Mmmmm 13 Teams __ Average talent teams that get along well with each other are more productive than gifted teams that don’t get along. It doesn’t matter how well a team with low emotional intelligence is in control of the numbers. They can’t even decide what to try to do. 14 Stress ___ Difficulties at work and in our relationships put us under stress. Stress makes it difficult for us to find solutions to problems. When we can’t find solutions to problems, we get more stressed. To get rid of this dead end, we need to know how to manage our stressful situations. 15 Marriage ____ The secret of long and happy marriages is sincerity in your feelings. If your marriage was not built on this basis of intimacy from the very beginning, it will begin to crack over the years. Even small problems become unsolvable. You have to be emotionally open at the beginning of the road. 16 Leadership ______ Leadership does not mean dominance. Leading your colleagues to a common goal and making them believe in the reality of this purpose. Successful leaders are those who can keep their team’s motivation alive for many years. You have to make them desire the work to be done. 17. Emotions Are All Normal ___ Anger, hatred, love, happiness… You can understand when and under what circumstances these feelings will emerge by following yourself. You may have these feelings depending on how you interpret the events you encounter. The important thing is to be able to react independently of your feelings. You may find yourself making promises that you cannot keep because you are happy, or you may resort to violence when you are angry. 18/ Being able to Express Your Emotions ____ Not everyone’s level of empathy can be very good. You may be in a difficult situation immediately. You may feel bad, but people may not understand it. In these situations, you may need to express your feelings a little more directly. 19/You Are Not Your Emotions ______ Keep doing what you need to do, no matter how you feel. Success is achieved by people who cannot give up no matter what their feelings and thoughts are. Don’t let your feelings affect your actions. 20/ Timing __ As soon as you feel a different emotion, try to think before you act. Because emotional intelligence moves faster than rational intelligence, it can make you act irrationally and make you say any unnecessary words. Thanks for reading ~ 𝗧𝗼𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗮 𝗚𝘂𝘆 Book:- https://amzn.to/3XsVTz2. 13 Teams __ Average talent teams that get along well with each other are more productive than gifted teams that don’t get along. It doesn’t matter how well a team with low emotional intelligence is in control of the numbers. They can’t even decide what to try to do. 14 Stress ___ Difficulties at work and in our relationships put us under stress. Stress makes it difficult for us to find solutions to problems. When we can’t find solutions to problems, we get more stressed. To get rid of this dead end, we need to know how to manage our stress

1. Chapter One
population concepts and
population Theories

2.  Population study is concerned with an empirical, statistical
demographic and social issues of human population.
Population study is focusing on:
a. Size: What are the changes occurred in the size of the
population & how changes occurred?
b. Mobility: Where are the people found & their mobility and
special distributions. Migration and distribution, density………
c. Composition: What kind of people ( composition) are living in a
given area?
 Population structure ( Age and sex composition in proportion)
 Population characteristics ( Demographic & social characters like
marriage, ethnicity, literacy, income…..)
d. Causes and consequences of changes in those characteristics
e. How population issues matter Development
concepts of population Studies

3.  Thus, the study of population is concerned with its size or
numbers, its structure and characteristics, its distribution and
the changes taking place in it over a period of time.
 It includes the study of fertility, mortality, migration and social
mobility, that is, the components of change in the size,
structure, characteristics and distribution of population.
population studies….

4.  Population study deals with the growth and distribution of
population in a given area.
 Population size, growth, and distributions are influenced
by 3 core demographic factors:
A. Fertility ( birth)
B. Mortality( death)
C. Migration ( movements)
population studies….

5.  Quantitative statistics: analyze population size, growth rate,
components of population change , structure characteristics
and territorial distribution of human populations and the
changes occurring in them.
 Qualitative descriptions are also important in the case of
socio-economic and political factors in affecting population
phenomenon. It explain population phenomena and
situations and the changes in them in the context of the
biological, social, economic and other setting.
population studies…..

6.  Demography is the scientific study of the size, territorial
distribution and composition of population, changes, and the
components of such changes, which may be defined as natality,
mortality, territorial movement (migration) and social mobility
(change of status).
 Demography is concerned with the statistical analysis of the
components of population variation and changes involving
primarily the measurements.
 Population study is not only concerned with population numerical
changes and variations, but also the relationships b/n population
changes with other variables like social, economic, political,
biological, geographical etc. factors.
Demography Vs. Population Study

7. Why we need population data? What is its importance?
Needs of population data

8.  Demographic data provide a basis for predicting future trends
and making informed decisions. Demographic data are
important for the formulation, implementation, and evaluation
of plans, policies and programs for social, economic and political
reasons.
 Demographic data guide policy makers in meeting the needs of
various sectors of the society, such as the young, adult, aged,
unemployed, the poor, and various cultural groups.
 Population data is used for:
 Planning development
 Budget allocation
 Political and economic decisions
 Research purposes etc.
Needs of population data

9. Many studies indicated that the world
population are unevenly distributed in
various regions.
It is also indicated that 80% the world
population are concentrated in the
economically less developed countries.
World population Growth and distribution

10. Region 2013 Population % of World
Pop.
Area (km²) Density
(p/km²)
Asia 4,298,723,288 60.0% 31,915,446 135
Africa 1,110,635,062 15.5% 30,955,880 36
Europe 742,452,170 10.4% 23,048,931 32
Latin America
and Caribbean
616,644,505 8.6% 20,546,598 30
Northern
America
355,360,791 5.0%
21,775,893 16
Oceania 38,303,620 0.5% 8,563,295 4
WORLD 7,162,119,434 100.00% 136,806,988 52
Source: Worldometers clocks ( 2015) at http://www.worldometers.info/world-
population/
World population distribution

11. World population distribution

12. World population distribution….
In Ethiopia population density is about105 person per sq. km

13. World population growth
7.6 billion 2017 2 years

14. World population growth

15. Top 15 populous countries of the world

16. Year Population Yearly %
Change
Yearly
Change
Migrants
(net)
Median
Age
Fertilit
y Rate
Density
(P/Km²)
Urban
Pop %
Urban
Population
Country's Share of
World Pop
World Population Ethiopia
Global Rank
2018 107,534,882 2.46 % 2,577,444 -12,000 18.8 4.50 108 19.7 % 22,180,245 1.41 % 7,632,819,325 12
2017 104,957,438 2.49 % 2,554,242 -12,000 18.8 4.50 105 20.2 % 21,174,205 1.39 % 7,550,262,101 12
2016 102,403,196 2.53 % 2,530,163 -12,000 18.8 4.50 102 19.7 % 20,202,815 1.37 % 7,466,964,280 13
2015 99,873,033 2.63 % 2,434,073 -12,000 18.6 4.63 100 19.3 % 19,265,898 1.35 % 7,383,008,820 13
2010 87,702,670 2.71 % 2,195,117 -10,026 17.5 5.26 88 17.2 % 15,083,947 1.26 % 6,958,169,159 14
2005 76,727,083 2.89 % 2,037,950 -16,636 16.8 6.13 77 15.6 % 11,958,476 1.17 % 6,542,159,383 16
2000 66,537,331 3.03 % 1,845,490 -31,115 16.6 6.83 67 14.6 % 9,731,656 1.08 % 6,145,006,989 16
1995 57,309,880 3.57 % 1,844,673 295,055 16.7 7.09 57 13.8 % 7,884,886 1.00 % 5,751,474,416 21
1990 48,086,516 3.34 % 1,457,235 156,015 16.8 7.37 48 12.6 % 6,063,524 0.90 % 5,330,943,460 23
1985 40,800,343 2.96 % 1,107,089 50,000 17.0 7.42 41 11.4 % 4,670,398 0.84 % 4,873,781,796 24
1980 35,264,898 1.60 % 539,615 -399,960 17.6 7.18 35 10.4 % 3,668,755 0.79 % 4,458,411,534 26
1975 32,566,821 2.77 % 830,349 -11,919 17.6 7.10 33 9.5 % 3,081,000 0.80 % 4,079,087,198 26
1970 28,415,077 2.58 % 680,290 -8,436 18.0 6.87 28 8.6 % 2,440,175 0.77 % 3,700,577,650 26
1965 25,013,626 2.46 % 572,470 -4,000 18.0 7.17 25 7.6 % 1,897,833 0.75 % 3,339,592,688 25
1960 22,151,278 2.12 % 440,797 -4,000 18.1 6.90 22 6.4 % 1,425,092 0.73 % 3,033,212,527 25
1955 19,947,292 1.93 % 363,852 -4,000 18.0 7.17 20 5.4 % 1,085,994 0.72 % 2,772,242,535
25
Trends of population growth in Ethiopia
Source: Worldometers, 2018

17. The average birth rate of developed
countries is much lower than the
developing countries. Why?
In some countries like Japan, Germany,
Russia, Ukraine there are higher death
rates than birth rates leading to a
negative population growth rate
World population Con’td…….

18. What do we mean by Total Fertility Rate?
Total Fertility Rate

19. Total Fertility Rate

20. Total Fertility Rate

21. Total Fertility Rate for Rural and Urban China and Four Selected
Countries (1960-2010)
One child policy effect in China

22. Trends of TFR in Ethiopia
5.5
5.4
4.8
4.6
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
EDHS 2000 EDHS 2005 EDSS 2011 EDHS 2016
TFR

23. TFR Rural Urban Total
2016 TFR 5.2 2.3 4.6
EDHS 2016 TFR of Ethiopia
 The TFR in the rural Ethiopia is very large 5.2
 The urban TFR is optimum and promising
 Family planning programs should be strengthening in the rural areas
 Working on attitude of the rural people about family planning uses
 Educating and economic empowering of the rural women

24. The trend in Total Fertility Rate all over the world is
falling down. But why still there is high population
growth?
Total Fertility Rate…..

25. Racial and ethnic minorities may have higher fertility rates
than the majority
families with low incomes have more children than high
incomers ( poor Vs. Rich)
Uneducated families have more children than educated
ones
Women who work outside the home generally have fewer
children than those who stay at home
rural families have more children than city dwellers
Traditional societies have more fertility rate than developed
societies
Why……………..?.
Fertility Rate Variations

26.  Population in the world is currently (as of 2015-2016) growing at a
rate of around 1.13% per year. The average population number
increment (change) is currently estimated at around 80 million
per year.
 Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late 1960s, when it
was at 2% and above. The rate of increase has therefore almost
halved since its peak of 2.19 percent, which was reached in 1963.
 The annual growth rate is currently declining and is projected to
continue to decline in the coming years. Currently, it is estimated
that it will become less than 1% by 2020 and less than 0.5% by
2050.
Annual Population growth Rat

27. Annual Population growth Rat
Annual Population growth rate in Ethiopia is around 2.5%

28. 1. Demographic factors:
A. High fertility rate
B. Declining mortality rate
Natural Increase = No of birth – No death
The positive difference of birth & death rate leads to population No
increase.
Low death rates due to:
– medical treatments,
– better food supplies and nutrition,
– improvements in sanitation, and
– access to clean water
C. Increment of life expectancy
C. Early marriage
Causes of rapid population growth in LDCs

29. 2. Socio-economic factors: these are the factors which influence the
above demographic factors.
A. Children are considered as assets
B. Old age security for parents
C. Child sex preferences
D. Children give social prestige for families
E. Religious factors & cultural influences
F. Lack of access to family planning services
G. Lack of awareness about contraceptive use
H. Low educational level of women
I. Unemployment of women
J. Attitude to family planning uses
Who does give more birth? Poor or rich?
Causes of rapid population growth………

30. Other socio-economic factors:
 For example the factors which reduce mortality, like:
 Man’s ability to control famine
 Medical services
 Improved nutrition and sanitation
 Avoiding war/conflicts
 Controlling diseases
 Technology use
 Life standard improvements
Causes of rapid population growth…….

31. What does Life expectancy at birth mean?
Life expectancy…..

32.  Definition of Life expectancy at birth: the average
number of years lived by a group of people born in
the same year, if mortality at each age remains
constant in the future.
Life expectancy……

33.  The trend in life expectancy is growing upward in
the world, but there is a substantial gap between
developing and developed countries.
 For example: In 2006, life expectancies at birth
ranged from the mid-30s in some African countries
to the high 70s or 80s in the United States,
Australia, Japan, and some European countries.
Life expectancy Trends

34. Life expectancy Trends

35. Life expectancy of Ethiopia
Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017
Ethiopia 45.17 44.68 44.21 41.24 40.88 48.83 49.03 49.23 54.99 55.41 55.8 56.19 56.56 60 60.75 62.2 62.6

36. World Life expectancy

37. Why life expectancy trend of the world is increasing?
Does life expectancy vary b/n males and females?
Does life expectancy vary based on socio-economic
status of population?

38. Improvements in living conditions related to:
 housing
 nutrition
 clean water
 sanitation
 access to medical services
 developing vaccines and antibiotics
 technology use
 minimizing natural disasters
 Declining of conflicts etc.
The emerging threat for growing life expectancy of the world mainly in LDC is
HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Malaria………………..
Ebola was also a recent problem????????
factors for raise of life expectancy

39. The Malthusian Theory:
 THOMAS MALTHUS 1766-1834, has wrote an essay in the Principle of
population growth which was first published in 1798.

 Thomas Malthus famously predicted that population growth would
outstrip/exceed,surpass agricultural food production, and without preventive
measures to reduce birthrates, technological innovation, or some kind of
widespread mortality event, humanity faced famine-induced collapse
 The core principles of Malthus was that Food is necessary for human
existence, however, human population tends to grow faster than the power in
the earth to produce food for subsistence.
 Malthus has anti-natalist view on population concerns
Population Theories

40. Malthus theory has two basic principles:
 He recognized that population if unchecked, grows at
geometric Rate: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,……n x 2
 However, food only increases at an arithmetic rate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
…………..n + 1
 The authors of The Limits of Growth claimed that population
growth, expressed exponentially, will at some point surpass the
planet’s ability to support more people, because of the linear
growth of technological innovation and the Earth’s finite
resources
 He recommended that the effects of these two unequal powers
must be kept equal using voluntary preventive or negative
checks like delay of marriage & celibacy/not having children
Malthusian Theory….

41. Malthus………
Population
exceeds carrying
capacity
Population check
by +ve & -ve checks
Population grows
geometrically

42.  If preventive checks are not used by the people, the
natural positive check will happen to balance
population number with the natural environment.
 positive checks are: famine, drought, conflict( war) ,
epidemics( diseases) etc.
 Malthus saw the positive checks as a natural method
of population control.
Malthusian Theory………

43.  NEGATIVE CHECKS (DECREASED BIRTH RATE) used to
limit the population growth. It included abstinence/
delay of marriage which lowered the fertility rate.
 POSITIVE CHECKS (INCREASED DEATH RATE) are
ways to reduce population size by events such as
famine, disease, war - increasing the mortality rate
and reducing life expectancy.
Malthusian Theory……….

44.  He did not considered technological improvements
which could increase productivity of land using
irrigation and farm technologies.
 He also fail to recommend contraceptive use as a
means of preventive check. He believed that
contraceptive use is immoral from religious
perspective.
 He concluded that poverty was an inevitable result of
population growth.
Critique of Malthus theory

45.  This theory is directly derived from Malthus theory
and share all the ideas of Malthus with the exception
of contraceptive use, which was considered as
immoral as to Malthus.
 Unlike Malthus, the Neo-maltusians recommend the
use of contraceptive as an important preventive
check for population fertility rate.
The Neo-maltusian Theory

46.  ESTHER BOSERUP 1965: believed that people have the
resources of knowledge and technology to increase food
supplies.
 After the industrial revolution and Agricultural revolution
of the world.
 Opposite to Malthus – she suggested that population
growth has enabled agricultural development to be
improved further using technology.
 Boserup has pro-natalist views on population matters
Boserup Theory of Population

