Diploma in Advance Construction Management We live interacting with components on the earth, the our living planet which the life is depend on the sun may be many unknown elements in the Universe. For study purpose we concern the environment as the place where we live and the interconnections among the environment and living beings. Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Oxygen Cycle…etc, Food Chains, Food Webs Individual, Families/ Groups/ Flocks…, Community, Eco-systems, Areas, Zones, Biomes

1. Diploma in Advance
Construction Management
Nelka Perera

2. Environment
We live interacting with components on the earth, the our living planet
which the life is depend on the sun may be many unknown elements in
the Universe.
For study purpose we concern the environment as the place where
we live and the interconnections among the environment and living
beings.

4. • To continue = Cycles in Nature

5. Maintain the cycles in nature
Pollution Management
Life cycle management

6. Resources are limited
The cycles in nature
ensure the continuous
supplying of
renewable resources
Environmental Services
Water , Minerals, Oxygen,
CO2, --------

7. 7
Food Webs
Biotic and Abiotic Balance in Ecosystem

8. Natural cycles & food chains, webs
• Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Oxygen Cycle…etc,
• Food Chains, Food Webs
• Individual, Families/ Groups/ Flocks…,
Community, Eco-systems, Areas, Zones, Biomes
Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Phosphorus Cycle 8

9. Definition
The variability among living organisms from all
sources, including terrestrial, marine and
other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological
complexes of which they are part. This
includes diversity WITHIN SPECIES,
BETWEEN SPECIES and ECOSYSTEMS
9

10. BIO
DIVERSITY
• Ecosystem diversity
• Spp diversity
• Genetic diversity

11. Biological Diversity: Sri Lanka
11

12. BIOMS Of The World

13. Ecosystem
13
BIOTIC - ABIOTIC (Close System)
BIOTIC ABIOTE

14. Possible Impacts to the Eco System during
execution of Construction activities
• Soil Erosion (earth works)
• Dust (Vehicle movement)
• contamination to the water (Fuel Lubricants, sewer, wastewater, soil)
• Emissions to the Air (vehicles and machineries)
• Land degradation (clearing and grubbing/ waste disposal)
• Ground water pollution and impacts (Earth works/Chemicals)
• Noise and Vibration (Machineries vehicles)
• Habitat loss (Land Clearing)

15. Atmosphere (Air)
• Located surrounded the Planet and 99% within 30 Km
• Air Composition
• N – 78%, O2 – 21%, A – 0.9 %, CO2 – 0.03%
15

16. Main air pollutants and impacts
Pollutant Main anthropogenic source Human impact
Particles Industrial reactions and fuel burning Damage to respiratory system/heart prolems)
SO2 Fuel burning and Industrial reactions Damage to lung functionality in respiratory system,
Asthma
CO Transportation and Burning of agricultural
materials
Blood poisoning and damages to mental control
actions.
NO2 Transportation (vehicle) and fuel burning Poisoning respiratory system, damages to
functionality, lethal to animals
O3 Pollutants from reactions of Sunlight, NO2 and
O2
Poisoning respiratory system, damages to
functionality and weakness
HC Vehicle reactions, Evaporation of organic
materials, Burning of agri materials
Damages to saliva tissues

17. Air pollution caused by construction industry
17
• Machineries /Equipment- Dust /Emissions
• Vehicle transportation/Dust and emissions
• General Wastes
• Encroachment / clearing grubbing -Dust
• Noise and Vibration

18. Water
• Water cycle
• Water balance
• Precipitation (land+108, ocean+409,)
• Evaporation (land-62, ocean -455)
• Land (62)
• Water type - Air – atmosphere; Land – river, lakes,
reservoirs; Soil – soil water; Ground – under ground;
Ocean
• Global water distribution
a. Ocean (97.2%) & Land (2.80%)
b. Land – Glacial (2.15%) & Ground Water (0.62%) &
Surface (0.03%)
c. Surface – Lakes (0.009%) & Inland reservoirs
(0.008%) & Soil (0.005%) & Air (0.001%) &
River/Streams (0.0001%)
18

19. Water cycle
19

20. Industrial Water consumption
• For produce Iron 1 ton – 780,000 L
• For produce Cotton 1 ton – 175,000 L
• For produce Aluminum 1 ton – 130,000 L
• For produce Paper 1 ton – 72,000 L
• For produce Beer 1 L – 60,000 L
20
Ocean
currents

21. 21
 Tropical rain forests
◦ Tropical forests less
than 10% land
coverage, but more
than 50% of lives
◦ 50 Ac per minute, 3
times than Switzerland
size per annual
◦ To protect soil, provide
oxygen, produce
protein, control air
pollution, to maintain
water cycle, minimize
temperature, for all
biota

22. Soil
Soil climate, Soil temperature, Soil humidity, Soil water, Soil
chemistry, Soil pit (pH), Soil enzymes, Soil biota (micro, flora,
fauna)
22

23. Land
23

24. Land degradation
• Fuel issue – per person 250 Kg timber per year needs (250 sq m needs per person per year)
• Rural agriculture–supply for increasing population
• Commercial commodities/ agri business – Large areas being converted, supply for increasing
population
• Livestock and desertification – Uncontrolled grazing, grasslands/dry areas become deserts,
cascade trigger factors
• Impact on long term climate change – depletion of tropical forests and changes in climatic cycles
• Increasing disaster – increase number of disasters, magnitude and changing the face
• Saline – Agriculture impacts, Ground water impacts, Sea water intrusion
• Garbage, Solid Waste, Industrial waste, Agri waste – poisoning, land and water pollution,
depletion/ unsuitable,/ less fertile, mineralization,
• Nuclear waste – Radioactive wastes, accidents create killing, disabilities, cancers…
24

25. Poverty and issues in developing counties
• Changed sustainable patterns and forced
westernization
• Developed counties used raw materials/resources
from developing countries and envi. degradation
• Urbanization and consumption type and rate
• Poverty & third world countries (gap – developed and
developing) – majority used higher percentage of
resources
• Development indicators – by World Bank; per capita
income – lower less than 675, middle 676 – 8355,
higher – more than 8356
25

26. Global Environmental Issues
• Loss of bio diversity
• Rapid Extinction of spp
• Collapse of fisheries
• Rising air and water pollution
• Rise in atmospherics temperature
• Thinning of Ozone layer
• Spoiling rivers seas and underground resources

27. Sri Lanka
• 64 % of the water
goes to 103 rivers
• Dry zone – from total
rainfall 10% - 15%
goes to 87 rivers
• Wet zone – from total
rainfall 85% goes to
16 rivers
27

28. Protected Areas in Sri Lanka
• Under Forest Conservation Department
• Strict Nature Reserves, Forest Reserves, Proposed
Reserves…etc,
• Under Wildlife Conservation Department
• Sanctuaries, National Parks,
• Botanical Gardens, Zoological Gardens,
Orphanages , Gene Banks, Research
Institutions…etc
In-situ Conservation Areas
Ex-situ Conservation Areas
28

29. 29

30. IUCN, 2007
30

31. IUCN, 2007
31

32. IUCN, 2007
32

33. Common Environmental Challenges in Sri Lanka
• Improper Land Use Planning
• Depreciation of Forest Cover
(Deforestation)
• Land Degradation ( Soil Erosion, River
Sedimentation; Desertification)
• Scarcity of Drinking Water
• Environmental Pollution (Air, Water & Soil
)
• Loss of Biodiversity ( Degradation and loss
of Habitats )
• Ozone Layer Depletion
• Green House Gas Emission and Climate
Change
• Environmental & Natural Disaster
• Lack of Proper Recognition of
Environmental Values in Environmental
Accounting
• Increasing threat to endangered species
•Encroachment of Critical Areas
•Unsustainable Management of Natural
Resources
•Unsustainable Development Activities
(Unsuitable Agriculture Expansion and
Settlements)
•Exploitation of sea coral reef and inland earth
mining.
•Uncontrolled Mining of Sand and other
Minerals
•Spread of Alien/ Invasive Species
•Introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms
•Solid, Hazardous and Industrial Waste
generation
•Health Hazards Related to Environment
Pollution.
•Wildlife Depletion
•Coastal Erosion
33

