Dynasties From The Post-Classical Era, And Post Classical...

Dynasties From The Post-Classical Era, And Post Classical...
Social structure is something that has been present all over history. There are many aspects used to
define the social structure of a civilization, like race, ethnicity, class, gender, social mobility, and
religion. One civilization in particular, China, has had the social structure of its reason evolve over
time. Chinese dynasties from the Classical Era, the Post–Classical Era, and the Early Modern Period
each established their own take on these categories. The dynasties from their respective time periods
each differentiated themselves from the previous time period and allowed themselves to also have
similarities between them. Chinese dynasties from the Classical Era and the Post–Classical Era are
able to determine the factors of social structure that remain consistent and the factors that change
throughout the time periods, which are class, gender, and social mobility. In the same way, the Ming
and Qing dynasties of China from the Post–Classical Era compare to the Song and Tang dynasties
from the Early Modern Period in China to define the consistencies of social structure through class,
gender, and social mobility. One of the primary aspects of social structure in China was class. In the
Classical Era, the Han and Qin dynasties ran China as a bureaucracy based on a person's importance
to society. One of the main reasons status did not pertain to the amount of wealth a person had is
that during this time, China was an agrarian based society, which meant that farmers did
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Chinese Food Customs And Culture
Chinese Food Customs and Culture Although there are no reliable written sources to document early
era's of Chinese history. In October 2005, the oldest noodles yet discovered were located at the Lajia
site near the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Qinghai. This Chinese site has been associated
with Oijia culture for 1000s of years. The noodles were over 4000 years old and were made from
foxtail and broomcorn millet. Throughout history, there have been many different types of Chinese
food and different types of ways that they eat their food. The research information that I have
gathered shows relation to the story, "Fish Cheeks" that relates to types of food. There are many
different types of Chinese food customs and etiquette in Chinese dining. To begin China is an
extremely large country, and the customs and traditions of its people vary by geography and
ethnicity. Rice is an important food source: "Rice is not only a major food source in China; it is also
a major element that helped grow their society"("LiveScience"). They don't consume a lot of meat;
they occasionally consume pork or chicken. It is said that Tofu is the main source of protein for the
Chinese. The most praised Four Major Cuisines: "Chaun, Lu, Yue, and Huaiyang, which represent
the West, North, South, and East China cuisine"("Wikipedia"). Color, smell and taste are the three
traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food, as well as the meaning, appearance and nutrition
of the food. It is

Chin China 's History
China
China's history dates back to four thousand plus years. In that time, China has created a culture rich
in philosophy and the arts. China has made amazing technological advances such as silk, paper,
gunpowder, and many other products. Chinese records reach over five thousand years back. It is
difficult to cover even the most important events of this old society in a short space, yet here are
some highlights. The first dynasty to rule China was the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE),
followed by the Xia dynasty (2200–1700 BCE), established by Emperor Yu, and after that the Zhou
Dynasty (1122–256 BCE). Historical records are hard to find for these times in the world in which
China had these dynasties. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huangdi took the throne, destroying neighboring
city–states, and binding China together as its own. He established the Qin Dynasty, which kept
going until 206 BCE. Today, he is best–known for his complex tomb in Xian (in the past Chang 'an),
which houses the fantastic armed force of the terracotta warriors. Qin Shi Huang 's awkward term
was toppled by the armed force of normal man Liu Bang in 207 BCE. Liu then established the Han
Dynasty, which kept going until 220 BCE. In the Han period, China extended west all the way to
India, opening an exchange of goods along what might later turn into the Silk Road. At the point
when the Han Empire broke down in 220 CE, China was tossed into a time of political worry and
confusion. For the following four centuries, many

Great Dynasty As A Powerful Economic And Imperialistic...
Josh Turner
Professor Mayes
History 110
4/9/2015
Great dynasties in Imperialistic China
Ancient China was always able to flourish as a powerful economic and imperialistic country. Behind
this great amount of early success were great dynasties that played great roles in China's history.
China has always been highly influenced by its great ancient dynasties. These dynasties were able to
establish monetary systems, road and canal systems for trade, and also build great elaborate historic
structures that still stand today. They also influenced different philosophies such as Taoism and
Confucianism. In the long history of China, many great dynasties appear that have helped a lot to
the development of the whole country. Among them, there are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They also built a tomb for the emperor containing giant detailed sculptures of each one of his
soldiers called the Terracotta Army. Even though this dynasty only lasted 15 years, the Qin's hold an
important part in Chinese history and it shows great influence on the later dynasties. The Han
dynasty was another highly successful dynasty in Chinese history it covered over four centuries
from 206 BC–220 AD and it is known as the "Golden Age" in Chinese history. They were
considered this for many reasons; they had the city of Chang'an which was one of the two largest
cities in the ancient world at this time. The dynasty had a large growth in population and
urbanization which allowed for an increase of industry and trade which developed on the Silk Road
routes. This ultimately led to an increase in economic growth. This empire had Liu Bang ruling as
the first emperor but under him they had a bureaucracy so they also implemented a civil service
exam to ensure the best people fit for the job were working in the government and under the
emperor. The Han dynasty's government system was in some way implemented throughout the
imperial history of China. The Hans also improved iron amour and swords by making them stronger
and more flexible. With new and improved weapons and tactics

China: Then and Now Essay
The Chinese dynastic system was highly admired for its vast structural integrity which allowed it to
persevere for more than two millennia. The Xia Dynasty was the first recorded dynasty in Chinese
history, founded by a man named Shun who renounced his throne to his trusted official Yu. Rather
than pass the power to someone qualified for the position, Yu then entrusted the Dynasty to his son
Qi, setting the precedence for the Dynastic rule. 1 This ushered in the Hereditary System which was
followed by many dynasties to come. Under the hereditary system the power was passed down
through the family members. This system also had an added benefit of ensuring stability and
continuity within the nation's infrastructure.2
However in the later ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the rulers began to do poorly, Heaven was believed to show their depreciation with natural
disasters. Upon the observation of these signs, the nobles would overthrow the current Dynasty
which would be followed by another that was believed to have obtained the lost Mandate from the
previous tyrannical rulers. 6
The cycle of rulers followed this trend, summarizing the succession of dynasties in early China. In
essence, the belief in the Mandate of Heaven empowered the success of the dynastic system,
instilling stability of infrastructure where stability was lost through riots and the inability of the
rulers.7 This stability among the Chinese people even allowed the successful control of China under
alien peoples.8
The Mongols, an ethnic group north of China, successfully ruled the Chinese for many years by
conquering their dynasties with brute force. The first major Mongolian dynasty was referred to as
the Yuan Dynasty, prevalent from 1264 to 1368.9 However, Mongolian rule over the Chinese
citizens was not maintained through the same aggressiveness they used to first conquer them. The
Mongols understood that in order to have control within an alien country, they must adopt some of
the established customs. They not only accepted and incorporated Chinese customs

How Did Chinese Culture Influence The Wu Wang Dynasty
China is the most ancient nation in history and is considered the leading cultural focal point of East
Asia. China is filled with thriving ethics and morals, strong government, efficient economy, artistic
and a systematic culture. In addition, China has created a powerful cultural existence throughout
their civilization. China has battled and faced conflict of developing a more up to date cultural
existence in the world in comparison to other countries. China has been trying to revolutionize its
cultural values in today's modern age. The concern among traditional culture and the change of
modernization for Chinese culture has been talked about by a great philosopher of recent memory
by the name of Confucius. Confucius knew that China will eventually change because socially every
nation will have interacted with each other, which will ultimately help China have a stable economic
growth to thrive on.
However, Chinese's are subjected to altered their economy and cultural values. Despite their
influence and determination, China did not embark on any progress to a fixed, integrate and cultural
system. China during the course of their history has generated an imbalance cultural identity which
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to 256 b.c. Wu Wang dynasty was in power longer than all the other dynasties in the history of
china. In addition, the Great Wall of China was built in midst of those dynasties. The Great Wall of
China was a stone reinforced position that was constructed and preserved and reconstructed for
many centuries. In addition there was four major walls built from the ages of 208 BC from 1620.
Qin Shi Huang was the first Emperor of China to build the first wall, however majority of the wall is
no longer in place. Emperors who also built walls were: 1). the Qin Dynasty 208 bc, 2). Han
Dynasty 1st century BC 1138 – 1198 and 3). Hongwu Emperor & Wanli Emperor of the Ming
Dynasty from

China And Japan Asian Civilizations
China and Japan were two of the most significant East Asian civilizations in pre–modern world
history. China is a large country bordered by Mongolia and North Korea with many geographical
features including deserts, a plateau, rivers, a plain, and is surrounded by three major bodies of
water. China's pre–modern history began with in 1600 BCE with the Shang Dynasty, and ended in
1911 with the Qing Dynasty. Different forms of philosophy impacted social structures, and everyday
life of Chinese citizens. Also, like China, the pre–modern history of Japan is also rich.
Japan is a smaller archipelago, or a chain of Islands separated by China with the Sea of Japan. Japan
has been ruled by been continued to be ruled by emperors from the Yamato family pre–modern
history began in the Nara Period in 538 C.E. and ended in Tokugawa Shogunate in 1867. Pre–
modern Japan was filled values of different religions and philosophies, as well as, various
achievements in literature, and significant period of isolation. Although China and Japan are both
East Asian countries, their histories have been marked by more differences than similarities. The
differences that divide China and Japan include their ruler cycle, their experiences with foreign rule,
and the acculturation of Chinese culture that occurred in Japan.
Pre–modern China and Japan's pre–modern histories differ because China followed a dynastic cycle,
while Japan was ruled by generations of the same family. For starters, China was

Essay about China
The numerous cultures of Mainland China are both intricate with their systems of deities and
traditions, and yet humble with their ways of life and survival. China is located in the midst of high
lands, plateaus, canyons and numerous river systems. In coinciding with the difficult landscapes in
which they live, the Chinese people have managed to generally abide by the natural protocols of the
land. Throughout their approximately five thousand years of civilization the Chinese have concocted
many traditions which are based upon their thriving in their environment. These traditions are what
produce the intricate social structures of most of China. Every aspect of the Chinese culture is
interrelated and therefore necessary for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The invention of the cart, the boat, clothes, script and medicine is attributed to the genius of Huang
Di. Whereas the necessity of cultivating the land through the use of a plow is attributed to Yan Di.
`Perhaps, hundreds of years thereafter the attributions of Huang Di and Yan Di, the leaders known as
Yao, Shun and Yu had led the people one after another. Yu was a prestigious and popular leader who
supposedly gained the respect of his followers by taming two flooding rivers by redirecting their
currents towards the sea. Upon the death of Yu his son, Qi. had succeeded as ruler. With this first
exchange in rule the first dynasty in Chinese history had been founded. It was called the Xia
dynasty. With the establishment of its first dynasty China had been transformed from a primitive
society, consisting of no family structure, private property, or class distinction, to a society based
mainly on family and private ownership. Little is known about the Xia dynasty except for that it had
lasted four hundred years and was ultimately overthrown by the Shang,a state that was east of the
Chinese establishment.
All history before the Shang dynasty is largely legendary with very little or no material evidence of
neither the Xia dynasty nor the rulers Yu, Huang Di or Yao Di. However, the Shang dynasty is
assured to have existed in some manner as it is proven by numerous

The Constitutional History Of Modern China
As we know, the constitutional history of contemporary China is rather complicated. In 1949, the
Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference adopted a "Common Program" and announced
the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Five years later, in 1954, the first National
People 's Congress promulgated the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China. Following the
1954 Constitution, two more Constitutions were erected within four years, respectively in 1975 and
in 1978. Another four years later, the current Constitution was eventually approved in 1982. People
are often confused about the relationship between the current Constitution and the three former
ones, which have not yet been officially repealed. Even the National People's Congress was
ambiguous about this; it simply announced that "The Constitution of the People 's Republic of China
is approved by the fifth session of the fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 2015, and is
hereby promulgated." If the confusion remains, it is almost impossible for us to understand the
power that promulgated the current Constitution, let alone its legitimacy. Here's one popular
explanation. Some scholars have argued that the last three Constitutions, including the current one,
should be regarded as complete and comprehensive amendments to the first 1954 Constitution, and
the legitimacy of the current Constitution should therefore be traced back to the 1954 Constitution.
However, the explanation faces a

The Importance Of The Chinese Garden Architecture
In the early 1636, the place where the Chinese kings live, the construction of the Chinese garden
architecture first started, when the Chinese emperor chose a city as the earth and the use of financial
resources in his hands. The King's builder's team started building the Yu palace garden building,
which has a beautiful grand mansion that provides the emperor with a place to live in. The Yu
Garden is primarily located in the Yellow River basin in South China, in the Beijing area. This is the
product of China's two thousand years of the feudal dynasty regularly change; and the development
of China has stopped developing for millennia. As a consequence, the government at that time
stopped communicating with other countries. "For a significant number of years, China kept up
maintained social type of antiquated progress. In 1994, the Chinese imperial garden had been taken
as the world's social legacy rundown and was the value abundance of all humankind" (Haritatou,
2012). This paper will examine how the Chinese imperial gardens bring positive emotions, the
dimension of Chinese ancient designs, Chinese history, and the natural and human dimension.
Dimension of Chinese ancient design
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation because of its superior geographical conditions,
which has traditionally been China's political, economic and cultural center. The Ancient Guang–
Zhong area was the emperor's capital. After the capital of Zhou dynasty, the Beijing

