Yess

Yess
Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation
In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)– the cells must constantly adapt cellular adaptation– is
the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell –by definition – an adaptative process is reversible –within defined limits,
all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of stimuli which may upset normality
NORMAL CELL GROWTH –Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing and the number of the cells
dying –the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative capacity– they respond differently to stress and injury ...
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Atrophy – is a decrease in the size of tissue or organ resulting from decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the number of cells composing
the tissue atrophy– decrease in size of normally developed organ. It is different from agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia which are abnormalities of organ
development. atrophy– decrease in the size of the cell results from the loss or reduction of cell substances, reduction of the number of cytoplasmic
organelles associated with diminished cell function
Atrophy represents a reduction of cell structural components –less mitochondria –less endoplasmic reticulum –fewer myofilaments metabolic rate is
reduced –less amino acid uptake –less oxygen consumption –less protein synthesis
Degenerating organelles are taken up in lysosomal vacuoles for enzymatic digestion, process is represented by –marked increase in the number of
autophagic vacuoles –many autophagic vacuoles may resist digestion–residual bodies some of them contain lipofuscin granules–brown atrophy
–atrophy may progress to cell injury and death, a decrease in cell number results from cell death due to irreversible cell injury –when sufficient number
of cells is involved–the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size= becomes atrophic – connective tissue or adipose tissue fills
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bronchogenic Cysts Research Paper
INTRODUCTION: Bronchogenic cysts are formed due to abnormal budding of bronchial tree. They are lined by respiratory epithelium. They are not
air filled as they do not commonly communicate with the bronchial tree. They are filled with fluid containing proteins, blood products and calcium
oxalate.
One third are located in the lung parenchyma and two third are located in the mediastinum. 40 to 50% of all congenital cysts in the thorax are
bronchogenic cysts. On CT scans they appear as round mass with attenuation similar to soft tissue or water.
Symptoms arise only when the cyst compresses surrounding structures. Most cysts are asymptomatic.
We present a case of a young lady who presented with an incidentally detected cavitory lesion on routine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The age of the patient, nonвЂ‘smoker status, absence of emphysema or abnormality suggesting a previous tuberculosis insult lessens the possibility of
a bulla. Cystic bronchiectasis is unlikely considering the solitary nature, lower lobe location and lack of recurrent lung infections.
Treatment for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients is surgical resection. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in all patients including
those who are asymptomatic considering the risk of recurrent infections. If CCAM is detected antenatally or at birth, surgical resection is done
between 1 and 6 months of age as the scope for compensatory lung growth after resection is much better in infants compared to adults.
The standard therapy has been a posterolateral thoracotomy or median–sternotomy with intrapulmonary cysts requiring segmental or lobar resection.
Histopathological Examination in this patient revealed hyalinised collagen tissue devoid of any lining epithelium except a localized area having
squamous epithelium and syncytium with multiple nuclei.
The underlying lung parenchyma showed dilated bronchioles, normal alveolar spaces and focal lymphocytic

Factors Contributing From Changes After Pars Plana
Factors Contributing To Pachymetry Changes After Pars Plana Vitrectomy Samir Mohamed Elbahha, MD,* Amir Ramadan Gomaa, MD,** Mahmoud
Alaa Abouhussein, FRCO Glasgow–MD** * Professor of Ophthalmology, Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University **Lecturer of Ophthalmology,
Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University Purpose: to evaluate factors contributing to pachymetry changes after vitrectomy. Methods: Central corneal
thickness was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry preoperatively and immediately post–operatively in 42 eyes of patients who underwent 20 or 23
gauge pars plana vitrectomy with or without scleral buckling for indications including epiretinal membrane, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
(RRD), vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment and with injection of silicone oil, sulfur hexafluoride gas, air or saline. Results:
Central corneal thickness was significantly increased at the end of the surgery by 3.4%(0.017 mm). The mean duration of surgery was 27.8 В± 11.06
minutes. Longer operative time and more cryotherapy applications were associated with more corneal edema. More operative time and more corneal
edema occurred in younger patients, non diabetics, phakic eyes, cases of 20gauge vitrectomy and circulage, eyes with RRD, the use of Ringer 's
solution and the use of gas. Cases of 20 gauge vitrectomy and 23 gauge vitrectomy did not show significant difference in corneal edema or operative
duration. Conclusions: The longer duration vitrectomy, reflected in

Essay On Systemic Enteric Fever
Generalized systemic enteric fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, enlarged spleen, and constipation followed by more severe abdominal symptoms; rose
spots on trunk in 25% of Caucasian patients; complications include ulceration of Peyer's patches in ileum, can produce hemorrhage or perforation;
Common enterocolitis may result without enteric fever; characterized by headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration may
result; case fatality of 16% reduced to 1% with antibiotic therapy; mild and atypical infections occur ("Salmonella typhi | MSDSonline", 2017)
Gastrointestinal contaminations are overwhelmingly connected with those serotypes which happen broadly in people. They can go in seriousness
from asymptomatic carriage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
пѓ Systemic Disease
Host–adapted serotypes are more invasive and tend to cause systemic disease in their hosts; a feature which is linked to their resistance to phagocytic
killing. In humans, this applies to the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, S. Typhi, and S. Paratyphi A, B, and C, which cause the septicemia diseases,
enteric fever. Typhoid fever has an incubation period of anything from 3 to 56 days, though it is usually between 10 and 20 days. Invasive salmonellas
penetrate the intestinal epithelium and are then carried by the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes. After multiplication in the macrophages, they
are released to drain into the bloodstream and are then disseminated around the body. They are removed from the blood by macrophages but continue to
multiply within them. This eventually kills the macrophages which then release large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream causing a septicemia.
In this, the first phase of the illness, the organism may be cultured from the blood. There is a slow onset of symptoms including fever, headache,
abdominal tenderness and constipation and the appearance of the body of rose red spots which fade on pressure. During the second stage of the
illness, the organism reaches the gall bladder where it multiplies in the bile. The flow of infected bile infects the small intestine causing inflammation
and ulceration. The fever persists but with

Simple Anonymous Essay
The Study of Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Transitional, Stratified Squamous, Adipose,
Hyaline Cartilage, Areolar, Bone, Smooth Muscle,
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle and
Neuron Tissues
Table of Contents
Epithelial Tissue
1.Simple squamous
2.Simple cuboidal
3.Transitional
4.Stratified squamous
Connective Tissue
5.Adipose
6.Hyaline cartilage
7.Areolar
8.Bone
Muscle Tissue
9.Smooth muscle
10.Skeletal muscle
11.Cardiac muscle
Nervous
12.Neuron

Simple Squamous
Simple squamous epithelial cells are flattened horizontally and their cytoplasm is thin. The simple squamous cells allow passage of materials by
diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important. Because the cells are flat and have thin cytoplasm, it allows for easy passage of
materials. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The functions are support and reinforcement. These functions are achieved through support provided by the fibers.
Areolar
Areolar tissue is made up of a gel–like material, called the matrix, with all of the fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and several
white blood cells. The key function of the areolar tissue is to cushion the organs. The gel–like matrix helps the function of cushioning the organs
become possible.
Bone
Bone tissue is hard and has a calcified matrix (where the pores are filled with calcium) containing collagen fibers; osteocytes (mature bone cells) lie in
the lacunae (cavity containing bone cells). The key functions of bone tissues are: support and protect the body structure and provide cavities for fat
storage and synthesis of blood cells. Because the matrix of bone tissue is hard and rigid, the tissue is able to provide support and protection to the

What Is Cellular Specialisation
Cellular specialisation is very important
Tissues are groups of similar cells carrying out specific functions.
In the human body we have four main tissues, Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous.
Epithelial tissues line all body surface. The epithelial tissue can have one or more layers. Epithelial tissues is related with protection, secretion,
absorption, and filtration. For example, the epidermis has epithelial cells that protect our body.
There two groups of epithelia: when the cells are grouped in one layer are called simple, if the cells are grouped in two or more layer is called stratified.
Cubical – these are cube shaped with a spherical nuclei, they are often found in the kidney tubes, sweat ducts and glands like the thyroid gland and
breast tissue. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theyre also positioned close together in random patterns, simple squamous epithelium is found on the walls of the lung aveoli and the blood capileries.
Compound being,
* To protect deeper structures, this can be found in the vagina, mouth, tongue and the oesophagus this is lined by stratified epithelia (simple) which
then consist of layers being squamous, cuboidal or columnar cells which eventually become flattened due to pressure from below as the rech the surface.
Secondly, Muscle is an excitable tissue because it's capable of responding to stimuli, the three different types of muscle tissue are, striated, non–striated
and cardiac.
* Striated – also known as voluntary, skeletal or striped muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton although some facial muscles are attached to
skin.
Non–striated – also known as involuntary, smooth or plain muscle contains protein filaments.
Cardiac – this muscle is only found in the four chambers (atria and ventricles) of the heart. It is capable of rhythmically contracting without receiving

any nervous

Kidney And Corne Aquaporin Analysis
Aquaporin: Structure and Role in Kidney and Cornea
The isolation of aquaporin helped many scientists to determine the nature of aquaporin as a water channel protein and work out how water transport
occurs across membrane.
Structure of Aquaporin
Aquaporin consists of a tetramer (Verkman et al, 2014) and each monomer has a single aqueous pore that allows water transportation and prevents
proton transfer (Agre et al, 2002). There is an extracellular and cytoplasmic vestibule in each monomer which connects to a central amphipatic pore
region that has a hydrophilic (О±–carbonyl groups) and hydrophobic surface that helps preventing permeation of larger molecules (Verkman et at,
2014). There are six membrane domains in each aquaporin that then form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cornea is part of the ocular surface system and is of vital importance to maintain its slightly dehydrated state (Gipson, 2007). The cornea consists of
layered structures as shown in Figure 3. Corneal epithelium consists of three layers of superficial, wing and basal cells and is the main refractive site of
the eye and is constantly bathed by water (tears) secreted from lacrimal glands (Schey et al, 2014). Keratocytes are scattered among a network of
collagen fibrils which are spaced in the stroma is important in maintaining the transparency of the cornea (ibid). The endothelium layer is immersed in
an aqueous humor and gives access to fluid and nutrients for the cornea (ibid). Changes in the corneal water volume will change the length and spacing
of stromal collagen fibrils which later affects the transparency of the cornea (ibid). Both AQP5 and AQP1 are the major channels for water transport
across the corneal epithelium and endothelium (ibid). AQP5 is responsible for water transport across the corneal epithelium onto the ocular surface due
to the high osmotic pressure of the tear film (ibid). AQP1 facilitates water transport across the corneal endothelium and together with epithelial AQP5,
maintains the slightly dehydrated and transparent stromal layer of the eye

Pdl Lab Report
PDL cells that induce coronally the periodontal regeneration coming from flap. It was said that they came from progenitor cells from within.
In a study, a tooth was made with slits inside the chamber and was implanted into 5 mm tissue with the dentinal wall remaining and an implant was
insurted in to the root and collagen barrier was added. The histological specimen after 3 months showed formation of cementum and PDL was formed
between the dentinal wall and implant.
So, projenitor cells in PDL are strongly associated in the regeneration of periodontal apparatus.
Role of epithelium in periodontal wound healing: It seems that as the tooth is merged into the mucosa the epithelial lining is continuous apically
inhibiting the periodontal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an experiment, a Widman flap was made and after each two consecutive month professional cleaning was made it was noticed that we have new bone
formation either 2 walled or 3 walled but it was said it's due to the new CT attachment.
Grafting procedure:
In multiple experiments where bone grafts or implant bone substitutes where made with either:
1.Autogeneous graft: from same person
2.Allogenic graft: frozen red bone marrow and calcellous bone from genetic dissimilar members
3.Xenograft: from another species
4.Alloplastic graft: synthetic material with bone substitute
These contained:
1.Osteo–induction: Bone inducing substances
2.Osteo–genesis Bone forming cells
3.Osteo–conduction: Scaffold for bone formation
It has showed promising results but the documentation varried due different:
1.Attachment levels
2.Location
3.Xrays
4.Re–entery procedure.
A new cementum was made and collagen fibers bonded to it making new periodontal attachment.