34. Environmental Institutions;
Government, INGOs, NGOs, CBOs
Ministry of Environment – Implementation Agencies
Gem and Jewellery Research and Training Institute
Central Environmental Authority
Department of Forest Conservation
Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB)
Marine Pollution Prevention Authority
National Gem and Jewellery Authority
State Timber Corporation 34

35. Other Environmental related Institutions
• Department of Wildlife Conservation
• Department of National Botanical Gardens
• Department of National Zoological Gardens
• Coast Conservation Department
• Irrigation Department
• Department of National Museum
• Department of Survey
• Department of Police
• Department of Agriculture
• Disaster Management Ministry
• Department of Customs
• Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources
• Ministry of Finance ,
• State Universities
• Private Research Organizations
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
A
L
35

36. Ministry of Environment; Structure
36

37. CEA
• The Central Environmental Authority (CEA) was established in
August 1981 under the provision of the National Environmental Act
No:47 of 1980.
• The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (ME&NR) which
was established in December 2001 has the overall responsibility in
the affairs of the CEA with the objective of integrating
environmental considerations in the development process of the
country.
• The CEA was given wider regulatory powers under the National
Environment (Amendment) Acts No:56 of 1988 and No:53 of 2000.
37

38. Functions of CEA
• Environmental Pollution Control Division
o Pollution Control Unit
o Waste Management Unit
o Laboratory Services Unit
• Environmental Management & Assessment Division
o Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Unit
o Natural Resources Management and Monitoring Unit
o Research & Special Project Unit
• Environmental Education Awareness Division
o School Environment Programmes
o Other Programmes
• National Environment Information Centre
o Services, Databases, Special Collection, International Coordination, Member Library
Networks
• HRD, Admin & Finance Division
• Legal Division
o Enforcing the National Environmental Act (NEA) through litigation process and with the
assistance of the Enforcement Unit headed by an Assistant Superintendent of Police
o Planning & Monitoring Unit
To ensure that the operations of the CEA produce sustainable results that contribute to
achievement of objectives of establishing the CEA
• Internal Audit Unit
38

39. Environment related Important Days and Events
• February 2nd - World Wetlands Day
• March 22nd - World Water Day
• March 23rd - World Meteorological Day
• April 7th - World Health Day
• April 22nd - World Earth Day
• May 22nd - International Day for Biodiversity
• June 5th - World Environmental Day
• June 17th - World Day to Combat Desertification & Droughts
• July 11th - World Population Day
• August 9th - International Day of the World's Indigenous People
• September 16th - International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
• 1st Monday of October - World Habitat Day
• 2nd Wednesday of October - International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction
• October 4th - World Animal Day
• September 15th - National Tree Planting Day
• December 11th - International Mountain Day
39

40. O3 layer depletion
40

42. Million 250 sqkm

43. consequences
• Skin cancer
• Reduced harvest
• Effects on immunity system
• Destroy eggs of fish and amphibians
• Loss bio diversity
• Effect on genes
• Atmospheric heating
• Climatic change

44. Climate Change –Heating of atmosphere

46. What is Pollution?

47. Pollution Vs Management

48. • How it affects to human?
More than 100million people plunged
into poverty every year due to
catastrophic medical bills.
Margret Chan
Director General (WHO)

49. What is Your wealth ?
Health is your greatest Wealth

50. • What you breath
• What you drink
• What you eat
• What you think
Hippocrates - Your health
your living
environment matters
your health

