function of Nervous & Musculoskeletal Systems
1.1 Type 2 Diabetes
The World Health Organization (2016) defines Type 2 diabetes as 'a chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot effectively use the insulin that
is produced by the pancreas'. Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent form of diabetes mellitus. A number of individuals with Type 2 diabetes initially
produce standard amounts of insulin, however, their tissues over time do not respond appropriately to insulin (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2012).
Insulin resistance occurs in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, as a result of the human body's cells reacting ineffectively to insulin. As a result of the
cells resisting the effects of insulin,
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15. Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease,
hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. She is on glipizide 5 mg po daily to treat her type 2 diabetes. Cynthia revisited the clinic soon after the initiation of
the treatment with symptoms of shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess, lightheadedness and moderately severe headache. In this case study, Cynthia
is exhibiting the symptoms of hypoglycemia as she is on sulfonylurea therapy. Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide commonly used as a second–line of
therapy in patients with Type 2Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result, ... Show
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Impaired cognitive function can cause harmful and cumulative long–term effects on intellectual function, particularly in young children. The most
common risk factor for the occurrence of hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of therapy applied to achieve glycemic control. The other factors
include, antecedent hypoglycemia, alcohol, increased glucose utilization, decreased glucose production, female sex, sleep, duration of diabetes, age
and progressive insulin deficiency were also associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Multiple risk factors are
associated with precipitation of hypoglycemia in the general population. When it comes to elderly patients with diabetes, the problem of hypoglycemia
is a major concern. Hypoglycemia is an expected side effect of sulfonylurea. Hypoglycemia unawareness is a major cause of severe hypoglycemia in
patients with T2DM. Hypoglycemia awareness in patients can bring better results in managing hypoglycemic events. Symptoms of hypoglycemia
become progressively less intense over the time or diminish.
Management of hypoglycemia consists of strategies such as prevention of hypoglycemia, use of therapeutic agents with low or no occurrence of
hypoglycemia and treatment of hypoglycemia. It is important for the patient to understand and agree to adhere to treatment plan in terms of both
medication and lifestyle modification. Self–monitoring of the glucose is very
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16. Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes (Type
Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes mellitus) is a long–term (chronic) disease that affects blood sugar (glucose) levels. Normally, a hormone (insulin)
moves glucose from food into tissue cells, where glucose is used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, lack of insulin or lack of a normal response to insulin
causes glucose to build up in the blood instead of going into tissue cells. As a result, high blood glucose levels develop, which can cause many
complications.
Being overweight or obese and having an inactive (sedentary) lifestyle can increase your risk for diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented
by making certain lifestyle and nutrition changes.
WHAT TYPES OF NUTRITION CHANGES CAN I MAKE?... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WHAT TYPES OF LIFESTYLE CHANGES CAN I MAKE?
Activity
Do moderate–intensity physical activity for at least 30 minutes on 5 or more days of the week, or as much as told by your health care provider.
Ask your health care provider what activities are safe for you. A mix of physical activities may be best, such as walking, swimming, cycling, and
strength training.
Try to add physical activity into your day. For example:
в—‹ Park in spots that are farther away than usual, so that you walk more. For example, park in a far corner of the parking lot when you go to the
office or the grocery store.
в—‹ Take a walk during your lunch break.
в—‹ Use stairs instead of elevators or escalators.
Weight Loss
Lose weight as directed. Your health care provider can determine how much weight loss is best for you and help you lose weight safely.
If you are overweight or obese, you may be instructed to lose at least 5‒7 % of your body weight.
Alcohol and Tobacco
Limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 drink a day for nonpregnant women and 2 drinks a day for men. One drink equals 12 oz of beer, 5 oz of wine,
or 1ВЅ oz of hard liquor.
Do not use any tobacco products, such as cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and e–cigarettes. If you need help quitting, ask your health care provider.

17. Work with Your Health Care Provider
Have your blood glucose levels tested regularly, as told by your
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18. Diabetes Mellitus And Type 2 Diabetes Essay
Diabetes mellitus, known as "diabetes" is a grouping of metabolic diseases that present, over a long period of time, levels of high blood sugar.
There are two main forms of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In addition to these two, there is also what is called
Gestational Diabetes. In all cases, insulin is somehow not doing its job: Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is needed to
allow glucose to enter the cells and produce energy. If this point is not completed, the subject will suffer from high blood sugar. If not treated and if
present for a long time, the subject will suffer from diabetes mellitus in one of its forms, depending on the cause of this insulin malfunction. Thus, we
will be discussing the causes, symptoms, and treatments of diabetes in all its forms.
Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes, occurs when one's immune system destroys the cells responsible for
insulin making (beta cells) in the pancreas. Thus, the pancreas produces either too little or no insulin at all.
Subjects with type 1 diabetes need insulin every day till the rest of their lives to replace the insulin that the body is not producing. Blood glucose level
tests must be done several times during the day.
The onset of type 1 diabetes usually hits people under 30 years; although, it can occur at any age. Almost about 10–15% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
Without insulin the body will be
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19. A Study On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming rapidly more prevalent worldwide, owing largely to the growing obesity pandemic. According to the
international diabetes federation, 1 in every 10 people will suffer from T2DM globally by 2035. (1)
Various prevention strategies have been developed focusing on weight loss reduction via increased exercise and diet modification. Medications and
bariatric surgery are additional strategies considered for prevention of T2DM.
The pathogenesis of T2DM involves a combination of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Insulin sensitivity and beta cell function are known
to decrease with increasing age, however, there are several other risk factors which allow the disease to present earlier in life. These risk factors include,
genetics, ethnicity, high BMI, increased waist circumference, physical inactivity, hypertension, impaired glycaemia, dyslipidaemia and smoking. (2)
Prediabetes is the state of impaired glycaemia, before diabetic criteria are met. It can be classified by impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), an OGTT
between 7.8–11.1mmol/l, or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), a fasting glucose between 6.1– 6.9mmol/l. It is imperative to identify these prediabetic
individuals as they are at high risk of developing T2DM, with 1 in 4 developing the disease within 3–5 years. (3)
The NHS health check programme was established in 2009 to identify 40–74 year olds with previously undiagnosed vascular disease. (4) The check
includes
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20. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which blood levels of glucose are abnormally high because the body does not release or
use insulin adequately. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. It is also known as non–insulin dependent diabetes and formerly
known as adult–onset diabetes. In this crosspost, the author will elaborate on the original threaded discussion and add additional information on Type 2
diabetes mellitus. Casto, Cherry, Ellerbee, Gatlin, and Young thoroughly discuss the importance of obtaining a health history on a patient that present
with Type 2 DM. As mention by the authors it is important for the adult geriatric primary care nurse practitioner (AGPCNP) to receive additional...
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The authors thoroughly discussion the reason for each laboratory test. In additional to the threaded discussion there are many signs and symptoms,
many of which go unnoticed until the disease is in the late stages. Mr. Bobo is a diabetic which seems uncontrolled so focusing on education is of
importance. Education has been identified as a significant factor in the effective control of blood glucose levels. Education is import to emphasize to
the patient the importance of close monitoring and management as diabetes can become a chronic disease with multiple health issues and a poor
quality of life. Mr. Bobo will need to know the importance of making changes to their lifestyle in regards to nutrition, diet, and weight control. Casto,
Cherry, Ellerbee, Gatlin, and Young thoroughly discussion long term complications such as eye complications, nephropathy, neuropathy, and
cardiovascular disease. Complications from diabetes can be quite serious to life threatening, including kidney damage, nerve damage, which cause
numbness, pain or tingling sensations, amputation due to lack of circulation or secondary infection, and retina damage, an incurable condition that can
lead to a total loss of
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21. Types And Types Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus comprises of a collection of various dysfunctions that are characterized by presence of hyperglycemia as well as being
occasioned from the combination of insulin action resistance, inappropriate or excessive secretion of glucagon, and insufficient secretion of insulin.
With Type 2diabetes mellitus, the body is either resistant to the effects of insulin, which is a hormone that is responsible for regulation of the
movement of sugar into the body cells, or the body does not produce sufficient insulin in order to maintain a normal level of glucose. Some of the
most common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are increased frequency of urination and thirst caused by excess sugar in the bloodstream causing
fluids to be pulled from body tissues, blurred vision due to high blood sugar causing fluid to be pulled from eye lenses, weight loss because of the
inability of the body to metabolize glucose resulting in the body using alternative fuels kept in fat and muscle, and fatigue due to body cells being
deprived sugar making the body feel irritated and tired. Type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs commonly as a result of prediabetes.
Prediabetes implies that the level of blood sugar in the body is higher than the normal level but not high enough to be classified or considered as a
full–blown type 2 diabetes (Tabak, Herder, Rathmann, Brunner, & Kivimaki, 2012). Individuals with prediabetes stand a high risk of developing type
2 diabetes within 10 years unless they
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22. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus For Women
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women
Melody McClain
South University
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus in Women
Diabetes has been established to be more precarious for women, as it can augment pregnancy complications such as macrosomia, miscarriage, and
birth defects. Women with diabetes also have a higher prevalence of secondary cardiovascular disease. Among those women who continue in the spiral
of diabetes complications, ischemic heart disease is an even greater complication which will reduce survival and quality of life (Beckles and
Thompson–Reid, 2011). Pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in
their lifetime. It has been proven that an average of 25 percent of pregnant women with GDM will be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within an
average of seven years (Sokup, Ruszkowska–Ciatec, Walentowicz, Grabiec & Rose, 2014). In such women, blood glucose and triglyceride levels must
be monitored closely, and appropriate action and referrals are given if needed for proper disease management.
Health Promotion Goal
There are many complications which arise in women as a result of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Incorporating a health promotion goal such as reducing
the disabling complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in women could be very beneficial. It has been proven that a "healthy overall diet can play a
major role in public health efforts to prevent type 2 diabetes, especially in
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23. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1. Choose a public health topic for a specific population group and/or age groupThere are a multitude of public health topics that are affected by
policy and intervention. One disease that is extremely prevalent in society is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which is primarily affected by
individuals between forty to sixty years of age (Olokoba, Obateru, & Olokoba, 2012).
2. Provide a brief description of the topic. Discuss the magnitude of the problem (e.g., trends in incidence/prevalence, policies, etc.) and its public
health significance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered the most common form of diabetes, considering that this form accounts for 90–95% of cases
(Simon, 2002). With this type of diabetes, the body does not have the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, most individuals who are afflicted with this disease are between the ages of forty to sixty, which may be a result of certain social
determinants. There are five main social determinants that influence the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The first
socio–ecological determinant is culture and community support, which pertains to the individual's culture and how they view T2DM (Clark & Utz,
2014). Often, in this age group, if the community does not provide support and if there is a negative culture perception of the disease, there will not be
a high number of individuals that partake in self–care for T2DM. Another factor is access to medical care, which implies that if people do not have
access to care, he or she will not be able to screen for T2DM, or receive treatment to control the disease (Clark & Utz, 2014). Education is a crucial
factor, since there is a direct link between educational attainment and improved health outcomes (Clark & Utz, 2014). In this age group, if individuals
are uneducated about the disease, they are most likely unaware of the risk factors and treatment options for T2DM. Another factor is economic
stability, which has a direct correlation with health outcomes (Clark & Utz, 2014). Thus, if a person is of higher socio–economic status, he, or she in
this age group, is more likely to obtain medical
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24. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type 2, also know as type 2 Diabetes or noninsulin dependent diabetes, is a disease that effects the body systemically. Type 2
diabetes is a disorder in which cells become resistant to insulin and can no longer bind it properly to reduce blood sugar. The result of this is
elevated glucose levels in the circulating blood that leads to endothelial injury in all regions of the body. Primary damages occur in the kidneys,
cardiovascular, and digestive systems. According to "Annual Number of New Cases of Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults" (2015), the overall