China Research Paper
Davon Holmes
10/10/2012
Sociology
China
China is the world's most populated country with the population of 1.3 billion people. Since there
were so many people in China they had to think about a way to control population so this is where
the one–child policy was made. It officially restricts married, urban couples to having only one
child, while allowing exemptions for several cases, including twins. This policy was introduced in
1978 and initially applied to first–born children from 1979. The policy is enforced at the local level
through fines that are imposed based on the income of the family and other factors.
China had three major eras in their history Ancient China, Imperial China, and Modern China. First,
there was Ancient China ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Northern China was particularly affected; its canal and dam system fell into disrepair, causing
extensive flooding and famine. The period; however, was marked by one major accomplishment, the
widespread development of printing. From the year 960 AD–1234AD The Song, Liao, Jin, and
Western Xia Dynasties ruled China. The song dynasty gaining power over most of china, The
Khitan Liao Dynasty ruled over Manchuria while the Liao dynasty was annihilated by the Jurchen
Jin Dynasty. During this time the Western Xia Dynasty was formed by Tangut tribes. With all of the
different dynasties going on during this time period the song dynasty was the most memorable being
considered as China's high point in science and technology. Kublai Khan wanting to adopt the
customs of China established the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty also made great achievements in
culture and science, particularly in astronomy. One major thing to happen during this dynasty was
the Black Plague; it was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. The Ming
Dynasty followed. Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew
more complex. The Ming Dynasty was either found by Zhu Yuanzhang or Hong–wu. During the
Ming dynasty the last construction on the Great Wall was undertaken to protect

The Relationship Between Japan And Japan During The Modern...
Pavin Kaler
211347747
April 16th, 2015 Professor Joe Kispal–Kovacs
Transportations in Political Structures in China and Japan during the Modern Era Comparative
Essay
1 While Japan and China both had to go through transformations in political
structures in order for them to experience revolutions as a reaction to colonization
attempts during the Modern Era, both nations also had different outcomes due to
revolution. Colonization occurs when there is migration of any one or more groups of
individuals towards a colonial area. Migration is the movement of peoples from one
place to another. These types of movements helped create a revolution. In this paper, I
will be comparing transformations in political structures in Japan in the Meiji Period
(1868–1912) 19th century to China in the Qing Dynasty (1700's) 18th century. I will be
taking a look at how both Japan and China went through revolutions as a reaction to
colonization attempts, yet both nations had different outcomes due to colonization. There
are also a few other wars I will be discussing in this paper that impacted Japan and China
in those specific eras as well. What were the similarities and differences in Japan during
the 19th– early 20th century and China during the 18th century when they went through

transformations in political structures? To begin, we can first

Impact Of Joseph Needham On The Historiography Of Chinese...
This paper examines Joseph Needham's impact on the historiography of Chinese Science and
Technology (S&T), arguing that his great achievements were marred by an East/West comparative
approach, and that subsequent historians have only partly overcome these restrictions. His multi–
volume Science and Civilization in China (1954–ongoing) single handedly thrust China into the
Western–dominated historiography. Organized along the disciplinary lines of modern science,
Needham sought to document every scientific concept and technology invented in China, which he
saw as the origin of most knowledge before Europe's Scientific Revolution. For Needham, science
in China (and India, and the Middle East) was like the river that flowed into the sea of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reviewing Needham's life's work in 1984, famed historian Lynn White, Jr. wrote that Needham
seemed to be doing penance for the Opium War, but that "One respects the exaggerations of a lover.
For forty five years Joseph Needham has been in intellectual love with China and the Chinese."
Needham took it as his task to document millennia of Chinese science and technology. Bringing
forth thousands of unknown primary and ignored secondary documents, he created a portrait of
imperial China as a stable and inventive civilization, morally superior the later Western empires.
Until the sixteenth century, he demonstrated, the flow of knowledge and technology had mainly
gone from East to West. The European Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution and Industrial
Revolution all stood on the shoulders of Chinese contributions. It was time, Needham argued, to
recognize that the West did not have a monopoly on science:
"Surely it would be better to give more attention to the history and values of these non–European
civilization, in actual fact no less exalted and inspiring than our own. Then let us give up that
intellectual pride which boasts that 'we are the people, and that wisdom was born with us'. Let us
take pride enough in the undeniable historical fact that modern science was born in Europe

The Chaos and Division of Asia's History Essay
The assigned readings about Asian history lead a unified conclusion that the past (history) of Asia
was characterized with chaos and internal divisions. "China, once again entered an era of
divisiveness and chaos. Competing warlords dominated China for the next 350 years" (The Golden
Age of China: 79). China is a perfect symbol of Asia's history because if studied from the past, the
history of China demonstrates how divisions took place in the country's political and economic
spheres. China's history reveals how the religion led to emergence of chaos in the country. This
shows that religion, in the history of Asia, was more divisive than uniting when individual countries
considered their religions as different. Religious harmonization of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, Chinese had coexisted well under one rule. However, three powerful dynasties emerged
after the Han dynasty, forming three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu. An element of democracy
started getting into China's politics, though at the time of the three dynasties, the kings had amassed
power through their naval strength. The fact that power was divided from one kingdom to three,
however, shows decentralization of influence, which is an element of democracy. The formation of
the three dynasties in China did not offer any practical solution to the chaotic situation in the
country. This disapproves the imagination that democracy was growing in the country. If it was
indeed democracy, then its growth had not ended. This is because after the formation of the three
dynasties, political division in China widened even further. No powerful dynasty in the continent's
history appeared to be answering the question of China's unity. It appeared like political plurality
had entered in China to stay. For example, the failure of the Jin Dynasty to solve the puzzle of
China's political unity shows how divisive China was becoming. Polarization of leadership was
more serious in Northern China. This judgment arises from the fact that the Jin dynasty did not solve
the puzzle of multiple kingdoms in the north of China. Sixteen kingdoms emerged in the north as the
Jin dynasty attempted to unite China.
The spread of Buddhism to China, and its

The Territorial Dispute Of China
We must first ask ourselves what is the territorial dispute, that we have today and why is it important
to understand this dispute and learn about it, as political analysts we must learn to look at the
broader picture that is given to us, and take a look at all aspects before formulating a contingency
plan to avoid any unnecessary military actions or starting a war.
Referring to the map we see what China claims as their territory, we see the area defined by the
dashed lines, which stretches hundreds of miles all the way south and east from Chinas most
southern province of Hainan. Now China claims that this territory it claims comes from 2000 years
of history where the small islands of Paracels and Spratlys have been regarded as an integral part of
China. That is because China has a strong sense of irredentism towards the South China Sea.
Irredentism is any movement to reclaim a land that was once theirs, by justifying that the land or
territory they want to reclaim has always been theirs and it is only right to have it back citing either
real or imagined historic events or tying it with an ethnic affiliation. Today the South China Sea has
become more and more of a global issue, with the U.S navy presence the increasing demands of
natural resources is also a key factor as to why a country such as China wants to claim the South
China Sea. China depends heavenly on gas and oil, and the notion of unclaimed land and resources
in the South China Sea is too great of deal to