51. Chief Seattle

52. Pollution destroys wealth, health and our Future
Generation

53. Pollution
• Industrial discharges
• Municipal wastes
• Clinical wastes
• Hazardous wastes
• Radio active
• E –waste
• Construction activities

54. Dump
Dispose
Disperse
(Treatment)
Recycling
Cleaner
Production
Source Reduc.
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
History of Responses to Pollution
Sustainable
Development
Ignore the Problem
“Dilution is the Solution
to Pollution”
Strict Environmental
Laws / Regulations
Sustainable
Consumption &
Production
Man at peace with
Environment
Treatment Costs Very
High
High Cost of Raw
Material
Scarcity of RM
Industrial Revolution

56. Sustainable Development?
• For future Generation

57. Economic Development plans

58. Agricultural Development
PESTICIDE – IMPACT TO THE
NATURE – LENEAR
LIFE CYCLE
MANAGEMNT
? Bio Degradable

59. Sustainable Development
Laws and
technology

60. Sustainability?

61. Respective Authorities for Pollution
Management
Local authorities /
UC/MC
POLICE
CEA
BOI
Sustainable
Development
Individuals

62. Non Sustainable development

63. Sustainable development

64. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Elimination
Source
reduction
Recycling
Treatment
Disposal
Complete elimination of waste
Avoidance, reduction or elimination of waste, generally within
the confines of the production unit, through changes in
industrial processes or procedures
Use, reuse and recycling of wastes for the original or some
other purpose such as input material, materials recovery or
energy production
The destruction, detoxification, neutralization etc. of wastes
into less harmful substances
The discharge of waste to air, water or land in properly
controlled or safe ways such that compliance is achieved;
secure land disposal may involve volume reduction,
encapsulation, leachate containment and monitoring techniqu

65. Water Pollution/Treatment techniques

66. CONTAMINANTS IN WASTEWATER
CONTAMINANT REASONS FOR IMPORTANCE
Suspended solids
Biodeg. Organics
Pathogens
Nutrients
Hazardous cpds.
Refractory organic
Heavy metals
Dissolved inorganic
Colour and foam
Heat
Sludge deposits, anaerobic conditions, odour,
low sunlight penetration
Depletion of DO, septic conditions
Communicable diseases
Eutrophication, toxic, add taste, plug filter
Carcinogen, teratogen, mutagen, toxic
Persistence (e.g. surfactants, phenols,
pesticides etc.)
Persistence, toxic, bioaccumulating
Scaling, taste etc.
Aesthetically objectionable, reduce light
penetration, lower DO
Rapid DO depletion due to reaction, low DO
dissolution, blue-green algae

67. Wastewater discharge standards
Regulation No 1534/18 of
15.08.2008
Type of Discharge Point
-Inland Surfacwaters
-Irrigation Purpose
-Marine CoastalAreas
CentralTreatmentPlants

68. Tolerance Limits for Some Important Water Quality Parameters
TSS BOD Oil &
Grease
COD Pesticide Faecal Coli
form
Inland surface 50 30 10 250 0.005 40
Irrigation 2100 250 10 400 - 40
Marine coastal 150 100 20 250 0.005 40
Common TP 500 350 30 850 0.2 -
Rubber- latex
std.
100
100
60
50
-
-
400
400
-
-
-
-
Textile 50 60 10 250 - -
Tanning- ISW
MC
100
150
60
100
10
20
250
300
-
-
-
-

69. Removal of Oil
1ml petroleum oil can pollute 1000Lt of clean water to
unusable

70. Removal Floating Oil - Oil Trap

71. A Sewer Treatment plant

72. Sewer treatment with incinerator

73. Solid Waste Management
• Industrial
• Municipal
3R concept
Final Disposal – incineration, Sanitary Land filling

74. Waste segregation

75. Waste Recycling

77. Plastic recycle

78. Incinerator Plant

79. Sanitary land filling

80. Air Pollution

81. Air Pollution - impacts
• 500,000 pre-mature deaths / year
• High risk of Asthma attacks
• Children with low IQ
• Heart ailments
• Acid rain – effect on forests, water bodies
• Damage to archaeological sites

83. Global issues
• –Climatic change
• -Atmosphere heating
• -Ozone layer depletion
• Vehicle emissions
• Dust
• Industrial emissions
• Oil refinery

86. Particulate Matter PM 10/PM 2.5
• Busses - 8%
• Vans - 12%
• 2 stroke motor cycle/ three wheelers 67%
• In construction Industry?