incidence of type 2 diabetes was approximately 1.4 million new cases. From previous years this number has decreased; however, it can be further
lowered with proper education, change in the Western diet, and increase in physical activity. In 2012 approximately 27.7 million Americans were
living with Type 2 diabetes. The cumulative cost of care for American diabetes patients was 245 billion dollars, which encompasses medical treatment
cost and the patients' inability to work, ultimately resulting in decreased personal production ("Statistics About Diabetes", n.d.). As exemplified by the
National Institutes for Health (2015), "Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure." Even though no cure is present, lifestyle modifications such
as diet and exercise, play a role in self–regulation of blood glucose levels. Pathophysiology of the Disorder Pathology and Theories Regarding
Development/Causes Type 2
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25. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2d )
Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease in which insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to an increase in
blood glucose levels. In T2D, the body makes insulin; however there is resistance of target tissues to insulin, leading to abnormal insulin secretion
(Government of Canada, 2013). Thus, increased levels of insulin need to be produced in order to maintain normal blood glucose levels within the body
(Government of Canada, 2013).With the growing epidemic of sedentary lifestyle in the Western hemisphere, there is an increasing prevalence in the
number of diagnosed cases of T2D. There are many risk factors associated with T2D such as being overweight or obese, high blood pressure, ... Show
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Although the impacts of combined endurance and resistance training have been shown to have contradictory effects in the general population (Leveritt
et al., 1999), there may be positive outcomes for those with T2D in order to improve their current condition and reduce risk of co–morbidity (Larose et
al., 2012). The current review paper aims to examine the effects of concurrent endurance and resistance training and its implications for glycemic
control, fasting blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, body mass index, and VO2max changes in T2D patients.
Inclusion Criteria Using scientific databases, studies that were conducted in order to examine the effects of endurance and resistance training on T2D
were included in the review. Due to the limited amount of literature available, all studies that focused on concurrent training were included regardless
of their relative length of studies. In the study by Yavari et al. (2012), they examined the effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training on
glycemic control over a 52 week period. Yavari et al. (2012) randomized 80 participants into aerobicexercise, resistance training, combined training
and a control group. Participants in the combined exercise group trained 3 times a week for 20–30 minutes on a treadmill or a cycle ergometer and 2
sets of 8 exercises for 8–10 repetitions. Yavari et al. (2012) measured
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26. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study
Mellitus is a metabolic disorder Diabetes resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. The most common is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
It's characterized by decrease production of insulin, and insulin resistance; these is related to genetic–environmental interaction (Huether & McCance,
2017, p.474). The major contributor factor to insulin resistance is obesity. Treating the obesity can prevent and decrease the incidence of Type 2
(DM). Decreasing the cases of Type 2 DM means helping a great number of people to have a better life, less disabled citizens in the country, and less
medical expenses. Weight loss can also prevent many other cardiovascular disorders Look AHEAD Research Group. (2011, July 01).
Glucose is important to our body because it is an energy source. Our organs use it for fuel to function properly. To get... Show more content on
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The nursing diagnosis is knowledge deficit related to dietary modifications, as evidenced by inadequate selection menu choices. A plan of treatment is
to teach how to follow a low calorie diet. This is important because controlling the intake of calories decreases the amount of glucose in the blood.
Furthermore, the body is unable to utilize the glucose because of the insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, leading the tissues to increase the
metabolism of protein and fat. Another nursing diagnosis is imbalance nutrition related to insulin deficiency, as evidenced by an increase of ketones
on laboratory analysis and muscle wasting. The plan of treatment is to revise the diet plan and create a balanced nutrition incorporating food
preferences. Having diet restrictions can be difficult enough to plan a meal; and what good is a meal if the person will not enjoy or eat it. Therefore,
it is important to do a good assessment of their food likes and dislikes for a successful meal
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27. Potential Therapeutics For Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Bromophenols have been identified as potential therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their suspected tyrosine phosphatase
1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity. A new series of bromophenol analogues will be synthesised and their PTP1B inhibitory activity will be tested in in
vitro enzymatic assays to elucidate their mechanism of action as PTP1B inhibitors.
Background and Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease that is caused by insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues and impaired insulin secretion of
the pancreatic ОІ cells.1 Both conditions result in reduced glycemic control, which can lead to hyperglycemia. Despite the availability of a wide range
of anti–diabetic drugs to treat T2DM, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bromophenols have attracted much attention as potential PTP1B inhibitors due to their suspected anti–diabetic activity.4 Bromophenols occur
naturally in marine organisms such as algae, mollusks and jellyfish. (В±)–Polysiphenol (1, figure 1) is an example of a bromophenol that can be
extracted from the marine algae Polisiphonia Ferulecea.5 After the Braddock group successfully achieved the first total synthesis of (В±)–polysiphenol
and the separation of its enantiomers, they collaborated with the Woscholski group to test their inhibitory activity in PTP1B enzymatic assays.6,7 Both
enantiomers of polysiphenol were essentially found to be identical in PTP1B inhibitory activity. Thus polysiphenol, as single enantiomers, cannot be
responsible for the observed inhibition. This implicates a chemical change of polysiphenol into a non–chiral form is likely to take place under the
conditions of the assay. One possibility is the formation of a para–quinone methide species (4, figure 1), which in turn can tautomerise into an
ortho–quinone methide species (5, figure 1). Thus there are various possible reactive species that might be responsible for the observed inhibition of
PTP1B. The formation of quinones highlights a red flag in drug discovery due to their highly reactive nature. Quinones are Michael acceptors that are
known to cause toxicity in vivo by covalently binding to nucleophilic sites on proteins and DNA.8 Consequently, quinones
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28. Factors Affecting Prevalence And Treatment Outcomes Of...
Factors Affecting Prevalence and Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rwanda
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough
Insulin (impaired insulin secretion) or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced (insulin resistance) resulting in increased blood glucose
("Endocrine System." Internal Medicine Clinical
Treatment Guidelines. Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, 2012 ). Symptoms include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst and hunger
(Mukeshimana et al., 2013).
There are four main etiological and clinical classes of diabetes mellitus ;
–Type 1 diabetes which result from beta cell destruction, usually leads ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mortality attributable to diabetes in sub–Saharan Africa is estimated in 2010, at 6% of total mortality, an increase from 2.2–2.5% in 2000. In addition
to the present challenges of resources depletion, low–income countries now face the double burden of communicable diseases (e.g. HIV / AIDS) and
non–communicable diseases (e.g. diabetes) (Mbanya et al., 2010).
Objectives
1.To determine the prevalence of T2DM in Rwanda
2.To assess available treatment options and their reach
3.To determine the factors affecting treatment outcomes of T2DM in Rwanda
Problem Statement Diabetes affects people worldwide and poses major public health and socioeconomic challenges. The disorder was previously
thought to be rare or undocumented in rural Africa, but over the past decades it has emerged as an important non–communicable disease in
sub–Saharan Africa.
Literature Review In 2013, the prevalence of T2DM which accounts for 90–95% of all diabetes was relatively low at 4.9% in the Africa region.
Diabetes figures in the Africa region are projected to increase with the number of individuals with the condition rising from 19.8 million in 2013 to
41.5 million in 2035, representing

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30. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Research
Bckground While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a
greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food,
high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity
which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless
quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as
well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction. Type II Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is also called
non–insulin–dependent diabetes or aadult onset diabetes. It is a medical disorder that, due to a number of factors codependent with the modern world,
is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels that play havoc with insulin deficiency and resistance. Insulin resistance means that cells do
not respond appropriately when there is free insulin in the blood system. Essentially, they body is reacting to an improper balance of sugars and insulin.