47. In contrast to Malthus, Boserup emphasized the positive
aspects of large population:
 Boserup suggested that the more people there are, the
more hands there are to work;
 She argued that as population increases, more pressure is
placed on the existing agricultural system, which
stimulates invention;
 The changes in technology allow for improved crop strains
and increased yields
Boserup………

48.  She says “ Necessity is the mother of inventions’’
 She assumes people knew of the techniques required by
more intensive systems and used them when the population
number grew.
 Demographic pressure (population density) promotes
innovation and higher productivity in use of land (irrigation,
weeding, crop intensification, better seeds) and labor
(tools, better techniques) and etc.
Boserup Theory…..

49.  Boserup argued that the changes in technology allow
for improved crop improvements and increased
yields.
 BUT…. Boserup admits overpopulation can lead to
unsuitable farming practices which may degrade the
land
Boserup Theory…..

50.  Boserup’s theory is based on assumption of ‘closed’
society but not the case in reality ( did not considered
migration)
 She also only attached development from the perspective of
Agricultural production. B/c development has multiple
dimensions than what she has stressed.
Critiques on Boserup theory

51.  Edwin Cannan defined the concept of optimum population.
 He classified nations in to 3 categories:
1. Under populated nations
2. Over populated nations
3. Optimum population ( Nations with normal population size)
Optimum population theory

52.  Optimum is defined interims of the size of population
favorable to the greatest productivity of an area.
 As to Cannan the concept of optimum population has been
interpreted as the size of population which results in the
highest productivity measured by economic indicators like
economic welfare, income, level of living, employment etc.
 The main principle of this theory is that population number
should not exceed the carrying capacity of a given
environment.
Optimum population theory

53.  Practical applicability of optimum population has
doubt in real world. How much is the optimum
number for a particular place cannot be easily
defined.
 His definition of optimum population focused only on
economic parameters without consideration of other
factors.
Criticism of optimum population theory

54.  DT theory has developed in the 1940s to explain the
historic shifts in birth and death rates that
accompanied shifts from “traditional” to “modern”
society.
 It was formulated based on the experience of the
developed western nations, and derived from
modernization theory.
Demographic Transition Theory

55.  This model/theory has been developed based on the
actual demographic experiences of western
countries.
 The model shows the demographic transition of
population from high fertility and high mortality rates
to low fertility and low mortality rates of nations
thorough time.
Demographic transition theory

56. The model has five phases of demographic transitions
1. High stationary stage: High birth & high death rates
2. Early expanding stages: high birth rate & high but declining of
mortality
3. Late expanding stage: falling birth rate but more rapidly decreasing
mortality rate.
4. Low stationary stage: low birth rate balanced by equally low mortality
rate.
5. Declining stage: low mortality & low birth leading to death exceeding
births.
Demographic Transition……..

58. Population Pyramids for the
four demographic transition phases

59. A. Pre-industrialization: Low population growth
 high birth rates, high mortality rates (phase 1)
B. At early stage of industrialization: High population growth
 declining mortality rates (due to improved health and living
conditions) plus
 Birth rates start to decline after a time lag ( phase 2 &3)
C. Modern industrial society: Low population growth
 low birth rates and low mortality rates( phase 4&5)
Demographic Transition……..

60.  The declining in mortality rates are resulted from
improvements of living conditions of the society from
time to time.
 Medication, nutrition, housing, sanitation, technology
use and etc. improvements
Mortality decline causes in DT model

61.  It is only based on western counties experience which may not
be similar case for other countries
 The model is an over-generalization of the industrialized
European experience
 It does not provided a theoretical explanation about the forces
which are affecting fertility in the demographic transition
processes.
 The model assumes that reductions in fertility are a function of
increased wealth and industrialization, but other factors such as
the status of women and other social development are ignored.
Criticisms of demographic transition

62. Which population theory do most countries of the
world apply on their population and development
policies?
Theory Vs. Policy

63. Thank you