89. Kandy

97. Air Quality Regulations
Only for ambient air quality
Not for Industrial/Stack emissions
Regulation No 1562/22 of 15.08.2008
Particulate matter
PM10 annual 50 24hours 100 (ugm-3)
PM25 annual 25 24 hours 50 (ugm-3)
NO2 24hs 100 8hs 150 1h 250
(ugm-3)
SO2 24hs 80 8hs 120 1h
200 (ugm-3)
O3 1h 200 (ugm-3)
CO 8hs 10000 1h 30000 any 58000(ugm-
3)

98. Noise Regulations
Regulations only for industrial noise
No any regulations for community noise
Regulation No 924/12 of 23.05.1996
day time night time
Low noise 55 45 dB(A)
Medium 63 50
High 70 60
Silent 50 45

99. Vibration and Air Blast Over Pressure
No any regulations gazette for industrial vibration
and air blast pressure
Interim Standards Established for blasting
operations
Single blasting operations
Ground vibration- max, 4 mm/s
Air blast over pressure-max,115 dB(Llinear peak)
Multi blasting operations
Ground vibration- max, 5 mm/s
Air blast over pressure-max,120 dB(Llinear peak)

100. Hazardous wastes
• Industry
• Domestic
• E wastes
• Disasters

107. • Five to Seven Million Chemicals
Known in the world.
• 75,000 new chemicals
• 400 million tons of chemicals
produced per year
• 40-60 chemicals takes a Person daily
Tuesday, September 13, 2022 International Center for Environmental Education 107
interesting

108. Sri Lanka
• High Bio Diversity
• Rich natural beauty
• Pure water
• Fertile soil
• Great History /Culture

109. Roll of the CEA-Environmental and
Economic Sustainability

110. Main threats to surface and ground water …..
Municipal Solid waste -3R and final Disposal ?

111. Domestic wastewater in urban
3% sewerage facility
43% pipe born water facility

112. Facility for Chemical management ?
• Incinerator?
• Sanitary land fill ?
Sludge from chemical treatments
Expired chemicals, wastes from chemical
accidents, laboratory chemicals ?

113. Improper Developments in hilly areas
• Mining, Agricultural practices in catchments
Sediments

114. Excess use of pesticides, weedicide fertilizers
• Water Pollution /CKD
• Rejects of RO plants?

116. Grass to Glass ! dicyandiamide

117. Legal Control of Environment Degradation
• Environmental recommendation
• EIA/IEE
• EPL
• Approvals

118. Site
approval
Suitability depend on activity proposed
site
activities

119. The methods of Control
• EPL - for prescribed projects (cover 138
types of industries)
• EIA - mega development projects gazeted.

120. Waste Water Discharge Standards
• Tolerance limits for the discharge of Industrial waste into Inland Surface waters.
• Tolerance limits for Industrial waste Discharged on land for irrigation Purposes.
• Tolerance limits for Industrial and Domestic waste Discharged into Marine Coastal
Areas.
• Tolerance limits for waste from Rubber Factories being Discharged into Inland
Surface waters.
• Tolerance limits for waste from Textile Factories being Discharged into Inland
Surface Waters.
• Tolerance limits for waste from being Discharged from Tanning Industries.
• Tolerance limits for discharged of effluents into public Sewers with Central
Treatment Plants.

121. Problems/Loopholes
• EPL - not a total solution for pollution control
Eg : pesticide, domestic
• No facility to detect pollution (Toxic)
• Facilitation of industries for waste management
• Lack of monitoring
• expertise – Experienced/ trained officers
• POOR enforcement OF law –around 75% are
adhere with EPL.

122. Water Scarcity in Sri Lanka..?
Sri Lanka is a country having adequate pure water but....still there water
scarcity
• Pollution (industrial/Domestic/development)
Terrestrial Activities by Human due to lack of proper practices for
• Catchment activity management
• Solid waste management (industrial and Domestic)
• Sewer network with Central Treatment
• Sanitary land filling for hazardous waste
• Chemical management

123. Needs
• Central wastewater treatment facilities
• Promote to recycle/reuse
• Reuse for irrigation of treated wastewater.
• Rain water harvesting / renovation of lakes irrigation systems
• Protection of cathments

124. Environmental and Economic Sustainability

125. Environmental Approvals
• IEE/EIA
• ER – issue only by the CEA
• EPL
• Local Authority
• AG Office

126. Purpose of ER

127. Benefits
• Reduce complaints
• Reduce cost
• Reduce pollution
• Reduce Nuisance
• Protect the industry
Proper site selection prevent more than
50 % adverse impacts

128. Benefits
Triple
win
Reducing
production costs
Reducing
environmental
impact
Improving worker
health and safety

129. Considerations at site
Recommendations
• waste disposal
• Compatibility with land use planning
• Access TO THE LAND
• SOCIAL IMPACTS
• Sensitivity of the land
• Other Authorities approvals
• Land ownership

130. Solid Waste Disposal
• Domestic solid wastes – local authority
• Hazardous solid wastes - ?

131. wastewater
• Space available for Treatment facility
• Discharge point
Standards
Inland surface waters
Irrigation
Reuse and recycle
Discharge to marine coastal waters
Sea out fall
Sewer net work

132. Environmental
Protection and
Management
2 main tools implemented
i. Environmental Impact Assessment
Procedure (EIA) (For Major Projects)
ii. Environmental Protection Licensing (EPL)
Procedure for Industries/Activities)

133. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Specify project
Approving
Agencies
Specify
prescribed
Projects
EIA
Regulations
No. 772/22 of 23.06.1993 and its amendments, No
859/14 0f 23.02.1995 and No 1104/22 0f 05.11.1999

134. How to identify prescribed projects?
• Scale or magnitude of the project
• E.g.. A hotel with more than 99 rooms
• Sensitivity of the location
• E.g.. A hotel with 5 rooms in a sensitive area
• Sensitive areas are specified in the regulations

135. EIA Procedure
• Basic Information Questioner from CEA
• Submit BIQ to the CEA by developer
• Evaluation of the application
• If the project is prescribed, need approval
• Payments of administration fee
• Scoping meeting and site inspection
• Nominate project approving agency (PAA)
• Issue terms of reference (TOR) by PAA
• Submit EIAR prepared by consultant/s
• Technical committee
• Comments and necessary amendments if any
• Issue EIA approval

136. • According to 23A of NEA
“No person shall discharge, deposit or emit waste into
the environment which will cause pollution” except.
(a) Under the authority of a licence issued by
the Authority (CEA)
(b) In accordance with such standards and other
criteria as may be prescribed under this Act.

137. 1990 - Regulations gazetted in relation to EPL and
Waste Water Discharge Standards.
Gazette Extraordinary No. 595/16
dated 1990 February 02.
2000 - NEA Amended to Prescribe the EPL Requiring
Activities – Amendment Act No. 53.
• Gazette Extraordinary No. 1159/22 dated
2000 November 22
• Gazette Extraordinary No. 1533/16 dated
2008 January 25.

138. The Environmental Protection Licence (EPL)
• The EPL issued to prescribed activity will stipulate the standards and criteria
under which such an activity is allowed to discharge their wastes
• The EPL issued to a prescribed activity is legally binding on such activities.
• The violation of the conditions in the EPL is an offence punishable under the
provisions of NEA.