Because obesity is often present, research suggests that even thought the mechanisms controling glucose and insulin are unclear, the adopose tissue
likely
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31. A Study On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type–2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in African American Adults The high–risk populations are individuals with increased propensity to greater risk of
poor mental, physical, emotional, and social health (Olokoba, Obateru, & Olokoba, (2012). The high–risk individuals are susceptible a decreased
functional status, and diminished quality of life. In many populations, the causes of the high–risk vulnerabilities are due poor utilization of health care
services, poor disease management, and to a greater part, the shortage of primary care providers (Shivayogi, 2013). It is necessary to address the
factors that negate effective disease management and positive health outcome with these population groups. The first step is to recognize the high–risk
populations, and then initiate a high–quality improvement measures that champion health promotion, diseases prevention, and diseases management. It
will also facilitate a reduction in the incidence rates of the diseases associated with these population groups. The aim of this paper is to (a) discuss a
high–risk population for T2DM, and utilize the epidemiological terminology to describe the high–risk population and their risk factors, and (b) discuss
the negative health outcome associated with uncontrolled T2DM. The role of the doctorate prepared nurses is to identify the high–risk populations
either in the primary clinical settings or in the larger scale populations–base settings. The doctorate prepared nurses in the micro
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32. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
People who have been diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus are increasing in every single year. About 15.2% or about 2.6 million of adults which is 18
years old and above have the disease called as Diabetes Mellitus (DM). From this number, about 7.2% of the people have been diagnosed with
Diabetes Mellitus while another 8.0% previously undiagnosed with diabetes (Diabetes Malaysia, 2015). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a symptom that can
be characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins associated with the deficiency of insulin
secretion or insulin action both in absolute and relative (Schoenfelder., et al 2006). The diseases may cause microvascular and macrovascular
complications. Besides that, incidence of cardiovascular diseases is increased two– to fourfold in people with type 2 diabetes (F.Giacco., et al 2010). ...
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In some other country, it was estimated that approximately 90 million people were having type 2 diabetes with over 150 million people being
prediabetic in 2010 (Yang W., et al 2010). Because diabetes is a prolonged chronic metabolic disease that causes many other complications, such as
cardiovascular diseases, expenses spent on its treatment have placed a huge burden upon the economy and health systems worldwide (Ting Lu., et al
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33. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is on the rise in the United States, with a new case diagnosed every 30 seconds (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation,
2015). Diabetes is similarly on the rise in Africa, with an estimated 8 million cases to be diagnosed by 2025 (Mbanya,2006, p. 1628–1629). The
standard of care for a diabetes patient is the same however, regardless of the continent. However due to the economic restraints of Africa, the standard
of care is not feasible for most and the patient therefore suffers. This paper will demonstrate the similarities and differences between the United States
and Africa in regards to type 2 diabetes. Similarly in both countries, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on the rise. While a difference between the...
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In the United States insulin is readily available for a patient to use with a prescription from their physician. The Physician determines the best insulin
therapy for the patient and the physician then monitors the patient's blood sugar levels to see if the insulin therapy is working correctly (Mayo Clinic,
2015). Patients and physicians can use a glucometer to check the patient's blood glucose levels. These machines are readily available to the public and
there is also assistance from the government if a patient cannot afford the machine themselves (Food and Drug Administration, 2015). Monitoring
blood glucose with a glucometer and controlling it with insulin are effective ways to control a patient's blood glucose. However this basic medical fact
is not readily available in Africa, due to its economic status.
Africa's economic status is the most influential reason as to why diabetes care is so much different than it is here in the United States. In Africa, the
average yearly income per individual is about equal to $300 dollars here in the United States. The care of someone with diabetes can cost $150–$200 a
year, with insulin making up $75–$100 dollars of this amount (Beren, 2006, p. 1689–1695). It is evident that the majority of individuals or families
cannot afford the care that goes along with a diabetes diagnoses. Insulin, even if someone would be able to afford it, is usually not even available to
those that need it. Out of the 25 countries in Africa
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34. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder that...
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder that causes impaired use of carbohydrates while enhancing the use of proteins and lipids. This is
called insulin resistance, in which the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, or the body is unable to use what is
produced. The impairment causes blood glucose level to rise higher than normal. There is no cure for type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is life threatening
when left untreated. Signs and symptoms of this disorder include vision changes, increased thirst, increased hunger, increased frequency of urination,
stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, erectile dysfunction, and absences of mentruation. These can occur abruptly, or over a long period of time. ... Show
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Iodine agents administered intravascularly may lead to renal failure. Ace inhibitors can decrease glucose levels and dose adjustments should be made
during the administration of this medication. Adverse reactions include nutritional disorders, lactic acidosis, taste disorders, nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea, and liver disorders. The implications metformin has on physical therapy treatment include the risk of lactic acidosis. Signs and symptoms that
should be monitored for during physical therapy are muscular cramping along with gastrointestinal pain, shortness of breath, hypothermia, and coma.
Glyburide is another generic medication used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2. Two trade names of this drug are DiaBeta and Glynase.