3.Nonresorbable membranes:
Usage of membranes as cellulose acetate filters and EPTFE (EXPANDED polytetraflouro ethylene) as GRT barriers as they has these properties: a–
Manageable clinically b– Make space for tissue healing c– Allow tissue integration d– Biocompatible e– Cellular barrier
With the use of ePTFE, THE THICK KERATINIZED attached gingiva must be

How Internalisation Of Subgingival Bacteria By Epithelial...
DENT262C Oral Microbiology
Does internalisation of subgingival bacteria by epithelial cells represent invasion by the bacteria or a defensive strategy of the host?
I.D. 58962
Word Count:1828
Summary
Residence within host gingival epithelia cells provides bacteria with a nutrient–rich, generally reducing environment that is partially protected from the
host immune system. Accessing this secure environment isvital in the early stages of sulcus colonization by periodontal bacteria, as low numbers of
bacteria are susceptible to clearance by immune mechanisms. While this does not immediately contribute to disease, invasive bacteria use the
intracellular location to safely persist and replicate. The main bacteria focused in this essay isP. gingivalis. It is a gram–negative anaerobic bacteria that
is associated with more severe forms of the periodontal disease.P. gingivalisuses many mechanisms for adhesion and internalisation into host cells such
a frimbriae, gingipains, and proteolytic enzymes. These and other processes cause induction of host's immune–inflammatory activity, which affects the
structures supporting the teeth. This may also lead to the destruction of the surrounding bone and connective tissue, and ultimately tooth loss.
Adhesion
Initial interactions with epithelial cells require adhesion. The adhesion in the human oral cavity is essential for the microbial survival, as microbes
have to attach themselves to a host surface before being able to

Chlamydia Trachomatis : The Most Widespread Bacterial...
Pathophysiology of Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread bacterial agent of STD all over the world. Genital serovars infection results to the complications
including infertility as well as pelvic inflammatory disease. It should be noted that the Chlamydia trachomatis comprises the trachoma serovars which
are the primary cause of avoidable blindness globally. Studies indicate that Chlamydia pneumoniae results in the airway disease, and it has been found
in some situation of atherosclerosis (Barber, 2013).
Though there is a good establishment of the pathologic outcome of Chlamydia, the mechanisms of Chlamydia–stimulated tissues damage has not been
fully identified. Traditional examination of the samples of tissue from women ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous mediators of inflammation are present during the process of infection, comprising interleukin–1ОІ (IL–1ОІ) as well as tumor necrosis
factor–О± (TNF–О±). Mucosal cells tissues infected by Chlamydia include the dendritic cells, the epithelial cells, fibroblast, as well as the
macrophages. Toll–like receptors are expressed by these cells that identify the particular pathogen–connected molecular patterns, comprising, bacterial
wall mechanisms, the bacterial DNA, the peptidoglycan, as well as double–stranded RNA. It is noted that the Toll–like receptors' engagement by the
products of microbial, result to the production of the biologically–dynamic mediators, comprising the chemokines and antimicrobial peptides that
participate in the inflammatory reaction (Barber, 2013).
Chlamydiae have many cell walls as well as components of the outer membrane that are recognized by the Toll–like receptors. It is vital to note that the
Toll–like receptors, as well as the chlamydial heat shock proteins, have been found to be the primary ligands for both Toll–like 1 and Toll–like 2
receptors. Though the interaction of Chlamydia with the Toll–like receptors plays a key role regarding the start of the pro–inflammatory cytokine as
well as the production of the chemokine, the cell lysis mode at the end of the infectious phase is expected to have a great outcome on the response of
the host (Herieka, 2005).
There have been numerous studies on the epithelial cells as a

Mucus Essay
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucus is a thick secretion made up of water, electrolytes, and a mixture of several glycoproteins. The Glycoproteins are made up of large
polysaccharides which are bound with much smaller quantities of protein.
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has numerous important characteristics applicable everywhere that make it
both a superb lubricant and a protectant for the wall of the gut. These are as follows:
1.It has adherent qualities – it adheres tightly to the food or other particles to spread as a thin film over the surfaces.
2.It has sufficient body – the wall of the gut is coated by the mucus and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It causes fecal particles to adhere to one another to form the fecal masses that are excreted during a bowel movement.
5.It can't be easily digested by the gastrointestinal enzymes (very strong resistance).
6.The glycoproteins of mucus have amphoteric properties (they are capable of buffering small amounts of either acids or alkalies) and mucus regularly
contains moderate amounts of bicarbonate ions, which particularly neutralise acids.
Mucus allows easy slippage of food along the gastrointestinal tract and to prevent abrasive or chemical damage to the epithelium. When the salivary
glands does not secrete saliva you very quickly become aware of the lubricating qualities of mucus, as it is then difficult to swallow solid food even
when it is eaten while drinking large amounts of water.
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in other parts of the body
The mucus secreted by the epithelial cells within the linings of the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts also contains antimicrobial chemicals.
As mucus is sticky, particles that stick to it are prevented from entering the blood. In the upper respiratory tract they are swept by ciliary action up into
the pharynx and then swallowed, or are phagocytosed by macrophages in the various

Histo Practice Exam 1
1.Fixation
2.formaldehyde
3.glutaraldehyde
4.Dehydration
5.clearing
6.epoxy resins, paraffin
7.microtome
8.glass slide, wire grid
9.Hematoxylin, Eosin
10.Eosin
11.Hematoxylin
12.cationic/ + charged
13.acidophilia
14.anionic/ – charged
15.basophilia
16.RNA
17.pink, purple
18.False, it differs
19.insoluble molecules
20.small, organic solvents
21.Shrinkage
22.artificial spaces, molecules
23.artifacts
24.chemical composition
25.enzymes
26.antibodies
27.RNA, DNA

28.radioactive
29.resolution/resolving power
30.0.2
31.true
32.non–membrane bound
33.membrane
34.Mitochondria
35.fluorescent tags.
36.rhodamine 123
37.False, this is not a self sufficient replication system
38.EM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loose (areolar), Dense
80.embryonic mesenchyme
81.skull
82.formation of bone from mesenchyme
83.Loose
84.Dense CT
85.Loose CT
86.Loose/areolar CT
87.fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell
88.Fibroblast
89.collagen
90.rough ER, Golgi, ECM
91.rough ER
92.golgi
93.ECM
94.Cross–linking
95.elastic fibers
96.Macrophage
97.macrophage
98.macrophage
99.fibroblast
100.Fibroblasts
101.mucosal mast cells, CT proper mast cells
102.inflammatory

103.largest
104.hypersensitivity reaction
105.mast cells
106.mast cell
107.plasma cells
108.Plasma cells
109.RER (basophilia)
110.Plasma cells
111.Loose connective tissue in lamina propria
112.ECM (extracellular matrix)
113.Proteoglycan
114.glycoaminoglycans (GAGs)
115.GAGs
116.nutritive, degrading
117.Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycoaminoglycans
118.dynamic
119.Fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, chondroblasts.
120.RER, golgi
121.mature elastic fibers
122.desmosin, isodesmosine
123.elastin fibers (in artery wall)
124.Reticular CT
125.Elastic CT
126.Dense regular CT
127.Dense Irregular CT
128.dense irregular CT
129.dense regular CT
130.loose CT (of the epidermis)
131.dense irregular CT (of dermis)
132.Dense regular CT (of tendon)
133.fibroblasts (in cross section of tendon)
134.Specialized connective tissue
135.Connective tissue (CT) proper
136.1) the distribution and relative number of cells; 2)types of fibers

Is Cancer A Genetic Disease?
Introduction Cancer is one of the oldest genetic diseases known to man. Since the evolution of mitosis as a means for cell division and the development
of multicellular eukaryotes – like humans and their biological progenitors – mutations in normal cell maturation and proliferation have resulted in
various types of cancers, some benign but many of which exhibit great malignancy (Hajdu, 2011). Cancer, and one of its more common forms
carcinoma, is characterized as a genetic disease where by mutations – often caused by environmental stressors such as chemical or radiation exposure –
in the development of epithelial cells lead to abnormal growth, either in terms of size or abundance. This abnormal uncontrolled growth is known as
neoplasia (Rock & Hogan, 2011). Carcinoma cells can develop by other methods however, anaplasia for example is the process by which normally
mature differentiated cells begin to lose their form and resemble immature cells lacking proper function, becoming irresponsive to normal stimuli
(Scatena, 2011). Dysplasia is similar in that it consists of a proliferation of immature often undifferentiated cells, eventually outnumbering the number
of mature cells as they 're removed by the process of apoptosis – programmed cell death (Wang, 2010). Eventually the neoplasm, or anaplastic cells,
can replace normal tissue; as apoptosis of cancer cells is non–functioning, the development of a large tumour can inhibit the functionality of healthy
organs and their

The Anatomical Structure Of Different Organelles
Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions.
The cell's nonmembranous organelles include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes. Membranous organelles
include the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Organelle Location and function
CytoskeletonServes as the cell 's skeleton. It is an interior protein system that gives the cytoplasm quality and adaptability. The cytoskeleton of all cells
is made of microfilaments, halfway fibers, and microtubules. Muscle cells contain these cytoskeletal parts in addition to thick fibers. The fibers and
microtubules of the cytoskeleton frame a dynamic system whose ceaseless rearrangement influences cell shape and capacity.
MicrovilliNumerous cells have little, finger–formed projections of the plasma film on their uncovered surfaces. These projections, called microvilli
(solitary, microvillus), significantly increment the surface territory of the phone presented to the extracellular environment. Likewise, they cover the
surfaces of cells that are effectively engrossing materials from the extracellular liquid, for example, the cells coating the stomach related tract.
Microvilli have broad associations with the cytoskeleton. A center of small scale fibers hardens each microvillus and grapples it to the cytoskeleton at
the terminal web.
Centrioles Matched, tube shaped bodies that lie at right edges

Outline the Structure of the Main Tissues of the Body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body.
In this assignment I'm going to talk about the structure of the main tissues which are found within the body as well as what their role is in the terms of
two named organs of the body. Tissues are a collection of similar cells that group together to carry out a specific function within the body. There are
four different types of tissue found in the human body which include; epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
The first type of tissue found in the human body is epithelial tissue. These types of tissue are found covering the whole surface of the body, lining of
cavities, hollow organs and tubes. The cells a very closely packed and are arranged in one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transitional epithelium is also composed of several layers but is constructive of pear shaped cells instead. This type of tissue is stretchy, meaning it
can contract and expand. It is usually found lining the urinary bladder as it allows for stretching as the bladder fills up.
The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect different part of the internal
structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in
considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type,
function and positioning of the tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to
transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are blood, bone, cartilage, bone,
areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly water where substances are
carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts, enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of
important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,

Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care...
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell
Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body
There are many different types of cells in the human body. These cells would not be able to function on their own, they are all part of a large organism
that is called – you.
The two named organs that I have chosen for this assignment are the intestines and the heart.
Tissues
All cells group together within the body to form tissue, a collection of similar cells group together to perform a specialized function. There are four
primary tissue types in the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made up of either liquid, solid, or connective tissue, within the matrix there are many types of connecting fibres, such as collagen and elastic fibres.
The function of the connective tissue is to support, bind, cover, protect and give structure to the body.
Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective
tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, areolar, adipose bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms
of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue.
Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can be found at the end of our
bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears.
Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They are tough on the outside, but on
the inside they have a sponge–like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining strength. They are designed to maintain the body's structure
and support the body's movement and are used to protect weaker tissues, such as the brain, lungs and heart.
Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit 5: Anatomy and physiology for Health and Social Care
Assessor: F. Mansell

P2: Outline the structure of

Esophagus Research Paper
1–Mucosa or mucosal membrane; the type of mucosal membrane varies depend on the location within the GI tract. For example, the mucosa of the
oesophagus is composed of tough and stratified epithelium. The mucosa of the rest of the tract is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium.
2–Submucosa; is a connective tissue layer that lies just bellow the mucosa. It contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
3–Muscularis; two or three layers of smooth muscle tissue make the muscularis layer. These muscle layers have an important role in the GI tract
motility.
4–Serosa; is the outermost covering of the digestive tube. In the abdominal cavity the serosal covering is called visceral peritoneum. It attaches the
digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity forming folds called mesenteries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss the esophagus and its function. Page 502
The esophagus is a collapsible, muscular mucous lined tube about 25 cm long and extend from the pharynx to the stomach. It is the first segment of the
digestive tube and its muscular wall make it a dynamic passageway able to push food toward the stomach. Each end of the esophagus is guarded by a
muscular sphincter. The upper sphincter helps to prevent air from entering the tube during respiration, and the lower sphincter normally prevents
backflow of the acidic stomach content.
11.Describe the stomach and how it functions. Page