History of Ancient China Essay
History of Ancient China
China is located in East Asia. Ancient China is surrounded by Gobi Desert in the north, the Pacific
Ocean in the east, the Himalayan Mountains in the southwest, and the Taklimakan desert in the west.
This land has a wide variation of animals because of the different habitats provided for them. Most
farming was done in the very fertile lands of the Yangtze valley. Present China is much bigger than
Ancient China, which means that over time, the kings and different dynasties went gaining more and
more land and wealth. All of the major rivers go in a western to eastern direction, and end up in the
Pacific Ocean. The two major rivers of China are the Yangtze and the Huan He. The major river of
North China is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China started having a government in the Shang dynasty. They ruled what would now be Henan,
Hubei, Shandong and part of Anhui. The Shang were an aristocratic society, or a heredity ruling
class. This dynasty was also the first to leave written records. The principal Shang city was Anyang,
it was in a clearance deep inside the forest. In 1027 BC, the Zhou overthrew the Shang and made
their own dynasty. They were both very alike, and there was not much change in culture. But the
Zhou brought up many fresh ideas, which would seem obvious because all people think in different
ways, and have different solutions to their problems. As an excuse of overthrowing the Shang, they
said that the last Shang king had done so badly, that the gods weren't satisfied, so they decided to let
the Zhou rule. This is a part of the mandate of heaven, which meant that the ruler had approval from
the gods. The Zhou dynasty also appointed lands to nobles and members of the king's family, these
nobles were granted land, but the land wasn't theirs, because it all belonged to the king, this was
called feudalism. These nobles had to provide protection to the people that lived there. The social
pyramid in this government are the following. At the top was the king, ruler of all. He appointed
nobles, to manage some land and territory. The nobles were very close to the king, or

Essay about Women in Chinses History
Women in Chinese History
Although there have been women in China that have held positions of power and even lead in
prominent positions, the history of the Chinese civilization has been one of male dominance.
"Unfortunately, no level of leadership, education or social prominence for women has changed the
patriarchal nature of traditional Chinese society (Perry 279)." Women in Chinese society are still
considered to be a possession of the man or are looked upon as servants. Because they are seen in
this manner, except for a few, women have not been able to contribute spiritually, politically or
scientifically to Chinese society. It is to say almost for certain that women being constrained in this
manner has prevented China from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Families would sometimes be devastated by the news that a newborn baby is a girl. The desire to
give birth to a boy far exceeds that of a girl and people go to great lengths to ensure themselves the
birth of a boy.
One of the methods people use to increase there chances of giving birth to a boy is called "sex–
selective abortion." This is the practice of aborting a fetus after an ultrasound determines that the
fetus is a girl. Sex–selective abortion was rare before the late 20th century because of the difficulty
of determining the sex of the fetus before birth. "This method has become increasingly popular since
the invention of ultrasound and is believed to be responsible for at least part of the skewed birth
statistics in favor of males in Mainland China. Sex–selective abortion is illegal but nearly
impossible in enforce because there is no practical way to determine the parents' true motivation for
seeking abortion (Wikipedia)."
Before the invention of the ultrasound, people could not perform sex–selective abortion but rather
would perform sex–selective infanticide or sex–selective child abandonment. Sex–selective child
abandonment is the practice of giving an infant of an undesired sex, which was typically female, up
for adoption or even simply leaving it somewhere to die. That is if the parents decide to allow the
child to live. Those parents that

Ancient Scriptures And Its Effects On Chinese Culture
Dating back to ancient scriptures, the history of China is comprised of over 3000 years worth of rich
culture and no doubt is one of the most advanced civilizations to ever be discovered. Embedded
within it's history, China is known to be one of the most popular tourist spots as a result of it's
resistance to Westernization for several centuries. Aside from the scriptures and art, historians have
focused more on Chinese clothing to recount the delicate history behind Chinese cultures and the
centuries of transitional dynasties and periods. "Correct attire was regarded as the ultimate
expression of Chinese culture and identity, differentiating them from 'inferior ' foreign neighbors
while making social and gender distinctions within their society. The ancient Chinese clothing had
specific cultural meaning, with properly attired bodies reflecting order and control and unadorned
bodies and feet serving as visible signs of disorder and dangerous nonconformity with the individual
risking association to barbarian outsiders" (Schwebius, 2008). Similar to other civilizations in
history, the Chinese used many sumptuary laws to govern and regulate a divide between the social
hierarchies. The Chinese systemized their way of dress through robes, color and symbolic motifs.
The use of bright colors, bold motifs of Chinese characters and mythical creatures did not just
simply classify someone's place in society, however it told legendary stories of tragedy, adversity,
and triumph. Aside

China Cultural Awareness Book Report Essay
China Cultural Awareness Book Report
Introduction
I chose the book On China by Henry Kissinger to analyze the country I was assigned because it was
a fairly new book. On China was written in 2011, information throughout the book was relevant, up
to date, and easy to comprehend. Throughout the last few months of Warrant Officer Basic Course
we have been introduced to numerous tools that help us during the Targeting process. One of the
tools that we utilized was the acronym PMESII–PT (political, military, economic, social,
information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time.) This acronym is utilized in regards to
analyzing a specific operational environment for a given area. The focal point of my analysis of the
book On China is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The context in this paper therefore is going to analyze the country progression utilizing the
information written in On China. I will analyze the country from the ancient China to the Modern
china that has established her through political leaderships and economic stability of the country.
Political organization in China
Dynasty rise and falls characterized China's ancient political organizations (Kissinger & Henry 88).
The dynasty era began during the Xia dynasty in around 2100–1600 BC and ended when the
Republic of China government was formed in the year 1949. Their political organization was
hereditary, hence the name dynasty. This meant that when the king or the emperor died the
succession for the throne would occur in the same family line; mainly from father to son. There
were some occasions, however, when a non– blood relative would assume the leadership positions.
Nevertheless, this was in very rare instances. This kind of political organization and ruling to some
extent might have promoted unity of the various kingdoms as per the time; although this was not
always the case. There are some instances when the country Kingdom split and later merged again
through conquests and war.
The ancient China was characterized by many dynasties (Kissinger & Henry 72). The Xia dynasty
was the first. The Shang dynasties succeed the Xia dynasty (1600–1046). Then there was the Zhou
Dynasty. It was followed by the

A Brief History of China Essay
China is on the verge of becoming the next Super Power like the United States and Great Britain.
The reason why I am writing this paper is to relay information to you regarding China as it was and
how it is now. China blossomed quicker than any other country in the beginning and later stalled in
progress throughout its history. Culture is the end statement of a people's identity. According to
Merriam–Webster it is a way of thinking, behaving or working that exists in a place or organization
(Dictionary). In this paper, we will not be discussing about a place or organization, but instead of a
country rich in culture. My discussion will be about the country of China's history, economy,
weather, terrain and people.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next came the Sui Dynasty (581 AD– 618 AD). This dynasty had improved upon the Great Wall.
This wall protected the enemies of China, especially keeping their mortal enemy the Mongolians at
bay. This dynasty had also created the first manufactured canal known as the Grand Canal. The
Grand Canal length is 2,400 miles long and 36 feet wide (Hook 185). They had also let the words of
Buddhism reach across the land among the people with no interference. To assist in bridging the gap
between the poor peasants and the rich upper class, a monetary class was established and enforced
throughout the land (Hook 184). The last dynasty is the Sung. The Sung Dynasty (960 AD–1279
AD) had created huge cities of the time that allowed social programs (such as public postal services
and welfare programs) to be created. This ignition of public meetings and exchanges of ideas
assisted in the creation of new ideas and inventions. An example of this was gunpowder (which was
very unstable, but highly usable) for the Chinese Military. Inventions of great magnitude will have
come during this era. Most of all was the invention of gunpowder made from saltpeter. These
inventions were the handgun (known as a fire–lance), grenades (small clay pottery the size of a fist)
and exploding mines (ceramics disks the size of large belt buckles) (Fairbank

The San Antonio Art Museum
The exhibition that I viewed at the San Antonio Art Museum was called "28 Chinese". This exhibit
was based on the artwork of 28 contemporary Chinese artists. Throughout the exhibit, it was
discussing the fall of communism, poverty, the essence of time, resistance, rebellion and the
conservation of history. Some of the artwork I saw were created by Zhu Jinshi, Qiu Zhijie, Zhang
Huan, and Shang Yixin, just to name a few. The exhibit was on two floors of the museum. When I
first entered the exhibit, it led me to a big white room with art being displayed on all walls. The first
room was based on the Coca Cola project in which there was a tall case of Coca Cola bottles being
displayed right when you walk in. To the right was a clear box that held burnt down Coca Cola
bottles. These items being displayed made me want to read about the project since it was a familiar
company that most people know. Some of the other rooms were structured differently. Some had
sculptures, audio visuals, interactive pieces and others had modified furniture but every piece of art
had a description next to it which told who the artist was as well as the meaning of the art itself. The
materials used for some of the art works included wood, bamboo, and rice paper. The second floor
to the exhibit is mostly abstract art work. The overall theme of this was to express their preservation
of Chinese culture being good and bad aspects through art. In order for each piece of artwork to
convey their purpose,

Differences in Roman, Chinese, and Persian Empires
Have you ever wondered the difference in ancient civilizations? I am going to tell you about the
differences in these civilizations; Rome, China, and Persia. Two of these places are still here, but the
other was taken over and is no longer in existence. Though these places are old, they have played a
big part in the growth of humanity. They have played a major part in our culture, religion, and
everyday activities. Many of the things that we do today are based upon what they did way back in
these times. Without Rome, China, and Persia: Do you think we would be the same as we are today?
They are all different, but they have one thing in common, they helped evolve the human species.
"Floodwater dashed up against the skies... God issued a command allowing Yu to spread out the
self–replacing soil so as to quell the foods in the Nine Provinces." This myth from China's remote
past may reflect stories about the efforts of early rulers to control the flood waters of the Huang
River– the mighty river that has been central to Chinese civilization since the earliest of times."
(Holt, World History textbook, 76). China is located in the far east side of Asia. They have very
rugged mountains in the west, some of the tallest in the world. In the south there are many plateaus,
moving north; there are semi–deserts. The heart of China, the China Proper, has been significant
though it's early years. China has three major rivers that they used for transportation, crops, and ect.
they are

The Joy Luck Club : Jing Mei Woo
In a way, Jing–mei Woo is the main character of The Joy Luck Club. (related to what holds
something together and makes it strong), her stories serve as bridges between the two generations of
storytellers, as Jing–mei speaks both for herself and for her dead mother, Suyuan. Jing–mei also
bridges America and China. When she travels to China, she discovers the Chinese essence within
herself, this way understanding a deep connection to her mother that she had always ignored. She
also brings Suyuan 's story to her long–lost twin daughters, and, once reunited with her half–sisters,
gains an even more extreme understanding of who her mother was.
Mostly, Jing–mei 's fears echo those of her peers, the other daughters of the Joy Luck Club
members. They have always identified with Americans (Jing–mei also goes by the English
name"June") but are beginning to regret having not paid attention to their Chinese history. Her fears
also speak to a two–way fear shared by the mothers, who wonder whether, by giving their daughters
American opportunities and (the ability to survive with no outside help), they have abandoned them
from their Chinese history.
Jing–mei is representative in other ways also. She believes that her mother 's constant criticism
clearly shows a lack of feeling of love, when in fact her mother 's seriousness and high expectations
are expressions of love and faith in her daughter. All of the other mother–daughter pairs experience
the same mistake in understanding, which in

History Of Ancient China 's History
Terracotta Army– Archaeology
History of Ancient China
Due: 16/3/2015
By Jasen Naci
Table of Contents:
1.0 Introduction..............................................................................1
2.0 Ancient Emperor......................................................................1
3.0 Terracotta Warriors.................................................................1
4.0 Significance & Findings............................................................2
5.0 Excavation Site.........................................................................2
6.0 Problems & Mitigation............................................................2
7.0 Conclusion.................................................................................3
8.0 Controversies............................................................................4
9.0 Bibliography.............................................................................. 4
Introduction:
Archaeology has allowed society to gain a vast understanding of past cultures and behaviours over
thousands of years ago. Scientific research has allowed us to widen our knowledge on humans and
their past interaction. Through the excavation of the Terracotta army, many insightful secrets have
been uncovered. Buried in a large mausoleum over 2200 years ago, the site reveals past hints of
cultures and beliefs during the ancient civilisation of China, although techniques need to be
implemented to better preserve one of the rarest ancient treasures and evidence that remains. The
Terracotta warriors are an army of clay built by the ancient emperor Quin Shi–Huang. When
excavating the site many significant items have been found that have provided scientists with lots of
research. Many problems have been evidently found while excavating and a few controversies have
been sparked.
Ancient Emperor:
The Terracotta army built in 246 BC by

Image (S). How Did Geography Affect People's Lives?
Questions
Responses
Image(s)
How did geography affect people's lives?
Geography affected people's lives in China because geography could make it difficult to trade.
Ancient China was surrounded by two great deserts and had the Himalayas blocking their path to go
to India. But, geography was also useful for the Ancient Chinese people, because there were two
rivers (the main ones were named Huang and Chang) that could help them grow crops, and get fresh
water.
What are the Great Walls of China? Why were these walls built? What were its benefits?
The Great Wall of China is a 21,196 kilometers (or 13,170 mile) long wall, that was supposed to
block nomadic invaders and keep the Han people safe. The wall raised the economy, and also
promoted the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other dynasties are listed in a chart below. The last ruler to build the wall wan named Ming, and
got an astounding 8861.8 km built.
What kinds of resources
(human, animal, material) were needed to build the walls and to guard against invasion?
The Great Wall of China was made out of rocks and stamped earth in the beginning, and then lime
workshop and bricks slowly started getting poplular.
Who was Qin Shi–huangdi? What were some of his accomplishments? Why was he also known as a
"cruel leader?" What was his contribution in building the walls?
Qin Shi–Huangdi was the first emperor of a unified China. He was able to reinforce legalism within
the Chinese administrative system, restructure political divisions to form a more coherent state,
harmonise measurement units, allowing for consistent, state–wide economic development, he built
the Great Wall to protect the northern borders, he constructed the Lingqu canal in the south (to
connect the major waterways and prevent flooding), he built the overall infrastructure (for national
economic development), and he built the amazing Terracotta Army. He may have been considered a
cruel leader because anyone who opposed him was punished or

From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society by Fei...
Throughout time China and its society has changed drastically. Rural society occupies about half of
china today, roughly around 60 percent. They have very different ideas of living and life patterns.
Some are beginning to become more modern, as some try there hardest to stay the same. People who
live in these societies like how primitive and low the standards of living area, while some want
change. Fei Xiaotong shows this throughout his book in detail. From the 1950s and on, China's
revolutionary government had made great efforts to put the state and its ideology into contact with
different villages and to push aside the intermediaries and or brokers who had traditionally thought
central policies and national customs for those who lived ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Through 1987 rural civilizations were more open and varied then in the 1960s and 1970s. The strict
cumulative group of that specific time period, which had emulated the state's staggering interest for
preservation, had been recouped by chains and structures of minor units. The contemporary, less
strict structure established the superiority placed on adaptability and economic expansion. Elemental
guarantee, in the touch of a sufficient supply of food and secures the support for orphaned, disabled,
and or aged, was abused and taken for granted. Fewer than half of China's community remembered
the self–doubt and different risks associated with the pre–1950 Chinese era, but the rates and
carelessness of the supportive system were crisp in their minds set. Increased business and the
diversion of labor were movements not expected to be reversed. This helped China's radical
government made direct attempts to put the state and its ideas into straight forward contact with
villages and to move along the mediator and merchants whom originally explained direct policies
and national morals for all villagers. The state was commonly more successful, building
extraordinary standards of ideological and political assimilation of villages into the state and of
village–level recognition of different state policies and political

Chinese Culture
Mainland China is rooted in more than 4,000 years of rich Chinese cultures and history. It's known
for their lives, travel, history, business and food, their people and customs. Traditional Kung Fu is as
much of the culture of china according to statistics. The Chinese people have shared a common
culture longer than any other groups on earth. China is one of the cradles of the human race. For
thousands of years the culture of china has attract and moved many people from all over the world,
being so unique and one–of–a–kind as well as elegant and inspiring. The Chinese culture, a culture
that has evolved for thousands and thousands of years contains rare beauty and enchanted with
history variously as an ancient civilization extending ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are more urban dwellers in China than are found in either the United States or Russia. Some
of the cities are quite large. Shanghai, for example, has more than 7 million people; Beijing has
more than 6 million, and Tianjin more than 5 million. Many cities have more than 1 million people
each." (Compton's Living Encyclopedia) China's cities are expanding rapidly. The government is
attempting to regulate urban growth in order to avoid such problems as congestion, overcrowding,
slum development, and unemployment. China's government is a People's Republic; the main organs
of the government are under Communist party control. The head of state in China is the "Premier".
The population of China is and has been a strain on the countries resources; because of this the
government has interjected itself into the people's family planning. "China's family planning policy
combines government guidance with the wishes of the masses. The basic requirements of family
planning are late marriages and late child–bearing, so as to have fewer, but healthier, babies,
especially one child per couple. But a flexible family planning policy is adopted for rural people and
ethnic minorities; in rural areas, couples may have second baby in exceptional cases, but must wait
several years after the birth of the first child." Chinese people have the

India And China Similarities
India and China have been two of the biggest and most powerful countries in Asia for thousands of
years. They each have a long history of powerful ruling empires which led them to become the great
nations they are today. The first empire of China was the great Qin Dynasty, who ruled for from 259
– 210 BCE. The Mauryan Empire was the first empire of India, who ruled from 321 – 184 BCE.
Both of these great ruling monarchies created long–lasting laws and values within their countries,
and their histories continue to live on today.
The Indus Valley civilization began the long, well–documented history of India. The era lasted from
2600 – 1700 BCE. It was then followed by the Vedic Age, which ended in 600 BCE. By this time,
India had formed multiple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, that is not to say they didn't have some similarities. The Qin Dynasty began after Shi
Huang Ti defeated the last remaining state during the Warring States Period. A couple years after his
victory, he erected a stone tablet on top of a mountain with written proclamations. One of these
proclamations was that warfare would not rise again, and disaster and harm had been both
exterminated and erased.8 Upon his succession, Shi Huang Ti employed a new ruling philosophy
called Legalism. Legalist believed the best way to rule their territory was through a monarch with
absolute power.8 While introducing this new method, he felt the need to eradicate the previous
teachings of Confucianism; which he believed contradicted Legalism. Legalist also believed that
only through force and harsh punishments could they enact obedience and respect amongst the
population. One of the punishments often used during this time was making citizens' work on the
Great Wall of China. Its creation began with Shi Huang Ti, after his unification of the provinces. The
Great Wall of China remains one of the most well–known landmarks in the world today. The Qin
Dynasty began to fall apart following the death of Shi Huang Ti in 210 BCE, and finally came to an
end in 206

Eastern Culture And Western Culture
Eastern culture and Chinese culture are unique in many ways. Many ideas and customs in the
eastern world account for it's unique qualities. One country in the east that is an exceptional
representation of eastern culture is China. China's geography, prehistory, role of women,
philosophies, and culture, are factors that separate China from the rest of the world and shape China
into the unique country it is today. Many components account for the uniqueness of eastern culture.
Eastern people are more likely to hide their feelings. Many times they will keep a straight face or act
happy, when they are actually going through troublesome times. Eastern people are more private
about their relationships. They keep their intimate relations behind doors. Countries in the east
glorify collectivism. The idea of collectivism views the group as the primary body. This means that
the individual is given little worth. Decisions are made as a group and very rarely is a person asked,
"What would you like to do?" Family is the central institution in eastern society and is imperative to
their way of life. When a child's parent grows into old age, they are expected to care and provide
space for them to live in their house. Because grandparents commonly live in the same house as
their grandchildren, they are often involved in the raising of the children and are highly respected
among the children. They are considered the leader of the household and children are expected to
obey

The History Of Han China
Though the people of Islamic belief are scattered throughout China, the greatest concentration of
Muslims reside in the autonomous region of Xinjiang. This region is distinctly non–Han in its ethnic
composition, since the Uyghurs account for nearly 75 percent of its population; the cultural makeup
of this region is comprised of Turkic language and beliefs in Islam (Clarke and Hayes 3). However,
the influx and growth of the Han Chinese population in Xinjiang has created a language barrier in
which the Uyghurs have become the regional minority. In the past, the Uyghurs have been
continuously oppressed and silenced by their rulers. Even today, the Uyghur are subject to unfair
treatment in respect to education and professional opportunities. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the revolution, the CCP attempted to reconcile by introducing policies allowing ethnic and
religious expression. This allowed Uyghur scholars to express their versions of history and culture,
which was not always consistent with Chinese rhetoric.
Unfortunately, China is taking steps back on their allowance of Islamic and Uyghur language
expression in Xinjiang. In March 2017, China banned burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Xinjiang
claiming the action as a "crackdown on religious extremism" (Dearden, "China bans..."). In July
2017, China went back on their allowance of Uyghur language in schools by banning its use in
Xinjiang (Staff, RFA. "China Bans..."). In September 2017, the Chinese police ordered Muslims to
hand in copies of the Koran and prayer mats (Heffron, "Chinese police..."). All of these efforts have
been claimed to regulate and reduce extremism.
One of the distinguishing characteristics between the Uyghurs and Han is the language, a difference
that can be detrimental for Uyghurs looking for success within the dominating Han society. While
the Han use Mandarin, the Uyghurs use a Turkic derivative that is significantly divergent. The
Uyghurs believe that their language is central to their ethnic identity and refuse to allow it to be
forgotten beneath the pressure of Mandarin use. However, it is difficult for

The Yellow Emperor Of Shan Jing, A Great Chinese Culture...
The Yellow Emperor in Shan Hai Jing, a great Chinese culture creator
Brief Introduction About Shan Hai Jing
Shan Hai Jing is considered by historians, geographers and academics alike, to be one of the oldest
records of ancient Chinese geography, and the most extensive literature on ancient China. The
literature has 32 volumes, of which only 18 volumes have survived. Of these 18 volumes, five
volumes are relating to the Shan Jing (Classic of Mountains), the next 8 volumes to the Hai Jing
(Classic of Seas), another 4 volumes relate to the Da Huang Jing (Classic of Big Land) and the
remaining one volume relates to the Hainei Jing (Classic of Mainland). The book, vast as it is,
contains long and detailed descriptions of the great mountains and famous rivers of China. Each
volume of the book has its own specific system, and therefore, was completed in different periods of
time (Owen, 1986). It is important to realize that Shan Hai Jing contains many zhiguai stories and it
is the type of Chinese literature which contains a huge number of stories through thousands of years.
This book is a very important depiction of the ancient Chinese history and in many cases the actual
history is blended with the created stories. Among these stories, the Yellow Emperor is one of the
most important characters in ancient Chinese history. Thus, this essay mainly focuses on introducing
The Yellow Emperor, his battle with Chi You, his personality and his contribution to

Daniele Varè: The Last Empress
The Last Empress by Daniele Varè
The Empress Dowager Tzi–his (1835–1908) was a unique ruler unlike any other China had ever
seen. She is considered to be one of the most influential people in Chinese history, a rarity in the
male dominated Chinese world. The empress dowager exerted great power over the Chinese empire
and influenced the political structure in ways it had never been influenced before, making many
great reforms that she believed would help the Chinese people.
Born on November 29th, 1835, Tzi–hsi was named Yehonala after her tribe. Her father, Huei–cheng
died when she was a child and her family took care of her until she was sent to Emperor Hsien–
Feng's court as a concubine. Although Hsien–Feng had many wives and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Last Empress by Daniele Varè does an excellent job of portraying these events in detail as well
as providing cultural background in which to better understand the events and the circumstances of
her life. The vivid depiction of the Empress Dowager gives intimate details of Tzi–his's life, her
personality and the motivations that drove her to propose the reforms and ideas that she did. It
provides an in depth look into her life through social and political spheres in which she existed. The
King's College History Department in its review said:
Varè is successful in writing this primarily because she does not attempt to judge wherther the
actions of the empress were good or bad. The strict reporting of the facts with very little speculation
makes this book extremely useful...Her point of view is that even if she did do many things that
were negative along with some that were positive this only goes to show she is human. (1)
Varè does do an excellent job of portraying the life of the Empress in an objective manner. So often
it is easy to judge historical figures by their actions, but what is important to remember is that they
were only doing what they knew, and what they thought was best for the country. The Empress
Dowager was doing what she thought was best, and although her decisions did not necessarily result
in the best of circumstances for China, she was a very influential figure regardless.
The

Cultural Differences Between Chinese And American Eating...
Alice （程爱琴）
Mrs. Carry Ann Vincent
Applied English 132
5 June 2015
Research Project
General Topic: culture
Restricted: Chinese and American culture
More Restricted: Chinese and American eating culture
Topic Chosen: The difference eating culture between China and American
Outline
I. Different country have different eating style
A. Chinese 5000years history
1. Long history result interesting eating culture
B. America 200years history
1. Short history result healthy eating culture
II. Different eating idea between China and America
A. Chinese idea of eating
1. The masses regard food as their heaven
B. America idea of eating
1. Emphasis nutrition is an important elements
III. Different cuisine between China and America
A. American cuisine
1. Immigrant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
30 Jul 2013. Web. 17 May 2015. . "Cultural Differences Between Chinese and Western Food."
Docin. n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. .
"Cultural Differences Between Chinese and Western Food." Haosou. 8 Apr 2013. Web. 17 May
2015. .
Feng, XueYang. "Differences on food culture between Chinese and The United States." Scientific
and Technical Information 23 (2012): 200–201. Web. 22 May 2015. .
"The Difference Between Chinese Food and American Food." Docin. n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. .
Zhang, Jing Jie. "The Difference Between Chinese Food and American Food " 360doc. 25 Feb 2012.
Web. 17 May 2015.
.

The Different Food Culture between China and America
With the development of the history, every country has formed its special food culture which is
different from other countries. Here I will mainly introduce the difference between China and
America food culture which are totally different styles. China is an old country with more than 5000
years' history. While America only has 200 years' history .I think the compare between the two may
very interesting and meaningful, and at the same time I will understand the America culture much

Technological Advancement In Ancient China
Technological Advancements in Ancient China that Changed History
As one of the first civilizations, ancient China grew into the largest superpower in all of Asia
(Strayer, 2012, pp. 133). Ancient China impacted history through their military conquests, major
historical figures, and most significantly, founded a technological breakthrough for the world,
metallurgy. Metallurgy is the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of
metals and their production and purification (Oxford, 2010). The Chinese made great advancements
in metallurgy as it emerged from the Neolithic period and then as it progressed into the Iron Age.
Early evidence of the origination of the technologies used to make bronze alloys is debated,
however, superbly crafted bronze objects have been found in China dating back from around 2000
B.C.E. from the Shang dynasty. However, there is no debate over where the unique metallurgical
methods to melt and cast iron were developed over a thousand years prior to any evidence found of
it the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tools and weapons made of durable bronze replaced earlier models, leading to marked progression
in areas like agriculture and warfare. The metal works, found throughout various excavation sites in
China, show the writing systems mature from simple lines to intricate pictographs that record
Chinese history in lengthy inscriptions on them. The bronze vessels discovered at foundry sites like
Anyang, show lengthy inscriptions that commemorate key political, military, and ritual events
(Beckman, 2013). The evolution of Chinese technologies in metallurgy, mirrors the progression of
the Chinese people as the metal pieces found record important moments in Chinese history.
Markings on metal pieces indicate advancements made in developing writing systems and shows the
organization of complex

China Vs China
Could the Eurocentric notion of China being "inferior"or having "failed" at achieving modernity
constitute an overwhelming misunderstanding of China as a whole? Is the "failure" narrative
evidence of how the propagators of the European academy use their understandings to pervert the
very essence of true Chinese history? If it wasn't intentional, could the West have 'failed' to
understand the complex cultural and socioeconomic dynamics of China? Historians who adhere to
the foundations of Eurocentric thought, in establishing the 'China v. Europe' comparative analysis,
have often cited claims that European advancements throughout history were not only 'unique' but
are in fact the precedent for modernity. In establishing this precedent, the West ... Show more
Ricci was born in 1552 and has written accounts of his immersion during his mission in Ming
dynasty China. Historian Nigel Cameron, had documented thirteen centuries of European travels to
China, which included Matteo Ricci's travels as well. According to Cameron, Matteo Ricci was "the
only one to whom the Chinese accorded unreservedly their respect as a scholar in their own
language and literature." So It seems that there is a more effective way of grasping a full if not some
understanding of the cultural dynamics of China. Now especially with regards to the comprehension
of different cultures it may be hard to do so through the Euro–lense or through a European
methodological way of interpretation. Explaining and comprehending the Chinese culture through
the English language may result in failure. Even Matteo Ricci, admitted that the Chinese language
"is totally different from Greek or German." Western historians have misinterpreted non–West
histories, in fact it is common. But, to what extent does this misinterpretation lie? It lies with the
teleological

The Great Wall Of China
The Great Wall of China is known as the largest construction project to be put in effect in all of
world history. The wall, also known in China as "long wall of 10,000 li," is a collection of numerous
short walls extending along the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. Although
it is a common misconception that the Great Wall of China is one long continuous wall, it 's
structural inconsistency in no way undermines its greatness. The wall has been built, destructed,
rebuilt, and maintained for a massive amount of time dating back to the fifth century BC and has
been worked upon through the 16th century AD. The wall is regarded as the world 's largest human–
made structure and stretches approximately 6,400 kilometers, or 4,000 miles. It also holds the record
for largest human–structure ever made in terms of surface area and mass. The history of China and
its ruling dynasties was quite sporadic, resulting in an amazing tale to be told for the coming about
of China 's most famous, interesting landmark. The construction of the Great Wall began and
continued with intention to protect the northern borders of China 's empires. This construction took
place throughout the rule of successive dynasties. The wall was needed only to conceal China 's
northern borders because luckily the other three sides of China are protected by natural borders.
These natural borders include the Himalayan Mountain range on the southern side, the Pacific
Ocean in the east, and the

The Classical Nature of the Sui Dynasty
Classical
WHAT IS CLASSICAL?
There are multiple meanings of classical, originally the term "classical" is a way to describe the
literature, culture and art of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Though this is the original
definition of the word "classical" it is well argued that many different civilizations and arts,
literature, and culture can be described as classical.
EXAMPLE
An example would be classic music as this would be referencing European music around the 18th to
19th century.
JUSTIFYING CLASSICAL
Another definition of "classical" is the most developed stage of art from a civilization such as
Chinese classic poetry or classical music. Having these two quite contradicting definitions, to
justify, something that is "classical" gives a great impact as well as long impact on today's society
whether the impact was either positive or negative.
THE SUI DYNASTY
An example of this new justified definition would be the Sui Dynasty and how it has impacted
China so much to which they had introduced a new religion that now takes up 20% to 50% of
China's population.
Brief History
During the 6th century, the hardworking micromanager Yang Jian had ascended the Sui dynasty.
This dynasty preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties and was quite a productive time in
terms of artistic production. For over a century, China has unified after the north–south division and
tried to unify the people of China by using the Equal–field system. This technique allowed the

Background Information : Hathaway Jones
Background Information History Hathaway Jones, a luxury goods retailer. In 2006, Hathaway Jones
has $5 billion sales. However, it had fallen on hard times now. Four years ago, it recruited Fred
Westen to be the CEO. With his rich working experience and aggressive personality, Fred helped
bring the company's margins closer to industry standard. Fred realized that the company's image was
getting old fast. Young people do not want the Hathaway Jones' products, which are expensive
designer clothes. Nevertheless, there is a big luxury goods market in China. The market was
growing by 70% a year. Therefore, Fred wants a winning team to help him develop China market.
Development Fred comes to his old friend's daughter, Mimi. Mimi had grown up ... Show more
He thought that Mimi is a suitable candidate to lead the team to develop China market. However,
Virginia Flanders, the vice president of human resources, has googled Mimi and found that she has
involved in a protest. Mimi's involvement had been more than just a student's expression of
defiance. There was a newspaper story featured a photo of Mimi. She was sitting outside China's
San Francisco consulate protesting China's treatment of a dissident journalist. This political event
may become a threat for assigning Mimi to develop China market. Thus, Fred is wondering if he
should recruit Mimi or not. SWOT Analysis Strength Fred recognize the 70% growth in China Fred
does good at marketing research Mimi has business background Mimi is bilingual Virginia is a good
HR employee Board of director are innovative Board of director – change the market direction to
outside of the US Board of directors – Hire Fred Weaknesses Fred does not have a formal interview
with Mimi He ignores the internal talent Skipping the HR department and process to recruit
candidate Fred does not trust HR Fred lack of respect to Virginia Mimi is over confident Mimi is not
a good team player Mimi is not telling the truth of her protest action Opportunities Expending the
market to China and US Potential 70% growth in China Mimi can understand the needs of young
people in China Set up a recruiting guideline for HR to hire suitable employees Threats

The History of Opium in China
Tracing back in Chinese history, opium and china were considered to be strongly connected. It was
commonly used for enjoyment and to relieve the "boredom" of life. The smokers would gather
around in a room spending pleasant time passing the pipe around with their fellow friends and
family. Such praise for this substance made it easy to say that opium was part of the Chinese life and
culture for a very long time. Opium has had an extensive past in the Chinese community. This
element was first presented to China by Arab brokers as a medicine in the eighth century.
Nevertheless, because opium was quite unusual and thus making it very expensive, it affected
mainly adolescent men of rich families, among whom it meant as a status symbol. In the early19th
century, opium was mostly dominant among the social leaders. However, over the years opium has
made its way from the high class to the lowest class of the Chinese society. Smokers celebrated the
occasion as it provided friendly time with other fellow smokers. Most of the time, it was healthier to
gather around with friends rather than smoking on one's own because such symptoms like
depression may occur in the user. Smokers often declared that the use of opium was a perfect way to
make new friends. The intake of opium was considered as an art, a formal needing material of
human qualities. For example, beginners received the individual attention of constant smokers for
the arrangement of an opium pipe that required

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