The chemical name is 1–[ [p–[2–(5–chloro–o–anisamido) ethyl]phenyl]–sulfonyl]–3–cyclohexylurea. Doses up to 0.75–12 mg/day can be given as a
single dose or divided doses. The circulation of the glyburide is that protein binding is extensive and half–life is 10 hours. It is excreted through the
renal and biliary system. Glyburide acts as an oral blood glucose lowering drug. The drugs uses include binding and activating the sulfonylurea receptor
1, which causes depolarization. This results in an increase in intracellular calcium in the cells and stimulation of insulin release. Major drug interactions
are noted between glyburide and
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35. Analytical Essay : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
CSB332 Analytical essay
Introduction:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was a disease that was thought to have a rare occurrence in children and adolescents a couple decades ago.
Nevertheless, researchers have begun to observe the rise in type 2 diabetes mellitus in both adults and children (1). Even though type 1 diabetes mellitus
is still the main form of the disease in young people, it is most likely that type 2 diabetes mellitus will prevail in young patients in the near future. Type
2 diabetes mellitus has already been presented in children from a number of different countries, including Australia, America, India, Japan and England
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/7/1798.long#content–block).
In addition, T2DM has been linked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These conditions can include cardiovascular disease, renal disease, loss of vision and in serious cases limb amputations can occur. All these conditions
contribute morbidity and mortality in individuals with T2DM.
While the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in young people is increasing and cannot be reversed, our society will have to face major challenges
in preventing and treating this disease. Although there are many studies carried out and resources put forth to those who have T2DM, most of them are
based off patients who are adults. Not many studies have been conducted on younger patients as the prevalence of this disease in children has occurred
in recent years. Therefore, studies about treating T2DM in children and adolescent are limited making it more difficult to treat children than adults.
Aetiology and pathophysiology
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterised by hyperglycaemia. This is a result from a deficiency in insulin action and secretion.
Symptoms of hyperglycaemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision and on some occasions, polyphagia. If the disease becomes
chronic is patients, it can lead to dysfunction, long–term damage and failure of organs http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613584
/?report=classic.
The development of diabetes mellitus has several processes. These processes include autoimmune destruction of ОІ–cells of the pancreas which
consequently causes
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36. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Research Paper
Diabetes Mellitus Type II Mrs. Scott is receiving glyburide, a sulfanuria, to treat her diabetes mellitus type II, formerly know as adult onset or non
insulin dependent. Type II diabetes mellitus involves a decreased ability to use the insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas (Doenges,
Moorhouse, and Murr 2010, 1). Sulfanuria drugs, such as glyburides, are specifically used for lowering the glucose level in the blood by working on
three of the four main metabolic factors of type two diabetes. In type II diabetes, there are four main metabolic factors that are involved in the
regulation of insulin and glucose; insulin production in the pancreas, glycogenolysis in the liver, adipokines regulation in the adipose tissue, and
receptor site sensitivity in the muscles. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insulin's main function is to facilitate the absorption of glucose into active cells. Without this facilitation, cells will not be able to make the energy
needed to perform their normal functions which will eventually affect the system function associated with that cell. (Lewis et al. 2014, 1156).
Glyburide enables the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin.
As for the liver, it stores glucose in the form of glycogen. When the body is in need, the glycogen is converted into glucose in a process called
glycogenolysis and is released into the blood stream to serve its purpose. When there is a malfunction, there is an excess amount of glucose being
released into the blood stream. When this happens, the blood glucose level is elevated and can only be lowered if insulin is present to help facilitate
its absorption (Lewis et al. 2014, 1156). Glyburide slows the conversion of glycogen to glucose to help lower the blood glucose
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37. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder in which there is less production or utilization of insulin regardless of hyperglycemia in the
body. It is estimated that T2DM affected would rise from 30 million to probable 450 million in the world by year 2030 [1]. Genetic and/or certain
contributing factors play a vital role in development of insulin resistance (IR) that further proceed towards T2DM [2]. Alarmingly, urbanization has
diverged dietary intake [3], which accompanied with lack of exercise and improper sleep would alter the evolutionary concept of robustness with cell
being exploited to experience IR [4,5]. However, there have been reports linking the fact that consumption of high carbohydrate diet (HCD) alone
induces IR ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some studies after supplementation of melatonin observed improvement in fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol (TC), and malondialdehyde (MDA,
which is an index of lipid peroxidation) in metabolic syndrome individuals, at baseline these variables were altered [19]. Melatonin is an antioxidant
hormone as it directly scavenges ROS [20,21]. Further, melatonin is also known to stimulate and expresses the activity of antioxidative enzymes such
as glutathione peroxidase, SOD, CAT, and NO synthase, in mammalian cells [22–24]. Trace element Chromium has been known for optimum insulin
sensitive activity; normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism [25]. In experimental diabetic models, chromium picolinate (CrPic) has been reported to
reduce IR and restore pancreatic architecture
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38. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Definition: A chronic disease associated with abnormally high levels of the sugar glucose in the blood.
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus: Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.
Any age, from birth to 40 years old.
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus: Non–Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
There is production of insulin by the pancreas but it isn't enough or may not work effectively.
After 40 years old.
Risk factors
Smoking
Excessive alcohol intake
Lack of exercise
High amount of sugar intake
Getting little amount of rest
Stress
Causes
Hereditary
Pancreatic Disorder
Disorder of other endocrine glands
Auto immunity
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Symptoms
Being very thirsty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

39. Without enough insulin, your body begins to break down fat as an alternate fuel. This process produces a build up of toxic acids in the bloodstream
called ketones, eventually leading to diabetic ketoacidosis if untreated.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic nonketotic syndrome (type 2 diabetes mellitus)
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Nonketotic state (HHNS) is most likely to occur when you're sick, and elderly people are most likely to develop it. It
starts when your blood glucose level starts to climb: when that happens, your body will try to get rid of all the excess glucose through frequent
urination. That dehydrates your body, and you'll become very thirsty.
Gradual onset of developing signs and symptoms, eg polydipsia, polyphagia,polyuria.
Chronic Complications
Diabetic retinopathy
Constantly high blood pressure, will over time damage your small blood vessels. Damaged blood vessels don't deliver blood properly.
Out of range blood pressure for a long time can cause cataract and/or retinopathy in the eyes. Which can cause loss
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40. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Case Study
The knowledge gained in understanding the adult population that is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus is to be able to implement glucose control,
proper nutrition, eating habits, exercise, and weight loss to support their lifestyle changes to positive behavior and have positive outcomes. During the
research, I learned that a comprehensive assessment will set goals, either short or long, for the person living with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The
individual will be communicating with health providers about their diagnoses to receive appropriate medical care to benefit in their quality of life.
The assessment will point out the strengths and weaknesses and be able to develop a plan to make changes in their lifestyle where there needs to be
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41. Diabetes Is The Root Cause For The Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes is also called Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes. In this type, body does not use insulin adequately and become resistant to even high
levels of insulin. This leads to high blood sugar margins which can cause adverse effects if left untreated. There are many risk factors which can be
responsible for the progression of the disease. Obesity is the root cause for the type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, People having type 2 diabetes are at risk for
gain in weight due to many causes or factors including:
Sedentary life style
Calorie rich diet
Medication of diabetes
Eating habits
Chronic mental illness
Loss in weight with help of lifestyle interventions has been shown to decrease the chances of diabetes by 58%. The incidence of non insulin dependent
diabetes is 3–7 times greater in over weight as compared to average weight adults , amendment in lifestyle also denoted as behavioral weight control
includes three basic factors: diet, exercise and behavior therapy. Being diagnosed with diabetes can be frightened for every patient for example why it
happens? How it will affect your everyday life? What can be the complications going to be occurred due to this disease? Lifestyle modification focus at
decreasing energy input and fostering physical movement is the main procedure for obese clients with type 2 diabetes. Even significant weight
reduction contributing enhanced movement can enhance insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in clients with non insulin dependent
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42. Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Or Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia.
Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin–dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a
hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach
glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. Withdiabetes
mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin
which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states
diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre–diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading
cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus
understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and
clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.
As a future health professional, one would have to become aware the potential
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