Cycling for Everyone

Slide 1: Cycling for Everyone: Lessons for Vancouver from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany John Pucher and Ralph Buehler Rutgers University (http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher.html) Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 2: Reasons for everyone to support cycling: •Improved mobility options for everyone •Improved traffic safety and more livable neighborhoods •More daily physical activity and improved health •Reduced air, water, and ground pollution; less noise; less disruption of natural ecosystems •Reduced traffic congestion, parking needs, energy use •Reduced Greenhouse Gases (remember Kyoto?) Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 3: Lots of Potential for Increased Cycling in Canada: Short trips •1/2 of all trips in Greater Vancouver are shorter than 5 km •1/3 of all trips are shorter than 3km •1/4 of all trips are shorter than 2km Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 4: Lots of Potential for Increased Cycling in Canada: Almost EVERYONE could bike! •Cycling is possible at any age, except for very young and very old •Women can cycle as well as men •Cycling possible for wide range of skills and physical fitness •Cycling affordable by everyone Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 5: Au st ra 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% lia ( '0 1) 1% US A ( '0 1) 1% UK ('0 Ca 5) 1% na da ( '0 Ire 1) 2% la nd ( '0 2) 2% Ita ly ('0 Fr 0) 3% an ce ('9 No 4) 3% rw ay ('0 Au 1) 4% st Sw ria it z ('9 er 5) la 5% nd ('0 Be 0) lg 6% iu m G ('9 er 9) m 8% an y (Percent of total trips by bicycle) ('0 Sw 2) ed 10% en Bike share of trips in Europe, North America, and Australia ('0 Fi 0) nl 10% an d ( '9 De 8) nm 11% ar Ne k th ( '0 er 1) la 18% nd s ('0 5) 27% Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 6: Lots of women cycle in Denmark! Photo: Susan Handy Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 7: 60% Women’s share of bike trips in Europe, 55% 55% Australia, and North America 50% 49% 45% P ercent of bike trips by wom en 45% 40% 35% 30% 30% 29% 25% 25% 21% 20% 15% 10% Australia USA UK Canada Denmark Germany Netherlands Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 8: Cycling can start at a very young age Foto by Marie Demers Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 9: And we can keep cycling all life long!!! Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 10: Bike Share of Local Trips by Age Group in the USA, Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands (2000-2002) 37.0% 36% 35% 32.0% 27.0% 24% 23% 22% 22.0% 20% 18% 17% 17.0% 13% 13% 12% 12% 12% 12.0% 10% 10% 8% 8% 7% 7.0% 3.2% 2.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 5-15 16-24 25-39 40-65 14-18 18-25 26-45 46-60 60-65 16-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-74 0-15 16-25 26-45 46-64 65 + 65 + 65 + -3.0% Age Group Sources: DIW (2003), U.S. Department of Transportation (2003), National Statistical Offices of Denmark and the Netherlands (2005) Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 11: Make Cycling Safe for Everyone ! •Especially important for the young, the old, for anyone with disabilities, for the timid or risk-averse •Women more sensitive to safety than men •Safety of cycling in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany helps explain why everyone cycles there Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 12: Cycling Fatality Rates in North America and Europe, 2002 7.0 (cyclist deaths per 100 million km cycled) 6.0 5.74 5.0 4.0 3.54 3.00 3.0 2.39 2.43 2.04 2.0 1.53 1.03 1.24 1.0 0.0 s k y ce a en K SA ly nd an ar ad U Ita an ed m U rla m an Fr en Sw er he C D G et N Source: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2005); European Union (2003); and U.S. Department of Transportation (2003 and 2005) Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 13: The Dutch do NOT wear safety helmets, yet have the safest cycling in the world! Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 14: Cycling Safety in Muenster, Germany •Population of 265,000, 35% bike share of trips •Most complete and most separate bicycling facilities of any German city •Almost no one wears helmets ONE CYCLING INJURY PER 608,000 BIKE TRIPS! Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 15: SAFETY IN NUMBERS •As levels of cycling increase, injury and fatality rates per trip and per km traveled fall dramatically •Thus, if we can increase cycling, it will almost inevitably be safer Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 16: Fate of Cycling Determined by Public Policies • Pro-car policies in European cities in 1950s and 1960s caused huge decline in cycling • Dramatic policy turn-around since 1970s to limit car use and promote cycling, walking, and public transport in Dutch, Danish, and German cities • Cycling levels rose sharply, doubling or tripling in some cities (such as Munich, Cologne, and Berlin) Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 17: German Cycling Boom Engineered by Explicit Shifts in Transport Policy in 1970s Change in Bicycle Percentage City Time Period Modal Split Share Increase in Bicycle Share Munich 1976 to 1996 6% to 13% +117% Nuremberg 1976 to 2001 4% to 9% +125% Cologne 1976 to 1998 6% to 12% +100% Freiburg 1976 to 1998 12% to 19% +58% Stuttgart 1976 to 2000 2% to 6% +200% Bremen 1976 to 1997 16% to 21% +31% Muenster 1976 to 2001 29% to 35% +21% Average for all 1972 to 2002 8% to 10% +25% urban areas in Western Germany TRIPLING of bikeway network 1975-1995 Sources: Broeg and Erl, Mobilitaet und Verkehrsmittelwahl. Muenchen: Socialdata, 2003; Deutsches Institut fuer Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Mobilitaet in Deutschland, 2002. Berlin: Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 2004. Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 18: Bridge in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER reforms Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 19: Typical residential street in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER traffic calming reforms Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 20: Premium Unleaded Gasoline Prices per Liter (2007) Norway 2.1 Netherlands 2.0 United Kingdom 1.9 Belgium 1.9 Germany 1.9 Finland 1.8 Italy 1.8 Denmark 1.8 France 1.8 Sweden 1.7 Austria 1.6 Switzerland 1.4 Canada 1.0 United States 0.8 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Source: Energy Prices & Taxes 4th Quarter 2007 Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 21: Percentage of Taxes in Premium Unleaded Gasoline Prices (2007) United Kingdom 66% Germany 64% Sweden 64% France 63% Netherlands 63% Finland 62% Norway 62% Denmark 61% Belgium 60% Italy 59% Austria 56% Switzerland 50% Canada 29% United States 13% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Source: Energy P)rices and Taxes 4th Quarter 2007. Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 22: How to Increase Cycling by Broadening its Appeal to all Groups •Better cycling facilities (incl. bike-friendly roads!) •Traffic calming of residential neighborhoods •Integration of bike with public transport •Restrictions on motor vehicle use •Traffic education •Traffic regulations and enforcement •Mixed-use zoning and improved urban design Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 23: Extensive car-free districts ideal for walking and cycling Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 24: Two-way bike path in middle of car-free zone in Amsterdam Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 25: Peaceful co-existence of trams, bicyclists, and pedestrians in Freiburg’s car-free center Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 26: Fahrradstrassen in Germany, bicycle streets where cyclists have absolute priority over cars for entire width of roadway Car-free John in Nuernberg Muenster Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 27: Bicycling facilities in Berlin, Germany’s capital and largest city •860 km of completely separate bike paths •60 km of bike lanes on streets •70 km of combined bike/bus lanes on streets •100 km of combined pedestrian/bike paths 10% of all •3,800 km of city streets (72%) are traffic calmed, with speed limit of 30km/hr or less, trips in Berlin and thus ideal for cycling on street, without are by bike any special lanes or paths Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 28: Bicycle expressway-beltway in Muenster, Germany Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 29: Foto: Gordon Price Separate cycling and pedestrian facilities in Vancouver Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 30: Regular laser inspection of bikeway surfaces in Denmark for preventive maintenance! Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 31: Special contraflow lanes in Toronto and Melbourne that permit cyclists to travel in both directions Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 32: Passage for cyclists through median island at Burnaby intersection Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 33: Relaxing traffic restrictions for cyclists by permitting bi- directional travel on one-way streets, turns, and thru-travel for bikes where prohibited for cars Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 34: Foto by Peter Berkeley Convenient bike cut-thru for cyclists in Melbourne Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 35: Cut-through for cyclists on bike Foto: Gordon Price route in Vancouver Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 36: “Cut-thru” short cut for cyclists in residential area Short-cut for cyclists between two adjacent streets to avoid round-about route that would involve crossing street and making two left turns Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 37: Bikeable European suburbs Most new suburban developments in Germany and the Netherlands have sidewalks and cycle paths Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 38: Extensive, fully-integrated bikeway network in Freiburg, Germany CRUCIAL to have full connectivity of cycling facilities! Usually lacking in North America Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 39: Bike bridge along Ems River in Muenster Bike bridge along Yarra River in Melbourne Foto by Peter Berkeley Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 40: Ped/bike overpass in New Westminster Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 41: Bike path on south entry to Lion’s Gate Bridge in Vancouver Foto: Gordon Price Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 42: Foto by Peter Berkeley Brisbane’s floating bikeway Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 43: Special traffic signals and signs give priority to cyclists Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 44: Bike crossing designed to reduce likelihood of right-turning car hitting cyclist crossing intersection Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 45: Bike path placed behind bus stop to reduce conflict between cyclists and bus passengers Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 46: Bike lane, advance stop line, and priority signal for cyclists in Muenster Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 47: Foto: Gord Price Bike boxes in Vancouver Foto: Gord Price Foto: Rich Drdul Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 48: Highly visible red bike lanes for intersection crossings on all four sides, Muenster Muenster, Germany Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 49: Four-way all-green signal for cyclists in Portland Bike sensor in pavement Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 50: Bike sensors in pavement to trigger green light for cyclists in Richmond Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 51: Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Denmark: Ubiquitous short-cuts for right-hand turns and full-speed ahead for cyclists at red lights at T-intersections Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 52: Express bikeways for commuters Bike speed indicators Green wave for cyclists in Odense, Denmark Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 53: Green wave for cyclists in Copenhagen, Denmark Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 54: Traffic Calming of Residential Neighborhoods •Speed limited by law to 30km per hour or less •Physical measures that force cars to slow down: •Road narrowing, zigzag routing, chicanes •Raised intersections and crosswalks •Traffic circles •Speed humps and bumps •Mid-block closures and