3. Definition
Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless
technology standard for exchanging data
over short distances (using short-wave
length radio transmissions) from fixed and
mobile devices, creating personal area
networks (PANs) with high levels of
security.
1
Bluetooth
5. Definition
Why it’s name is Bluetooth?
3
Bluetooth was named for the 10th Century
Viking king , Harald Bluetooth
(haglaz berkanan).
The Bluetooth communications protocol is named after
this king, because he united all the tiny island kingdoms of
Denmark, southern Sweden, and southern Norway into one
country much like the technology whose goal was to unify
computers and cellular phones.
And in addition the technology was developed in
Scandinavia.
7. History 5
•The Bluetooth specification was developed as a cable
replacement in 1994 by Ericson’s engineers.
Main Goal
•The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on May
20, 1998.
Standardization
•They had many problems mainly because they included
mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address (BD_ADDR)
transmission in the Connecting process rendering anonymity
impossible at the protocol level.
Versions 1.0 and
1.0B
•Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002 Added possibility of
non-encrypted channels And Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI).
Bluetooth v1.1
•Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005 Faster Connection
and Discovery and transmission Adaptive frequency-hopping
spread spectrum.
Bluetooth v1.2
8. History 6
•This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was
released in 2004 and is backward compatible with the
previous version 1.2. The main difference is the introduction
of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer.
Bluetooth v2.0
+ EDR
•The headline feature of 2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP):
this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices,
while increasing the use and strength of security.
Bluetooth v2.1
+ EDR
•The main new feature is AMP (Alternate MAC/PHY), the
addition of 802.11 as a high speed transport. Only devices
supporting the "+HS" will actually support the Bluetooth over
802.11 high-speed data transfer.
Bluetooth v3.0
+ HS
•which includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high
speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols. Bluetooth high
speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of
legacy Bluetooth protocols.
Bluetooth v4.0
9. History 7
Comparison
Version Data rate
Maximum application
throughput
Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s 0.7 Mbit/s
Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s 2.1 Mbit/s
Version 3.0 + HS 24 Mbit/s 3 Mbit/s
Low energy Version
4.0
1 Mbit/s
high speed Version
4.0
480 Mb/s
10. Technology Review
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread
spectrum.
Supports data rate of 1 Mb/s(originally).
The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).
Key features :
low power, and low cost, and the fact that it has become a universal
standard for exchanging data amongst a range of fixed and mobile
devices.
In addition, Bluetooth wireless technology has the ability to
simultaneously handle both data and voice transmissions.
This means that users can use a variety of applications such as a hands-
free headset for voice calls, printing and fax capabilities, and
synchronizing PDAs, laptop, and mobile phone applications.
8
11. Specifications 9
Connection Type Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping)
MAC Scheme FH-CDMA
Spectrum 2.4 GHz ISM
Modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Transmission Power 1 mw – 100 mw
Aggregate Data Rate 1 Mbps
Range 30 ft
Supported Stations 8 devices
Voice Channels 3
Data Security- Authentication
Key
128 bit key
Data Security-Encryption Key 8-128 bits (configurable)
12. Classes of Bluetooth
Bluetooth devices are classified
according to three different power
classes
10
Class
Maximum permitted power Range
(m)
(mW) (dBm)
Class 1 100 20 ~100
Class 2 2.5 4 ~10
Class 3 1 0 ~5
The effective range varies due to propagation conditions,
material coverage, production sample variations, antenna
configurations and battery conditions
13. Spread spectrum frequency-hopping
• Bluetooth technology operates in
the unlicensed industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) band
at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz (available and
unlicensed in most countries),
11
Spread-spectrum is good for several reasons :
Resistant to narrowband interference.
Share a frequency band with minimal
interference.
Very difficult to intercept secure
frequency-hopping chop up the
data on up to 79 frequencies.
using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping,
full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600
hops/sec. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is.
14. Technology
Overview
Bluetooth communication always designates
the Bluetooth devices as master or slave units.
This allows the Bluetooth system to be non-
contention based (no collisions).
12
Single-slave (Point to
Point Link, Bluetooth
devices can function as
masters or slaves)
Multi-slave.
Scatternet
15. Technology
Piconets
A set of BLUETOOTH devices sharing a common
channel is called a PICONET
13
Master
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
Slaves can not directly send data to each
other.
up to 7 active slaves in a piconet but only
one master.
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps).
16. Technology
Scatternets
A set of two or more interconnected piconets
form scatternets
14
Bluetooth units can only
transmit and receive data in
one piconet at a time.
Piconets may be identified
by the master's identity and
clock.
gateway
17. Protocols 15
Application Framework
and Support
Radio & Baseband
Host Controller
Interface
RF
Baseband
Audio
Link Manager
L2CAP
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Applications
Data
Transport Protocol Group
Middleware Protocol Group
Application Group
Link Manager and L2CAP
18. Protocols 16
Radio Protocol
Responsible for the mod/demo of data into
RF signals.
The radio layer describes the physical
characteristics a Bluetooth device’s
receiver-transmitter component must have.
BASEBAND PROTOCOL
Responsible for channel coding and
decoding.
Digitizes the signals received by the radio
for passing up the stack.
Formats the data it receives from the Link Controller (upper protocol) for
transmission over the channel.
Link Controller
Responsible for establishing and maintaining the links between Bluetooth units.
19. Protocols 17
The Link Manager Protocol (LMP)
Handles link setup, authentication, link
configuration and security procedures.
Establishes all connections with the help of
baseband protocol.
Host Controller Interface
The Host Controller Interface (HCI) defines
uniform methods for accessing and
controlling the lower layers of the protocol
stack (baseband and the link manager).
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
Responsible for:
Establishing connections across existing ACL (Asynchronous Connection-oriented) links
or requesting an ACL link if one does not already exist.
Repackaging the data packets it receives from the higher layers into the form
expected by the lower layers.
20. Protocols 18
Service Discovery Protocol
Defines procedures for
Discovering services of other devices.
Determining the characteristics of those
services.
Telephony Control Protocol Specification
(TCS) defines call:
Control signaling for establishing speech
and data calls between Bluetooth devices,
providing them with telephony services.
RFCOMM
is a serial line emulation protocol and is based on ETSI 07.10 specification.
This “cable replacement” protocol emulates RS-232 control and data signals over
Bluetooth baseband, providing both transport capabilities for upper level services
(e.g. OBEX) that use serial line as transport mechanism.
21. Protocols 19
PPP :
is designed to run over RFCOMM to
accomplish point-to-point connections. PPP is
the IETF Point-to-Point Protocol and PPP-
Networking is the means of taking IP packets
to/from the PPP layer and placing them onto
the LAN.
TCP/UDP/IP :
The implementation of these standards in
Bluetooth devices allows for communication
with any other device connected to the
Internet:
The Bluetooth device, should it be a Bluetooth cellular handset or a data access point
for example is then used as a bridge to the Internet. TCP/IP/PPP is used for the all
internet Bridge usage scenarios in Bluetooth1.0 and for OBEX in future versions.
OBEX : developed to exchange objects in a simple and spontaneous manner. OBEX,
which provides the same basic functionality as HTTP but in a much lighter fashion,
uses a client-server model and is independent of the transport mechanism and
transport API In addition, the OBEX protocol defines a folder-listing object, which is
used to browse the contents of folders on remote device.
22. Connection State Machine 20
Inquiry Scan : device enter this mode and listen for inquiry packets.
Inquiry : device send an Inquiry packet, repeat the transmission.
Inquiry Response : send FHS after receiving an inquiry message
23. Connection State Machine 21
Page : the master determine where the slave might be listening in the page
scan mode, it sends a page message.
Page Scan : slave enter this substate from the standby or the connection state.
Page Response : slave enter it On receiving the page message.
24. Connection State Machine 22
Sniff Mode : low power mode in wich the listening activity of slave is reduced.
Park Mode : slave stays synchronized to the channel, slaves regulary listen for
beacon signals at intervals decided by the beacon structure, any message to be
sent to a parked member are sent over the broadcast channel.
25. Security 23
Hello, I am
looking for
bluetooth
devices
Hello, I am an
available
Bluetooth
device
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of Profiles
Connection
Data Synchronization
26. Security 24
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of Profiles
Connection
Data Synchronization
What is your
authentification
Code ?
1234…
This code has to
be typed on
your keyboard
Ok !
Now we are
paired
27. Security 25
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of Profiles
Connection
Data Synchronization
What type of
profile do you
support ?
I can do headset
and hands-free.
What about you ?
29. Security 27
Discovery
Pairing
Detection of Profiles
Connection
Data Synchronization
To complete my
phonebook, I
have to
synchronise
with your
contacts
Ok, I transfer
my 163
contacts.
30. Advantages / Disadvantages 28
Advantages
Eliminates wires.
Facilitates Data and Voice Communication.
Offers formation of Ad hoc networks.
Standardized protocol.
Free of charge.
Easy to use.
Low power consumes battery less.
Stationary and mobile environments.
31. Advantages / Disadvantages 29
Disadvantages
Relatively short range.
Less secure.
Interference with other devices.
Mediocre Data rates.
Bluetooth internet connection gets slow
sometimes.
3- Creating personal area networks (PANs).
1- Bluetooth is a short-range and low power wireless technology
2- Originally developed for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices,
Main Goal : it was a cable replacement 1994 in 1998 standardization : formalized by Special interest Group 1998
In 2002 ratified as IEEE Standard 802
v1.2 faster connection and discovery and transmission adaptative frequency-hopping spread spectrum .. Resistance to radio
+frequency-hopping spread spectrum works by chopping up the data that is being sent, and transmitting sections of it on up to 79 frequencies
+Spread-spectrum is good for several reasons :
-The signals are very resistant to narrowband interference, which means the transmissions are more likely to reach their destination quickly and intact.
- Spread-spectrum transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal interference.
- Spread-spectrum signals are also very difficult to intercept, making the technology relatively secure – except for some early security issues.
Bluetooth communication always designates one of the Bluetooth devices as a main controlling unit or master unit. Other devices that follow the master unit are slave units
No collisions : This means that after a Bluetooth device has been added to the piconet, each device is assigned a specific time period to transmit and they do not collide or overlap with other units operating within the same piconet.
1-One device acts as a master and the devices connected to it act as slaves/2-a/3-In effect, the master acts as a switch for the piconet and all traffic must pass through the master/4-There can be b.
-A Bluetooth unit can be a slave in two or more piconets, but it can be a master in only one.
-Devices that participate in two or more piconets may act as “gateways.”
- Devices give notification of inactivation to master before becoming inactive in its piconet for a finite length of time.
Allow many different applications to use a single ACL link through multiplexing.
Allow many different applications to use a single ACL link through multiplexing.
Inquiry Scan : A device that wants to be discovered will periodically enter this mode and listen for inquiry packets.
Inquiry : Device sends an Inquiry packet addressed to GIAC or DIAC / Transmission is repeated on the inquiry hop sequence of frequencies.
Inquiry Response : When an inquiry message is received in the inquiry scan state, a response packet (FHS) containing the responding device address must be sent after a random number of slots.
Page : The master uses the clock information, about the slave to be paged, to determine where in the hop sequence, the slave might be listening in the page scan mode. / The master sends a page message
Page Scan : The page scan substate can be entered by the slave from the standby state or the connection state.
Page Response : On receiving the page message, the slave enters the slave page response substate
Sniff Mode : This is a low power mode in which the listening activity of the slave is reduced.
Park Mode : This is a very low power mode with very little activity / The slave however, stays synchronized to the channel / The parked slaves regularly listen for beacon signals at intervals decided by the beacon structure communicated to the slave during the start of parking / Any message to be sent to a parked member are sent over the broadcast channel / It also helps the master to have more than seven slaves.