Columnar Connective Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. There are four main tissues in the body which are epithelium, muscle, connective
tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelium functions are It protects us from the outside world. For example, the skin, absorbs the stomach and gut, filters the
kidney, and forms glands traits. It closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier, has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood
vessels in connective tissue underneath, can have lots of nerves in it, very good at regenerating for example fixing a sunburn or skinned knee. There
are different types of epithelium by shape and cell. The shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. By cell there is simple and stratified epithelium.
Connective tissue functions are it wraps around and cushions and protects organs, stores nutrients, internal support for organs, as tendon and ligaments
protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each other, and runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength. The three
elements of connective tissue are ground substance, fibers, cells. There are two kinds of Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue which has
Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, and Reticular Connective Tissue. And there is Dense Connective Tissue: which has... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The three types of Muscle Tissue are Smooth Muscle – organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle–shaped cells for pushing things through
organs, Skeletal Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated
discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat. Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous
system and associated with the body's voluntary

Two Main Layers Of Skin
Katherine Pina
The human body has two main layers of skin. The first layer is the epidermis which is above the second layer, the dermis. These two are separated by
the basement membrane. This first layer is the most superficial layer of skin, which means that it is visible to the human eye without an injury. The
epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is thinner than the dermis. However, these do not stop the epidermis from taking care, and protecting the body.
There is a good number of layers of cells within the epidermis, they are split up into regions, also known as strata. These layers are named, stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granuiosum, stratum lucidum, and lastly the most superficial layer, the stratum corneum. These laers ... Show more
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It is what connects the epidermis to the basement membrane, by means of hemidesmosomes, this also anchors the basement membrane to the dermis.
Every 19 days keratinocytes are undergoing mitotic divison. These keratinocytes are held in place by desmosomes, and use keratin fibers to supple
strength. The stratum spinosum is the next layer up, as each layer goes up, it becomes more superficial. These layers are between 8–10 many–sided
cells. In this layer the desmosomes are broken apart and create news ones, before this the cells push to the surface as they flatten. While being seen
through a microscope the cells appear to be spiny, which the name is referenced to. Inside the keratinocytes lamellar are formed from keratin fibers.
Mitosis doesn't take place in this layer. The stratum granulosum is two to five somewhat flatten layers, of diamond shaped cells. This layer produces
keratin fibers which are used in the all the layers. Nonprotein membrane bound granules called keratohyalin, migrate to the cytoplasm. A release of
lipids causes the nucleus to degenerate and die. However, the keratin fibers and keratinohylain

The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial tissues that cover/line surfaces
are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of their thin membrane and large
surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of
gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining,
esophagus, vaginal & anal canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found in the lines of kidney tubules
and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to
secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely packed

Histology Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 5 deals with histology, the study of tissues. Types of tissue include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous and muscular tissue. Cell
junctions, glands and tissue growth, development, repair and degeneration are discussed.
Histology is also called microscopic anatomy because a microscope is needed to view the structures of tissues.
Tissues are prepared for study thinly slicing the tissue, preserving them with a fixative and staining them to produce greater detail. Tissue samples
can be sliced longitudinally, by cross sections or by oblique sections. Liquid tissues, like blood are smeared on a slide for microscopic study. Epithelial
tissue covers the body and internal organs. It protects the body from injury and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two types of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact bone. Blood is the liquid connective tissue. It is made of a ground substance called
plasma and other formed elements. The formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets that aid in
clotting.
Nervous tissue is made of neurons, and neuroglia (glial cells). The neurons have a pronounced cell body called the neurosoma. Dendrites are extensions
that branch from the neurosoma to receive messages and communicate those messages to the neurosoma. Neurosoma also have an axon (nerve fiber)
that extends from the cell body that sends out signals to other cells. Glial cells transmit messages only short distances. They provide protection and
support to the nervous system.
Muscular tissue is built to contract and relax for movement, circulation and digestion. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle are the 3 types of muscular
tissue. Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bone, but there are exception like the tongue and some muscles of the face. Skeletal muscle is voluntary
and striated. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. It is involuntary muscle tissue but is also striated. Smooth muscle is neither striated nor
voluntary. It can be found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary

Oral Mucosa At The Macroscopic Level
The oral mucosa is a specialized tissue lining the oral cavity and consists of the following components: (1) the masticatory mucosa, which lines the
gingiva and the hard palate; (2) the specialized mucosa covering the dorsum of the tongue; and (3) the lining mucosa which covers the reminder of the
oral cavity [201, 202]. The gingiva is considered an adaptation of the oral masticatory mucosa covering the alveolar bone and surrounding the cervical
portions of teeth. The gingiva protects the roots of teeth, and underlying alveolar bone from mechanical trauma and serves as the first line of defence
against bacteria by preventing it from reaching the deeper structures [201, 203]. The gingiva can be demarcated into several zones at the macroscopic
(as perceived by the unaided eye) and the microscopic levels according to anatomy or/ and function.
2.3.1.2.1Oral mucosa at the macroscopic level
The normal healthy appearance of the gingiva is coral pink with a scalloped coronal border known as the free gingival margin. The free gingival
margin is approximately located 1.5 to 2 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) in healthy fully erupted teeth [204]. On the other end, the
gingiva becomes continuous with the loose, red lining mucosa known as "the alveolar mucosa". The alveolar mucosa differs in colour since it has a
thin non–keratinized epithelium and loose connective tissues that contain numerous blood vessels but no rete pegs. Typically, the gingiva can be easily

Medical Devices And Medical Applications
2.1.Percutaneous medical devices Percutaneous medical devices are increasingly used in several medical applications and are indispensable in the
medical field [1]. Percutaneous devices are defined as foreign bodies crossing the epithelial barrier connecting external systems to the internal structure
of the body(fig). Table 1 summarizes the list of percutaneous medical devices. These percutaneous medical devices breach the epithelial barrier in a
temporarily or permanent manner; therefore, breaking the seal that protects the body from the outer environment. Pucket Modes and causes of
Percutaneous Devices Failures Several factors determine whether a percutaneous device might get infected. These include improper surgical technique,
an existing infection at the implantation site, the introduction of microorganism during the surgical procedure, patients with conditions that
compromise healing, improper cleaning of the device after implantation, or misuse of the device. Table from reference of all the devices With the
current advances in medical treatment and increased patients need, there is a steady growth in the number of patients where an epithelial–implant
interface will be present. Transcutaneous devices can be categorized into two classes: (1) non–implanted devices including catheters and drains and (2)
implanted devices including soft–tissue anchored implants such as ventricular assist devices, transcutaneous port systems (e.g., small bowel stomas)
and catheters

The Oropharynx : The Area Behind The Oral Cavity
Oropharynx: the oropharynx occupies the area behind the oral cavity, which extends from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. Its boundaries are:
anteriorly, the mouth through the isthmus faucium, laterally, is the palatine tonsil, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch. The
anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar
(faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula1'2. Groups of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the
pharynx surround the entrance of the throat in a ring–like positioning, known as Waldeyer 's Ring. They are three groups: –1– Palatine tonsils, the most
protruding groups in the ring and form recognizable masses, (also known as the tonsils), –2– Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as the "adenoids"), and the
–3– Lingual tonsils2'3. Histologically, there are three characteristic features distinguish the tonsils from each other: their position, type of the epithelium
and the number of crypts3.
Tonsil Position Type of epitheliumCrypts
PalatineIn the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx.Stratified squamous non–keratinising.10–20 in number.
PharyngealIn the midline on the roof of the nasopharynx.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, as well as some patches of stratified squamous
epithelium.Numerous folds of pharyngeal epithelium, not real crypts.
LingualAt

Understanding Development Of Emphysema Through Imaging
Understanding Development of Emphysema through Imaging Started in 2012 when I was accepted to the University of Maine, in the school of
Biology and Ecology. I had envisioned myself as a medical professional or conducting some type of research that could have an impact on modern
society. Taking course after course, learning basic biology, to medical physiology, and eventually applying those concepts into my own research. Mouse
lung tissue is the starting point of my research. By creating a histological slide of this lung tissue, I was able to have a control for a healthy mouse
lung. Identifying major structures such as, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. My intent for this research is to apply my findings, and compare them to
other imaging techniques used on mouse lungs. With the prime focus on the effects of smoking with the leading of emphysema. Emphysema is
common, yet serious condition that is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is so serious because it can enlarge and eventually destroy air
spaces within the lungs. This disease effects millions of people in the United States, and is the third leading cause in the United States. Smoking is the
leading cause of this condition. Understanding how COPD works, it helps to know how the lungs work as well. When you inhale air, that air is sent
down your windpipe, or trachea, into tubes called bronchi. These bronchial tubes then branch into the lungs by getting smaller, thinner and by the
thousands, these are

Recent Advancement Of Periodontal Treatment
Recent advancement in periodontal regeneration
Periodontology .
St. Moath Riad Saifi .
Introduction :
пѓ Regenerative periodontal treatment involves systems which are especially intended to reestablish those parts of the tooth–supporting structures
which have been lost because of periodontitis or gingival injury. The expression "recovery" is characterized as a recreation of lost or harmed tissues in a
manner that both the first structures and their capacity are totally reestablished. Strategies went for reestablishing lost periodontal tissues support the
making of new connection, including the development another periodontal tendon with its filaments embeddings in recently framed cementum and
alveolar bone.
пѓ Profound infra–hard imperfections connected with periodontal pockets are the great sign for periodontal regenerative treatment. Furthermore,
distinctive degrees of furcation association in molars and upper first premolars are a further sign for regenerative methodologies as the furcation range
stays hard to keep up through instrumentation and oral cleanliness. A third gathering of signs for regenerative periodontal treatment are confined
gingival subsidences and root presentation since they may bring about a noteworthy tasteful sympathy toward the patient. The stripping of a root
surface with resultant root affectability speaks to a further sign to apply regenerative periodontal treatment keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish
both the decrease of root

Epidemiological Studies On Erds
Epidemiological data
The annual incidence of ARDS is 13–23 people per 100,000 in the general population and it is higher in the mechanically ventilated population in
intensive care units which represents 16.1% percent in ventilated. Pneumonia and sepsis are considered as leading trigger of ARDS as pneumonia
represent in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS and according to literature approximately 30% of patients with
severe sepsis may develop ARDS or ALI. Other triggers include aspiration, circulatory shock, mechanical ventilation, smoke inhalation, trauma
especially pulmonary contusion major surgery, massive blood transfusions, drug reaction or overdose, fat emboli and reperfusion pulmonary edema
after lung transplantation or pulmonary embolectomy. Alcohol excess appears to increase the risk of ARDS. Until the 1990s, majority of studies
reported a 40–70% mortality rate for ARDS. However, 2 reports in the 1990s, one from a large county hospital in Seattle and one from the United
Kingdom, suggested much lower mortality rates, in the range of 30–40%. Possible explanations for the improved survival rates may be better
understanding and treatment of sepsis, recent changes in the mechanical ventilation, and better overall supportive care of critically ill patients. (Koh et
al, 2012)
We noticed that most deaths in ARDS are related to sepsis or multiorgan failure rather than to a primary pulmonary cause, although the recent success
of mechanical

Comparing Cardiac Muscle And Brain Tissue
1) Comparing and contrasting cardiac Muscle tissue (figure a) and brain tissue (figure d)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of muscle tissue and brain tissue
In cardiac muscle, a single nucleus is located in the middle of each fibre. The brain tissue also has a nucleus which is located in the middle of cell
body. The cardiacmuscle and brain tissue don't have the exact same function. The cardiac muscle and the brain tissue don't work together because the
cardiac muscle doesn't takes any instructions from the brain tissue (Neurones). This means that the cardiac muscle contracts automatically.
Differences in the structures, functions and location of muscle tissue and brain tissue
The cardiac muscle consists of long branched fibres. Whereas, the brain tissue has spider web like structure. The cardiac muscle cell are made up of
fibres. The function of cardiac muscle is to help the heart to pump blood. The function of brain tissue is to send messages to and from the brain. The
cardiac muscle is present inside the heart. However, the brain tissue is located inside brain.
2) Comparing and contrasting loose Connective tissue (figure c) and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (figure b)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
The cells in simple cuboidal epithelium have a nucleus. The cells in loose connective tissue also have nuclei. Although the loose connective tissue and
simple cuboidal

Essay about Basic anatomy and Physiology
Exam one Study Guide: Basic Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy– the study of structure Subdivisions: –Gross (macroscopic) – visible to the naked
eye, such as surface area, regional areas or anatomy systems –Microscopic – extremely small areas that usually need a microscope to be seen such as
cytology (the study of the shape and function of plant or animal cells) or histology ( the study of the microscopic structure of tissue) –Developmental–
compared to the evolutional study of something such as embryology ( the study of the development of an embryo) Physiology– the study of function at
many different levels I.E. Such as the organ systems Subdivisions: –Is based on where an organ is placed within the body... Show more content on
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wrist muscle in forearm) – Also some people have extra pieces in their body (i.e. nerves) – May be asymptomatic (no problems) or symptomatic
(problems) one being people having nerve problems Body Cavities: –Dorsal: Protects nervous system –Subdivisions: Cranial (brain) & Vertebral
(Spinal Cord) –Ventral: Holds internal organs–Subdivisions: Thoracic (ribcage) & Abdominopelvic (Abdomen and pelvis) Serous Membrane:–
Double layered membrane that is separated by fluid – Parietal: lines body walls –Visceral: lines internal organs Regions: Nine Regions: – Right
Hypochondriac Region: Organs found in this region are

Epidermis Layers
The skin has two principal layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the epithelial tissue layer of the skin. Hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, and sweat glands are found in this layer. The epithelial layer is primarily used for protection. This layer consists of keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium. It is tough, relatively impermeable, and self–replacing. The epidermis is made up of several layers. Stratum corneum are cells of
the cornified layer are dead, protective keratinized that are eventually sloughed off. Stratum granulosum cells are in the granule–cell layer, and they
accumulate keratohyalin or darkly stained granules. Stratum spinosum cells are the prickle–layer, and are attached to one another. These cells gradually

Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Use the key choices to
identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues? __________________________________________________ . large amount of
noncellular material called matrix between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1. attaches bones to bones and
muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes

basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton
8. provides a flexible framework for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single

The Five Key Functions Of The Respiratory System
I have chosen the respiratory system as my body system. It removes the carbon dioxide from the body whilst providing the body with the oxygen that
it needs. There are 5 main key processes that the respiratory system control.
They are:
Breathing
–moving air through the nasal cavity to the lungs and back out. It is also called ventilation.
External respiration
–gases within the air and in the blood exchange between each other.
Gas transport by blood
–the cells of the body receive oxygen and transport it around the body and expel the CO2.
Internal respiration
–gases within the blood and the cells in the body exchange.
Cellular respiration
–the cells use up the oxygen to perform their duties and the production of CO2.
(http://hyperphysics.phy–astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/respir.html)
The organs that make up the respiratory system are; nose and nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
and lungs.
Nose and nasal cavityMain and first opening of the respiratory system. It is made up of three sections filled with hairs and mucus membranes
MouthAlso known as the oral cavity. Another opening of the respiratory system and can also take air in and out
PharynxAlso known as the throat. It is as opening surrounded by muscle that leads on to the larynx
LarynxAlso known as the voice box. It lies underneath the throat and allows us to talk.
TracheaAlso known as the wind pipe. It is a long pipe formed of cartilage rings.
Bronchi

The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
1.Connective tissue
2.Muscle tissue
3.Nervous tissue
4.Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial tissues that cover/line surfaces
are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of their thin membrane and large
surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of
gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining,
esophagus, vaginal & anal canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found in the lines of kidney tubules
and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to
secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely

Level 3 Health and Social Care, Unit 5 P2
Unit 5 P2 Explain what they are, their functions and where they are found. Then go into detail about two organs, with their functions, what tissues
they are made of and where they are found in the body. Tissues: Tissues are groups of similar cells that have specific functions. In this piece of work
I'll talk about these types of cells: Epithelial Tissues: Epithelial are the lining of internal and external surfaces and body cavities, including tubes
/channels (ducts) carrying secretions from glands. Epithelial tissues can be made of several layers of cells (called compound epithelia), or a single
layer known as simple epithelia. The lowest layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane for support and connection. Part of the basement...
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The matrix of a tissue can be secreted by the connective tissues within the body. The functions of connective tissues are to transport materials around
the body to give support to the weak areas to protect and support the body. Body Organs: The body has different organs that work together and they
make up a system such as the Respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system. These are the main
systems within the body and are made up of individual organs that then work together. For instance, the respiratory system is made of the nose, lungs,
heart and this lets us breathe. Blood: Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets
the different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood– clotting, transporting and
defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small
capillaries within the body. Red blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don't have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger
space for oxygen, although as there is no nuclei the red blood cells can't divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their
colour from haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart and

Phosphatidylcholine
I. Overall Lung Function and Organization The human lung is a series of blind end tubes, hollow tubes that that allow for the conduction of air. The
conduction of air starts from the nasal cavity or oral cavity, continues to flow through the trachea and bronchus and finally reaches the bronchioles that
lead into the alveolus that allows for gas exchange to occur (Phalen et al. 1983). This system can be broken down into two different region; a
conducting region and a region of gas exchange. The conduction portion of the respiratory system begins in the nasal cavity and the oral cavity and
continues to the bronchioles. The transition from the bronchioles to the alveolar duct results in the transition from the conducting region of the
respiratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De novo synthesis of surfactant phospholipids are dependent on the amount of fatty acids available in circulation. During fetal development, the type II
alveolar cells use intracellular stores of glycerol–3–phosphate for lipid synthesis. Type II Alveolar cells in the postpartum lung need to synthesize lipids
and proteins to establish the reduction in surface tension needed to maintain a proper liquid–air barrier(Ridsdale et al. 2004). Glycogen appears to be
the main source of carbons needed to develop the glycerol backbone within surfactant lipids. Ridsdale et al. (2004) states the metabolic demands
required of type II alveolar cells during close term requires a build up of glycogen which could play the role of an energy source in surfactant lipid
synthesis. Lamellar bodies contain Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), and mitochondria that is necessary for the production of the lipids
and protein components of surfactant. The build up of glycogen changes the orientation of the type II alveolar cell organelles. In the presence of the
glycogen, the golgi appartus, ER, and mitochondria are surround the glycogen. However glycogen region is where the lamellar bodies are present.
Risdale et al. illustrates with Figure 2– C,D and E labeled with arrows pointing to the ER, the mitochondria labeled

Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population, which was estimated to affect around 200 million people worldwide in 2020[1] and
places vast socioeconomic burden. Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is believed to play central roles in AMD pathogenesis. RPE is a
monolayer of highly pigmented cuboidal cells residing between the photoreceptors (PRs) and Bruch's membrane. One RPE cell serves around thirty
photoreceptors in terms of supporting the visual cycle and phagocytosis of outer segments[2]. As a layer of epithelium, RPE cells selectively transport
substances across the blood–retinal–barrier (BRB). In addition, RPE secrete growth factors such as FGFs, PEDF, and VEGF to support the retina and
choriocapillaris. Owing to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
85% of the AMD cases are classified as the dry from, yet wet AMD accounts for 90% of the total cases of legalblindness in AMD. In wet AMD,
abnormal neovascular tissue, which was originated from the choriocapillaris, grow underneath the RPE monolayer or into the subretinal space. The
newly immature blood vessels can leak fluid into the retina and cause degeneration of the RPE and retinal cells. If left untreated, the degenerated area
will continue to enlarge. The end stage of wet AMD is marked by the formation of fibrotic disciform scars on the fovea, which will lead to a
permanent central vision loss [3]. Identification of RPE–derived fibrotic cells in surgically excised fibrotic disciform scars from wet AMD patients[4]
suggests that RPE cells undergo proliferation and an epithelium–to–mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a part of the wound healing response. Currently
the use of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy can ameliorate the condition; however, this treatment can not prevent the formation
of scar tissues and can not restore the loss of RPE

Hiscology Of Bladder: Histology Of Gall Transgender
HISTOLOGY OF BILIARY SYSTEM
Histology of Gall bladder:
Figure (9): Histology of GB 1. Mucous membrane. 2. Mucosal folds. 3. Muscle coat. 4. Serous layer (Krause, 2005).
(GB= Gallbladder)
The wall of the GB consists of mucosa, which is composed of simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria, a layer of smooth muscles,
well–developed per–muscular connective tissue layer and serous membrane. The mucosa has abundant folds that are particularly evident in the empty
GB. The epithelial cells are rich in mitochondria and have their nuclei in their basal third; all these cells are capable of secreting small amounts of
mucous. Microvilli are frequent at the apical surface. Near the CD, the epithelium invaginates into the lamina propria forming tubuloacinar glands with
wide lumens. Cells of these glands have characteristics of mucous secreting cells and are responsible for the production of most of the mucous present
in the bile (Singh, 2011).
The muscular layer is thin, with most of the smooth muscle cells arranged around the circumference of the GB. A thick connective tissue layer binds
the superior surface of the GB to the liver. The opposite surface is covered by a serous layer and the peritoneum (Singh, 2011).
Histology of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of them have a common structure. They have a mucosa surrounded by a wall made up of connective tissue, in which some smooth muscle may be
present. The mucosa is lined by a tall columnar epithelium with a striated border. At its lower end the bile duct is joined by the main pancreatic duct,
the two usually forming a common hepato–pancreatic duct (or ampulla) that opens into the duodenum at the summit of the major duodenal papilla. The
mucosa of the hepato–pancreatic duct is highly folded. These folds are believed to constitute a valvular mechanism that prevents duodenal contents
from entering the bile and pancreatic ducts (Krause,

The Hooves Of Horses Are Particularly Prone
The hooves of horses are especially prone to infection, due to their constant exposure to bacteria and sensitivity of the hoof wall to environmental
changes. Abscesses within the hoof may vary in degree, ranging from mild to life threatening. Typically, abscesses occur when bacteria are introduced
into the epithelium of the hoof, where the body responds and produces purulent fluid that effectively forms a pocket. This pocket will become
enlarged with pus and due to the inability of the hoof to expand, pressure will begin to build up and cause pain. Severe lameness and resistance to
bearing weight on the painful hoof is therefore the first sign of an abscess. Normally, the thick outer wall and sole of the hoof protects the more sensitive
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stratum basale and stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum (forms the hoof capsule) are subdivisions of the epidermis. The five regions of the hoof
include the coronary band, the hoof wall, the sole, the frog, and the heel bulbs. Highly specialized subcutaneous tissues within the hoof include the
perioplic tissue, coronary tissue, lamellar tissue, solar tissue, and cuneate tissue.
The outer hoof wall consists of keratinized laminar epithelium that is constantly being regenerated. Regeneration of the hoof wall takes place at the
coronary band where there are basal epithelial cells that produce keratinocytes. Just below the outer hoof wall sits the lamina, connecting the interior
wall to the distal phalanx, and acts to secure the bone in place. The lamellae layers consist of the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum
internum (see Figure 1). The laminar layer surrounds the distal phalanx (P3) and makes up the statum internum (lamellatum) of the laminar corium,
consisting of keritanized primary laminae, and non–keratinized secondary laminae. The strong bond between the hoof wall and pedal bone is a result of
interdigitating of the primary and secondary laminae as shown in figure 2 (Ownby, 2002), (Anatomy of the Hoof Capsule, n.d.).
The band of soft tissue that acts as the junction between the epithelium of the pastern and the coronary band is the periople, which produces the outer
layer of the hoof wall

Using One Cell Necessary For Life And Discusses Its...
A cell is the smallest unit of life for any living organism and considered the essential component of life. Every living thing including humans, animals,
and plants comprise of one or more cells in their body that perform different functions essential for living. There are different cells in the human body,
in plants and animal functioning. This essay aims at using one cell necessary for life and discusses its properties of life, the core chemical terminology,
its molecules, and compounds. Specifically, the assignment will describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the cell, how the cell respiration,
photosynthesis, and reproduction occur in a concise manner. The paper will also discuss Mendel's Laws as well as the DNA structure and ... Show more
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The epithelial cell consists of the keratinocyte cell that makes its monolayer. After getting nutrients, the growth factors of the epithelial cell enables it
to grow and separate from the keratinocyte. The keratinocytes get support from fibroblasts as shown by keratinocyte lines. The keratinoctes depend on
finite life enabled by soluble products highly structured by the fibroblasts. The properties of life of the epithelial cell demonstrate that it is not an
independent type of cell and requires fibroblast support for its sustainability (McLaughlin & Seaquist, 2008). Cell anatomy and physiology
Anatomy can be described as the branch of biology that studies the structures and parts of organisms. Physiology is the branch of biology that examines
the normal functioning and parts of living things. Regarding the anatomy of the epithelial cell, it is lined in all the surfaces of the body including the
body cavities, intestine, skin, and lungs among other parts.
The physiology of the epithelial cell is that it forms the functional elements of the inner surface and line of blood, secretory glands, and the lymphatic
vessels. It performs different functions including excretion, absorption, protection, secretion and gas exchange among others. The skin performs the
protection function. The absorption function is through the intestines, secretion through the glands, gas exchange through the blood and lung vessels
and excretion through the kidney.
So as

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