artificial dead-ends •Bulb-outs at intersections and crosswalks, with sidewalk widening Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 55: Freiburg 7 km/hr speed limit Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 56: Freiburg 30 km/hr speed limit Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 57: 7 km/hr speed limit Freiburg Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 58: Traffic calming in Vancouver that promotes cycling while discouraging car use Foto: Rich Drdul One-way for cars, two-way for bikes Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 59: Pro-bike traffic calming in Vancouver Short cuts for bikes, detours for cars! Fotos: Rich Drdul Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 60: Fotos: Jonathan Maus Traffic calming turns these streets into bikeways Bike Boulevards in Portland Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 61: Bike and Ride Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 62: Bike and Ride Convenient and secure parking for 3,500 bikes at main train station in Muenster Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 63: Bike Wash at Muenster Bike Station Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 64: Bike parking at bus stop in Muenster Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 65: Bike parking at bus stop in Burnaby At least it’s there, but it’s not quite irresistible Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 66: Bike and Ride in Denmark Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 67: Bike racks on all TransLink buses in Metro Vancouver Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 68: 10 bikes parked in one car parking space! On-street car parking in German and Dutch cities often replaced by bike parking Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 69: Conversion of car parking to bike parking in San Francisco •Lose 1 car •Gain 10 bikes Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 70: Free internet bike trip planning in Berlin •Cyclists enter origin, intermediate stops and final destination of their intended bike trips •Cyclists can indicate preferences: • desired speed of travel • direct arterial streets or secondary roads • type of pavement • volume, speed, and mix of traffic • on-street lanes, off-street paths, parkways Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 71: Recommended route appears in red on computer screen, along with trip details shown at top of screen, and more! Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 72: Bike Route Planning by Mobile Phone, with suggested route shown on LCD display Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 73: Photo by Susan Handy Innovative directional signs and bike trip Photo by Susan Handy counters in Denmark Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 74: Convenient air pumps for bikes throughout Odense Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 75: Cycling Can Serve Many Different Travel Purposes •Commuting to work •Traveling to school or university •Shopping •Recreation and exercise •Visiting friends, running errands, etc. Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 76: Transporting kids in Copenhagen: the famous Christiania bike Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 77: Police are friendlier and more effective on bikes Sydney Bike Police Need to restore the Bike Toronto Bike Police Police Squad in Vancouver Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 78: Postal deliveries by bike in Germany and Denmark Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 79: Many potential uses of bikes Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 80: MARKETING CYCLING TO ALL SOCIAL GROUPS •Very diverse needs of different groups •Need to tailor cycling facilities, policies, and programs to serve this broad range •Be as inclusive as possible •Need good facilities as well as active marketing of cycling, with different approaches to each potential group of cyclists Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 81: Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Cycling Duckie for very young kids in Odense, Denmark Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 82: Cycling competitions for somewhat older kids in Odense, Denmark Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 83: Cycling training and testing course in Berlin Most German and Dutch children take cycling lessons by the 3rd or 4th grade and must pass a police-administered cycling safety test! Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 84: Cycling training course for adults in Metro Vancouver Foto: Bonnie Fenton You are never too old to learn!!! Foto: Amy Walker Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 85: German traffic laws generally favor cyclists and pedestrians over motorists Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 86: For Employees: Company bicycles provided by Danish firms for business trips during the day The perfect zero emissions vehicles!! Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 87: Get on a bike and lose weight! Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” “Get rid of the sack” Campaign aimed at overweight middle-aged men with pot bellies Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 88: Troels Andersen, “Cycling in Odense, Denmark” Guided Bicycle Tours for Seniors Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 89: CONCLUSIONS • Almost everyone has the potential to cycle, but must design cycling facilities and programs to meet the diverse needs of different groups • “Hard” infrastructure measures must be complemented by full range of “soft” measures • Need to improve cycling conditions while restricting car use and making it more expensive (carrots and sticks!) • Must be inclusive in bicycling programs to gather necessary political and public support to finance and implement them Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

Slide 90: For any questions or further information, please contact: Prof. John Pucher Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy Rutgers University 33 Livingston Avenue, Room 363 Email: pucher@rci.rutgers.edu Webpage: http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher.html Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone